OUTFIT

It is frequently a question of great moment, what kind and what amount of outfit it is necessary to take away on a summer's cruise, and the writer finds it a great convenience to keep a list of everything that goes to form not only his sea kit, but stores and necessaries as well. Such a list prevents one from forgetting small necessaries.

A small air-tight 'uniform tin case' and a painted seaman's bag are the best equipment for carrying clothes. The lists are as follows:—

FIRST LIST: THE KIT

The tin case holds—

As may be seen, the tin box only contains the shore-going outfit. The Euxesis mentioned is for those who shave, as with it there is no need of hot water to perform the operation.

In the bag should be—

For comfort in a small yacht it is impossible to do with less. Of course it may be thought foolish taking the tin case stocked as it is, but experience has taught that even in the wildest and most out-of-the-way spots occasions arise when all pleasure is spoiled by not having the evening change of kit at hand.

SECOND LIST: GROCERIES, ETC.

THIRD LIST: YACHT NECESSARIES

Medicine:—

Commercial Code of Signals.
When used as the Code Signal this Pennant is to be hoisted under the Ensign.

Such lists as are given above should be kept in a small book labelled 'Fitting-out Necessaries,' because they save much time at that season, and all alterations in them that experience dictates should be noted before or at the period of laying the yacht up.

Racing.

The yacht, let it be supposed, is fitted out. She has a racing outfit, and was the crack boat of the past season. There is a smart young fellow engaged to look after her, and the only thing that remains to be settled now is the question—Shall I give myself up to racing or shall I cruise this year? If it is to be racing, here are two or three words of advice well worth noting. The first is, never pinch the yacht when sailing on a wind. Always keep a clean full and bye—i.e. the yacht must be headed, as near as she will go, to the point whence the wind is blowing, but the sails must be kept well full. Then the yacht will travel. Do not, because some other yachts seem to be lying closer to the wind, try to make the little vessel head in the same direction, if she will not do so without her sails shaking. Many races are lost through this form of bad sailing. The next point to be noted is, 'mind your jibsheet.' No sheet requires such tender handling. The foresheet can be left to a tiro. All he has to do when on a wind is to take and harden in all he can, and belay. The mainsheet can also be hauled in pretty close; but when that is all done, the sailing-master must not think that he can go any closer to the wind by treating his jibsheet after the same simple fashion; for if he does he will find himself very much at fault, as it will take all the life out of the yacht, and the jib will make her bury her head in the seas. He will only stop his ship. The best plan to adopt is to get the sheet in before the yacht's head is pointed as close as it will go to the wind, and then check out inch by inch till the luff of the sail near the tack has a slight inclination to lift. At first, it is somewhat astonishing to see how much jibsheet a vessel will stand when close hauled. Pinning in the sheet tends to stop the boat, whilst, on the other hand, giving her as much as she can stand will make her fairly jump ahead. The helmsman who knows his duties ought to keep an eye open for this, and watch, in the excitement of going about or hauling round a buoy, that the poor jibsheet is not pinned in or unfairly treated.

Another piece of advice is about that other jib and yachtsman's friend, called the spinnaker. Of the two jibs, this latter suffers most at the hands of the racing sailing-master. When he sees his antagonist carrying his spinnaker with the boom right forward on the bow, only too frequently does he leave his up with the boom in the same position, too fearful lest, should he take his in, or shift it to the bowsprit end, the other yacht may steal an advantage over him. The writer has seen more than one race lost through this hanging on to the boomed-out spinnaker too long. It is a safe and wise plan to take the sail in as soon as the wind obliges the boom to be pointed forward at an angle very much under a right angle to the beam. Some years ago this was brought before the writer's notice in a clear, unmistakable way. He happened to be on the Breakwater at Plymouth on a Regatta day, when the yachts were making the harbour. They were running with the wind right aft and their booms squared off. As each yacht neared the Breakwater, the wind came round gradually on the beam, and one by one the spinnaker-booms were allowed to go right over the bow to an acute angle with the bowsprit. The spinnakers were certainly all kept full, but as each yacht's after-guy was checked, she gradually ceased to travel and almost stopped dead. Her spinnaker bellied against the topmast stay and forestay, and formed at once a backsail, if anything. Those on board a yacht do not notice the faults of the moment so quickly as those looking on, and only when the race is over does the sailing-master regret that he has not acted differently. Frequently since then has the writer, having taken note of what he saw, managed to make up a considerable amount of time by having the courage to take in his spinnaker as soon as it refused to stand without the boom going well forward. If the balloon-foresail jib and jib-topsails sheets are ready belayed, so that the sails may take the weight of the wind as soon as the spinnaker is taken in, there will be no fear whatever of the yacht losing ground, but rather she will spring into life, and most likely leave her antagonists behind. The method adopted by American yachtsmen for setting the spinnaker has many points in its favour. Instead of bringing the tack close in to the mast, the sail is taken outside the forestay and the tack downhaul belayed on the opposite side to which the sail is set. By setting the sail in this way the back draught from it goes into the jib-topsail and balloon-jib, so keeping them full and drawing. The spinnaker boom can also be allowed to range further forward on the bow than under our system. In hoisting the spinnaker it will be found a great saving of labour to send it up in stops ready for breaking out when the pull at the outhaul is taken. It can be stopped up before the race begins.

When running before the wind, it is no uncommon sight to see all hands sent aft, and as many as possible on the counter. Now there is a vast amount of 'follow my leader' in this practice. Because one crack yacht does well under this trim, therefore others are supposed to steer and sail better with the weight aft too, so that when witnessing a number of yachts sailing before the wind with spinnaker set, frequently yacht after yacht may be seen struggling along with her taffrail about level with the water, and the whole counter being sucked back by the wave raised in the yacht's run. Some yachts are bad to steer when running; this is, to say the least of it, a fault or gross peculiarity in their design, for there is no use in the helm unless it is answered, and to help to keep boats steady all available weight is fleeted aft. These must, therefore, bear the penalty and lose ground on this particular point of sailing; but there are others with fine runs, which require no weight aft, and placing weight there causes the counter to go into the water and lie flat on it. These would steer equally well with the weight forward of the helmsman, and instead of being kept back by the drag put upon them, would leave their heavy-quartered rivals away in the rear. 'Keep the counter as much as possible out of water' is a maxim to be laid to heart by all, on all points of sailing. Of course, in yachts designed to have part of the counter immersed, the maxim applies only to that part above water. A fine run is a most valuable form for a vessel large or small, especially when sailing on any point with the wind abaft the beam; and the man who is wise will do his best to keep it fine, in order that the water may be left clean and without so much as a ripple.

