The Home of the Blizzard / Being the Story of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1911-1914

by Sir Douglas Mawson

APPENDIX I

THE STAFF
The Ship's Officers
J. K. Davis Master of S. Y. 'Aurora' and Second-in
Command of the Expedition.
J. H. Blair First Officer during the later stages of
the Expedition.
P. Gray Second Officer.
C. P. de la Motte Third Officer.
F. J. Gillies Chief Engineer.

Macquarie Island Party
G. F. Ainsworth Leader: Meteorologist.
L. R. Blake Geologist and Cartographer.
H. Hamilton Biologist.
C. A. Sandell Wireless Operator and Mechanic.
A. J. Sawyer Wireless Operator.

Main Base Party
Dr. D. Mawson Commander of the Expedition.
Lieut. R. Bage Astronomer, Assistant Magnetician and
Recorder of Tides.
C. T. Madigan Meteorologist.
Lieut. B. E. S. Ninnis In charge of Greenland dogs.
Dr. X. Mertz In charge of Greenland dogs.
Dr. A. L. McLean Chief Medical Officer, Bacteriologist.
F. H. Bickerton In charge of air-tractor sledge.
A. J. Hodgeman Cartographer and Sketch Artist.
J. F. Hurley Official Photographer.
E. N. Webb Chief Magnetician.
P. E. Correll Mechanic and Assistant Physicist.
J. G. Hunter Biologist.
C. F. Laseron Taxidermist and Biological Collector.
F. L. Stillwell Geologist.
H. D. Murphy In charge of Expedition stores.
W. H. Hannam Wireless Operator and Mechanic.
J. H. Close Assistant Collector.
Dr. L. A. Whetter Surgeon.

Western Base Party
F. Wild Leader.
A. D. Watson Geologist.
Dr. S. E. Jones Medical Officer.
C. T. Harrisson Biologist.
M. H. Moyes Meteorologist.
A. L. Kennedy Magnetician.
C. A. Hoadley Geologist.
G. Dovers Cartographer.
In addition to these were the following gentlemen who accompanied
the Expedition for a portion of the time only or who joined later.
S. N. Jeffryes Wireless Operator, who relieved
W. H. Hannam during 1913.
E. R. Waite (Curator, Canterbury Museum, Christchurch),
Biologist, first Sub-Antarctic cruise of
'Aurora'.
Professor T. T. Flynn (Hobart University), Biologist, second
Sub-Antarctic cruise of 'Aurora'.
J. van Waterschoot Marine Artist, second Antarctic cruise of
van der Gracht 'Aurora'.
Captain James Davis Whaling authority, second Antarctic cruise
of 'Aurora'.
C. C. Eitel Secretary, second Antarctic cruise of 'Aurora'.
N. C. Toucher, and later Served in the capacity of Chief Officer
F. D. Fletcher on the 'Aurora' during the earlier voyages.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]
Signatures of members of the land parties in Antarctica and at
Macquarie Island

[Accounts of the members of the expedition, in alphabetical order.]
G. F. AINSWORTH, thirty** years of age, single, was born in Sydney,
New South Wales. His services were loaned to the expedition by the
Commonwealth Meteorological Bureau, Melbourne. For a period of two
years he acted as leader of the Macquarie Island Party, carrying out
the duties of Meteorologist. In the summer of 1913-1914 he visited
the Antarctic during the final cruise of the 'Aurora'.

** The ages refer to the date of joining the Expedition and are but
approximate.
R. BAGE, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in
Engineering of Melbourne University and a lieutenant in the Royal
Australian Engineers. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land)
and leader of the Southern Sledging Party, he remained in the
Antarctic for two years. During the first year he was in charge of
chronometers, astronomical observations and tidal records, and
throughout the second year continued the magnetic work and looked
after stores.
F. H. BICKERTON, F.R.G.S., twenty-two years of age, single, was born
at Oxford, England. Had studied engineering: joined the Expedition
as Electrical Engineer and Motor Expert. A member of the Main Base
Party and leader of the Western Sledging Party, he remained in the
Antarctic for two years, during which time he was in charge of the
air-tractor sledge, and was engineer to the wireless station. For
a time, during the second year, he was in complete charge of the
wireless plant.
J. H. BLAIR, twenty-four years of age, single, was born in Scotland.
For five years he served with the Loch Line of Glasgow as apprentice
and third mate. As second mate he joined A. Currie and Company, of
Melbourne, in the Australian-Indian trade, reaching the rank of first
mate, in which capacity he acted during the final Antarctic cruise of
the 'Aurora' in the summer of 1913-14.
L. R. BLAKE, twenty-one years of age, single, was born in England,
but had lived for many years in Queensland previous to joining the
Expedition. Before accompanying the Macquarie Island Party as
Geologist and Cartographer, he obtained leave from the Geological
Survey Department, Brisbane. He visited the Antarctic during the
final cruise of the 'Aurora' in the summer of 1913-1914.
J. H. Close, F.R.G.S., forty years of age, married, was born in
Sydney, New South Wales. During the South African War he saw active
service in Rhodesia, and at the time of the Expedition's departure was
a teacher of physical culture at Sydney. A member of the Main Base
Party (Adelie Land) and of several sledging parties, he spent two
summers and one winter in the Antarctic.
P. E. CORRELL, nineteen years of age, single, was a student in
Science of the Adelaide University. He joined the Expedition
as Mechanician and Assistant Physicist. He was a member of the Main
Base Party accompanying the Eastern Coastal Party during their
sledging journey. He spent three summers and one winter in the
Antarctic, acting as colour photographer during the final cruise of
the 'Aurora'.
J. E. DAVIS, twenty-eight years of age, single, was master of the
'Aurora' and Second-in-Command of the Expedition. Born in Ireland and
educated in England, he served his apprenticeship on the Liverpool
owned sailing-ship, 'Celtic Chief', obtaining his certificate
as second mate before joining the barque 'Westland' trading between
England and New Zealand. His next post was that of second officer on
the training ship 'Port Jackson', following which he joined Sir Ernest
Shackleton's Expedition (1907-1909) as chief officer of the 'Nimrod',
acting subsequently as master. Throughout the whole period of the
Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914) Captain J. K. Davis
commanded the 'Aurora' during five cruises.
G. DOVERS, twenty-one years of age, single, of Sydney, New South Wales,
was completing his term for Licensed Surveyor in the service of the
Commonwealth Government when he joined the Expedition. He was in
the Antarctic for two summers and one winter, being stationed with the
Western Party (Queen Mary Land). A member of several sledging parties,
he acted as Cartographer to the party which reached Gaussberg.
F. J. GILLIES, thirty-five years of age, single, was born at Cardiff,
Wales. He served his apprenticeship as an engineer on the steamers of
John Shearman and Company and P. Baker and Company of Cardiff. For
six years previous to joining the Expedition he was in the Indian trade.
Throughout the five cruises of the 'Aurora' between 1911 and 1914 F. J.
Gillies was Chief Engineer.
P. GRAY, twenty-two years of age, single, was born and educated in
England. He served on the 'Worcester' as cadet captain for eighteen
months and as apprentice on the 'Archibald Russell', of Glasgow, and
in the New Zealand Shipping Company. In 1909 he entered the Peninsula
and Oriental Company and reached the rank of third officer, joining
the Australasian Antarctic Expedition as second officer of the 'Aurora'.
Throughout five cruises, from 1911 to 1914, he served in this capacity.
H. HAMILTON, twenty-six years of age, single, was born at Napier, New
Zealand. Graduate of the Otago University. Besides being employed on
the New Zealand Geological Survey, he acted as Entomological Collector
to the Dominion Museum at Wellington. A member of the Macquarie
Island Party, of which he was the Biologist for two years, H. Hamilton
visited the Antarctic during the final cruise of the 'Aurora' in the
summer of 1913-1914.
W. H. HANNAM, twenty-six years of age, single, was of Sydney, New
South Wales, and joined the Expedition in charge of the arrangements
for a wireless telegraphic system. He was in the Antarctic at the
Main Base (Adelie Land) for two summers and a winter, and was
successful in transmitting wireless messages for a short time during
1912 through Macquarie Island to Australia, assistant magnetician for
a time.
C. T. HARRISSON, forty-three years of age, married, was born in
Hobart, Tasmania. For many years previous to joining the Expedition
he had done illustrative and artistic work and had been engaged on a
survey and in botanical and other scientific observations on the west
coast of Tasmania. Stationed with the Western Base (Queen Mary Land)
he acted as Biologist and Artist, accompanying F. Wild on his main
eastern journey and several other sledging parties.
C. A. HOADLEY, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in
Mining Engineering of Melbourne University. A member of F. Wild's
Western Party (Queen Mary Land), he took part in several sledging
journeys and was Geologist of the party who explored westwards to
Gaussberg.
A. J. HODGEMAN, twenty-six years of age, single, was born at
Adelaide, South Australia. For four years he was an articled
architect, and for five years a draughtsman in the Works and Buildings
Department, Adelaide. A member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land),
he took part in several sledging journeys, and throughout two years
in the Antarctic acted in the capacity of Cartographer and Sketch
Artist, as well as that of Assistant Meteorologist.
J. G. HUNTER, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in
Science of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member of the Main
Base Party (Adelie Land) he carried on the work of Biologist during
two summers and one winter; and in the same capacity accompanied
the 'Aurora' in her final summer cruise 1911-1914.
J. F. HURLEY, twenty-four years of age, single, was of Sydney, New
South Wales. He had been the recipient of many amateur and professional
awards for photographic work before joining the Expedition. At the
Main Base he obtained excellent photographic and cinematographic records
and was one of the three members of the Southern Sledging Party. He
was also present on the final cruise of the 'Aurora'.
S. N. JEFFRYES, twenty-seven years of age, single, of Towoomba,
Queensland, was a qualified operator of the Australasian Wireless
Company. During the second year (1913) he took W. H. Hannam's place
in charge of the wireless plant, wintering at the Main Base (Adelie
Land).
S. E. JONES, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in
Medicine of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member and Medical
Officer of F. Wild's Western Base (Queen Mary Land), he took part in
several sledging journeys during 1912 and was leader of the party who
explored westward to Gaussberg.
A. L. KENNEDY, twenty-two years of age, single, was a student in
Science of Adelaide University, South Australia. Receiving special
tuition, he acted as Magnetician at the Western Base (Queen Mary
Land) during the year 1912. He was a member of several sledging
parties and accompanied F. Wild on his main eastern journey as
Cartographer.
C. F. LASERON, twenty-five years of age, single, had gained a
Diploma in Geology at the Technical College, Sydney, New South Wales,
and for some years was Collector to the Technological Museum. At the
Main Base (Adelie Land), during 1912, he acted as Taxidermist and
general Collector, taking part, as well, in sledging journeys to the
south and east of Winter Quarters.
C. T. MADIGAN, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate in
Science (Mining Engineering) of Adelaide University, South Australia.
Through the courtesy of the Trustees of the Rhodes Scholarship, the
necessary leave to accompany the Expedition was granted just as he
was on the eve of continuing his studies at Oxford University. A
member of the Main Base Party (Adelie Land) he acted as Meteorologist
for two years, and during the second year (1913) was also in charge of
the Greenland dogs. An important journey in the spring and one to
the east in the summer were made under his leadership, and the Party,
left in Adelie Land in 1913, was to have been under his charge, but
for my return.
D. MAWSON, thirty years of age, single, was the Organiser and Leader
of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition and was, previous to it, a
member of Sir Ernest Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition of 1907-1909,
being one of the party under Professor David which reached the South
Magnetic Pole. A graduate in Science and Engineering of Sydney and
Adelaide Universities, he had filled for some time the post of
Lecturer in Mineralogy and Petrology at the Adelaide University.
The only survivor of a party sledging to the east from the Main Base
in the summer of 1912-1913.
A. L. McLEAN, twenty-six years of age, single, was a graduate in Arts
and Medicine of Sydney University; New South Wales. He acted as
Chief Medical Officer at the Main Base (Adelie Land) and carried out
observations in Bacteriology and Physiology during the first year.
In 1913 (the second year) he was Biologist, Ice-Carrier and Editor of
the 'Adelie Blizzard'. He took part in a sledging journey along the
eastern coast in the summer of 1912-1913.
X. MERTZ, twenty-eight years of age, single, of Basle, Switzerland,
was a graduate in Law of the Universities of Leipzig and Berne. Prior
to joining the Expedition he had gained the Ski-running Championship
of Switzerland and was an experienced mountaineer. At the Main Base
(Adelie Land) he was assisted by B. E. S. Ninnis in the care of
the Greenland dogs. On January 7, 1913, during a sledging journey,
he lost his life, one hundred miles south-east of Winter Quarters.
C. P. DE LA MOTTE, nineteen years of age, single, of Bulli, New
South Wales, had early training at sea on the barque 'Northern Chief'
of New Zealand, obtaining his certificate as second mate in March
1911. During the eight months prior to joining the Expedition he
served as fourth officer on the S.S. 'Warrimoo' of the Union Steamship
Company of New Zealand. Throughout the five cruises of the 'Aurora'
between 1911 and 1914, C. P. de la Motte was third officer with the
Ship's party.
M. H. MOYES, twenty-five years of age, single, of Koolunga, South
Australia, was a graduate in Science of Adelaide University. With the
Western Base Party (Queen Mary Land) he acted as Meteorologist and
took part in several sledging journeys in the autumn and spring of
1912. During the summer of 1912-1913, through an unavoidable
accident, he was left to carry on work alone at Winter Quarters for
a period of nine weeks.
H. D. MURPHY, thirty-two years of age, single, of Melbourne,
one-time Scholar in History of Oxford University. At the outset he
was to have been leader of a third Antarctic Base which was eventually
amalgamated with the Main Base (Adelie Land). Here he had charge of
the stores and during the early summer of 1912 was leader of the
Southern Supporting Party.
B. E. S. NINNIS, twenty-three years of age, single, was educated at
Dulwich, England, and entered His Majesty's Army, having a commission
as Lieutenant in the Royal Fusiliers prior to joining the Expedition
in London. At the Main Base (Adelie Land) he was assisted by X. Mertz
in the care of the Greenland dogs. On December 14, 1912, while on a
sledging journey, he lost his life by falling into a crevasse three
hundred miles east of Winter Quarters.
C. A. SANDELL, twenty-five years of age, single, of Surrey, England,
studied electrical engineering for some years and then came to
Australia in 1909 and entered the Commonwealth Branch of Telephony.
Having a practical knowledge of wireless telegraphy he joined the
Expedition as a Wireless Operator and Mechanic and was stationed with
the Macquarie Island Party for two years. After the departure of A.
J. Sawyer in August 1913, he was in complete charge of the wireless
station. C. A. Sandell visited the Antarctic during the final
cruise of the 'Aurora' in the summer of 1913-1914.
A. J. SAWYER, twenty-six years of age, single, was born in New
Zealand. Having had considerable experience in wireless telegraphy,
he joined the Expedition as an operator from the Australasian Wireless
Company. At the Macquarie Island Station he was chief wireless until
August 1913, when on account of illness he returned to New Zealand.
F. L. STILLWELL, twenty-three years of age, single, was a graduate
in Science of Melbourne University, Victoria. A member of the Main
Base Party (Adelie Land) he acted as Geologist. F. L. Stillwell
was leader of two sledging parties who did detail work for about sixty
miles along the coast eastward of Winter Quarters.
A. D. WATSON, twenty-four years of age, single, was a graduate in
Science of Sydney University, New South Wales. A member of the
Western Base Party (Queen Mary Land) he acted as Geologist. A. D.
Watson took part in several sledging journeys, accompanying F. Wild
in his main eastern trip during the summer of 1912-1913.
E. N. WEBB, twenty-two years of age, single, was an Associate of
Civil Engineering of Canterbury University College, and, for the
five months previous to joining the Expedition, carried out magnetic
observations under the Carnegie Institute of Washington, U.S.A. At
the Main Base (Adelie Land) E. N. Webb was Chief Magnetician,
accompanying the Southern Sledging Party.
L. A. WHETTER, twenty-nine years of age, single. He graduated at
Otago University, New Zealand, and joined the Expedition as Surgeon,
acting in that capacity at the Main Base (Adelie Land) during 1912.
He accompanied a sledging party which explored to the westward of
Winter Quarters.
F. WILD, thirty-eight years of age, single, was Leader of the Western
Base Party (Queen Mary Land). He joined the Merchant Service in
1889 and the Navy in 1900, served on an extended sledge journey
during the National Antarctic Expedition (Capt. R. F. Scott) of
1901-1904, and was one of the Southern Party of Sir Ernest
Shackleton's Expedition from 1907-1909. During the Australasian
Expedition he opened up a new tract of country—Queen Mary Land.
I desire to make special mention of the Ship's Party who faced the
rigorous conditions of Antarctica and the stormy Southern Ocean,
during five separate voyages, with a cheerfulness and devotion to duty
which will always stand to their lasting credit. In regions of heavy
pack-ice and sudden blizzard winds, Captain Davis piloted the Ship
safely through many situations of extreme danger. In a report to me
on the work of the Ship he writes an appreciative note:—
"I wish to draw particular attention to the loyal way in which the
officers and men of the 'Aurora' supported me. Messrs. Toucher,
Fletcher, Blair, Gray, de la Motte, and Gillies, in their respective
positions, carried out the duties assigned to them with ability and
cheerfulness, often under very trying conditions.
"Mr. Gillies not only looked after the engines but assisted
materially in the deep-sea work by the invention of a new form of
sounding driver which was used successfully during the various
cruises of the 'Aurora'.
"The Chief Officer was in charge of the stores and equipment of the
Expedition on board the vessel, in addition to his ordinary executive
duties. Messrs. Toucher, Fletcher and Blair served in this capacity
on different voyages.
"Mr. P. Gray, as Second and Navigating Officer, and Mr. C. P. de
la Motte, as Third Officer, acted capably and thoroughly throughout
the Expedition."
APPENDIX II
Scientific Work

