Richard III: His Life & Character, Reviewed in the Light of Recent Research

by Sir Clements R. Markham

PREFACE

There are periods of history when the greatest caution is called for in accepting statements put forward by a dominant faction. Very early in my life I came to the conclusion that the period which witnessed the change of dynasties from Plantagenet to Tudor was one of these. The caricature of the last Plantagenet King was too grotesque, and too grossly opposed to his character derived from official records. The stories were an outrage on common-sense. I studied the subject at intervals for many years, and in the course of my researches I found that I more or less shared my doubts with every author of repute who had studied the subject for the last three centuries, except Hume and Lingard. My own conclusions are that Richard III. must be acquitted on all the counts of the indictment. The present work is divided into two parts, the first narrating the events of his life and times, and the second examining the various accusations against him. I did not contemplate publication because I thought that in these days prejudices were too strong to make it possible that a fair and candid hearing should be given to the arguments. But I determined to consult some historical friends, and I was pleased to find that to a great extent I was mistaken.

In the first place, I wrote a full abstract of my arguments, for publication in the 'Historical Review,' acting under the advice of my old schoolfellow, Professor Freeman, to whom I sent it in the first instance. It so happened that Mr. Freeman had given attention to part of the subject. He upset some odious fabrications of the chroniclers affecting the character of Margaret of Anjou, by proving that she was in Scotland at the time when the battle of Wakefield was fought. Freeman seldom wrote on so late a period of our history, and we owe this modern excursion to a visit to Mr. Milnes Gaskell at Thornes.

After reading what I sent him, Professor Freeman wrote on August 13, 1890: 'Your abstract has set me a-thinking. It is only a Robert of Bellême who does that kind of thing. On your main point I will talk to Gardiner and Stubbs. Meanwhile, I have shown your manuscript to Sidney Owen, who read it and held it to be what lawyers would call considerable. Owen had been at those times, and holds Henry VII. to be at least capable of it.

'It would be a self-denying ordinance in Gairdner if he accepted your view, for he has gone more straight at that time than anybody else. Gardiner has written to him, and he is a little fierce, as was to be expected, but if you are like me, no man's fierceness will hinder you from dining and sleeping as well as usual. The matter is at all events worth discussing.'

Professor York Powell read my manuscript, and wrote: 'I have read the manuscript and think there is something worth looking into. Henry's conduct to Tyrrell is exceedingly suspicious. Either Richard or Henry might have put the boys to death, but it would be interesting for many reasons to know which it was. I am not convinced by Markham, but I do not think Gairdner has the right to be cocksure. The Morton suggestive idea is very ingenious and pretty, and quite probable. It has interested me much to read Markham's letter, for I remember my difficulties in the matter and the point I got to, that the great men did not, for a time, hold the now vulgate view of the murder of the princes. I should rejoice should Markham light upon additional evidence in favour of his thesis, which à priori is by no means unlikely. There is something about Richard's character, ability, and reign which, I think, attracts every real student of history, and gives one a feeling that he has been unfairly dealt with.'

In 1891, the abstract of my work was published in the 'Historical Review,' and Bishop Creighton, who was then the editor, wrote: 'Thank you for your paper, which I have read with great interest. It certainly makes out a strong case.'

There were two rejoinders from Mr. Gairdner, which enabled me to recast and improve parts of my work by the light of his criticism.

I lost my adviser, Mr. Freeman, in 1892. One of the last things he did was to warn me of an objection taken by Miss Edith Thompson, which enabled me to meet it.[[1]]

After careful revision I showed my manuscript to the late Sir Archibald Milman, who had given close attention to those times. On December 27, 1897, he wrote: 'It is your bounden duty to tell your story of Richard III., giving the date for every fact. It is only by sticking to dates that you get at truth in criminal causes, and the same method must be followed at the bar of history. It would be a pleasure to think that the last Plantagenet was not a cruel scoundrel. By giving dates and authorities for them, you render a great service. Richard's loyalty and able administration in the north seem inconsistent with such ferocity. I was much interested in one of your facts, that, according to the story put forward by Henry VII., the bodies of the little princes were taken up from the place of hasty interment and placed in consecrated ground. But lo! they remained under the staircase, where they were found in Charles II.'s reign.'