Before naming good cruising grounds and touching on cruising, just a word must be said about dinghies. A dinghy is a big piece of furniture for a small yacht, and at times becomes almost a white elephant, especially if the yacht has to make passages or go foreign. The writer has no hesitation in recommending the Berthon dinghy as the most useful, compact, and stow-awayable of any at present in use. After having had practical experience of nearly all sizes of Mr. Berthon's boats, from the 40-ft. launch supplied to the Navy down to the small 7-ft. dinghy, the size found to be most useful is the boat of 8 feet in length. A boat of 7 feet which he has, and which has been in use for fifteen years in all parts of the world, is a most clever little contrivance. She has carried on many occasions two big men with a portmanteau and other baggage, and when sitting on the bottom boards is hard to capsize—in fact, she has never turned turtle as yet. She is very easy to pull and light to carry, but is a little too small to ask a lady to take passage in. The odd foot, however, makes a great difference. A 9-ft. boat was the lifeboat complement of the 'Cyprus,' and this is the largest size of any real value to a small yacht, as the larger boats take too long to open out, and when in the water, unless well filled up and almost brought down to the gunwale, are too light to pull against a head wind. The 9-ft. boat is sometimes difficult to move when it is blowing very hard from the quarter to which it is desired to go, but this occurs seldom, and she is opened out so easily that there may be a question whether a 9-ft. boat might not be, after all, the best to have. The boats will stand any amount of sea, and they travel under sail or oar propulsion, when not too much pressed, very dry and easily. Should the canvas happen to get cut, the best stitch with which to sew up the wound is that known as the 'Cobbler's.' An awl is required to make the holes for the stitches and a couple of ends similar to those used by a cobbler. This stitch is not so likely to tear the canvas, and brings it closer together than the sailmaker's stitch called 'herring-boning,' which is no use at all for making a water-tight mend. The outer skin may want a coat of paint once a year, and if so, the paint should be mixed up with boiled oil; then, when it is put on, the canvas will remain flexible and will not harden up and crack. Mr. Berthon supplies a special paint for his boats, but it is not always procurable, and any paint mixed with boiled oil will serve the purpose.

Cruising.

Fitted out with an old 5-tonner, or a yacht about the size already recommended, the whole world lies before the cruising yachtsman. She can easily be shipped on board a steamer, and can, for the sum of 50l. to 70l. or less, be launched off New York, whence there is nothing to hinder a most enjoyable cruise on the lakes (which can be reached by canal) or in the vicinity of Long Island, and along the coast. Racing can be done in the American waters should it so please the voyageur, and a hearty welcome will be met with wherever he goes. There is great scope for cruising and racing in Australia and New Zealand (as set forth at length in another chapter); but the expenses of shipping and taking out the yacht will not be much less than 100l. Sydney Harbour and Port Phillip are both great yachting centres, while the coast of New Zealand is a complete network of bays, inland seas, and natural harbours. The Mediterranean is a much puffed-up yachtsman's cruising ground, but during the best time of year, which is winter, it is as nasty and treacherous an expanse of water as it is possible to meet with in any part of the world. In the summer the great drawback there is lack of wind during the daytime, and calms prevail most days of the week. Among the islands of the Grecian Archipelago, however, and off the coast of Asia Minor, a breeze is always certain to spring up after sunset. There is no difficulty in reaching the Mediterranean, as a yacht drawing 5 to 6 feet can go through France by canal without any trouble, or else she can sail round. Five-tonners, it must be remembered, are serviceable for an ocean cruise should it be necessary, as has already been shown in two cases.

There are cruising grounds on the West Coast of Scotland which may well make yachtsmen in England envious, and some lovely harbours and rivers along the South Coast of England, which would delight the heart of many a Clyde yachtsman, whilst Ireland, on her West and South coasts, has very beautiful and well-sheltered bays. To a yachtsman who lives in the South, and to whom time is an object, the best plan to adopt, if a Scotch cruise be on the cards, is either to put the yacht on a truck and send her up to Gourock, or ship a second hand for the trip and let the men sail her round. Of the two ways, the latter is much to be preferred, since it will cost less money, and the yacht will not be so likely to get knocked about. If time permitted, the owner might meet the yacht at Kingstown, near Dublin. This is always a good starting point, as he can make for Campbeltown, in Cantyre, stay a night there, and go on to Gourock Bay, near Greenock, which he should make his base of operations, and where he should pick up a mooring if possible rather than drop his own anchor.

If St. George's Channel is to be the cruising ground, then Kingstown, Belfast (Bangor Bay), or the Sloyne (Liverpool) are the best ports to start from. Between Belfast and Kingstown the yachtsman will find Loch Strangford (although it has strong tides), Ardglass, and Carlingford Lough, with little Howth, all places worth peeping into; and a run over to the Isle of Man will well repay any time taken up in a visit. The best ports in the island are Ramsey and Douglas, and of the two Ramsey is to be preferred, because the yacht can always lie at anchor, and it is well sheltered from all winds with any westing in them; but Douglas ought not to be left out on that account, and the yacht, when there, should be sailed up the harbour, where she will have to take the ground. It is a first-rate place to clean a yacht's copper, as there is something in the mud which is very conducive to brightening up the metal. Peel can be seen by crossing the island. Castletown, also, is a very quaint old town, and coaches run regularly between it and Douglas. Anyone visiting the Isle of Man ought to read Sir Walter Scott's novel 'Peveril of the Peak,' for the main portion of the story lies at Peel and Castletown.

If interest is taken in iron and smelting works, from Douglas to Barrow is about 70 miles; but as the roughest sea in the Channel is met with on a line between Mougold Head (between Douglas and Ramsey) and Liverpool, where the north and south currents meet, perhaps it will be as well, unless the weather be favourable, to keep clear of that part of the English coast.

Kingstown itself is the finest artificial harbour in the world, and to anyone anchoring there for the first time there will be found plenty to occupy at least a week. The clubs are most hospitably inclined, and Dublin being so near makes it a very pleasant spot to frequent.

For the South of Ireland, Queenstown must be the centre from which to work. There are good fishing and lovely bays all round the coast westward, and nothing can equal Bantry Bay, with Glengariff, which are practically land-locked.

The Shannon and West are in no way inferior to the South coast, and there are many nooks and anchorages, too numerous to mention here, where a yacht such as the one described can very comfortably lie, fearless of ocean billows. Now and then seals are to be met with on the West coast, and care should be taken to avoid rowing into any of the numerous caves, which abound round that coast, and are frequented by them, when the tide is on the rise and at three-quarters flood; more than one shooting party has been caught in a trap through the egress having been blocked up.

The North coast is a wild one; but there, again, Port Rush and Londonderry are very safe, and Port Rush is an especially snug little harbour. Care should be taken to work Rathlin Island Sound with the tide, whichever way it is wished to sail, as the tide rush there is very strong. Between Rathlin and Belfast are bays, each of which has its small tidal harbour, and, if the weather is threatening, the distances between them are so short that opportunities can be snatched for going from one to the other. Larne itself is a fine harbour.

Coming from the North to the South of England, a yacht of 30 ft. and 5 ft. 6 in. draught can be taken by train and launched with the greatest ease in Southampton Dock, and Southampton being so near London makes it the rendezvous of many cruising yachts. A good cruise from there is to run across to Havre (Rouen is easily reached by train from Havre, and well worth a visit), thence to Cherbourg, thence through the Alderney Race, between Cape La Hogue and the back of Sark, to Guernsey.