It should be remarked that there is no intention of furnishing
anything more than a suggestion of the general trend of the scientific
observations of the Expedition. The brief statement made below
indicates the broad lines on which the work was conducted and in some
cases the ground which was actually covered. It may thus give the
general reader a clue to the nature of the scientific volumes which
will serve to record permanently the results amassed during a period
of more than two years.

Terrestrial Magnetism
1. Field Work.
(a) Dip determinations were made at Macquarie Island, on the eastern
and southern journeys from the Main Base (Adelie Land) and on a
short journey from the Western Base (Queen Mary Land).
(b) Declination by theodolite observations was determined at
Macquarie Island and at intervals on all sledging journeys in the
Antarctic.
(c) Rough observations of magnetic variation were made daily on the
'Aurora' during her five cruises.
2. Station Work.
(a) Regular magnetograph records were kept at the Main Base (Adelie Land)
for a period of eighteen months. A system of term days for quick runs
was also followed; Melbourne, Christchurch, and other stations co
operating. In connexion with the magnetograph work, Webb conducted
regular, absolute observations throughout the year 1912. Bage continued
the magnetograph records for a further six months in 1913, observed
term days, and took absolute observations.
(b) At the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) Kennedy kept term days in
the winter, using a magnetometer and dip-circle.

Biology
1. Station Collections.
(a) At Macquarie Island, Hamilton worked for two years amongst a rich
fauna and a scanty but interesting flora. Amongst other discoveries
a finch indigenous to Macquarie Island was found.
(b) In Adelie Land, Hunter, assisted by Laseron, secured a large
biological collection, notwithstanding the continuous bad weather.
Dredgings from depths down to fifty fathoms were made during the
winter. The eggs of practically all the flying birds known along
Antarctic shores were obtained, including those of the silver-grey
petrel and the Antarctic petrel, which were not previously known;
also a variety of prion, of an unrecorded species, together with its
eggs.
(c) At the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) eggs of the Antarctic and
other petrels were found, and a large rookery of Emperor penguins was
located; the second on record. Harrisson, working under difficulties,
succeeded in trapping some interesting fish on the bottom in two
hundred and fifty fathoms of water.
2. Ship Collections.
(a) A collection made by Mr. E. R. Waite, Curator of the Canterbury
Museum, on the first Sub-Antarctic cruise.
(b) A collection made by Professor T. T. Flynn, of Hobart, on the
second Sub-Antarctic cruise.
(c) A collection made by Hunter, assisted by Hamilton, in Antarctic
waters during the summer of 1913-1914. This comprised deep-sea
dredgings at eleven stations in depths down to one thousand eight
hundred fathoms and regular tow-nettings, frequently serial, to
depths of two hundred fathoms. Six specimens of the rare Ross seal
were secured. A large collection of external and internal parasites
was made from birds, seals and fish.

Geology
(a) A geological examination of Macquarie Island was made by Blake.
The older rocks were found to be all igneous. The Island has been
overridden in comparatively recent times by an ice-cap travelling
from west to east.
(b) Geological collections at the Main Base. In Adelie Land the rocky
outcrops are metamorphic sediments and gneisses. In King George V
Land there is a formation similar to the Beacon sandstones and dolerites
of the Ross Sea, with which carbonaceous shales and coaly strata are
associated.
(c) Stillwell met with a great range of minerals and rocks in the
terminal moraine near Winter Quarters, Adelie Land. Amongst them was
red sandstone in abundance, suggesting that the Beacon sandstone
formation extends also throughout Adelie Land but is hidden by the
ice-cap. A solitary stony meteorite was found by a sledging party
lying on the ice of the plateau.
(d) In the collections made by Watson and Hoadley at the Western
Base (Queen Mary Land) gneisses and schists were ascertained to be
the predominant types.
(e) A collection of erratics was brought up by the deep-sea trawl in
the course of dredgings in Antarctic waters.

Glaciology
(a) Observations of the pack-ice, coastal glaciers and shelf-ice from
the 'Aurora' during her three Antarctic cruises.
(b) Observations of the niveous and glacial features met with on the
sledging journeys from both Antarctic bases.

Meteorology
(a) Two years' observations at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth
(b) Two years' observations in Adelie Land by Madigan.
(c) One year's observations in Queen Mary Land by Moyes.
(d) Observations by the Ship on each of her five voyages.
(e) Observations during the many sledging journeys from both
Antarctic Bases.

Bacteriology, etc.
In Adelie Land, McLean carried out many months of steady work in
Bacteriology, Haematology and Physiology.

Tides
Self-recording instruments were run at Macquarie Island by Ainsworth
and at Adelie Land by Bage.

Wireless and Auroral Observations
A very close watch was kept upon auroral phenomena with interesting
results, especially in their relation to the "permeability" of the
ether to wireless waves.

Geographical Results
1. The successful navigation by the 'Aurora' of the Antarctic pack
ice in a fresh sphere of action, where the conditions were practically
unknown, resulting in the discovery of new lands and islands.
2. Journeys were made over the sea-ice and on the coastal and upland
plateau in regions hitherto unsurveyed. At the Main Base (Adelie
Land) the journeys aggregated two thousand four hundred miles, and at
the Western Base (Queen Mary Land) the aggregate was eight hundred
miles. These figures do not include depot journeys, the journeys of
supporting parties, or the many miles of relay work. The land was
mapped in through 33 degrees of longitude, 27 degrees of which were
covered by sledging parties.
3. The employment of wireless telegraphy in the fixation of a
fundamental meridian in Adelie Land.
4. The mapping of Macquarie Island.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]
A Section of the Antarctic Plateau from the Coast to a Point Three
Hundred Miles Inland, along the Route followed by the Southern
Sledging Party (Adelie Land)
A Section across the Antarctic Continent through the South Magnetic
Pole from the D'Urville Sea to the Ross Sea; Compiled from Observations
made by the British Antarctic Expedition (1907-1909) and by the
Australian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914)

Oceanography
1. By soundings the fringe of the Antarctic Continent as well as the
Continental Shelf has been indicated through 55 degrees of longitude.
2. The configuration of the floor of the ocean southward of Australia
and between Macquarie Island and the Auckland Islands has been broadly
ascertained.
3. Much has been done in the matter of sea-water temperatures and
salinities.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS]
A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Tasmania
and King George V Land
A Section of the Floor of the Southern Ocean between Western
Australia and Queen Mary Land

APPENDIX Ill
An Historical Summary**

** For this compilation reference has been largely made to Dr. H. R.
Mill's "The Siege of the South Pole." Several doubtful voyages
during the early part of the nineteenth century have been omitted.
1775. James Cook circumnavigated the Globe in high southern
latitudes, discovering the sub-antarctic island of South Georgia.
He was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.
1819. William Smith, the master of a merchant vessel trading between
Montevideo and Valparaiso, discovered the South Shetland Islands.
1819. Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen, despatched in command of an
Expedition by the Emperor, Alexander I of Russia, with instructions
to supplement the voyage of Captain Cook, circumnavigated the
Antarctic continent in high southern latitudes. The first discovery
of land south of the Antarctic Circle was made, namely, Peter I Island
and Alexander I Land (also an island), in the American Quadrant of
Antarctica.
1820. Nathaniel Palmer, master of an American sealing-vessel, sighted
new land to the south of the South Shetland Islands. It seems clear
that he was the first to view what is now known as the Palmer
Archipelago (1820-21).
1823. James Weddell, a British sealer, sailing southward of the
Atlantic Ocean, reached 74 degrees 15' south latitude in the American
Quadrant, establishing a "farthest south" record.
1830. John Biscoe, a whaling master of the British firm of Enderby
Brothers, sailed on a voyage circumnavigating the Antarctic Regions.
Enderby Land was discovered south of the West Indian Ocean in the
African Quadrant of Antarctica. This was apparently a part of the
Antarctic continent. New land was also met with to the south of
America and charted as Graham's Land, Biscoe Island and Adelaide
Island.
Kemp, a sailing master of Enderby Brothers, extended Biscoe's
discoveries shortly after by the report of land east of, and
adjacent to, Enderby Land.
Neither of these discoveries has yet been proved, though Enderby Land
(Biscoe) undoubtedly exists.
1839. John Balleny, another of Enderby's whaling captains, discovered
the Balleny Islands within the Antarctic Circle, in the Australian
Quadrant of Antarctica, and gave a vague description of an appearance
of land to the westward. This has been charted on maps, without
adequate evidence, as Sabrina Land.

