INDEX

Abies, the genus of the Silver Fir, [317]
Acorns, sea-, [100], [110]
Actinia mesembryanthemum, a common sea-anemone, [85], [86]
living in an aquarium for fifty years, [86]
African animals, preservation of, [20]
Alchemists and the divining-rod, [385]
Aldeburgh, amber to be bought there, [74]
the great pebble beach at, [55]
Alpine flowers, [161]
reason of strong colour of, [167], [168]
Amber, [71-76]
chemical nature of, [75]
insects in, [73]
uses of, [73], [74]
Amber-routes, [70]
Ambleteuse, once a great harbour, [51]
Amphioxus, [2]
Anchovy, the, [359]
sauce, its history and colour, [359]
Anemone, the Weymouth, [88]
Anemones, sea-, [81], [84], [85], [86]
fertilization of, [186]
Anthea cereus, a sea-anemone, [86]
Ape, the lines on the palm of the, [373]
to man, from, [236-291]
Apes, mental qualities of, [241], [242]
Aquariums, marine, made fashionable by Mr. Gosse, [83]
"Arabian Nights," stories as to men turned into fish, [353]
Araucaria, the monkey-puzzle, [329]
Arbor vitæ, a kind of cypress, [330]
Argentière (Switzerland), [164]
Aril of the yew tree, [310]
Arthropods or jointed-leg owners, [102], [103]
Ashtaroth, [352]
Astrology, [372]
Atargatis, [352]
Atlas cedar, [320]
Augurs, the Roman corporation of, [371]
Aurelia, the common jelly-fish, [95]
Australian natives, [29], [30]
Automata, animals as, [187]
Balancers or dwindled wings of the two-winged flies, [218]
Balanus, the sea-acorn or acorn-barnacle, [110]
Ballet, Russian Imperial, [169], [177]
Barnacle, growth and transformation of, [111-113]
the legend of the, and the goose, [118-141]
the ship's, figure of, [109]
Barnacle-goose, the, [118]
Barnacles, [100], [108-141]
nauplius young of, discovered by the Army surgeon, Vaughan Thompson, [107]
their "complemental males" discovered by Darwin, [115]
Barrett, Sir W. F., on water-finders, [389], [390]
Beaches, constituents of, [53], [55-63]
Bee, the queen, retains the sperm of one drone for four or five years, [405]
Beit, M. Otto, [408]
Bernacæ and bernak, Celtic word for shell-fish, [121]
Berri-berri, a disease due to bad diet, [297]
Birds believed to be produced by trees, [118]
their courtship, [298-300]
Birth-marks, belief in, similar to that in magical power of water-finders, [390]
experiment by the patriarch Jacob, [391], [399]
Mr. Heape on, [398]
Bivalve and univalve shells, [143]
Bleeding of the nose, Latin hymn to arrest, [343]
Blood, amount of, in man's body, [348]
coloured blue in scorpions, crustaceans, and molluscs, [346]
colourless corpuscles of, [349]
colourless, of lower animals, [346]
duties of the, [349], [350]
emotion and excitement caused by sight of, [345]
fascination of, distinguished from cruelty, [344]
of the grub of the midge and of the coiled pond-snail, coloured red by hæmoglobin, [346]
red corpuscles of, [347]
superstitions about, [342], [343]
the, and its circulation, [343] et seq.
the only case of an insect with red, [223], [346]
used as an adhesive by Australians, [343]
Blood-stream, its pace in man, [348]
Blood-vessels, swollen, of molluscs, crustacea, and insects, [340]
Bournemouth, various pine trees at, [324]
Bower-bird, its play-run, [196]
Brain of apes and man, [253] et seq.