At Guernsey the yacht's copper should be cleaned, if necessary. It is the best harbour in the English Channel for scrubbing the bottom, as there is good mud and a capital supply of running water close and handy at low water. From Guernsey, weather permitting, with the aid of a fisherman or pilot, the yacht can be taken across to Sark one day and to Herm another. Sark is one of the loveliest and most picturesque islands on our coasts. Any trip to Jersey ought to be made by steamer, as it is an abominable harbour for a yacht, the rise and fall of the tide being over 40 feet.

The next sea run may be to Falmouth, thence to Fowey, Polperro (this port had better not be entered except by dinghy, but it is a very quaint little fishing village and not much frequented except by trawlers), Looe (this is an open anchorage), and Plymouth. All these places have beautiful rivers, with the exception of Polperro, and the Fal and Tamar are both navigable at high water some considerable distance up.

Leaving Plymouth, the yacht might very well touch at the mouth of the Yalme, and the dinghy be rowed up the river. Salcomb and Dartmouth should not be left out, and both have rivers, the heads of which should be seen. Dartmouth is a well-known yachting station, and its club is very prettily situated, so that the members have a full view of the anchorage. The tide there is strong, and two anchors will prove better than one.

Torbay comes next in order, working back to Southampton, with Brixham and Torquay; both so often described that it would be wasting space to add anything to what has already been said.

The only gauntlets to be run are West Bay, which can be very troublesome at times, and the Race off Portland Bill, which can generally be avoided by hugging the shore of the Bill. Weymouth, again, requires no words of encomium. It is as well to anchor off Portland or go right up Weymouth Harbour, where the yacht will have to take the ground.

From Weymouth to Swanage is an afternoon's sail, but it is scarcely worth while going into the bay, unless the weather is boisterous from the west or south-west, when the yacht will find a very good berth free from the turmoil of the elements. There is a race off St. Alban's Head, which can always be avoided by keeping well out a couple of miles. When Swanage has been left behind, the course should be steered for the Needles. Once inside the Solent, Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight, and Lymington on the Hampshire coast, Cowes, Ryde, Bembridge, and Portsmouth all open up ports and land, not only different in scenery from any that is visible in the North, but spots and localities interesting on account of the history attached to them.

The Dutch coast with its canals, Norway with its fiords, and Sweden with its canal running from Christiania to Stockholm, all merit a description did these pages permit, and are well worth the time taken up in a summer cruise; but whichever way the yacht's head may be turned, or whatever seas may be chosen to be cruised over, the following few hints may prove serviceable.

In cruising along an unknown coast, it is always well to keep a good look out for buoys or boats at anchor inshore. It may be a great help in cheating tides. For instance if the yacht is struggling against a strong tide, an inshore eddy may be discovered from the way the boats are lying, and so, by making use of it, a long journey may be shortened and time saved.

Barges and coasters, especially small ones, should be watched. They, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, know the tides, currents, and eddies thoroughly, and the best course to be steered from one point to another. If a short cut can be taken, the coaster is sure to know it, and he can be followed through narrow channels with the greatest safety. A coaster rarely draws less than 6 feet when full up with cargo, or a barge less than 4 to 5 feet.

When sailing along the bight of a bay, with the wind off the shore and close-hauled, because in the bight itself the wind may come off a point or so free, the yacht's sheets should not therefore be checked, but she should be still kept a clean full and bye; for, as the further point of the bay is reached, the wind will be sure to head and come off the land, and instead of being able to round the head close in shore, most likely the yacht will have to be kept away, and much valuable time and distance lost.

When passing high land, with the wind off the shore, care should be exercised should a gully, valley, or ravine open out, for fear a sudden squall may take the yacht aback, and a topsail and topmast be sent flying. The wind is very much influenced by the lay of the land, not only in the matter of the direction in which it blows, but also the power of its gusts.

Regard should always be paid, on entering land-locked waters from the open sea, to the force of the wind. Many open-sea sailors, from being accustomed to a fair amount of wave disturbance whenever the wind has any strength in it, are misled when sailing in enclosed lochs by the smoothness of the water, and so, misjudging the force of the wind, are apt to carry on longer than is desirable, to the danger of spars.

When cruising in the vicinity of yachts racing, the yacht should be kept well out of the way to leeward; and if by chance she happens to find herself to windward of an approaching racing yacht, her head should be turned in whatever direction will seem the best for not taking the wind out of the racer's sails.

When coming to in unknown or any other roads or anchorage, the prevailing wind should not be forgotten, and the spot chosen for letting go the killick should be one from which a speedy retreat can be made should necessity compel. An outside berth in a close-crowded anchorage is therefore always the safest, though, perhaps, not always the most agreeable. The writer hopes that these few wrinkles may prove as serviceable to the readers of these pages as they have been from time to time to himself.

It must be remembered that, when the yachtsman is caught out in a breeze of wind and is obliged to take in a couple of reefs in the mainsail, house his topmast, and shift his jibs, it does not necessarily mean the presence of 'great guns.' It takes very little wind to raise a sea in the channels round our coasts, and to make the small yachtsman sniff a hurricane. In order, therefore, to become accurate about the force of the wind or sea, the writer recommends the 'Meteorological Notes,' supplied (at 5s. per annum) by Mr. Scott from the Meteorological Office, London, as being most useful for the purpose, and most interesting for reference. His principle is to have the papers sent to his home address, where they remain till the yacht's return to lay up. Then the log or note-book is brought out, notes of the dates on which he relieved his bark and had been more severely knocked about than usual are referred back to, and a very fair idea as to the true local weather is obtained. A knowledge of wind and weather is soon acquired thus.

In the Channel.

CHAPTER XIII

YACHT INSURANCE
BY G. L. Blake

A book on yachting would not be complete without a few words relating to yacht insurance. There are hundreds of owners who never think of taking out a Marine policy on their boats, simply because they do not know how easy it is; twenty-five years ago indeed only a few insured because it was not generally understood that Lloyd's Agents were willing to underwrite their names against all yachting risks. All yachts should be insured, and therefore the writer will endeavour to explain some of the special clauses contained under a yachting policy.

The ordinary form for a Marine policy, printed and supplied by Government prior to August 1887, is in the main only suitable for merchant shipping; hence clauses have to be added to make that form of service in the case of yachts. Thus the time and dates between which the policy is to hold good must be stated, after which should come what may be called the—

No. 1 Yachting Clause, taking in the following conditions under which Lloyd's hold themselves liable. It runs thus:—

In port and at sea, in docks and graving docks, and on ways, gridirons, and pontoons, and / or on the mud, and / or hard, at all times, in all places, and on all occasions, services and trades whatsoever and wheresoever, under steam or sail, with leave to sail with or without pilots, to tow and assist vessels or craft in all situations, and to be towed, and to go trial trips. Including all risks and accidents arising from navigation by steam or otherwise. To include the risk of launching.