[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]
Antarctic Land Discoveries Preceding 1838
Note. This and the two following maps of the series illustrate land
discoveries only. In cases where the existence of land once reported
has since been disproved no record at all is shown

1837. Jules Sebastian Cesar Dumont D'Urville, was despatched by King
Louis Philippe of France for the prosecution of scientific researches
on a voyage round the World. His cruise in the Antarctic resulted in
the charting of Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land to the south
of America (American Quadrant) and the discovery of a portion of the
Antarctic continent, named Adelie Land, southward of Australia
(Australian Quadrant).
1838. Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, in accordance with a bill
passed by Congress, set out on an exploring expedition to circumnavigate
the World. His programme included the investigation of the area of
the Antarctic to the south of Australia—the Australian Quadrant.
The squadron composing this American expedition first visited the
Antarctic regions in the American Quadrant, and then proceeded eastward
round to the Australian Quadrant from which, after a long cruise, they
returned, reporting land at frequent intervals in the vicinity of the
Antarctic Circle between longitudes 157 degrees 46' E. and 106 degrees
19' E. He shares with D'Urville the full honour of the discovery of
Adelie Land. Some of the supposed landfalls known to be non-existent.
1839. James Clark Ross proceeded south in charge of a scientific
expedition fitted out by the Admiralty at the instance of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science and approved of by the Royal
Society. His aim was to circumnavigate the Antarctic regions and to
investigate the Weddell Sea. The geographical results were fruitful;
the Ross Sea, the Admiralty Range and the Great Ice Barrier were
discovered and some eight hundred miles of Antarctic coastline were
broadly delineated.
1844. T. E. L. Moore was detailed by the Admiralty to supplement
the magnetic work of Ross and to explore to the southward of Africa
and of the Indian Ocean, but no additions were made to geographical
knowledge.
1872. Eduard Dallmann, whilst engaged in whaling with a German
steamer to the southward of America, added some details to the map of
the Palmer Archipelago but did not go further south than 64 degrees
45' S. Iatitude.
1874. The 'Challenger' scientific expedition, under the command of
George Strong Nares, in the course of their voyage from the Cape to
Australia during the circumnavigation of the World penetrated within
the Antarctic Circle in longitude 78 degrees 22' E.
1892. A fleet of four Scottish whalers cruised through the north
western part of the Weddell Sea. Scientific observations were made
by W. S. Bruce and others, but no geographical discoveries were
recorded.
1892. C. A. Larsen, master of a Hamburg whaler, added important
details to the geography of the American Quadrant of Antarctica on
the western side of the Weddell Sea.
1894. Evensen, master of another Hamburg whaler, brought back further
information of the American Quadrant on the Pacific Ocean side.
1895. H. J. Bull organized a whaling venture and with Leonard
Kristensen, master of the ship, revisited the Ross Sea area where
a landing was made at Cape Adare (Australian Quadrant). This was the
first occasion on which any human being had set foot on the Antarctic
continent.
[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]
Antarctic land Discoveries Preceding 1896 (A. J. Hodgeman)

1897. Adrien de Gerlache sailed from Belgium on a scientific exploring
expedition to the American Quadrant. Important additions were made to
the map, but the ship became frozen into the pack-ice and drifted about
for a whole year south of the Antarctic Circle. The members of this
expedition were the first to experience an Antarctic winter. Antarctic
exploration now entered upon a new era.
1898. Carstens Egeberg Borchgrevink led an expedition, fitted out by
Sir George Newnes; its objective being the Ross Sea area. Further
details were added to the map, but the most notable fact was that the
expedition wintered at Cape Adare, on the mainland itself. The Great
Ross Barrier was determined to be thirty miles south of the position
assigned by Ross in 1839.
1898. Chun of Leipsig, in charge of the 'Valdivia' Expedition, carried
out oceanographical researches far to the south, in the vicinity of
Enderby Land (African Quadrant), though he did not come within sight
of the continent.
1901. Robert Falcon Scott, in command of the 'Discovery' Expedition,
organised by the Royal Geographical Society and Royal Society with
the co-operation of the Admiralty, in accordance with a scheme of
international endeavour, passed two winters at the southern extremity
of the Ross Sea and carried out many successful sledging journeys.
Their main geographical achievements were: the discovery of King
Edward VII Land; several hundred miles of new land on a "farthest
south" sledging journey to latitude 82 degrees 17' S.; the discovery
of the Antarctic plateau; additional details and original contributions
to the geography of the lands and islands of the Ross Sea.
1901. A German national expedition, led by Erich von Drygalski, set
out for the region south of the Indian Ocean. After a small party
had been stationed on Kerguelen Island, the main party proceeded
south close to the tracks of the Challenger. They came within sight
of Antarctic shores but were frozen into the pack-ice for a whole
year. Kaiser Wilhelm II Land was discovered close to the junction
between the Australian and African Quadrants.
1901. A Swedish national expedition, planned and led by Otto
Nordenskjold, wintered for two years on Snow Hill Island in the
American Quadrant, and did much valuable scientific work.
1902. William Speirs Bruce organized and led a Scottish expedition to
the Weddell Sea, southward of the Atlantic Ocean. The party effected
notable oceanographic researches and wintered at the South Orkney
Islands, but were foiled in their attempt to penetrate the pack-ice.
During the second season, conditions were more favourable and the ship
reached Coats Land in 74 degrees 1' S. Iatitude.
1903. Jean Charcot organized and led a French expedition to the
American Quadrant and there added many details to the existing chart.
1907. Ernest Henry Shackleton organized and led a British
expedition with the main object of reaching the South Geographical
Pole. His party wintered at Cape Royds, McMurdo Sound, and two main
sledging parties set out in the early summer. E. H. Shackleton's
party ascended the Antarctic plateau and penetrated to within ninety
seven geographical miles of the South Pole, discovering new land beyond
Scott's "farthest south." T. W. Edgeworth David's party reached the
South Magnetic Polar Area, filling in many details of the western coast
of McMurdo Sound.
1908. Jean Charcot organized and led a second French expedition to
extend the work accomplished in 1903 in the American Quadrant. He was
successful in discovering new land still further to the south.
Loubet, Fallieres and Charcot Lands, towards and beyond Alexander I
Land, were added to the map of Antarctica.
1910. Roald Amundsen organized an expedition for scientific research
in the vicinity of the North Pole but changed his plans, eventually
heading for the South Pole. The expedition wintered on the Ross
Barrier near King Edward VII Land, from which point he set out and
attained the South Geographical Pole, mapping in new land on the way.
Another party visited King Edward VII Land.
1910. Robert Falcon Scott led a second Antarctic expedition, the main
object of which was to reach the South Geographical Pole. The
principal party wintered near his old winter quarters at Hut Point,
McMurdo Sound. A second party was landed at Cape Adare. Scott
reached the Pole soon after the Norwegian Amundsen, but he and his
party perished on the return journey. Other parties added details to
the map of Victoria Land. Oates Land was sighted from the ship to the
westward of Cape Adare in the Australian Quadrant.
1910. A Japanese expedition sailed to the Ross Sea, but on account of
the lateness of the season was forced to turn back without landing.
The winter was spent at Sydney, New South Wales. Next year a summer
visit was made to the South, but no additional land discoveries were
made.
1911. A German expedition, led by Wilhelm Filchner, proceeded to the
Weddell Sea; the South Pole being its objective. The party
succeeded in reaching further south in that region than any previous
navigators and discovered new land, to be named Prince Luitpold Land.
They were driven northwards amongst the pack in a blizzard and spent
the winter frozen in south of Coats Land.
[TEXT ILLUSTRATION]
A Map of the Antarctic Regions as Known at the Present Day
1915

APPENDIX IV
Glossary
Oceanography. The study of the ocean, including the shape and
character of its bed, the temperature and salinity of the water at
various depths, the force and set of its currents, and the nature of
the creatures and plants which haunt its successive zones.
Neve. [n,e acute, v, e acute] The compacted snow of a snow-field;
a stage in the transition between soft, loose snow and glacier-ice.
Sastrugi. The waves caused by continuous winds blowing across the
surface of an expanse of snow. These waves vary in size according to
the force and continuity of the wind and the compactness of the snow.
The word is of Russian derivation (from zastruga [sing.], zastrugi
[pl.] ), denoting snow-waves or the irregularities on the surface of
roughly-planed wood.
Ice-foot. A sheath of ice adhering along the shores of polar lands.
The formation may be composed of attached remnants of floe-ice,
frozen sea-spray and drift-snow.
Nunatak. An island-like outcrop of rock projecting through a sheet of
enveloping land-ice.
Shelf-ice. A thick, floating, fresh water ice-formation pushing out
from the land and continuous with an extensive glacier. Narrow
prolongations or peninsulas of the shelf-ice may be referred to as
ice-tongues or glacier-tongues.
Barrier is a term which has been rather loosely applied in the
literature of Antarctic Exploration. Formerly it was used to
describe a formation, which is mainly shelf-ice, known as the Great
Ross Barrier. Confusion arose when "Barrier" came to be applied to
the seaward ice-cliff (resting on rock) of an extensive sheet of
land-ice and when it was also employed to designate a line of
consolidated pack-ice. Spelt with a small "b" the term is a
convenient one, so long as it carries its ordinary meaning; it seems
unnecessary to give it a technical connotation.
Blizzard. A high wind at a low temperature, accompanied by drifting,
not necessarily falling snow.
Floe or Floe-ice. The comparatively flat, frozen surface of the sea
intersected by cracks and leads (channels of open water).
Pack or Pack-ice is a field of loose ice originating in the main from
broken floe, to which may be added material from the disintegration
of bergs, and bergs themselves.
Brash or Brash-ice. Small, floating fragments of ice—the debris of
larger pieces—usually observed bordering a tract of pack-ice.
Bergschrund has been "freely rendered" in the description of the
great cleft between the lower part of the Denman Glacier and the
Shackleton Shelf-Ice (Queen Mary Land). In a typical glacier, "the
upper portion is hidden by neve and often by freshly fallen snow
and is smooth and unbroken. During the summer, when little snow
falls, the body of the glacier moves away from the snow-field and a
gaping crevasse of great depth is usually established, called a
'Bergschrund', which is sometimes taken as the upper limit of the
glacier" ("Encyclopaedia Britannica").
Sub-Antarctica. A general term used to denote the area of ocean,
containing islands and encircling the Antarctic continent, between the
vicinity of the 50th parallel of south latitude and the confines of
the ice-covered sea.
Seracs are wedged masses of icy pinnacles which are produced in the
surface of a glacier by dragging strains which operate on crevassed
areas. A field of such pinnacles, jammed together in broken
confusion, is called serac-ice
The following colloquial words or phrases occurring in the narrative
were largely determined by general usage:
To depot = to cache or to place a stock of provisions in a depot;
drift = drift-snow;
fifty-mile wind = a wind of fifty miles an hour;
burberry = "Burberry gabardine" or specially prepared wind-proof
clothing;
whirly (pi. whirlies) = whirlwind carrying drift-snow and pursuing a
devious track;
night-watchman = night-watch;
glaxo = "Glaxo" (a powder of dried milk);
primus = primus stove used during sledging;
hoosh = pemmican and plasmon biscuit "porridge";
tanks = canvas bags for holding sledging provisions;
boil-up = sledging meal;
ramp = bank of snow slanting away obliquely on the leeward side of an
obstacle;
radiant = an appearance noted in clouds (especially cirro-stratus)
which seem to radiate from a point on the horizon
The following appended list may be of biological interest:
Birds Aves
Emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri
King penguin Aptenodytes patagonica
Adelie penguin Pygoscelis adeliae
Royal penguin Catarrhactes schlegeli
Victoria penguin Catarrhactes pachyrynchus
Gentoo or Rockhopper penguin Pygoscelis papua
Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans
Mollymawk or Black-browed albatross Diomedea melanophrys
Sooty albatross Phoebetria fuliginosa
Giant petrel or nelly Ossifraga gigantea
MacCormick's skua gull Megalestris maccormicki
Southern skua gull Megalestris antarctica
Antarctic petrel Thalassoeca antarctica
Silver-grey petrel or southern fulmar Priocella glacialoides
Cape pigeon Daption capensis
Snow petrel Pagodroma nivea
Lesson's petrel Oestrelata lessoni
Wilson petrel Oceanites oceanicus
Storm petrel Fregetta melanogaster
Cape hen Majaqueus oequinoctialis
Small prion or whale bird Prion banksii
Crested tern Sterna sp.
Southern black-backed or Dominican gull Larus dominicanus
Macquarie Island shag Phalacrocorax traversi
Mutton bird Puffinus griseus
Maori hen or "weka" Ocydromus scotti