increase of its size means increase of educability, [268]
significance of its greater size in man than apes, [257-261]
small brains of extinct animals, [259]
Brent-geese and tree-geese, [122]
Bristle-worms, [79]
Browne, Sir Thomas, and the spontaneous generation of mice, [125]
Bruno, St., his lily, [165]
Bummaloh, or Bombay duck, [359]
Bunodes crassicornis, a sea-anemone, [85], [86]
Bustard, the courting of the, [199]
Buttercup, the white, [165]
Cable, author of "Old Creole Days," [55]
Canard and cock-and-bull stories, [119]
Canine tooth of the Piltdown jaw, discovery of the, [287]
Capercailzie, the, [44]
Carnelians on the Felixstowe beach, [58]
Cedars, [319]
Cement stones, [58]
Charles II and the globe of fish, [406]
Chartreuse, the Grande, [163]
Chesil beach, the, [61]
Chin, the bony, of man, peculiar to him, [250]
Christmas trees, [302]
Chyle, the, [333]
Circulation, the, of the blood, [348]
Cirripedes, the order comprising barnacles, [114]
Click-beetles, the adults of wire-worms, [225]
Cockle, the common, [146]
jumping powers of the, [150]
Cœlom, the lymph-holding body cavity, [338]
Colours of marine animals, [93]
Cone of the Douglas fir (figure), [327]
of the Larch (figure), [319]
of the Monterey Pine, or Pinus insignis (figure), [325]
of the Pinaster (figure), [323]
of the Prickly pine, Pinus muricata (figure), [326]
(male and female) of the Scots fir (figure), [305]
(female) of the Silver fir (figure), [316]
(female) of the Spruce or Christmas tree (figure), [318]
(modified) of the Yew tree (figure), [310]
Cones, globular, of cypress, [330]
of juniper, [308], [331]
of firs and pine trees, [303]
Coniferæ, survey of, [313]
tabular statement of their families, sections, and genera, [331]
Conifers, the three commonest in England, [308]
Conjugation in lower forms of life, [183]
Conjurers still believed by some to conjure spirits and deal in the black art, [365]
Connective tissue, [335]
Conscious and unconscious minds, [262-263]
Consciousness, arrival of, [213]
Contagious magic and fish-eating, [354]
Copal gum, similar to amber, [73]
Copalite found at Highgate, [76]
Coprolite on the Suffolk shore, [59]
Coral, white, [3], [9]
Corals related to sea-anemones, [89]
Corethra, the plume fly, its transparent larva, [27], [224]
Corpus Christi, festival of, and dancing, [174]
Corpuscles, colourless, of the blood, [349]
red, of the blood, [347]
Correvon, M., his garden, [163]
Corundum pebbles give flame-flash when rubbed together, [67]
Courting dress of water-fleas, [205]
Courtship, [180-215]
methods of, in man not inherited or instinctive, [211]
Crabs, [98], [104], [105]
Crane-fly, [216] et seq.
Crawfish and crayfish, [99]
Crustaceans, use of the word, [98]
Cucujos, the, a phosphorescent beetle of South America, [234]
Cupressus sempervirens, the common cypress, [330]
Cyancæa, the stinging jelly-fish of our coast, [95]
Cycads, an order allied to conifers, [309]
Cypress tree, the, [330]
Cyprus and coffers, [330]
and Crete, ancient vases from, with pictures of transition from barnacle to goose, [130], [133]
Daddy-Long-Legs, [216] et seq.
sometimes used as a name for the spider-like Opilio, [220]
Dagon, the fish-god, [352]
Dancing and science, [169] et seq.
of birds and spiders, [171]
various kinds of, [172], [173], [177], [178]
Daphne, the Alpine, [166]
Darwin and Lord Morton's mare, [400]
Dawson, Mr. Charles, discovers the missing link, [284]
Deodar, the Himalayan cedar, [320]
Destruction of native animals in England, [15]
Dewar, Sir James, on suspended animation of luminous bacteria, [158]
Diet, certain substances necessary to be healthy, [294]
Diptera or two-winged flies, divisions of, [222]
Disharmonies in animal structure and habit, [227]
in man's structure, [228]
Display in courtship, [197] et seq.