In consequence of Sir A. Milman's letter I made another close scrutiny of dates given by various authorities for the same events with important results. I also went very carefully over the ground of the battlefields of Wakefield, Towton, Barnet, Tewkesbury, and Bosworth; and I added some chapters to the work.

The correspondence to which I have referred has led me to the conclusion that students of history are not, as I once believed, unwilling to reconsider the questions which form the subject of the present work, when they are presented from new points of view; and that the well-known arguments which were supposed to suffice for the defence of the Tudor stories in the past are in these days insufficient. The numerous points now raised and submitted for the judgment of students are at all events worth discussing. The present work is about as complete as very frequent revision can make it.

[[1]] She pointed out that the titles of Norfolk and Nottingham, granted by Edward IV. to his second son Richard, were given by Richard III. to Lords Howard and Berkeley, and that, therefore, young Richard must have been dead. The answer is that the grants to Lords Howard and Berkeley were made on June 28, 1483, before it was even pretended that young Richard had been murdered.

CONTENTS

PAGE
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [v]

PART I

CHAPTER I
BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD

Description of Fotheringhay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [1] Possessions of the Duke of York. Marriage . . . . . . . . [2], [3] Birth of Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [3] Letter of Edward and Edmund to their father . . . . . . . [4] Children of the Duke of York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [6] Richard a prisoner of war aged 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . [7] Refuge in John Paston's chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . [8]

CHAPTER II

DEATH OF RICHARD'S FATHER AND BROTHER AT THE BATTLE OF WAKEFIELD

The Duke of York declared Heir-Apparent . . . . . . . . . [9] The Duke and his family united at Baynard's Castle . . . . [10] March to Sandal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [11] Description of Sandal Castle and its neighbourhood . . . . [12], [13] Battle of Wakefield. Death of the Duke . . . . . . . . . [14], [15] Death of Edmund, Earl of Rutland . . . . . . . . . . . . . [15], [16] Cruelty and inhuman folly of the Lancastrians . . . . . . [17] Edward's victory at Mortimer's Cross . . . . . . . . . . . [18] George and Richard sent to Holland for safety . . . . . . [18], [19]

CHAPTER III

THE CROWNING VICTORY OF TOWTON

Description of Edward IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [20] Edward proclaimed King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [21], [22] March to the north. Yorkist leaders . . . . . . . . . . . [23] Lancastrian leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [24] Sir Andrew Trollope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [25] Description of the country round Towton . . . . . . . . . [26] Surprise at Ferrybridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [27] Chase and death of Clifford . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [28] Yorkists march to Saxton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [29], [30] Marshalling of the Lancastrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . [31] Battle of Towton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [32], [33] Flight of Henry and his partisans. Edward at York . . . . [34] Coronation of Edward IV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [35] Edward's generous treatment of his foes . . . . . . . . . [36] Chapel built by Richard at Towton . . . . . . . . . . . . [37]

CHAPTER IV

THE CROWN LOST AND WON--BATTLE OF BARNET

Return of George and Richard from Holland . . . . . . . . [38] Their Dukedoms, Earldoms and Richard's K.G. . . . . . . . [38] Richard chief mourner at his father's obsequies . . . . . [39] Military training under Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . [40] Description of Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [40] Treason of Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [41] Flight of Edward and Richard to Holland. . . . . . . . . . [42], [43] Expedition fitted out at Veere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [44] Landing at Ravenspur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [45] Edward's brilliant campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [46], [47] Richard's negotiation with Clarence . . . . . . . . . . . [48] Battle of Barnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [49], [52]

CHAPTER V

MARGARET OF ANJOU AND HER SON EDWARD

Birth and marriage of Margaret . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [53], [54] Birth of Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [55] Adventures in the wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [56], [59]

Home at Koeur-la-Petite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [60] Edward's conversations with the Chief Justice . . . . . . [61], [66] Agreement with Warwick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [67] Description of young Edward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [68]