No. 2 Yachting Clause should allow the yacht to 'touch and stay at any ports or places whatsoever and wheresoever, and for any and all purposes.'

The No. 3 Yachting Clause makes the liability cover the hulls, spars, sails, materials, fittings, boats (including launch, steam or otherwise, if any), &c.

The No. 4 Yachting Clause is a promise to return a certain sum for every fifteen consecutive days cancelled, and for every fifteen consecutive days laid up dismantling, overhauling, repairing, altering, or fitting out.

No. 5 the Collision Clause.

No. 6 the Twenty-pound Clause.

No. 7 the Prevention Clause, No. 1.

No. 8 the Prevention Clause, No. 2.

With regard to the main clauses of the original Government form, it will be specially noticed that not one makes it necessary for the owner or skipper, or whoever may be in charge of the yacht, to be the holder of a Board of Trade Certificate. Then, after enumerating all the perils from which a vessel may run the risk of total loss, the form finishes up by stating that where only partial damage takes place, the underwriters are ready to pay an average for the repair of such damage at the rate of 3 per cent. That is to say, supposing a 10-tonner is insured at 900l. and she splits her mainsail and carries away her mast, which in its fall smashes up the boat, the policy will cover up to 27l. of the average value only, and the difference between that and the true value will become a loss to the insurer. This is known as the Average Clause.

To enable the insurer to claim on a partial loss to the full amount of that loss the Twenty-pound Clause is added, and for this in all policies over the value of 700l. a small extra premium has to be paid. This clause is decidedly in favour of the man who insures a large yacht, but is of little use to the owner of a small craft. In the first place, it leaves the underwriters liable only for losses above the value of 20l. and nothing under. It must be remembered that the general casualties on board a cruising yacht, when cruising only, are the carrying away of a bowsprit or topmast, the splitting of a topsail or spinnaker jib, and the whole lot would have to come to grief in a 10-tonner, for instance, before the owner would find his bill for damages sufficiently large to present to the underwriters for payment. With a 60-ton yacht it would be otherwise, as a topmast and topsail would alone run into 20l.; so it follows that the larger the yacht the more advantageous will be the addition of the Twenty-pound Clause, since the less will be the difficulty to make out a claim for a sum above that amount.

In a small 5-ton yacht for which the policy need not exceed 500l., the addition of this clause naturally lies in favour of the underwriters, for it is next to impossible for the yacht to receive such damage as will necessitate the outlay of 20l. to put her all to rights again. That is, such a catastrophe as must happen to oblige such an expenditure does not occur to one small yacht in a thousand, unless it brings with it at the same time very nearly, if not altogether, total loss. Some agents, however, are willing to lower the twenty and make the clause ten pounds, but of course this risk will mean again a slight extra payment. It is better for the small yacht-owner to pay for a ten-pound clause than have an extra clause which will be of no practical use to him.

The No. 1 Yachting Clause contains some very useful matter. A few years ago, for example, a 20-tonner left by the tide high and dry on the mud at one of our West of England ports, with a leg at each side to support her (her copper required cleaning), fell over and was considerably damaged. On the owner, who had insured his yacht at the beginning of the season, claiming for the damage she had sustained, the claim was disallowed, and after the powers that be had been invoked, the case was given against the owner, the accident not having taken place on the high seas. The form under which the 20-tonner was insured could not have contained the No. 1 Yachting Clause, otherwise the claim would have been in favour of the owner. All contingencies of that kind are met under this clause.

The No. 2 Yachting Clause allows the yacht to voyage to any part of the world and over any seas.

The No. 3 and No. 4 Clauses explain themselves.

The Collision Clause is a very necessary addition to all Marine policies. In case of a collision with another vessel, although the yacht may be in fault, the underwriters are liable under the clause to pay up to three-fourths of the value of the policy towards the repairs of the damaged vessel or the general repairs. The writer has a policy before him for 1,000l. with the Collision Clause inserted. Let it be supposed that the yacht for which this policy was taken out has run into another vessel, which has received damage to the amount of 800l., then the underwriters are responsible up to the amount of 750l.

Collisions with piers or the removal of obstructions do not come under this clause, and if thought worth insuring against, have to be freed by what has been termed in this notice No. 7, or the Prevention Clause No. 1. This clause enables the insurer to claim for the fourth quarter over and above the three quarters for which the underwriters are liable under the Collision Clause. It will enable him to hand over the business and cost of raising and removing from a fairway, for example, any vessel that he may have sunk through collision with his yacht, or repair any piers that may have been damaged through contact with the boat. Few, however, have this clause inserted in their policies, as so small a risk can safely be borne by an owner.

No. 8, or the Prevention Clause No. 2, only concerns yachtsmen who race their vessels. Its correct title is 'The Racing Clause.' This wipes out those few words from the policy that free the underwriters from all liability in the Twenty-pound Clause, and makes them responsible for total or other loss, should such take place, while the yacht is in the act of racing; for no simple policy or ordinary form provides against 'racing risks.'

The above remarks refer to policies of insurance on yachts of all sizes; the following will be interesting to the owners of small craft, as giving the average premiums that should be paid under the several conditions named.

For a 250l. policy covering five months, two guineas per cent. This policy should include the Twenty-pound and Collision Clauses.

The Protection Clause to cover five months should be added for the payment of 5 per cent. extra.

The Racing Protection Clause covering a similar length of time should be inserted at the rate of 10 per cent. extra.

A laying-up policy freeing the owner of all risks during the winter months should cost 6s. 8d. or about that sum, for a policy worth 350l. This policy will cover risks from fire, falling over, and all such accidents as may take place whilst a yacht is hauled up in a yard or elsewhere.

A laying-up policy to cover the winter months ought to be obtained at the rate of 2s. 6d. to 5s. for a like policy of 350l. This policy will cover all risks that may be incurred by a yacht laid up, dismantled, and left at her moorings, such as from fire, dragging ashore, being run into, &c.

Of course insurances differ as to the amount of premium to be paid according to the age of the yacht, her size, and the amount of the policy. Thus for a 100l. policy on an old worn-out 5-tonner, to cover summer sailing risks, as much as 5 per cent. has been paid, while for a 150l. policy for an old but well-kept-up yacht of a similar tonnage, 50s. has been the premium covering the five summer months.