Divination, [371]
by the forked twig, [384]
by throwing a rod into the air, [383]
varieties of methods in, [371]
Divining-rod, the, [383]
Dormouse, easily loses the skin of its tail, [219]
Dousers and dousing, [385]
dishonest variety of, [388]
or water-finders tested by a committee, [392]
some honest, [387]
Dragon, the heraldic, and the parachute lizard, [382]
Dredge, the naturalist's, [1]
Duclaux, Professor, his advice as to diet, [299]
Dunwich, a submerged city, [50]
Earth-worm, cœlom of the, [338]
Educability, [213], [268-269]
Elaterids, a family of beetles, [225]
phosphorescent species of, [234]
Emperor moth, attractive smell of female, [209]
Eoanthropus Dawsoni, the Piltdown Hominid, [283]
Erosion of the coast, [51]
Euphausia, a phosphorescent shrimp, picture of, [154]
Evergreens, our native, list of, [312]
Ewart, Prof. Cossar, his experiments on telegony, [400]
Experience, learning by individual, [212]
Expression by the face, greater in man than apes, [273]
Eyes of deep-sea animals, [93]
Fabre, his opinion of animal intelligence, [197], [198]
Fainting, men, at sight of blood, [345]
Fast days, [351], [352]
Felixstowe beach, [56]
erosion of the coast at, [50]
large piece of amber found at, [70]
Fertilization, [180]
Fir, Scots, [305], [321]
Silver, or Abies pectinata, [315]
used to build the Trojan horse, [306]
Fire-flies of Southern Europe, [233]
Firestones, [65]
Fish, a young, saves Manu from the Deluge, [353]
and Christian ornament, [356], [357]
and fast days, [351] et seq.
as the symbol of Christ, [354]
certain, poisonous to every one, [358]
modelled in gold, life size, dug up near the Black Sea, [353]
poisons, [357], [358]
some, poisonous only to certain individuals, [358]
worship of, and the fish-god, [352]
Fish-worship of the ancient Greek Orpheists, [355]
Flame, flash of, produced under water, [66]
produced by rubbing two quartz pebbles together, [65]
Flame-seeking insects, [229], [230]
Flies, two-winged, or Diptera which are phosphorescent, [234]
various kinds of, [222], [223]
Fly as dirt carrier, [300]
Food, constituents of, [292]
Foot of man and his upright carriage, [243]
Foot-jaws of crab and lobster, [104]
Forbes, Edward, a sketch by, [159]
Fowl, the common, [43]
France gained courage and self-respect through Pasteur, [415]
French cookery, sham, in Switzerland, [165]
Fresh water jelly-fish, [91], [92]
Fridays and fish-eating, by Jews as well as Christians, [352]
Frog, blue variety of the edible, [163]
Futurists, [23]
Galliformes, an order of birds, [43]
Geese, drawings of, by ancient Mykenæan artists, modified to resemble barnacles, [133], [134]
Gelinotte, [46]
Geology and living toads in rocks, [379]
Geomancy, [372]
Gerard the herbalist on the transformation of ship's barnacles into geese, [121]
Giard, Professor; discovery of a phosphorescent disease in sand-hoppers, by him, [156]
Gingko tree of Japan, [309]
Giraldus Cambrensis and the production of geese from timber, [120]
Glass-like marine animals, [92]
Glow-worms, [233]
Goose-tree, the, as drawn by Gerard in 1597, [123]
Gopher tree of the Bible, [330]
Gosse, Mr. Philip Henry, [83]
Greek dancing, [175], [176]
name-gods or totems, [356]
Grouse, black, red, and others, [45]
the, and allied birds, [41]
Gummi-horn, the, [160]
Hæma, the red part of blood, [339], [347]
Hæmoglobin, or blood-red, [347]
in the blood of the larva of thebig black midge (Chironomus), [223]
in Bonellia, [11]
in the coiled pond-snail, [346]
Hæmolymph, the proper name for vertebrate blood, [339], [346]
Hallucination and self-hypnotism, [372]
Hamingia, a green worm, [10-11]
Hamlet and superstition, [361]
Hampstead Heath, [16]
Hands and feet, size and shape of, as indicating character, [375]
Hardanger Fiord, [3]
Haruscipation, [372]
Heart-urchin, [80]
Henslow, of Cambridge, [59]
Hierapolis, where Atargatis was worshipped, [352]
Hopkins, Mr. Gowland, his experiments on diet, [294]
Hôtel du Planet, good food at, [164]
House sparrow trained to be a songster, [207]
Houssay, M. Frederic, his discovery of the origin of the goose and barnacle story in paintings on Mykenæan vases, [131] et seq.