Seals Pinnipedia
Sea elephant Macrorhinus leoninus
Sea-leopard Stenorhynchus leptonyax
Weddell seal Leptonychotes weddelli
Crab-eater seal Lobodon carcinophagus
Ross seal Ommatophoca rossi
Whales and Dolphins Cetacea
Rorqual, finner, or blue whale Balaenoptera sibbaldi
Killer whale Orca gladiator

APPENDIX V
Medical Reports

Western Base (Queen Mary Land)
by S. E. Jones, M.B., CH.M.
There was a very marked absence of serious illness during the whole
period of our stay at the Base. After the 'Aurora' left Adelie Land
on January 19, 1912, for her western cruise, an epidemic of influenza
broke out. It should be noted that one case occurred on the voyage
south from Hobart, and then an interval of almost a month occurred
before the infection spread. An interesting feature of the outbreak
was the fact that the recovery of those who were convalescing, when
we arrived at Queen Mary Land, was much more rapid than was the case
with those whose convalescence occurred on the Ship.
By the careful use of snow-goggles during the summer, snow-blindness
was practically prevented, and such cases as occurred yielded quickly
when zinc and cocaine tablets were used and the eyes obtained rest.
An undoubted factor in the causation of snow-blindness is the strain
caused by the continual efforts at visual accommodation made
necessary on dull days when the sun is obscured, and there is a
complete absence of all light-and-shade contrast.
Although frostbites were frequent during the winter months, immediate
attention to the restoration of circulation prevented the occurrence
of after-effects, so that no one suffered the loss of any more tissue
than the superficial epithelium. The nose, ears, fingers and toes
were the parts which suffered first.
Our supplies of food were excellent in point of view of variety. Some
tinned onions were responsible for several mild attacks of poisoning,
but these were not used after our first experience. There was no sign
of scurvy in any form.
Hoadley, on one occasion, had an unpleasant experience. He was alone
in the hut sleeping one night when he awoke to find the room filled
with smoke. On going outside he found that the chimney had become
blocked with snow; as the fire was banked, the hut was filled with the
gases from the imperfect combustion of the coal. It was three or four
days before Hoadley recovered from his experience, having marked
symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
On my return from the Western Depot journey I found that Wild was
suffering from an attack of herpes zoster. The illness came on while
he was out sledging, and he suffered severely from the pain and
irritation.
Beyond a few cases of minor illness, and one or two accidents, there
was nothing of serious moment to report.

Main Base (Adelie Land)
by A. L. McLean, M.B., CH.M., B.A.
Throughout the whole period of the Expedition—from December 2, 1911,
to February 26, 1914—the health of the expedition was remarkably
good. Undoubtedly Antarctica has a salubrious climate, and it is
simply because one returns in a measure to the primitive that such an
ideal result is obtained.
The first thing to resist is the cold, and additional clothing is the
first and adequate means to such an end. No one needs to be specially
inured to a rigorous climate. If he has a normal circulation he
immediately reacts to a new set of temperature conditions, and in a
few weeks may claim to be acclimatized. Most of the members of the
expedition were Australians, so that the change of latitudes was
rather abrupt but none the less stimulating and healthful.
Appetite for food had suddenly a new piquancy, hard manual work was
a pleasure in a novel and wonderful environment, the intellect and
imagination were quickened and the whole man embodied the mens sana
in corpore sano. That is why illness was practically unknown for more
than two years; and, further, it may be said with partial truth that
in the high sense of physical and mental fitness he possessed for a
time, lies the explanation of the proverbial desire of an explorer
to return to the ice-lands.
Regular monthly examinations of the blood were made from the date of
leaving Hobart in December 1911 until October 1912, with an interval
of about nine weeks between the first and second examinations. The
haemoglobin or red colouring-matter went up with a leap and then very
steadily increased in amount during the winter months in Adelie Land.
The blood pressure became slightly more marked, the weight increased,
but as one might have expected, the resistance to ordinary civilized
germs was decreased. With regard to weight, the maximum amount gained
by a single individual during a period of eight weeks was almost two
stones, and every one became heavier by as much as ten pounds. As
clinical evidence of the loss in immunity may be quoted the epidemic
of influenza to which Dr. S. E. Jones referred. As well, it was noted
that several members had attacks of "boils" during the voyage
southward; in Adelie Land during 1912 there were two instances of acute
abscesses on the fingers (whitlows) and one jaw abscess. It appears as
if, with its new and unbounded energy of function, the body attempts to
throw oft its waste products. Then, too, experimental observations of
opsonic index pointed towards the lowering of resistance, and, by the
way, it was rather a remarkable fact that after a few months in Adelie
Land, staphylococcus pyogenes aureus—a common germ in civilization-
could not be cultivated artificially from the throat, nose or skin, of
six individuals from whom monthly bacteriological cultures were made.
Within the Hut, at a temperature which ranged from 40 degrees to
45 degrees F., the number of micro-organisms continuously increased,
if the exposure of agar plates at regular intervals (by night) gave
a true indication. The organisms were staphylocci albi, bacilli, yeasts,
and moulds; the latter overgrowing the plate after it had been for forty
eight hours in the incubator.
Frostbites were common, but, perhaps for that reason, were not regarded
seriously. No one suffered permanent harm from being frost-bitten,
though in several cases rather extensive blisters formed and nails and
skin were lost.
Whilst the Hut was being built, minor casualties often occurred; the
common remedy being to cover the injured part with a small piece of
gauze surrounded by adhesive tape; for open wounds will not heal
when exposed to the cold. The Greenland dogs had small accidents and
ailments which often required treatment.
On sledging journeys snow-blindness was an affection which sooner or
later caught every one in an unguarded moment. That moment was when
he ceased to use goggles if the light were at all trying to his eyes.
Prevention came first, and then the "zinc and cocaine" cure.
Adelie Land can only be regarded as an intolerable country in which
to live, owing to the never-ceasing winds. Usage and necessity
helped one to regard the weather in the best possible light; for the
sake of a few hours of calm which might be expected to occasionally
intervene between the long spells of the blizzards. It is, therefore,
with regret and some diffldence that I speak of the illness of Mr. S.
N. Jeffryes, who took up so conscientiously the duties of wireless
operator during the second year (1913); but upon whom the monotony
of a troglodytic winter life made itself felt. It is my hope that he
is fast recovering his former vigour and enthusiasm.**
So many miles of sledging were done at both Antarctic Bases in a
climate which is surely without a parallel in the history of polar
travelling, the Ship was so often in jeopardy during her three main
cruises to the South, that we feel the meagre comment should be made
on our providential return to civilization with the loss of two
comrades whose memory will ever be imperishable to each one of us.

** With the advent of summer, Jeffryes became normal, but unfortunately
suffered a temporary relapse upon his return to Australia.—D. M.
APPENDIX VI
Finance
A General reference was made to the finances of the expedition in the
Introduction. Here is an extended statement which, more fully amplified
with a detailed list of donations, will be again published when
additional funds have been raised to pay off the debit balance and
establish equilibrium.

GRANTS AND DONATIONS
AUSTRALIA, January 1911: L
Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, L1000;
R. Barr Smith (South Australia), L100; Hugh Denison (Sydney),
L1000; Samuel Hordern (Sydney), L1000 (subsequently increased
to L2500)........................... 4,000

LONDON, June 1911:
S. Hordern (Sydney), L1500 (second donation); Roderick Murchison
(Melbourne), L1000; W. A. Horn (South Australia), L1000;
Lord Strathcona, L1000; Eugene Sandow, L1050; Imperial Government,
L2000; Royal Geographical Society, L500; Lionel Robinson (Sydney),
L250; C. D. Mackellar, L150; G. P. Doolette, L150; G. Buckley,
L150; Lord Denman, L100; Madame Melba (Melbourne), L100;
S. Y. Buchanan, L100 (later increased to L200); Daily Mail,L100;
Messrs. Bullivants L100, &c., aggregating an additional L593.. 9,843
AUSTRALIA, October 1911:
Sydney: Government grant, L7000; collected by L.
Professor David, L50; 'Sydney Morning Herald',
L100; Professor David's own donation and
lecture proceeds, L100............... 7,250
Melbourne: Government grant, L6000; collected by
Professor Masson, L70............... 6,070
Adelaide: Government grant, L5000; collected by
Mr. Piper, L250 (including Angus L100, Simpson L85,
Scarfe L50).................... 5,250
Hobart: Government grant, L500; collected, L55... 555
Commonwealth grant 5,000
________
24,125
Carried forward...... 37,968

LONDON, 1913: Brought forward...... 37,969
Sir Lucas Tooth, L1000 (Sydney); Imperial Treasury, L1000;
Royal Geographical Society, L100; S. Y. Buchanan, L100;
Lady Scott, L100; Commander Evans, L100; other members of
Scott Expedition and general subscriptions, L227....... 2,627
Australia, 1913:
Commonwealth grant, L5000; collected by Professor David
(approximately), L50...................... 5,050
Australia, 1914:
Collected by Professor Masson (approximately), L80;
G. J. R. Murray (Adelaide), L100; Sir Samuel Way, L50..... 230
Collected in London, 1914.................... 10
Total moneys donated L45,885

Assets realized and added to the fund:
Sale of photos and newspaper articles, L490; sale
of ship and materials, L3699; lectures, films, &c., L726..... 4,915
Bills Owing ...... 5,932 5,932
Assets to be realized:
L
In hand.................. 560
Owing .................. 340
Anticipated sale of gear......... 570
——
1,470
Debit balance............. 4,462
Total cost ** of Expedition........... 56,732

There is therefore a deficit of L4462 to be made up by the royalty
on the sale of the book, lectures, donations, &c., and the cost of
the publication of the scientific results, which will be approximately
L8000, has yet to be defrayed.