In conclusion, it may be as well to mention that on no account is it a wise plan for the yacht-owner to insure his vessel for a less amount than her full value, including gear, furniture, such valuables as he keeps on board, stores, &c. There are times when, a yacht having suffered partial disablement, the underwriters may propose a composition, owing to there having been no fixed expense incurred in carrying out the repairs. Should a certain sum be agreed upon, and the owner happen to have only insured for a portion of the yacht's true value, whatever ratio that portion bears to the actual value, as laid down by him to the agents, will be deducted from the sum given as compensation. For instance, a friend of the writer insured his small yacht for 200l., her true value as given in by him at the time to Lloyd's agent being 250l. During the season, owing to a heavy gale of wind, she dragged her anchor, and, no one being on board, was picked up out at sea by a fishing-boat and towed back a derelict. The owner agreed to accept 25l. in compensation for the expenses incurred; but he was astonished when the amount handed over to him only proved to be 20l. On going into the matter, he was told that he had undertaken a fifth part of the risk on the yacht himself, in that he had insured for 200l., the yacht's real worth being 250l., and therefore he would have to bear a fifth part of the expense; and since he had agreed that 25l. was sufficient compensation, so the underwriters could only be liable to the amount of 20l. The case was brought into court and judgment given in favour of the underwriters. The yachting clauses described above are inserted on the usual Marine policy form, and the yacht insurer cannot do better than have the clauses as given in this chapter inserted in any policy form he may accept.

Attempts have been made from time to time to launch a Mutual Yacht Insurance Company, by which yachtsmen would be able to undertake their own risks by mutual co-operation and without reference to Lloyd's; but there are points, where a system of mutual insurance may benefit householders, who may be said to be localised, which would create difficulties almost sufficient to prevent any general Mutual Yacht Insurance from covering its expenses. The changes that occur in yacht-ownership are very many and frequent, and it must be often the case, that when a yacht-owner ceases to be such, any interest he may have had in a Mutual Insurance Company would have to cease too. Such changes rarely take place among the members of a Mutual House Insurance Company, and it thrives accordingly; but the constant shift of ownership, which may be seen annually by anyone who will take the trouble to study the 'Yacht List,' would surely prove a serious drawback to a Mutual Yacht Insurance Company.

In localities like the Clyde, however, where a yacht is almost as great a necessity as the possession of a stone frigate (house ashore), there seems no reason why Mutual Insurance among the local yacht-owners should not do well and prove a most successful undertaking; but then great judgment would have to be exercised as to the kind of risks such a company should incur, and many would have to be excluded, which Lloyd's agents up to the present time have been very willing to accept, such as the insurance of all yachts whose crews do not live on board while in commission, and the like. If the above remarks prove of use as well as interesting to yacht-owners, it must in justice be said that the writer is much indebted for the kindly help given him by his friend Mr. York, the secretary of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club, when compiling the information given.

INDEX TO THE FIRST VOLUME

Accommodation in a yacht defined, [363]

'Active,' used by Froude in experimenting on the resistance of ships through water, [86]

'Ada' (2½-rater), [231], [232];
(5-rater), [234]

Adams, W., of Greenock, his iron horse for yachts, [391]

'Adèle' (5-tonner), [328]

Admiralty, the, build the cutter 'Trial' (1790) and the brig 'Lady Nelson' (1797) with three sliding keels, [104]

Adriatic, the, yachting in, [38]

Advertisements and cards of races, [153], [154]

Æschylus, quoted, [39]

Ahl, the moorlands of, [309]

Ailsa, Marquis of, owner of 'Titania,' [47], [82]

'Alarm' (193 tons), [22], [52], [73], [110], [111];
(243 tons), [116]

'Albatross' (118-tonner), [20]

'Albertine' (153 tons), [113]

Alderney Race, [402]

'Alerte' (E. F. Knight's), yawl, [299], [300], [301];
commissariat, [305];
cooking on board, [306]

Algiers, wreck of the 'Alouette' at, [333]

'Aline' (216 tons), construction, [111];
successes, [112], [113], [115], [116];
race against the 'Livonia' for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1871, [126];
and 1872, [132]; [136], [141];
her lifeboat, [206];
dimensions and sail-plan of cutter, [208]

Allan, Messrs., owners of the 'Nora' (5-tonner), [346];
and of the 'Doris' (5-tonner), [354]

Almanac for the Solent Racing, King & Co.'s, summary of racing rules in, [151]

'Alouette' (5-tonner), dimensions of, [332];
wreck, [333]

Aluminium, as a material for yacht-building, [80]

'Alwida' (5-rater), [241], [242], [246], [372]

America, adoption of centreboards in, [102], [103], [105];
centreboard v. keel, [106]

'America,' American schooner, her début in English waters, [12];
characteristics of her build, [74];
sails, [74];
epoch-making vessel in yacht-designing, [75];
in the race round the Isle of Wight for the Royal Yacht Squadron 100l. cup, [110]

America Cup, [107];
first competition for, [110];
holders unduly favoured, [111];
the 1870 race, [124];
the 1871 race, [129]

America, North, the eastern seaboard of, [21];
schooners and crews employed in the coasting trade, [21];
as a cruising ground, [37]

American pre-eminence in yacht-building, [11]

Ames, L. M., owner of the 'Atlantis,' [141], [230]

'Amphitrite,' schooner, [109], [144]

'Amy' (72 tons), [116]

Anchors, yacht, [218], [382]-384

'Anemone,' yawl, E. Liddell's, [141]

Aneroid, the, [312]-314, [321]

Anholt, Island of, [314]

Apenrade, [309]

'Aquiline' (55 tons), [113]

Arabin, Mr., [230]

'Archee' (5-rater), [241], [242], [356]

Archer, Colin, of Christiania, [344]

Ardglass, [401]

'Arethusa,' Stuart Lane's cutter, [141]

'Arrow,' the original, [52];
her dimensions, [71];
bought and altered by T. Chamberlayne, [73]; [110], [134], [330], [331]

Ashbury, James, has the 'Cambria' built, [115];
refuses the second race against 'Sappho,' [124];
brings out the 'Livonia' schooner, [126]; [131]

Ashes, black, for removing varnish, [379]

Asia Minor, cruising off the coast of, [400]

Assheton-Smith, T., characteristics of his cutter 'Menai,' [73]

'Atlantis,' L. M. Ames's yawl, [141]

'Aurora,' in the race round the Isle of Wight for the Royal Yacht Squadron 100l. cup, [111]

Australia, voyage to, time occupied by 'Sunbeam' under sail and steam, [26];
racing and cruising on the coast of, [399]

'Avadavat' (2½-rater), [246], [247]

Average clause, Insurance, [408]

Azores, the, [38], [43]

'Babe,' the (2½-rater), [241], [243]-247

Baden-Powell, W., his designs for the 'Diamond' (5-tonner), [61]-64; [331]

Bags for clothes on a voyage, [392]

Bahamas, the, [38]

Bainbridge, Captain, R.N., [141]

'Bairn' (2½-rater), [246], [250]

Baldwin, Mr., of New York, [116]

Balearic Islands, [38]

Ballast, gradual abolition of shifting, [77];
for a yacht's sailing boat, [205], [206], [208];
for yachts, [302], [303]

Baltic, cruising in the, [37], [308];
interest and pleasure of, [309];
the voyage from England, [309];
character of the coast scenery, [309];
the coast of Denmark and its people, [310];
coasting in a small craft, [310];
bad weather, [310], [311];
shallow craft advocated, [311];
consulting the aneroid, [312];
fishermen, [313];
character of vessel for cruising in, [314];
old P. & O. lifeboat, [314], [315];
use of leeboards, [316];
advantage of leeboards over centreboards, [317], [318];
boats suited for, [319];
running for a port in a storm, [320];
use of the drogue, [321]