Huxley and Cuvier on the distinctive quality of man, [272]
and Owen, their controversy, [236]
Hybridization, infection of plants by, [403]
Hydra tuba breaks up into jelly-fish, [97]
Idiosyncrasy as to poisonous quality of fish, [358]
Infant, crying of the human, a speciality, [272]
Infantile diarrhœa, [300]
Inflammation, nature of, [349]
Insects, many guided by the sense of smell, [209]
Instinct and reason in courtship, [205]
Instincts, [267]
Intestine, the large, a disharmony, [228]
Japan, the umbrella pine of, [330]
Javanese story of a bird produced by a shell-fish, [138]
Jaw, lower surface of the Piltdown, compared with that of man and of chimpanzee, [282]
from Moulin-Quignon, [289]
Heidelberg, compared with Piltdown, [286]
Piltdown, [283]
Jelly-fish, [91], [94], [95], [96], [97]
Jelly-fishes which sting, [95]
Juniper, the, [308], [330]
Junipers, [330]
Kauri resin, similar to amber, [73]
Kowalewsky, the Russian zoologist, [11]
Labouchere, Mr. Henry, his view on food, [293]
Lacteals, or milky lymphatic vessels, [333]
Lampyris noctiluca, the common glow-worm, [233]
Lancelet, the, [2]
Langouste, [99]
Larch tree, the common, [307], [319]
Laughter in apes, [241]
Leather-jackets, the grubs of the Crane-fly, [221]
Lebanon, cedar of, [320]
Lepas anatifera, the ship's barnacle, [109]
Leprosy and fish-diet, [357]
favoured by same conditions as scurvy, [296]
Lervik (Norway), [3]
Lights, nocturnal, attract insects and birds, [230], [232]
Lily of St. Bruno, [166]
Limpet and cockle compared, [146], [148]
Lizard, the parachute, is the model upon which the heraldic dragon is founded, [382]
Lobsters, [99], [100]
Loch Fyne herrings, their food, [155]
Longevity of a sea-anemone, [86]
Lophohelia, [9]
Luciola italica, the fire-fly of South Europe, [233]
Luges, or mountain sledges, [167]
Lug-worm, [79]
Luminous bacteria, [158]
grub of Paraguay called the railway-beetle, [234]
or luminescent insects, [232]
Lyell, Mr., his Bill for the preservation of the Great Grey Seal, [32], [34]
Sir Charles, used the term "missing link," [276]
Lymph, amount of, in man's body, [333], [348]
and lymphatic system, [332] et seq.
Lymphatic vessels of the human arm (figure), [334]
Lymph-hearts, [337]
Magi, the priests of Zoroaster, [368]
Magic, history of, [369], [370]
sympathetic, [369]
Male, the seeker and wooer, [185], [190]
Man, his conscious memory, [187]
primitive, courtship of, [195]
Mandrill, beautiful colours of the, [205]
Man's modern method of courtship, [215]
structure compared with that of the gorilla and chimpanzee, [239], [240], [241]
Manu, the Indian Noah, [353]
Mare, Lord Morton's, [400]
Mares not infected by sire, [399-400], [401]
Mastodon, fragments of teeth of, found with the Piltdown jaw, [289]
Mate-hunger, Mr. Pycraft on, [191], [192]
Maternal impressions, [396] et seq.
May-flies or Ephemerids, [230]
some are phosphorescent or luminescent, like glow-worms, [231]
Mechanisms of instinct, inherited, [268], [269]
of the mind, distinguished, [211], [212]
Medicines, quack, and credulity, [366]
Memory essential to consciousness, [264]
unconscious, [266]
unconscious and conscious, distinguished, [212], [214]
Mendés, Catulle, the French poet, and jelly-fish, [97]
Metchnikoff on disharmonies, [367]
Midge (Chironomus), its grub has red blood, [346]
Midges, large kind of, [223]
Milk and infantile scurvy, [296]
Pasteurized, [300]
supply of pure, [292] et seq.
Millais, Sir Everett, on telegony, [400]
Millionaire and sodium in the sun, [378]
Milton the poet, his belief in spontaneous generation, [126]
Mind, the, of apes and of man, [262] et seq.
of man differs from that of animals, [213]
Missing link, the, [275] et seq.
Molluscs, alternate swelling of and shrinking of parts of the body, [149]
and their shells, [142] et seq.