** An estimate of the cost of the expedition should also take
account of donations in kind, which, as can be gathered, were numerous.
Facilities offered by harbour boards and valuable assistance extended
in the matter of docking and repairing the 'Aurora', particularly in
the case of the State of Victoria, and to a less extent in New South
Wales.
Then there were valuable contributions of coal, particularly by Mr.
J. Brown of Newcastle (N.S.W.), Mr. H. D. Murphy (Melbourne),
and the Lithgow Collieries Company.
APPENDIX VII

Equipment
Clothing
With regard to the clothing, the main bulk was of woollen material
as supplied by Jaeger of London. This firm is unexcelled in the
production of camel's-hair garments and has supplied most polar
expeditions of recent years with underclothing, gloves, caps, and
the like. From the same firm we also secured heavy ski-boots,
finnesko-crampons, and the blankets which were used at Winter Quarters
at both Antarctic Bases. Some of the Jaeger woollens were damaged
by sea water on the voyage from London to Australia and were replaced
by Eagley goods; an Australian brand, which proved very satisfactory.
The Ship's Party were outfitted with Kaipoi woollens (New Zealand).
Outer garments were made up to our design from Jaeger fleece by
tailors in Hobart. The suit consisted of a single garment, to be worn
with combination underclothing, and was calculated to meet the
requirements of a severe climate.
An over-suit of wind-proof material, which may be worn when required,
is a necessary adjunct to woollen clothing. Such a suit should have
the additional properties of being light, strong, not readily
absorbing moisture, and not affected by the cold. Burberry
gabardine was found to possess all these properties, and two complete
suits were made up for each man. One suit consisted of three pieces,
whilst the other was made of two; the blouse-jacket and helmet of the
latter being combined.
Furs, which were obtained from Norway, were restricted to sleeping
bags, finnesko or fur-boots, and wolfskin mitts (Lapland).
The outfit of clothing for the party at Macquarie Island and on the
Ship, respectively, differed from that used in the Antarctic. Warmer
temperatures and wet conditions had to be taken into account, and so
rubber boots, oilskins, and rubberized materials were provided as
outer coverings.
Food
The food-stuffs were selected with at least as much consideration as
was given to any of the other requisites. The successful work of an
expedition depends on the health of the men who form its members, and
good and suitable food reduces to a minimum the danger of scurvy; a
scourge which has marred many polar enterprises. Thus our
provisioning was arranged with care and as a result of my previous
experience in the Antarctic with Sir Ernest Shackleton's Expedition.
A summary which may be of possible use to future expeditions is
appended below:
In the matter of canned meats we had some six tons of the excellent
Australian article supplied by the Sydney Meat Preserving Company,
Ramornie Meat Company (N.S.W.), Baynes Brothers (Brisbane), and the
Border (rabbit) Preserving Company of South Australia. For use on
the Ship three tons of salt beef and pork served to replenish the
"harness cask," largely obtained in Melbourne from Cook and Sons.
For a ton of sauces and pickles we were indebted to Brand and Company
(London) and to Mason and Company (London).
Of course fresh meat was consumed as far as possible; a number of
live sheep being taken by the 'Aurora' on each cruise. Some of these
were killed and dressed after reaching 60 degrees south latitude and
supplied our two Antarctic Bases with the luxury of fresh mutton
about once a week throughout a year.
One ton of preserved suet came from the firms of Hugon (Manchester)
and Conrad (Adelaide).
Almost all our bacon and ham, amounting to well over one ton, was of
the Pineapple Brand (Sydney), and to the firm which supplied them we
are indebted alike for the quality of its goods and for its generosity.
Soups in endless variety, totalling two tons, came chiefly from the
Flemington Meat Preserving Company (Melbourne).
Fours tons of canned fish were supplied by C. & E. Morton (London).
Variety in vegetables was considered important. We decided to reduce
the amount of dried vegetables in favour of canned vegetables. About
six and a half tons of the latter in addition to one ton of canned
potatoes were consumed; from Laver Brothers (Melbourne) and Heinz
(Pittsburgh). There were one and a half tons of dried vegetables.
In addition, large quantities of fresh potatoes and other vegetables
were regularly carried by the 'Aurora', and many bags of new and old
potatoes were landed at the Main Base. In the frozen condition, the
former kept satisfactorily, though they were somewhat sodden when
thawed. The old potatoes, on the other hand, became black and useless,
partly owing to the comparatively high temperature of the ship's hold,
and in part to the warmth of the sun during the first few weeks in
Adelie Land.
Canned fruits, to the extent of five tons, were supplied by Jones
Brothers (Hobart) and Laver Brothers (Melbourne). This stock was eked
out by some two and a half tons of dried fruits, chiefly from South
Australia.
The management of Hartley (London) presented us with two tons of jam,
and James Keiller and Son (London) with one ton of marmalade.
Of the twelve tons of sugar and half a ton of syrup consumed, all were
generously donated by the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Sydney).
For milk we were provided with two tons of Glaxo (a dry powder) which
was used at the land bases, and a ton and a half of Nestle's condensed
variety for use on the ship.
Three tons of cereal meals, largely from Parsons (Sydney), were
consumed.
As one might have expected, the amount of flour used was enormous.
In the thirteen tons of this commodity from Colman (London) there were
three varieties, self-rising, plain, and wheatmeal flour, encased in
stout metal linings within strong, well-finished cases of a convenient
size. Until required, the cases of flour were used to solidify the
break-wind on the southern side of the Hut.
Bird and Company (Birmingham) more than satisfied our needs in the
matter of baking powder, custard powder, jelly crystals, and the
like.
There was over half a ton of fancy biscuits of excellent quality and
great variety, for which we were indebted to Jacob and Company
(Dublin), Arnott Brothers (Sydney), and Patria Biscuit Fabriek
(Amsterdam). "Hardtack," the name by which a plain wholemeal
biscuit of good quality, made by Swallow and Ariell (Melbourne) was
known, constituted the greater part of the remaining two and a half
tons of ordinary biscuits. "Hardtack" was much appreciated as a
change from the usual "staff of life"—soda bread.
For sledging we had secured one ton of biscuits specially prepared
by the Plasmon Company (London) containing 30 per cent. of plasmon.
These, together with one ton of pemmican and half a ton of emergency
ration prepared by the Bovril Company (London), are specially referred
to in the chapter on sledging equipment.
Butter was an important item; the large stock of two and a half tons
coming from the Colac Dairying Company (Melbourne). The butter was
taken fresh in fifty-six lb. blocks, packed in the usual export
cases. On the 'Aurora' it was carried as deck-cargo, and at the Main
Base was stacked in the open air on the southern side of the Hut. At
the end of the second year (1913) it was still quite good; a fact
which speaks well for the climate as a refrigerator. Of Australian
cheese we used half a ton, and this was supplied in forty-pound
blocks.
The firm of Messrs. Cadbury, well known for their cocoa and eating
chocolate, supplied us with these commodities, and receive our
unqualified praise for the standard of the articles and the way in
which they were packed. The total consumption was one ton of cocoa
and half a ton of chocolate.
The three-quarters of a ton of tea was donated by "Te Sol"
(Guernsey) and Griffiths Brothers (Melbourne). In both cases the
articles were well packed and much appreciated. Half a ton of coffee
was used, partly supplied from London and partly donated by
Griffiths Brothers.
Rose's (London) lime juice, as an antiscorbutic, was mainly reserved
for consumption on the Ship. This lime juice was much in favour as a
beverage.
Other supplies, taken in bulk, and for which we are indebted to the
manufacturers, are: one ton of Cerebos Salt, half a ton of Castle
salt, one ton of Sunlight Soap, our complete requirements in toilet
soap from Pears, candles from Price, matches from Bryant and May
including special sledging vestas, and dried milk from the Trufood
Company.
Sweets, which were used for dessert and on special occasions, were
presented by the firms of Fuller and Batger of London, and by Farrah
of Harrogate, &c. There were also small quantities of aerated waters,
ales, wines, and whisky for each Base.** At the Main Base, at least,
there was no demand for whisky until penguin omelettes became
fashionable.

** * Donated by Schweppes, Kopke, Burgoyne, and others.
The smokers were well provided for by a generous donation of Capstan
tobaccos, cigarettes and cigars from the British American Tobacco
Company in London. At a later date, when our Macquarie Island party
was formed, the Sydney branch of the same firm met our added needs
with the same generosity.
There are many other items which have not yet found a place in this
summary which cannot be acknowledged severally, but for which we are
none the less grateful. Mention is made of the following: Horlick's
Malted Milk, Neave's Health Diet, Brown and Polson's Cornflour,
International Plasmon Company's Plasmon chocolate and Plasmon powder,
Bovril and lime juice nodules manufactured by Bovril Limited,
Colman's Mustard and Groats, Flemington Meat Company's desiccated
soups, Seager's meats, Nestle's nut-milk chocolate, Escoffier's soups,
&c.
The cooking range which served us well for two years in the Hut at
Adelie Land was from J. Smith and Wellstood (London); others were
presented by Metters (Adelaide).
The total supply of foods purchased and donated aggregated quite one
hundred tons, exclusive of packing. Much of this was assembled in
London. In Australia the Government Produce Department of Adelaide
rendered valuable assistance.

TABLE OF FOOD-SUPPLIES FOR A TWELVE-MAN BASE
The following are the food requirements for a party of twelve men
wintering in the Antarctic. It is our own store list, with slight
modifications where these are found desirable. The figures are based
on the supposition that unlimited quantities of seal and penguin meat
can be had on the spot, and, furthermore, are ample for a second
year's requirements should the party be unavoidably detained. The
fare during the second year might be somewhat less varied, but would
otherwise be sufficient. Health was, of course, the first
consideration in this selection, but economy was also studied. The
quantities are stated in pounds weight.
lbs.
Meats, tinned—Corned beef, 216; roast beef, 72; roast mutton, 72;
boiled mutton, 72; Irish stew, 216; assorted meats, 168, including
mutton cutlets, haricot mutton, ox tail, ox tongue, sausages, and
brawn; sheep's tongues, 288; special meats, 192, including rabbit,
hare, duck, fowl, and turkey................... 1296
Live sheep—16 sheep to be dressed south of 60 degrees S. latitude
(weight not included)
Suet, tinned—400......................... 400
Bacon and Ham—Bacon in sides, packed in salt, 250; ham, 250... 500
Fish, tinned—Salmon, 360; haddocks, 96; kippered herrings, 216;
herrings in tomato sauce, 72; fresh herrings, 72; sardines, 300;
cods' roe, curried prawns, &c., 72.............., 1188
Soups, assorted tinned, 1152.................. 1152
Vegetables, fresh, in wooden cases—new potatoes, 1200; onions,
3601560
Tinned—potatoes, 864; onions, 216; peas, 450;
French beans, 450; spinach, 360; cabbage, 144; beetroot, 288;
carrots, 288; parsnips, 144; turnips, 108; celery, 144;
leeks, 72; champignons, 144; Boston baked beans, 144;
tomatoes, 288..................... 3240
Cereals and Dried Vegetables, &c.—Split peas, 112; lentils, 56;
marrowfat peas, 56; haricot beans, 56; barley, 72; rice, 252;
tapioca, 144; semolina, 56; macaroni, 56; rolled oats, 648;
cornflour, 156........................ 1664
Flour, including plain, wholemeal, and self-rising...... 4480
Biscuits, &c.—Plasmon wholemeal, 1344; plain wholemeal, 560;
assorted sweet, 560; cake tinned, 224; plum pudding, 224.... 1712
Fruit, tinned in syrup—peaches, 288; pears, 288; plums, 288;
apricots, 288; pineapples, 288; apples, 288; gooseberries, 216;
cherries, 216; mulberries, 48; strawberries, 48; red currants, 48;
black currants, 48; raspberries, 48............... 2400
Dried fruits—Prunes, 112; apples, 112; peaches, 56; nectarines, 56;
apricots, 56; raisins seeded, 224; currants, 112; figs, 224;
dates, 112; candied peel, 56.................. 1120
Sweets, &c.—Eating chocolate (chiefly for sledging) 504; assorted
sweets, 168; crystallized fruits, 56; assorted nuts, 84..... 812
Milk—as dried powder, 2400................... 2400
Butter—in 56 lb. export cases, 1456.............. 1456
Cheese—in original blocks or tins, 240............. 240
Cocoa, Tea, and Coffee—Cocoa, 576; tea, 288; coffee, 288.... 1152
Sugar, Jam, &c.—Sugar, 3584; jam, 1456; marmalade, 448;
honey, 576; syrup, 288..................... 6352
Sauces, Pickles, &c.—Tomato sauce, 180; Worcester sauce, 135;
sweet pickles, 162; mango chutney, 81; assorted pickles
(first quality) 216; vinegar, 210............... 984
Cooking requisites—Baking powder (in addition to that in
selfrising flour) 56; sodium bicarbonate, 1; ground mixed spice, 3;
ground ginger, 4; whole cloves, 1; nutmegs, 2; assorted essences, 10;
desiccated cocoanut, 12; mixed dried herbs, 2; dried mint, 6; dried
parsley, 1; onion powder, 9; curry powder, 30; mustard, 30; black
pepper, 12; white pepper, 12; table salt, 784.......... 975
Soap, &c.—Soap, 448; soda, 168................. 616
(16 tons approx.) 35,699

Note. These weights are exclusive of packing. When high southern
latitudes can be reached within three weeks, fresh eggs may be taken
with advantage, preferably unfertilized, but care should be taken to
freeze them as soon as possible, and not to allow them to thaw again
until required for use. It is advisable to take small quantities
of whisky, ale, wines and lime juice. Matches, candles, soap, and
other toilet requirements, kerosene and fuel are not reckoned with
here, appearing in a more general stores' list. Certain medical
comforts, such as malted milk and plasmon, may also be included.
Medical Equipment
The medical equipment consisted of a complete outfit of Burroughs
and Wellcome's drug's, dressings, &c., and Allen and Hanbury's
surgical instruments. Sets, varying in character with particular
requirements, were made up for the Ship and for each of the land
parties. Contained within the fifty-five boxes was a wonderful
assortment of everything which could possibly have been required
on a polar expedition. There was in addition a set of Burroughs
and Wellcome's medicines for the treatment of dogs.