Bangor Bay, Belfast, [401]

Bantry Bay, [401]

Barbados, [38]

'Barbet' (10-rater), [251]

Baring, E. (afterwards Lord Revelstoke), [140]

Baring, General, [237]

Barking Outfall, [223]

Barometers, [312]-314

'Barracouta' (3-tonner, 1860), [328];
yawl (5-tonner, 1874), [329]

Barrow, Mr., hon. sec. Island Sailing Club, [237]

Barrow-in-Furness, [76], [401]

Batthyany, Count E., brings out the 'Flying Cloud,' [116];
and the 'Kriemhilda,' [134];
(Prince) his share in starting the Y.R.A., [146];
his 'Drina,' [232]

'Beagle,' H.M. brig, rig of, [29]

Beam, appreciation of the value of, [65], [93]

Beauclerk, W. A., [243]

Beaufoy, Colonel, his experiments in towing bodies through water, [83]

'Bedouin,' [179], [180]

Beds, yacht, [385]

Belfast, [373], [401]

'Bella Donna' (119 tons), [78]

'Bell's Life,' cited, [55], [56]

Belvidere yard, the, [232]

Bembridge, [403]

Bembridge Regatta, [351]

Bembridge Sailing Club, [229], [239], [248]

Bennett, Gordon, [115], [117], [131]

Bentall, E. H., builder of the 'Jullanar,' [88];
and of the 'Evolution,' [90]

Bermuda, [38]

Berthon collapsible boat, the, [304]

Berthon dinghy, the, [398]

Berthon's paint, [399]

Biscuits, ship's, [305]

Bishop, Mr., builder of the 'Barracouta,' [328]

Black & Co. (late Hatcher & Co.), [245]

Black ashes for removing varnish, [379]

'Black Maria' (American sloop), [106]

Black, Mr., [246]

'Black Pearl,' cutter of, midship section of, [200];
sail-plan, [203];
description of, [206];
dimensions, &c., [208]

Black priming varnish, [377]

Blackwater River, Essex, [88]

Blake, G. L., on 5-tonners and 5-raters in the North, [322] et seq.;
owner of the 'Cyprus' (5-tonner), [347];
on yacht insurance, [407] et seq.

'Bloodhound' (1874), built without fittings, [82]

'Blue Bell' (170 tons), [113], [114];
(5-rater), [233], [234]

'Boadicea' (378 tons), [139]

Boag, Mr., [335]

Board of Trade certificates, [408]

Boats, yacht's, [187] et seq.; [303]

Booth, Sir Robert Gore, [76]

Boston, New England, centreboard building at, in 1774, [103]

Boutcher, E. (owner of the 'Fiona'), [140]

Brassey, Lord, on ocean cruising, [18] et seq.;
his voyages, [18];
distances sailed, [20];
vessels in which he voyaged, [20];
on American models, [22];
on steam versus sailing yachts, [23];
on sailing yachts with auxiliary steam power, [24];
record of voyages made by 'Sunbeam' under sail, steam, and sail and steam, [26]-29;
calculation of time under sail and under steam in ordinary cruising, [28];
on the question of rig, [29];
his personal experience of yachting, [30]-36;
on the 'Eothen' from Queenstown to Quebec, [30];
on the 'Sunbeam' in a storm off Flamborough Head, [31]-33;
on the overmasting of the pleasure fleet, [33];
in a long gale on the 'Sunbeam' from Nassau to Bermuda, [34];
a dirty night on board the 'Sunbeam' between Honolulu and Japan, [35];
on the pleasures of navigating a yacht, [36];
his first navigation charge, [37];
on seamanship, [37];
on pleasant cruising grounds, [37], [38];
on the love of the sea, [39]

Bridson, Mr., [78]

Bristol Channel, [43]

'Britannia,' H.R.H. the Prince of Wales's (151.13 Y.R.A. rating), loss of three masts by, [10];
victorious career, [11];
rate of speed, [15]; [22], [23], [59];
sketch of her cutwater, [60];
dimensions, [69]; [77];
fittings, [82];
plan of general arrangement, [84]; [179]

British sailors, character of, [296]

Brixham, [403]

Broadwood, Thomas, his 'Witchcraft' (240 tons), [113]

Bronze, manganese, for plating purposes, [79]

Brooke, Rajah, his 'Royalist' (schooner, 45 tons), [21]

Brooks, Samuel, R.N.A.V., [43], [44]

Brushes for varnishing, [378]

Buchanan, John Cross, his 'Wave' fixed with a metal keel, [53]

Buckley & Sherlock, builders of the 'Lorelei' (5-tonner), [344], [345]

Bucknill, Colonel, designs the 'Thalassa,' [228];
and 'Quinque,' [242]

'Bud' (2½-rater), [251]

Burgess, Edward, American boatbuilder, designs a keel-boat, [106]

Burlings Light, [45], [46]

Bute, [38]

'Buttercup' (1880), character of build, [58];
her excellent record, [59]

Buying a yacht, advice concerning, [375];
probable annual cost, [375];
expense of crew, [375];
cost of sails, gear, &c., [375];
best men to buy of, [376];
places to buy at, [376];
caution in early days of ownership, [376]

Byrne, St. Clare. See [St. Clare Byrne]

Byron, quoted, on the sea, [39]

Cadiz, [45]

Calais, character of the sea near, [365]

Caledon, Earl of, [141]

'Calluna,' the Clyde champion, [23];
her dimensions, [69], [71]

Calshot, racing at, [227]

'Cambria,' schooner, and the America Cup, [111];
wins the race across the Atlantic in 1870, [115], [124]; [116], [119], [120], [122];
her races against the 'Sappho,' [123];
eighth for the America Cup in 1870, [125]; [131]

'Camellia' (5-tonner), [333];
dimensions, [334];
matches with 'Freda,' [341]-343; [349]

'Camilla' (2½-rater), [244], [245], [247]

Campbeltown, Cantyre, [369], [400]

Camper & Nicholson, Messrs., of Gosport, [20];
build the 'Aline,' [111];
the 'Blue Bell,' [113]; [115];
the 'Gwendolin,' [119]; [134], [135], [139], [140], [144]

Canoe of the South Seas, the, [361]

Cape de Gata, [38]

Cape La Hogue, [402]

Cape St. Vincent, [45]

Cape Spartel, [45]

Cape Verdes to Rio, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam,' [26]

Capstans, improvement in, [81]

Card, the race, [154]

Carlingford Lough, Ireland, [215];
phenomena of the wind in, [215];
as a cruising ground, [401]

Carroll, R. P. owner of the 'Navahoe,' [23], [151]

Castle Yacht Club, [227], [229], [237], [238], [241], [244], [247]

Castletown, Isle of Man, [401]

Cattegat, the, [42], [308], [314]