Monboddo, Lord, his views on man and apes, [276]
Monkey-puzzle or Araucarian pine, [329]
Moray, Sir Robert, on the transformation of the ship's barnacle into a goose, [115], [127]
Moth, the, and the candle, [226] et seq.
vapourer, male pursues female living in water and is drowned, [210]
Mules, [399]
Müller, Iwan, and the microscope, [28]
Müller, Professor Max, his suggestion as to the origin of the belief that barnacles give rise to geese, [139-141]
Murray, Sir John, at Millport, [155]
Muscles of apes and men, [247]
Music a late acquisition of man, [208]
Mussel, the edible, [145]
Name-gods or totems of ancient Greeks, [356]
Naples, [2], [52], [203]
Naturalist on the seashore, [25]
Nature reserves, [13]
Nature-worship, the ancient, [352]
Nauplius, the young form or larva of crustaceans, [105], [106], [107]
Neander or Moustierian man, [280]
Necromancy, or communication with the dead, [371]
Needles of firs and pine trees, [303], [315]
of pine-trees in tufts of one to five, [321]
Nero, the Roman Emperor, and amber, [71]
"Nigromantia" and the black at, [371]
Nobel prizes, [412]
Normand, Rev. Canon, [3]
Norway, [1]
Noverre, "the Shakespeare of the dance," [176]
"Nullius in verba," the motto of the Royal Society, [128], [362], [407]
Nutrition, not so simple a matter as supposed, [293]
Occultism, modern, [363]
Octopus, courtship of the, [203]
Odours as attractions and guides in courtship, [209]
Opal, [57]
Orchestia, a sand-hopper, [153]
Orpheus, the fish-god, substituted for Dionysus, the wine-god, [355]
the warden of the fishes, a fish-god, [355]
Ovules and sperms, [181]
Oxygen carried by the red corpuscles of blood, [347]
Oysters growing on trees, [145]
Palmistry or chiromancy, [372], [373]
Paradisia liliastrum, [166]
Pasteur, the Institut, a great seat of discovery, [416]
what he cost to France, [415]
Pavlova, Madame Anna, [169], [178]
Pebbles of the seashore, [55-63]
Penguins, method of courtship of, [196]
Pentargon Cove and a young Grey Seal, [35], [40]
Perfumes produced by male butterflies, [210]
use of, by man, [209]
Phagocytes, [336], [349]
Phonograph and chants of Australian natives, [31]
Phosphorescence of the sea, [153]
Phosphorescent insects, [232]
sand-hoppers, [156]
shrimps, [154], [155]
Photo-taxis or light guidance, [235]
Picea, the genus of the Spruce or Christmas tree, [317]
Pierre-à-voir, [167]
Piltdown jaw, age of the, [289]
jaw and Heidelberg jaw compared, [286]
jaw, as reconstructed by Dr. Smith Woodward, [288]
skull and jaw, [289]
Pine, origin of the word, [304]
Aleppo, [322]
Arolla (Pinus cembra), [328]
Bhotan (Pinus excelsa), [329]
Californian prickly, [320]
cluster, or Pinaster, [322]
Corsican or Austrian, [322]
Monterey, or Pinus insignis, at Bournemouth, [324]
Montezuma of Mexico, [329]
Pyrenæan or Calabrian, [322]
stone, or parasol pine, [323]
trees and other conifers, [302] et seq.
umbrella, of Japan, [330]
Weymouth (Pinus strobus), [328]
Pipe-fish, [75]
Pollen of pine trees carried by wind, [304]
Ponds as nature-reserves, [27]
Prawns, [99]
Primates, apes and bats, [238]
Proteids, special, necessary in food, [297]
Pseudotsuga, the Douglas fir, [327]
Ptarmigan, [45]
Ptomaines of putrid fish, [357]
Puteoli, near Naples, [52]
Quartz, [57]
crystals, rubbed together produce flame, [67]
Raised beaches, [52]
Rats, experiments on feeding young, [294]
Razor-fish, [80]
Reasoning, the origin of false as well as of true beliefs, [367]
Record, the Great, the peculiar possession of humanity, [271]
Redi, Italian naturalist, on the generation of maggots by eggs laid by flies, [126]
Regeneration of legs and tails, [218], [219]
Religion and magic, one in origin, [369].