Scientific Equipment
The scope of our projected scientific work necessitated extensive
purchases, and these were amplified by loans from many scientific
bodies and individuals.
Instruments for surveying and navigation were loaned by the Royal
Geographical Society and by the Admiralty, while many theodolites,
chronometers, and half-chronometer watches were manufactured to order.
An assortment of oceanographical gear was generously supplied through
H. S. H. The Prince of Monaco, from the Institut Oceanographique
of Monaco. Dr. W. S. Bruce made similar donations and supervised the
construction of our largest deep-sea dredge. The three-thousand
fathom tapered steel cables and mountings, designed to work the
deep-water dredges, were supplied by Messrs. Bullivant. Appliances
were also loaned by Mr. J. T. Buchanan of the 'Challenger' Expedition
and by the Commonwealth Fisheries Department. The self-recording
tide-gauges we employed were the property of the New South Wales
Government, obtained through Mr. G. Halligan.
The taxidermists' requirements, and other necessaries for the
preservation of zoological specimens, were for the most part purchased,
but great assistance was rendered through Professor Baldwin-Spencer
by the National Museum of Melbourne and by the South Australian Museum,
through the offices of Professor Stirling. Articles of equipment for
botanical work were loaned by Mr. J. H. Maiden, Director of the
Botanical Gardens, Sydney.
A supply of heavy cameras for base-station work and light cameras for
sledging was purchased; our stock being amplified by many private
cameras, especially those belonging to F. H. Hurley, photographer of
the Expedition. Special Lumiere plates and material for colour
photography were not omitted, and, during the final cruise of the
'Aurora', P. E. Correll employed the more recent Paget process for
colour photography with good results.
The programme of magnetic work was intended to be as extensive as
possible. In the matter of equipment we were very materially assisted
by the Carnegie Institute through Dr. L. A. Bauer. An instrument
was also loaned through Mr. H. F. Skey of the Christchurch Magnetic
Observatory. A full set of Eschenhagen self-recording instruments
was purchased, and in this and in other dispositions for the magnetic
work we have to thank Dr. C. Chree, Director of the National Physical
Laboratory, and Dr. C. C. Farr of University College, Christchurch.
Captain Chetwynd kindly assisted in arrangements for the Ship's
compasses.
Two complete sets of Telefunken wireless apparatus were purchased from
the Australasian Wireless Company. The motors and dynamos were got
from Buzzacott, Sydney, and the masts were built by Saxton and Binns,
Sydney. Manilla and tarred-hemp ropes were supplied on generous terms
by Melbourne firms (chiefly Kinnear).
The meteorological instruments were largely purchased from Negretti
and Zambra, but a great number were loaned by the Commonwealth
Meteorological Department (Director, Mr. H. A. Hunt) and by the
British Meteorological Office (Director, Dr. W. N. Shaw).
For astronomical work the following instruments were loaned, besides
transit-theodolites and sextants: a four-inch telescope by the
Greenwich Observatory through the Astronomer Royal: a portable
transit-theodolite by the Melbourne Observatory through the
Director, Mr. P. Baracchi; two stellar sidereal chronometers by
the Adelaide Observatory through the Astronomer, Mr. P. Dodwell.
The apparatus for bacteriological and physiological work were got in
Sydney, in arrangements and suggestions for which our thanks are due
to Dr. Tidswell (Microbiological Laboratory) and Professor Welsh, of
Sydney University.
Artists' materials were supplied by Winsor and Newton, London, while
the stationery was partly donated by John Sands, Limited, Sydney
Geological, chemical, and physical apparatus were all acquired at the
instance of the several workers.
Adjuncts, such as a calculating machine, a typewriter, and duplicator
were not forgotten.**

** Acceptable donations of various articles were made by the firms of
Ludowici, Sydney; Allen Taylor, Sydney; Sames and Company, Birmingham;
Gamage, London; Gramophone Company, London; the Acetylene Corporation,
London; Steel Trucks Ltd., &c.

**Through the offices of Mr. C. A. Bang we are indebted to "De
Forenede Dampskibsselskab," of Copenhagen, for the transport of the
dogs from Greenland.