Caustic potash for removing varnish, [379]

Cecil, the late Lord Francis, owner of the 'Chittywee' (3-tonner), [141], [371]

Cedar fittings, [81]

Centreboards, origin of, [102];
American, [103];
dagger boards, [103];
early form, [103];
Lord Percy's boat in 1774, [103];
at Deptford, [104];
general adoption of, in America, [105];
application to English racers, [105];
battle of centreboard v. keel, [106];
to a cutter, [199]-201, [219]

'Cetonia' (203 tons), [136], [137], [141]

'Challenge' (20-tonner), [338]

Chamberlayne, Tankerville, owner of 'Arrow' (5-tonner), [330]

Chamberlayne, Thomas, buys and alters the original 'Arrow' (84 tons), [73]

Champy, Bescoit, his 'Diane' (98 tons), [117]

Channel, English, as a cruising ground, [37]

'Chazalie,' [24]

China clipper ships, the, [77]

'Chipmunk' (2½-rater), [231], [232], [236]

'Chiquita,' [180]

'Chittywee' (3-tonner), [230], [371]

Christiania, [42], [44]

'Christabel,' [114]

'Christine' (40-tonner), [333]

Cimbrian Peninsula, [309], [310]

'Circe' (123 tons), [113], [114]

Civita Vecchia, [38]

Clarke, Mr., owner of the 'Satanita,' [23], [230], [232]

Clayton, Colonel Fitzroy, [146]

Clayton, C. P., [66], [96], [101], [227], [234], [243], [247], [372]

'Clio' (5-tonner), [335]

'Clotilde' (5-tonner), G. L. Watson's first racing yacht, [88]

Club and open matches, [152]

Clyde, estuary of the, yachting in, [38];
the China clipper ships, [77];
yacht-builders, [83];
wind-force, [174];
early appreciation of small racing craft, [324];
sea disturbance at, [366];
5-raters, [371];
racing in the, [374], [400]

Cochrane, Blair Onslow, hon. sec. Bembridge Sailing Club, [239]

'Cockatoo' (2½-rater), [251]

'Cock-a-Whoop' (2½-rater), diagram of her lines, [234]; [235], [241], [244];
(5-rater), [233], [234], [235]

Collapsible boat, Berthon, [304]

Collision clause, Insurance, [410]

'Colonia' (American keel boat), [69], [106]

'Columbia,' American centreboard schooner, beats the 'Livonia' in the first match for the race for the America Cup in 1871, [129];
and in the second, [130];
breaks down in the third, [131]

'Columbine' type of racing cruisers, [147]

Commissariat for foreign cruises, [304], [305]

'Condor' (129 tons), [116]

Cooking on a yacht, [306], [307]

Coolin Hills, Skye, [215]

'Coquette,' [248]

'Cordelia' (18-ton schooner), [331]

'Corinne' (162 tons), [136]

Corinthian deep-sea cruising, [41];
difficulties in the way of amateurs undertaking long voyages, [41];
voyages of the 'Hornet,' [42];
cruise of the 'Hornet' in 1879, [43];
in 1880 and 1881, [44];
expense of amateur crew, [47];
precautions in handling crew at sea, [48];
privileges of, at regattas, [157]

'Corisande' (yawl), wins the Commodore and Vice-Commodore cups of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club in 1872, [134]

'Cormorant' (2½-rater), [232]

Corsica, [38]

'Cosette' (2½-rater), [233], [237], [244]

Cost, annual, of a yacht, [375], [376]

Cowes, [11], [112], [113], [119], [121], [127], [133], [134], [136], [141], [143], [144], [226], [403]

Cox, F., [146]

Cox, Miss, [228], [236], [244], [247]

Craig, Mr., part owner of the 'Camellia' (5-tonner), [335]

Cranfield, Lemon, skipper of the 'Miranda,' [140]

Crawford, A. F. S., his 'Squall' (5-rater), [254]

'Creole' (40-rater), her dimensions, [66]-68

Cruiser, a sailing, of 10,000 tons, speculative career of, [15], [16]

Cruising grounds, [37], [38], [399]-405

Cruising, precautions to be observed on unknown coasts, [404], [405]

Cumberland Sailing Society in the Thames, [104]

'Cumberland,' Commodore Taylor's, with five sliding keels, [305]

'Currytush' (3-tonner), [354], [371]

Cutters, modern racing, [14], [198]

Cuxhaven, [315]

'Cyane' (5-rater), [251], [253], [254], [372]

'Cygnet' (35 tons), plan of, [54]

'Cymba' (Queen's Cup winner, 1857), [20];
her dimensions, [76]

'Cynthia' (H.M. sloop), [104]

'Cyprus' (5-tonner), dimensions and lines of, [346];
fittings, [347], [348];
her voyage from Scotland to Plymouth, [349]-351;
racing performances, [351], [352];
on Lake Ontario, [352];
compared with 5-raters, [356]; [380], [387], [398]

'Czarina,' [24]

'Dacia' (5-rater), her 1892 certificate, [169]; [251], [253], [254], [255], [372], [373]

Dagger-boards, [103]

'Dancing Girl,' [248]

Danish Islands, [42]

Danske fishing-boat, [311]

Dartmouth, [8], [43], [44], [45], [403];
sea disturbance at, [365], [366]

'Dauntless' (336 tons), loses the race across the Atlantic, in 1870, [115]; [117], [124];
third in the race for the Emperor Napoleon III.'s Cup, [118]; [119], [120], [121], [129], [131];
in the race for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1872, [132]

'Dauntless' (ketch), wins the first prize in the Royal Yacht Squadron Jubilee race, [141]

'Dawn,' the, [47]

'Decima' (10-rater), [171], [177], [179], [180], [183], [184], [186], [233], [241], [245]

Deck-houses, [23]

'Dee Dee' (½-rater), [246], [248]

'Deerhound' (40-rater), her dimensions, [66]-68

'Delvin' (5-tonner), [367]

Denmark, [44];
pleasant cruising coasts of, [310]

Denny Brothers, Messrs., of Dumbarton, [87]

Deptford, centreboards built at, in 1789, [104]

Designer, duties of a, [151]

'Diamond' (5-tonner), tables and diagrams showing length and displacement, [61]-63; [331], [332]

'Diane' (98 tons), [117], [118]

Dickenson, Mr., of Birkenhead, builder of the 'Wyvern' (6-tonner), [325], [328];
of the 'Naiad' and 'Pastime' (10-tonners), [327];
of the 'Adèle' (5-tonner), [328]

'Diligent,' [47]

Dinghies, [303], [318], [398]

'Dis' (10-rater), [180], [230], [231], [232], [233], [241], [245], [252]

Dodd, Edward, R.N.A.V., [43]

Dogfish, [191]

'Dog-legged' sternpost, [57]

'Dolly Varden,' Ratsey's, [232]

'Dolphin' (2½-rater), [180], [241], [243], [247]

'Dora,' G. L. Watson's centreboard, [59], [105]