Reproduction, mechanism of, [181]
Research, scientific, a delicate plant, [411]
how to help it by money, [413]
various attempts at promoting, [411]
Reserves for native fauna in various countries, [19]
Rhabdopleura, [4], [5], [6], [7]
Rice, polished, and berri-berri, [297]
Rings of the body of crab, lobster, and prawn, [104]
Rock-pools, [25], [81]
Roman road, submerged, near Naples, [52]
Royal Society, its influence on superstition, [361]
its motto, [128], [362], [407]
the method of its founders, [362]
Ruff, the display in courtship of the, [198]
St. Swithin's Day, belief about, exploded, [406]
Sagartia troglodytes, a beautiful sea-anemone, [85], [88]
Samland, where amber is mined, [70]
Sand, dry, shrinks when wetted, [64]
of the seashore, [65]
size and shape of its grains, [62]
Sand-eels, [79]
Sand-hoppers, [152]
disease of, [156], [157]
Sardines, [360]
Savin, a kind of juniper, [308]
Scavengers, phagocytes as, [349]
Schliemann's great experiment, [406]
Schynige Platte, view from the, [160]
Sciadopitys, the Japanese umbrella pine, [330]
Science and the unknown, [361] et seq.
Scientific discovery aided by money, [408] et seq.
Scorpions, cannibalism of, [202]
Scots fir, [305], [312]
Scurvy, infantile, described by Sir Thomas Barlow, [296]
nature of that disease, [295]
Sea-anemones, [81], [84], [85], [86]
Seal, the Great Grey, [32] et seq.
the northern fur-seal, courtship of, [192], [193]
Sea shells, [142]
Seashore as nature-reserve, [24]
constituents of, [48], [55]
Sea-worms, [78], [79]
Seeds, winged, of fir trees, [317]
Sequoia, the Big-tree and the Red-wood, [329]
Shakespear and barnacles, [120]
Shells of molluscs, [142]
Singing competitions of male birds, [207]
Skeleton of apes and man, [245] et seq.
Skull and jaw found at Piltdown, [277], [290]
Smell, the sense of, in man and animals, [208], [209]
Smithson, founder of the Smithsonian Institute, [409]
Snail, pond-, with red blood, [346]
Soap-wort, [167]
Soho, old house in, [14]
Song, the beginnings of, in man, [208]
Sounds as attractions in courtship, [206]
Space, extreme cold of, not fatal to life, [159]
Spencer, Professor Baldwin, shows bioscope pictures of Australian natives, [30]
Sperms and ovules, [181]
Spider's courtship and dance, [201]
Sprats fraudulently sold as Anchovies and as Sardines, [360]
Spruce introduced to Britain by man, [307]
or Norway pine, [306], [317]
Stickleback's nest and courtship, [200], [201]
Stordö (Lervik), [3]
Stricker of Vienna, the microscopist, [336]
Succinite, correct name for amber, [75]
Survival value of colour in flowers, [168]
Switzerland, [160] et seq.
Synapta, and anchors in its skin, [80]
Tail of man, a disharmony, [228]
Talitrus, a sand-hopper, [153]
Taxodinæ, a group of fir trees, [329]
Teeth of apes and of man, [248], [249]
of extinct animals on the seashore, [59]
wisdom, as disharmonies, [228]
Telegony described, [399]
Tetraonidæ, the grouse family, [44]
Thoracic duct, the, [334]
Thumb of apes and of man compared, [243]
Thuya, the Arbor vitæ, [330]
Tipula oleracea, the Crane-fly or Daddy-Long-Legs, [216] et seq.
Toads found living in stone, [376] et seq.
Topiary and yew trees, [312]
Troy, discovery of ancient, [406]
Tsetse fly, [22]
Tyndal, the late Professor, [67]
Vitamine from outer coat of rice-grain, [298]
Volvox animalcule, [183], [184]
Water-finder, impostor exposed, [392], [393]
Water-finders, [387], [390]
Water-finding, theories of, [388], [389]
Weald of Sussex, [289]
Wellingtonia, the American Big-tree, [329]
Whittington and his cat, origin of the legend, [139]
Wickham Fen, [18]
Willey, Dr., on the lancelet, [3]
Winter-green, [167]
Wire-worms, true and false, [221]
Woman in civilized races, not man, seeks to captivate by display, [211]
Yew, the Irish, [311], [312]
trees, [310], [311], [312]

Printed by Morrison & Gibb Limited, Edinburgh

Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling is retained.

In the Index for Piltdown, skull and jaw, 289 was added as it was missing in the original.

In the Index the entry for Max Müller, Professor, has been altered to Müller, Professor Max, and placed accordingly.