Apart from the acquisition of the instruments, there were long
preparations to be made in the arrangement of the scientific programme
and in the training of the observers. In this department the
Expedition was assisted by many friends.
Thus Professor W. A. Haswell (Biology), Professor T. W. Edgeworth
David (Geology), and Mr. H. A. Hunt (Meteorology), each drew up
instructions relating to his respective sphere. Training in
astronomical work at the Melbourne Observatory was supervised by
Mr. P. Baracchi, Director, and in magnetic work by the Department
of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institute (Director, Dr. L. A.
Bauer). Further, in the subject of magnetics, we have to thank
especially Mr. E. Kidston of the Carnegie Institute for field
tuition, and Mr. Baldwin of the Melbourne Observatory for
demonstrations in the working of the Eschenhagen magnetographs.
Professor J. A. Pollock gave us valuable advice on wireless and
other physical subjects. At the Australian Museum, Sydney, Mr.
Hedley rendered assistance in the zoological preparations. In the
conduct of affairs we were assisted on many occasions by Messrs. W.
S. Dun (Sydney), J. H. Maiden (Sydney), Robert Hall (Hobart), G.
H. Knibbs (Melbourne),and to the presidents and members of the
councils of the several Geographical Societies in Australia—as well,
of course, as to those of the Royal Geographical Society, London.
In conclusion, the proffered, disinterested help, of all the above
and many other friends contrived to make our scientific equipment
well-nigh complete and eminently up-to-date.
INDEX
Abrasion effects of drift snow,
Abruzzi expedition 1900, rations
Absolute Hut, the
Acetylene Corporation, London, (note)
Adare, Cape
Adelaide Island
.........University
'Adelie Blizzard'
........Land;
the main base at; glaciation of; hurricanes of; Wilkes'
account of; the Hut; drifts; wireless installation at;
clothing for; Empire Day in; temperatures
Admiralty Range
Aerial Cove, depot
Aeroplane sledge. See Air-tractor sledge
Ainsworth, G F.,
"Life on Macquarie Island;" "A Land of Storm and Mist,"
"Through Another Year;" picked up by the 'Aurora',
the home journey; account of
Air-tractor sledge, the;
Aladdin's Cave;
Albatross
Alden, Cape,
Alexander I Island,
Alexandra, Queen
Allen and Hanbury, Messrs.
Alligator Nunatak.
'Amakura', the
American expedition under Wilkes
........ Quadrant, the, accessibility; whaling industry in
Amundsen, Captain; sledging dogs presented by
..........dog
Anchor Rock
Anemobiagraph, the
Anemometers
Anemones, preservation of
Angas Mr. C.
"Annie Hill,"
Antarctic theory of distribution of flora
Antarctica, history of discovery
'Anthology of Australian Verse, An'
Anthony, Messrs., of Melbourne
'Archibald Russell', the
Arnott Bros., Messrs.
Asia, Southern, wind velocities
'Astrolabe', D'Urville's journey in the
Astronomer Royal, the
Astronomical Hut, the
"Atmospherics,"
Auckland Islands
'Aurora', the S.Y. plan and section; adaptation and fitting out;
from Macquarie Island to Adelie Land; the first ice; landing of
cargo at main base; new lands; food carried by the; return of the;
observations secured on the; deep-sea soundings; at Macquarie Island;
arrival at Port Lyttleton; at Melbourne; second deep-sea cruise;
departure from Hobart, Christmas; visit to the main base, Adelie Land;
reception by Wild; relief of Wild's party; arrival in Hobart; papers
brought by the; stores laid at Caroline Cove; visits to Macquarie
Island; at Dunedin; leaves Hobart on Southern trip to bring back the
two parties; wireless communication with; the Homeward Cruise; list
of ship's officers
.........Peak
Auroral phenomena
Australasian Association for Advancement of Science,
Australian ensign hoisted
Avalanche Rocks
Avalanches,~
Azimuth Hill;
memorial cross on
Bacteriology, work of the expedition,
Bage, R., at the main base; work at the hut; the tide-gauge;
transit house; food experiences; search for the dogs;
with the Southern Sledging Party; return to the hut;
on building a tent; snow-blindness; return to Aladdin's Cave;
note left by, at Cathedral Grotto; return from the south;
visit to the 'Aurora'; the relief expedition; winter work;
wireless work; magnetograph records; the home journey;
account of
Baldwin, Mr.
Baldwin-Spencer, Professor
Balleny Islands
John
Bang, C. A. (note)
Baracchi, Mr. P.
Barometer, movements of the
"Barrier," the, at the Winter Quarters
"Barrier-formations,"
Barron, Lady
........Sir Harry
Barr-Smith, Mount
......Mr. Robert
Basilisk, dog
Bass Strait
Bates, Mr. D. C.; request for weather reports
Batger, Messrs.
Bauer, Dr. L. A.
Mr., Sealer at Macquarie Island
Baynes Bros., Messrs.
"Beaufort scale" of wind-pressure
Belgian Antarctic expedition
Bellingshausen, expedition of 1821
"Benzine Hut,"
Bergschrund
Betli, dog
Bickerton, F. H., at main base; work at the hut; erection of the
wireless installation; food experiences; "bus driver";
the air-tractor sledge; the Western sledging expedition;
on tent pitching; his birthday; the relief party; winter work
at the hut; wireless work; dredge constructed by; the home journey;
account of
Biology, work of the expedition
Bird & Coy, Messrs.
Birds, Antarctic, weight in relation to wing areas
Birthday Camp
Biscoe Island
........John, work
Bishop and Clerk, islet
Black Sunday
Blair, J. H., Chief Officer on the 'Aurora'
Blake, Cape
...... L R., work on Macquarie Island; visit to Sandy Bay;
accident to; visits to Lusitania Bay; photographs taken by
visits to the 'Aurora'; specimens obtained; sheepkilling;
the home journey; account of
Blizzard, puppy
.........the
'Blizzard, The', poem
Blood-pressure, observations by McLean,
"Blue Billys,"
"Board-sliding,"
Bollons, Captain
Borchgrevinck
Borda, Cape
Border (Rabbit) Preserving Coy.
Bovril Coy., the
Brand & Coy., Messrs.
Bridge-playing at Western Base
Bristow, Captain
British Antarctic expedition
British Expedition
British Meteorological Office
"Brothers (The),"
Brown, Mr. John
Brown & Polson, Messrs.
Bruce, Dr. W. S.
........Rise
Bruni Island
Bryant & May, Messrs.
Buchanan, Mr. J. Y.;
..........S. Y.
Buckley, Mr. G.
Budd Land;
Buenos Ayres
Bull, H. J.
Bullivant, Messrs.
Burberry, the
Burroughs & Wellcome, Messrs.
Buzzacott, Messrs.
Cadbury, Messrs.
Camp Cove
Campbell & Sons, Messrs.
Camping
"Cannonading,"
Canterbury Museum, Christchurch
Cape Town
Carbohydrates, definition of the term (note)
Cardiff to Hobart, the journey
Carnegie Institute
Carnley Harbour
Caroline Cove, Macquarie Island
Carr, Cape
Caruso, dog
Castor, dog
Cat, wild
Catch Me Cave
Cathedral Grotto, the
'Challenger' expedition
Charcot, Jean
.........Land
Chetwynd, Captain
Chocolate as barter
Chree, Dr. C.,
Christchurch, New Zealand
...........Magnetic Observatory
'Christmas Carol, A'
...........Day, Dr. Mawson's; with the Southern Sledging Party;
Madigan's account; with Bickerton's party; at Hobart;
with Wild's party; with S. E. Jones's party;
Ainsworth's account; on the homeward journey
Chun, Professor, of Leipsic
Close, J. H., at Main Base; at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the West;
and the Near Eastern Party; journey to Commonwealth Bay;
return from the East; back to Australia; account of
Clothing for the expedition
Clyde, wreck of the
Coal-supply, difficulties of
Coats Land
Cocoa, value of,
Colac Dairying Coy.
Colman, Messrs.
Colonel, dog
Colonial Sugar Refining Coy.
Commonwealth Bay
.............Fisheries Department
.............Meteorological Department
.............Weather Bureau, reports to
Cormorant. See Shag
Compass, variations of the; the bearing of the sun and the
magnetic needle compared
Conrad, Messrs.
Cook, Captain James
Copenhagen
Coronae, lunar
Correll, P. E., at Main Base; and the tide-gauge;
production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret;
the Eastern Coastal Party; at Horn Bluff,
the search party; return to Australia;
photographs taken by; the homeward journey;
account of
.........Nunatak
Cote Clarie
Crampons, use of
Crippen, dog
Crown Fuel Company, briquettes
'Daily Graphic'
.......'Mail'
Dallman, Eduard
Danish Geographical Society
Darwin, Charles
David Island
......Professor T. W. Edgeworth
Davis, Captain J. K., appointment; arrival at Hobart; work of stowage;
the journey to Macquarie Island; voyage in the Nimrod;
at Macquarie Island; events on board; narrative quoted; return
of the 'Aurora'; his decision regarding Wild's party; "The Ship's
Story"; mission to London; visits to Macquarie Island;
the homeward cruise; account of
.......Captain James, of Hobart, joins the 'Aurora'; efforts to recover
ship's lost chain; account of
.......Sea
"DeadBeat Gully,"
Deakin, Hon. Alfred
Declination of the magnetic needle
Decouverte, Cape
Delay Point
Denison, Cape;
..........Mr. Hugh
Denman Glacier, the
........Lord, messages to Antarctica; Finance
Denny, Mr., visit to Macquarie
D'Entrecasteaux Channel
Depot Bay
Depots maintained by the New Zealand Government
Derwent River, the;
Dietetics
Disappointment Island
'Discovery', voyage of the
...........Cape
Dixson Island
Mr. Hugh
Dodwell, Mr. P.
Dogs for the expedition, journey to Hobart; at the hut; harness for the;
food for the; at Aladdin's Cave; with the sledging parties;
the lost; used for food; presented to the 'Aurora' by Amundsen;
with the Western Party; pups; quarrels
Dolerite (note)
Dominion Meteorological Office
Doolette, Mr. G. P.
Dovers, G., member of Wild's party; depot-laying party formed;
surveying work; at Haswell Island; account of
'Drake', H.M.S., wireless communication with
Drift gauge, a
Drift snow; abrasion effects of; electrical effects of
Drygalski Island (note)
..........Professor;
Ducks
Dun, W.S.
'Dundonald', barque
Dunedin
D'Urville Sea;
'Eagle' Cave
........schooner, wreck
Earthquake shocks at Macquarie Island
Eastern Barrier
........Coastal Party, formation; account of, by Madigan;
instruments cached by
Eclipse, lunar,
Eitel, Mr. C. C.
Elder, Mr.
.......Mount
'Eliza Scott', the
Empire Day, at the Western Base; on Adelie Land
'Encyclopaedia Britannica', use of
'Endeavour', the
Enderby Island
........Land
Equinox, effects of the
Equipment of the expedition
Erebus Cove
"Erratics,"
Esperance, Port
Esquimaux, dogs of the; method with snow-blindness,
Euphausia
Evans, Commander
Evensen, work of
Farr, Dr. C. C.
Fallieres Land
'Fantome', H.M.S.
Far-Eastern Party, the; the return of
Farrah, Messrs.
Fats, definition of term, (note)
"Feather Bed" terrace
Fiala, quoted
Figure of Eight Island
Filchner, Wilhelm
Finance of the expedition
Finnesko footwear
Fisher, Hon. Andrew,
........wireless message to
Fishing
Fix, dog
Flag depot
Flagstaff Point, Carnley Harbour
Flemington Meat Preserving Coy.
Fletcher, F. D.
Flora, Antarctic, theories concerning
'Flying Fish', the
........Fox, working of the
Flynn, Professor T. T.
Foehn effect
Food, for sledging journey, dietetics; rations; items;
table of supplies
Fram, dog
......voyage of the
Franklin, dog
Freshfield, Cape
Fuller, Messrs.
Fusilier, dog
Gadget, dog
Gamage, Messrs (note)
'Gauss', expedition of the
Gaussberg
Geographical results of the expedition
Geological work of the expedition
George, dog
........V, King, wireless message to,
Georgia, South;
Gerlache, Adrien de
..........Cape
German Scientific Expedition; expedition of 1902, see Gauss
Gillies, F., chief engineer of the 'Aurora'
.........Nunataks
Ginger, dog
......Bitch, dog,
Glacier, the continental,
Glacier-ice, structural composition
Glacier-tongues
Glaciology, work of the expedition
Glaxo
Gloves
Goggles for snow-blindness
Golf at Western Base
Gracht, Mr. Van Waterschoot van der
'Grafton', wreck of the
Graham's Land
Gramophone Coy., London, (note)
Grampuses
Grandmother, dog
Gray, Cape
......P., second officer 'Aurora'
Great Australian Bight
.....Britain, Antarctic Expeditions
.....Ross Barrier;
Greely expedition of 1882
Green Valley
Greenland, dogs from
..........pup
Greenwich Observatory
Griffiths Brothers, Messrs.
"Grottoes (The)," the hut at the Western Base, building; return
of the sledging party; entrance and tunnels; the igloo;
clearing the tunnels; return of the Western depot party;
preparations for the Eastern summer journey; return of Wild;
distances from; return of Jones's party; the flagstaff
Guano deposits
Gulls, Dominican or black backed
.......skua
Haines, Mr., taxidermist
Haldane, dog
Hall, Robert
Halligan, Mr. G.
Hamilton, H., life at Macquarie Island; visits to Sandy Bay;
biological work; reception of the 'Aurora';
erection of the tide gauge; a dinghy for; visits to
Lusitania Bay; photographs by; home journey; account of
.........Mount
Hangar
Hannan, W. H., at Main Base; work at the hut; wireless work;
the drift gauge; as magnetician; working of the air-tractor
sledge; the wireless at Winter Quarters; return to Australia;
account of
Harbour Board, Hobart
Harness, sledging,
Harrisson, C. T.; member of Wild's party; visit to the capsized berg,
account; Hippo depot; meteorological work at The Grottoes;
included in the Eastern summer journey; winch contrived by;
account
Hartley, Messrs.
Hasselborough Bay
..............Captain
Haswell Island
............Professor W. A.
Hedley, Mr. C.
Heinz, Messrs.
Helen Glacier
Henderson, Professor G. C..
Henderson Island
Hens, Cape
'Hinemoa', rescue by
'Hints to Travellers'
Hippo Nunatak
Hoadley, C. A., member Wild's party; party to lay depot formed;
main western journey starting November; geological work;
at Haswell Island; account
Hobart
Hodgeman, A. J., at Main Base; work at hut; Near Eastern Party;
the cairn; return to the hut; journey of the Near Eastern
Party; trip to Aladdin's Cave; on tent-pitching; investigation
of snow ramp; the relief party; winter work at the hut;
journey to Mount Murchison; the home journey; map of Mackellar
Islets; account of
Holliman, Captain,
Holman, Hon., W. A.
Hoosh
Hordern, Mr. Samuel
Horlick, Messrs.
Horn Bluff
"Horn Bluff," by C. T. Madigan
Horn, Mr. W. A.
Hoyle, pup
Hugon, Messrs.
Hunt, Mount
......Mr. H. A.
Hunter, Cape
........J. G., at Main Base; biological work; parasitology;
sledging; production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret';
the Southern Supporting Party; expansion of the cave;
return from the south; return to Australia; arrival
with the 'Aurora'; fishing;the homeward journey;
account of
" Huntoylette,"
Hurley, J. F., Main Base; camera work; observations; rescue of the dogs;
production of 'The Washerwoman's Secret; the Southern
Party; the cairn;pitching tent; "Lot's Wife";
the 'Christmas Carol'; snow-blindness; return from the
south; arrival with the 'Aurora'; sledging
Hurricane-walking
Hut, the Main Base, temperature; tunnels; the nightwatchman's duty