CHAPTER VI

THE BATTLE OF TEWKESBURY

Margaret and Edward land at Weymouth . . . . . . . . . . . [69] Advance to Bristol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [70] King Edward's plan of campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [71] Description of the battle field . . . . . . . . . . . . . [72] March of King Edward's army . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [73] Battle of Tewkesbury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [74], [75] Death of Edward of Lancaster on the battle field . . . . . [75] Execution of some leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [76] Pardon of the rest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [77] Death of Henry VI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [78] Ransom of Margaret. Her death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [79]

CHAPTER VII

MARRIED LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF RICHARD DUKE OF GLOUCESTER

Richard's march to Sandwich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [80] Marriage of Richard and Anne Nevill . . . . . . . . . . . [81], [82] Richard with his brother in France . . . . . . . . . . . . [82] Description of Middleham Castle . . . . . . . . . . . . . [83] Home life at Middleham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [82], [83], [84] Public duties. Frequent visits to York . . . . . . . . . [84] Warden of the Marches. Scottish campaign . . . . . . . . [84], [86] Death of Edward IV. Lady Grey. Children . . . . . . . . [86], [87]

CHAPTER VIII

ACCESSION OF RICHARD III

Conspiracy of the Woodvilles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [88] Richard made Protector by his brother's will . . . . . . . [89] Arrest of Rivers and his colleagues . . . . . . . . . . . [90] Queen Dowager in sanctuary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [91] Richard and his mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [92] Disclosure of Bishop Stillington . . . . . . . . . . . . . [93]

Account of Bishop Stillington . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [94-95] Foundation of the College at Acaster . . . . . . . . . . . [96] Children of Edward IV. illegitimate . . . . . . . . . . . [97] Hastings-Woodville conspiracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [98], [99] Execution of Rivers and his colleagues . . . . . . . . . . [99], [100] Richard's title to the crown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [101] Accession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [102]

CHAPTER IX

CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE

Results of the Lancastrian usurpation . . . . . . . . . . [103] Effects of the Wars of the Roses . . . . . . . . . . . . . [104] No destruction of the nobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [105] Scenery. Country life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [106] Castles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [107] Hunting and hawking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [108] The Peerage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [109] Town residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [110] Magnificence of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [111] Wealth of merchants. City Companies . . . . . . . . . . . [112] Introduction of printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [113] Caxton's works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [114], [115] Literary noblemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [115], [116] Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [117] Bishops. Clergy. Monasteries. Pilgrimages . . . . . . . [118-119] Lawlessness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [120] Manor houses. Cultivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [121] Condition of the people . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [122-123] Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [123]

CHAPTER X

REIGN OF RICHARD III

Description of the King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [124] Treatment of his nephews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [125] Coronation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [126-127] Claim of Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [128] Royal Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [129-130] Rebellion of Buckingham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [131-132]

List of traitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [132-133] Parliament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [134] Reforms. Revenue. Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [135] Convocation. Agreement with the Queen Dowager . . . . . . [136] Death of the Prince of Wales. His tomb . . . . . . . . . [137] Edward Earl of Warwick made Heir-Apparent . . . . . . . . [138] King Richard's popularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [139] Conspiracy of Henry Tudor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [140] The King assembled troops at Nottingham . . . . . . . . . [141] Proclamation against Henry Tudor . . . . . . . . . . . . . [143] Peerage of Richard III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [143] Ministers of Richard III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [144] Commissioners for Peace with Scotland . . . . . . . . . . [145] Judges and Law Officers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [145] Bishops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [146] Knights of the Garter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [146] Knights of the Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [147]

CHAPTER XI

THE BATTLE OF BOSWORTH

Treachery of the Stanleys explained . . . . . . . . . . . [148], [149] King Richard's military talent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [150] English pluck displayed by Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . [150] Loyal men flocking to the King's standard . . . . . . . . [151] Description of the country round Bosworth . . . . . . . . [152] Positions of the two armies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [153] King Richard leads his men to the encounter . . . . . . . [154] Treachery of Lord Stanley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [155] The King's gallant charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [155] Death of the King . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [155-156-157] Richard buried at Leicester. Memorials . . . . . . . . . [158] Character of King Richard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [159] His generosity. Arbitrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [160] Able administration. Building operations . . . . . . . . [161] Literary tastes. Founded the Heralds' College . . . . . . [162] Comparison of Richard and the Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . [162], [163] His married life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [164] Contemporary Sovereigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [165]

PART II

CHAPTER I

THE AUTHORITIES

The Plantagenet Dynasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [166] Character and position of the accusers . . . . . . . . . . [167] Extravagance of their caricature . . . . . . . . . . . . . [167] Writers in the pay of the Tudors . . . . . . . . . . . . . [168] The notorious pamphlet by Morton . . . . . . . . . . . . . [168-171] Bernard André . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [171] Polydore Virgil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [171-172] Rous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [173] Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [174] Warkworth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [175] Continuators of the Croyland Chronicle . . . . . . . . . . [175-178] Official documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [179] Hall, Grafton, Holinshed, Stow, Buck . . . . . . . . . . . [179] Reaction. Modern authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [181] Miss Halsted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [182] Upholders of the Tudor stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [182-183]

CHAPTER II

EXAMINATION OF THE CHARGES AGAINST RICHARD

Reckless profusion of abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [184] Deformity. Statement of Rous and Morton . . . . . . . . . [185] The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [186] Object of the calumny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [187] Tewkesbury. The truth told by all contemporaries . . . . [188-189] Fable by Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [190] Polydore Virgil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [190] Subsequent embellishments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [190] Silence of Morton and Rous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [191-192] Henry VI. Insinuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [193] Warkworth and Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [194-195] The Croyland Monk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [195] Polydore Virgil contradicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . [196] All unworthy of credit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [196] Evidence of the accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [197]

Evidence of a contemporary writer . . . . . . . . . . [198] The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [199] Marriage. Richard and Anne really attached . . . . . . . [200] Attack of Miss Strickland, a specimen of the sort
of arguments used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [201] Countess of Warwick. False statement of Rous . . . . . . [201] The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [202] Death of Clarence. Charge absolutely groundless . . . . . [202] Another specimen of argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . [203] The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [204]

CHAPTER III

FURTHER CHARGES AGAINST RICHARD III

Some account of Morton, the chief accuser . . . . . . . . [205-207] Misrepresentation of events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [208-210] Cunning misrepresentations respecting Hastings . . . . . . [210-212] Falsification of dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [215-217] The accession. The true claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [218] Attempt of Henry VII. to destroy the evidence . . . . [219] Polydore Virgil's version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [220] Morton's version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [221] Fabyan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [222] Further falsification of dates . . . . . . . . . . . . [223] Buckingham's treason. False reason given for
his discontent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [223] The truth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [224] Morton's account of conversations . . . . . . . . . . [225], [226] Second coronation. Statement disproved . . . . . . . . . [227] Death of the Queen. Slanders of Polydore and Rous . . . . [228] Elizabeth of York. Absurd rumour spread . . . . . . . . . [229] Elizabeth's letter to the Duke of Norfolk . . . . . . [229-230] Intrigues of Henry's mother . . . . . . . . . . . . . [231] Lord Strange. The truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [232]

CHAPTER IV

THE MAIN CHARGE AGAINST RICHARD III

Rests on the truth or falsehood of previous crimes . . . . [233] Richard's antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [234] Nothing to fear from his nephews . . . . . . . . . . . . . [235]

Treatment of others in the same position . . . . . . . . . [236] His nephews were probably members of his household . . . . [236] Bill, in March 1485, for the elder nephew . . . . . . . . [237] Conduct of the mother and sister . . . . . . . . . . . . . [238-239] Alleged rumours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [240-242] Assertion of the French Chancellor . . . . . . . . . . . . [242] Statements of Fabyan, Rous, Polydore, André . . . . . . . [244] Sir William Stanley's conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [244] Baseless rumours promulgated by Henry . . . . . . . . . . [245]