......Point, McMurdo Sound
Hutchinson, sealer of Macquarie Island
Ice, Arctic and Antarctic compared; the first; pack-ice; bergs;
structural composition
"Ice floods,"
"Ice islands,"
Ice-shafts, digging of
"Icing-ship,"
'Illustrated London News'
Insect hunting
Jack, dog
Jackson, Port
Jacob & Coy., Messrs.
Jaeger fleece
Japanese Antarctic expedition
Jappy, dog
Jeffreys Deep
Jeffryes, S. N., wireless operator
'Jessie Nichol', wreck
John Bull, dog
Johnson, dog
Joinville Island
Jones, Dr. S. E., autopsy on the dogs; member of Wild's party; party
formed to lay a depot on September; Wild's instructions
to; main western journey starting November; "Linking
up with Kaiser Wilhelm Land," account by; discovery
of Antarctic petrels; view of Drygalski Island; account
of; medical report for Western Base
........Bros., Messrs.
Journalists' Association
Joyce, Mr. E., delivery of the dogs;
Judge and Clerk, islet of; soundings
Junction Corner
Kaiser Wilhelm I Land, linking up with, account by Dr. S. E. Jones
Kangaroo Island
Keiller, Messrs. James & Son
Kelp
Kembla, Port
Kemp, work of
Kennedy, [A. L.] member of Wild's party; attempted trip with Wild for
the minimum thermometer; Eastern summer journey; blocked on
the ice-shelf with Wild; observations; account of
Kerguelen Island
Kidston, Mr. E.
King Edward V Land
.....George V Land, naming of; map
King' Birthday, at Western Base
................Island
Kinsey, Mr. J. J.
Kite, work with
Knibbs, G. H.
Knox Land
Kristensen, Leonard
Lake-ice
Lamp, a non-magnetic
Lampwick, uses of
Larson, C. A.
Laseron, C. F., Main Base; biological work; collection of petrel
skin; at Aladdin's Cave; production of The 'Washerwoman's
Secret'; the Southern Supporting Party; recording
Webb's observations; expansion of the Cave; journey
to Commonwealth Bay December 9; collection of eggs
and birds; return from the east; back to Australia;
account of
Lassie, dog
Lever Brothers, Messrs.
Lewis, Sir Elliott
Lithgrow Colleries
"Lot's Wife,"
Loubet Land
Louis Phillippe Land
Lucas Sounding-machine
Lucas-Tooth, Sir Robert
Ludowici, Messrs. (note)
Lusitania Bay;
..........the, sealing boat
Lyttleton, Port, arrival of the 'Aurora'
"M. H. S. Championship, " the start
Mac, dog
McClintock, expedition of 1850; rations
Mackay, Dr. F. A.
Mackellar Islet
Mackellar Library
..........the Hon.C.D.
McLean, Dr. A. L., autopsy on the dogs; at Main Base; electrical
observations; lines on 'The Blizzard'; erection of
the wireless; observations regarding seals; at
Aladdin's Cave; blood-pressure, observations;
at Cathedral Grotto; expedition of the Eastern Coastal
Party; snow-blindness; at Horn Bluff; photographs taken
by; return of; the relief expedition; winter work at
the Hut; founding of 'The Adelie Blizzard'; on illness
of Jeffryes; a wind episode; dredging operations;
biological specimen; the home journey; account;
medical report for Main Base
McMurdo Sound, wind velocities, chart; the Scott expedition
Macquarie Island, the base at; "Life on Macquarie Island," by G. F.
Ainsworth; "A Land of Storm and Mist," by G. F. Ainsworth;
"Through Another Year," by G. F. Ainsworth;
Macquarie Island Party, list of
Madigan, C. T., at Main Base; meteorological observations; at the Hut;
electrical observation; spring exploits; journey to the
west, September 1912; sledging; the Eastern Coastal Party;
return to the Hut; his account of the expedition of the
Eastern Coastal Party; "Horn Bluff and Penguin Point" by;
depot of; visit to the 'Aurora'; care of the dogs; winter
work at the Hut; journey to Mount Murchison; the home
journey; account
...........Nunatak
Magnetic Flat, the
.........meridian
.........needle, use for steering purposes
.........Pole, North
.........Pole, South, observations regarding the; Bage's search for;
chart
Magnetograph House; work of the magnetician
Magnetometer, the
Maiden, Mr. J. H.
Main Base, Adelie Land, visit of the 'Aurora'; wireless installation at
...........Base Party, list of; return of members to Australia
Maori cabbage (Stilbocarpa polaris)
......hens, see Wekas
Martelli, Mr., assistant harbourmaster, Hobart
Mary, dog
......Queen, message to Antarctica
Mason Coy., Messrs.
Masson Island
.......Professor, efforts to raise funds,
Mawson, Dr., plans for the expedition; party of
Medical equipment for the expedition
........reports
Melba, Mme.
Melbourne, arrival of the 'Aurora'; wireless calls; time signals from
...........Observatory
Memorial cross on Azimuth Hill
Men, choice of, for a polar campaign
Mertz, Dr. Xavier, appointment; at Hobart, care of the dogs; at Main
Base; meteorological observations; skiing; cooking;
at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast, September 11;
the Far Eastern Party; the return journey; illness and
death; Bage's parting from; meeting with the Eastward
Coastal Party; Captain Davis's inquiries after; message
to his relatives; account of
........Glacier
........Glacier-tongue
Meteorology, work of the expedition; meteorological chart for April
1913
Meteorite found
Midsummer Day, temperature
Midwinter Day at Western Base
Mikkel, dog
Mill, Dr. H. R., "Siege of the South Pole,"
.........Rise
Minerals of Adelie Land
Mitts
Mollymawk rookery
Monaco, Prince of
Monagasque trawl
Monkey, dog
Moore, T. E. L.
'Morning Herald', Sydney
Morton, Messrs. C. & E.
Motte, C. P de la
Moyes, M. H., member of Wild's party; account of
Moraine, terminal, Adelie Land
'Morning', the, British expedition,
Murchison, Mount;
...........Mr. Roderick
Murphy, H. D., at Main Base; erection of the wireless installation;
at Aladdin's Cave; journey to the southeast September 11;
observations; formation of the Southern Supporting Party;
return to the Hut; composition of party at Cathedral
Grotto; return from the south; visit to the 'Aurora';
return to Australia; account of
Murphy, H. D. (senior)
Murray, G. J. H.
Mutton birds
Nansen, expedition in the 'Fram'; 'Farthest North'; use of the primus
stove,
........dog
Nares, Captain G. S.
National Museum, Melbourne
.........Physical Laboratory, London
Near Eastern Party
Neave, Messrs.
Negretti & Zambra, Messrs.
Nestle, Messrs.
Neve
New Zealand, depots maintained by; flora of, theories regarding
Newnes, Sir George
Nightbirds
'Nimrod', the, voyages;
Ninnis Glacier
.......Lieut. B. E. S., appointment; care of the dogs; at the Main Base;
clothing artifices; spring exploits; journey
to the southeast, September 11; the Far Eastern
Party; his death in the crevasse; Bage's parting
from; flag planted by; Captain Davis's inquiries
after; message to his relatives; account of
"Nodules (The),"
Nordensyold, Otto
North, Cape
.......East Bay;
.......End
.......Head
Northcliffe Glacier
North's Land
Notothenia
"Nuggets (The)"
Oates Land
Observation Point
Oceanography, results of expedition
Oil, seal, methods of the sealers
Organ Pipe Cliffs
Pack-ice;
Palmer Archipelago
.......Nathaniel
Parisitology
Parsons, Messrs.
Parties for sledging, arrangement
Patria Biscuit Fabriek
Partridge & Twiss, Messrs.
Pavlova, dog
'Peacock', the;
Peary, dog
Pemmican
Penguin Hill
"Penguin Point," by C. T. Madigan
Penguin rookeries;
Penguins
........Adelie
........an Albino Penguin
........Emperor
........Gentoo
........King
........Royal
........Victoria,
Pennant Hills
'Perseverance', the
Peter I Island
Petrel Rookeries
Petrels
........Antaretic
........Giant
........Lesson's
........Silver-grey or Southern Fulmar
........Snow
........Wilson
Petrol, amount carried
Pianoforte Berg
"Piecrust"
Pigeons, Cape
Piper, Mr.
Plasmon
Pollock, Professor J. A.
'Porpoise', the
Posadowsky Bay
Possession Nunataks
Primmer, Mr.
Primus heater, the
Prince Luitpold Land
Prion Banksii
Proteins, value of
"Puffometer," the
Punch
Quarantine Station, Hobart
Queen Mary Land
Queen's Wharf, Hobart
Rabbits
'Rachel Cohen', the
Ramornie Meat Coy.
Rations, daily polar; for the Far Eastern Party; for the sledge journey
from the Western Base
Rats
Reid, Sir George,
......Glacier
Robinson, Lionel
......Bay
......anemometer, the
"Rock Flour,"
Rocks, effect of wind and rain on
.......igneous
Rose Island
.....Messrs.
Ross Barrier
......dog
......Expedition
......Port
......Sea, the
Royal Company Island
......Geographical Society.
Royds, Cape
Russian Antarctic Expeditions
Sabrina Land
'Sabrina', the
Sails, value of
St. Elmo's fire
St. Vincent's Gulf
Sames & Coy.
Sandell, C. A., Wireless work at Macquarie Island; cooking; lantern
made by; visit to the 'Aurora'; erection of the
tide-gauge; sheepkilling; as barber; an accident to;
telephone installed by; lamp made by; the home journey;
account of
Sandow, dog
........Mr. Eugene
Sandy Bay, Hobart
...........Enderby Island
...........Macquarie Island
"Sarcophagus," the
Sastrugi
Sawyer, A. J., wireless operator at Macquarie Island; visits to the
'Aurora'; erection of the tide-gauge; leaves Macquarie
Island; visit to the 'Tutanekai; account of
Saxton & Binns, Messrs.
Scarfe, Mr.
Scientific equipment for the expedition,
...........work of the expedition
'Scotia', the
Scott, Captain, work of; voyage of the 'Discovery; voyage in the
'Terra Nova'; rations allowed by; stay in Antarctica;
at McMurdo Sound; the disaster to; on Macquarie Island,
........Islands
........Lady
........the dog
Scott Expedition Staff
Scottish Antarctic Expedition
Sea, temperature, effect of snow on
Sea bears
Sea-elephants; rookeries of the
Seager, Messrs.
Sea-ice
Sea-leopards
Sealers of Macquarie Island; methods of the
Sea-lions
Seals
......Crabeater
......Fur
......Hair
......Ross
......Weddell
Sewing-machine, Wild's need of a
Shack, the
Shackleton Expedition
...........Ice-Shelf, the; establishment of the Western Base on;
winter and spring on; Western Party blocked on,
Wild's narrative; the 'Aurora' at
...........the dog
Shags
Shaw, Dr. W. N.
Shelf-ice
Shell Brand benzine and Shell kerosene
Shoe Island
" Shuteye," practice of
Signatures of members of land parties
Simpson, Mr.
Skeats, Professor E., examination of the meteorite
Skey, Mr. H. F.
Skiing
Sledge, the air-tractor
Sledging; preparation of equipment; wood for sledges; harness for;
a load; camping
Smith & Wellstood, Messrs.
.......William, work of
Snow, temperatures
Snow-blindness
Snow drift, electrical effects
Snow gauges
.....Hill Island
Soundings, Lucas automatic sounding machine
South Australian Museum
......Orkney Islands
......Shetland Islands
Southern Cross Depot, declination of the needle at
.........Ocean
.........Party; instruments cached by
.........Supporting Party,
'Sphere', the
Spratt, Messrs., care of the dogs
Steel Trucks Ltd.
Stewart Island (New Zealand)
Stillwell, F. L., at Main Base; geological researches; map of Winter
Quarters; records; production of 'The Washerwoman's
Secret'; finding an albino penguin; the Near Eastern
Party; his sledge; pitching tent; journey of the Near
Eastern Party; the search party; return to Australia;
account of
...........Island
Stirling, Professor
Storm Bay
Strathcona, Lord
............Mount
Sun, the midnight; display of rings and arcs
Suva, wireless station
Swallow & Ariell, Messrs.
Sweep, dog
Swiss Confederation Day
.......the dog
Switzerland, the dog.
Sydney, Wilkes's expedition started from; Cathedral of; wood from;
the harbour; wireless communication with
........Meat Preserving Coy.
'Sydney Morning Herald', donation
Tasman Sea
Tasmania, hospitality of; soundings
Taylor, Mr. Allen
"Te Sol,"
Tea
Temperature, Foehn effect; in Adelie Land
Tent-pitching; Bickerton on
'Terebus and Error in Eruption'
Termination Ice Tongue
............Land
Terns
'Terra Nova', Scott's voyage
Terrestrial magnetism, work of the expedition
"The Steps"
Theodolite, use of the
Tich, dog
Tide-gauge, Bage's; use on Macquarie Island
Tides, work of the expedition
Tidswell, Dr.
Tiger, dog
Tooth, Sir R. Lucas
.......Lady Helen—see Helen Glacier
'Toroa', s.s.
Totten's Land
Toucher, N. C.
Transit House
Trawl, Monagasque
Trawling, experiences of the 'Aurora'
Tussock grass
'Tutanekai', the, relief of Macquarie Island
'Ulimaroa', s.s., the
Umbrella aerial, use of the
Union Jack, hoisting the
University College, Christchurch
Urville, Dumont D', expedition under
.........the dog
'Valdivia' expedition
"Veranda Club"
Verran, Hon. J.
Vickers & Coy., Messrs.
Victoria Land
Vincennes, the
Waite, Mr. E. R.
'Washerwoman's Secret, The'
"Watersky,"
Watkins, Lieut., aviator
Watson, A. D., at the Western Base; attempted trip with Wild for the
minimum thermometer; preparation for the Eastern summer
journey; blocked on the ice-shelf with Wild; fall into
a crevasse
..........Bluff
Watt, Hon. W.
Way Archipelago
..............map
......Sir Samuel
Weather, the, as a conversational subject
Webb, E. N., at Main Base; care of the dogs; work at the Magnetograph
House; photo-work; magnetic ice-cave of; his first camp;
formation of the Southern Sledging Party; observations of
the needle; use of the theodolite; building a break-wind;
the toasts on Christmas Day; sighting Aladdin's Cave;
return from the south; return to Australia; account of
Weddell, James, work
.........Sea
Wekas
Wellington, Mount
.............wireless communication with
Welsh, Professor
Western Base, the party at; winter and spring at the; establishment and
adventures by F. Wild; the geological shaft; "The Glacier
Tongue"; Wild's party blocked on the Ice Shelf; linking
up with Kaiser Wilhelm II Land, account by Dr. S. E. Jones;
medical reports from
West Point
Western Sledging Party
'Westralia', s.s.,
Whalebirds
Whales
Whetter, Dr. L. A., at Main Base; the "Toggle King"; journey to the west;
the Western Party; meteorological work; preparations for
the air-tractor sledge trip; his birthday; on tent
pitching; investigations of a snow ramp; return; return
to Australia; account of
"Whirlies,"
Wild, Frank, the work at Hobart; working of the "flyingfox"; incidents
on board; leader of the Western Base; the winter station on
the ice shelf; rations for the expedition; arrangements with
the 'Aurora'; return to Aladdin's Cave; his party at Western
Base; relief of; reception of the 'Aurora'; winter and spring;
land mapped out by; blocked on the ice shelf, narrative
Wilkes, discoveries of; charts; Knox Land,
Wilkes's Land
Willesden-drill, tents
Williamstown, Victoria
Wind, velocities
Winds, Bay of
Winsor & Newton, Messrs.
Winter quarters, Adelie Land
.............Stillwell's map
Wireless Hill, establishment of the station;
.........installation range, in the Antarctic; report of Captain Davis;
messages received by Hannam on the 'Aurora'; messages from,
and to, Adelie Land; effect of ice on intensity of waves;
work of the expedition; telefunken apparatus
Worms, parasitical, in fish
'Zelee', the
Zip, the dog
Zoological investigations

---