CHAPTER V

HENRY TUDOR IN THE DOCK

Description of Henry VII. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [246] His lawless executions after Bosworth . . . . . . . . . . [247] Responsible for the lives of royal children . . . . . . . [248] Henry's character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [249] Necessity to strengthen his position . . . . . . . . . . . [250] His Parliament of outlaws. Unjust attainders . . . . . . [251] Loyal men attainted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [252] Silent about the late King's nephews. Were they missing? [253] If alive, Henry's marriage necessitated their deaths . . . [254] Henry's treatment of other victims in his way . . . . . . [255] The fate of the princes, if alive, was sealed by
the marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [256] Imprisonment of the Queen Dowager . . . . . . . . . . . . [257] Henry put forward a story, in Polydore Virgil . . . . . . [258] A more detailed story, published by Rastell and Grafton [260-263] Rewards alleged to have been given by Richard
to murderers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [264], [265] Confession of Tyrrel and Dighton fabricated . . . . . . . [267] Genesis of these stories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [267] Some account of Sir James Tyrrel . . . . . . . . . . . . . [268] Henry's grant to John Green. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [269] Tyrrel taken into favour. His two pardons . . . . . . . . [269] Murder of the two Princes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [269] Relations silenced . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [270-271] Hush money to 'Black Will' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [271] Reward to Dighton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [272] Rewards and employments for Tyrrel . . . . . . . . . . . . [272] Treacherous arrest and hurried execution of Tyrrel . . . . [273] Dighton to reside at Calais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [274] The story put forward and generally accepted . . . . . . . [274]

Judicial murder of the Earl of Warwick . . . . . . . . . . [275] Henry's remorse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [276] Elizabeth saw the cruel treatment of her mother and cousin
Her death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [277] Henry's design to kill the Earl of Suffolk . . . . . . . . [277] His death. Successful as this world counts success . . . [278] Things unexplained . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [279], [280]

CHAPTER VI

MR. GAIRDNER'S RICHARD III

Mr. Gairdner's view of the alleged crimes . . . . . . . . [281] Views stated in Mr. Gairdner's preface . . . . . . . . . . [282] Richard's character . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [283] Richard acquitted of several charges . . . . . . . . . . . [285] Tudor fables irreconcileable with Richard's character . . [285] Mr. Gairdner's latest view of the Tewkesbury charge . . . [286-287] On Edward IV.'s proceedings after Tewkesbury . . . . . . . [289-290] His view of the Henry VI. charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . [290] His rejection of the evidence of the writer in Fleetwood . [292] Acquits Richard of responsibility for the death of
Clarence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [294-295] Position with regard to the title to the crown . . . . . . [296] Believes in the Duchess of York slander . . . . . . . . . [297] His reason for the belief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [297] Murder of the Princes. Story admitted to be full
of inaccuracies and improbabilities . . . . . . . . . . [298] Richard could not have been a cool, calculating villain . [298] Must have been headstrong and reckless . . . . . . . . . . [298] Such a man might have committed the crime on a
sudden impulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [299] The rising in Kent supposed to be the motive . . . . . . . [299] But the murders are stated to have been in August,
the rising in October. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [299] Thus Mr. Gairdner's theory fails . . . . . . . . . . . . . [299] Mr. Gairdner supplies proofs of the King's popularity . . [300] Richard was the victim of the perfidy of a few traitors . [300] Mr. Gairdner's testimony to Richard's good qualities . . . [300] Great value of Mr. Gairdner's work . . . . . . . . . . . . [300-301]
INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [303]

GENEALOGICAL TABLES

SEIZE QUARTIERS OF EDWARD IV. AND RICHARD III. . . . to face page [6]
SEIZE QUARTIERS OF ANNE NEVILL . . . . . . . . . . . " " [82]

MAP

BATTLE OF BOSWORTH FIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . to face page [328]

[Transcriber's note: in the source book, the map of the Battle of Bosworth faced page 328. In this ebook, the map has been moved to page 152.]