'Doreen' (10-rater), [171], [177], [179], [180], [183], [184], [186], [251], [252]

'Doris' (5-tonner), tables and diagrams showing length and displacement, [61]-63; [81], [233];
her dimensions, [354];
her matches with 'Jenny Wren,' [354], [355], [359]

'Dorothy' (5-rater), [234]

Douglas, Isle of Man, [401]

Douglas, Mr., [123]

'Doushka' (1-rater), [251]

Dowell, Admiral Sir William, [44]

'Dragon' (20-rater), [80]

'Drina' (10-rater), [232]

Drogues, use of, [320], [321]

Du Bowlay, Captain, [248]

Dublin Bay, small yacht racing in, [325], [326]

Dudley, Lord, owner of the 'Dacia' (5-rater), [253], [254], [255], [373]

Dudley, Tom, sails the 'Camellia' in her matches with 'Freda,' [344]

Dufferin, Lord, his adoption of sailing yachts with auxiliary steam power, [24]

Dunraven, Earl of, his efforts to bring back the cup from America, [11];
his 'Valkyrie,' [23];
on international yachting, [69], [111];
on the rating rules, [167]; [235], [241], [242], [253], [254];
owner of the 'Alwida,' [372]

Duppa, George, [113], [114]

Eastern Archipelago, the, as a cruising ground, [38]

Edwards, Mr., [113]

'Egeria' (153 tons), [112];
wins the Queen's Cup at Cowes in 1865, [113];
second in R.T.Y.C. race from the Nore to Dover in 1866, [114]; [115], [116], [117];
second in the race for the Emperor Napoleon III.'s Cup, [118];
classed as a standard or test vessel, [119];
wins the Channel Match of the R.T.Y.C, [120], [121];
wins the Prince of Wales's Challenge Cup, [122];
beats the 'Livonia,' in the Thames, [126];
in the race for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1872, [132];
in 1873, [135];
and in 1874, [138];
wins the Queen's Cup at Cowes, [134]; [135], [136], [137];
her race against the 'Seabelle' in 1875, [138];
in the race of the Jubilee year, [140];
the most successful of the schooners, [144]

'Eileen' (½-rater), [248]

Emerson, quoted, [35]

'Enchantress,' American yacht, enters for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1874, [137], [141]

England, East Coast of, as a cruising ground, [37]

England, South Coast of, as a cruising ground, [400]

English Channel, the sea in the, [365]

Entries, [160]

'Eothen' (340 tons), [20];
Lord Brassey's experience of a storm on board, from Queenstown to Quebec, [30]

'Eulalie' (18 tons), [20]

Euripides, on the ocean, [39]

'Evadne' (206 tons), [112], [113]

'Evolution' (10 tons), her broad beam, [71];
the largest of the 10-tonners, [90];
cause of her failure, [91];
diagram, [92]; [95]

Ewing, Major, his 'Gwendolin' (171 tons), [119]; [133], [134]

Exeter, Marquis of, [146]

Eyton, Wynne, designer and owner of 'Lorelei' (5-tonner), [344], [345]

'Fair Geraldine' (5-rater), [230], [233], [234], [235], [241], [243]

'Fairy' (2½-rater), [231]

Fal river, [403]

'Falcon' (E. F. Knight's), her voyage to South America, [299];
in a hurricane, [301];
commissariat, [304];
cooking on board, [307]

Falmouth, [8];
sea disturbance at, [365]; [403]

Farmer, Mr., [230]

'Faugh-a-Ballagh' (2½-rater), [251], [256]

Fay & Co., builders of the 'Black Pearl's' cutter, [206]

'Field,' cited, [51];
on the rating rules, [169]; [175]-181, [229], [237], [239], [241], [250]

'Fiera' (2½-rater), [246], [247]

'Fiery Cross' (51 tons), [113], [370]

Fife, Messrs. William, of Fairlie, yacht builders and designers, [20], [66];
the 'Cymba' (1852), [76];
their use of nickel steel in the 'Dragon' (1893), [80];
the 'Fiona,' [83]; [96], [101];
the 'Minerva,' [106]; [233], [246], [252];
the 'Pearl' (5-tonner), [330];
'Camellia' and the 'Clio,' [333], [335];
'Cyprus' (5-tonner), [346];
the 'Delvin,' [367];
their 5-raters, [372];
the 'Red Lancer' (5-rater), [373]

Fifty-tonners, fitting out, to go foreign, [295];
selection and discipline of the crew, [296];
rig and fit out, [297];
small crew advised, [297];
dealing with dissensions on board, [297];
best men for foreign cruisers of small tonnage, [298];
negro crews, [298];
choice of vessel, [299];
yawl rig, [300];
sails, [300];
spinnaker, [300];
storm square-sail, [301], [302];
ballast, [302], [303];
boats, [303], [304];
commissariat, [304];
water, [305];
salt meat, [305];
biscuits, [305];
tinned meats, [306];
dealing with ship-chandlers, [306];
cooking, [306];
spirit stoves, [307];
paraffin stoves, [307]

Fin-keels, [369]

'Fiona' (80 tons), establishes the fame of Scotch yacht-builders, [83]; [120], [140]

Fiords, Norwegian, [44]

'Firefly,' [24]

Fish, Mr., [137]

Fisherman's anchor, the, [384]

Fishing, sea, [190]-193

Fitting out a yacht, [377];
paint to be used, [377];
scraping and revarnishing, [378];
best method of treating the decks, [378];
removing varnish, [379];
laying decks, [379];
recoppering, [380];
finding out weak places, [381], [382];
overhauling the rigging, [382];
the anchor, [382]-384;
the interior accommodation, [384]-388;
beds, [385];
movable pantry, [386];
deadlights, [388];
ropes and sails, [388]-392;
foresails, [390];
lead of sheets, [391];
mainsails, [391];
the iron horse, [391];
topsails, [392].
See also [Fifty-tonners]

Fitzroy, Captain, R.N., commander of 'Beagle,' [29]

Five-raters in the North. See [Five-tonners], &c.

Five-raters, the Y.R.A. rule of measurement, [355];
sail-area and length, [356], [357];
best boats for Channel seas, [357];
'hard-mouthed,' [358];
overhang forward, [358];
fiddle-head and overhang bow, [358];
main design, [359];
'staying' and 'getting away,' [359];
reaching courses, [359];
sternpost, fin and bulb keels, [360], [361];
the Herreshoff boats the 'Wenonah' and 'Wee Winn,' [360];
lugsails, [360];
canoe models, [361];
ocean travelling, [362];
general requirements in a yacht, [362];
weight, [363];
accommodation, [363];
sail-carrying power, [363];
dimensions of yacht to be supplied with sails, [364];
speed, [364];
question of kind of waters small yachts will race in, [365], [366];
principal form in America for all yachts, [367];
large displacement, [367], [368];
the fin-keel, [369];
suitable harbours, [369];
value of a moderate draught of water, [370];
beam, [370], [371];
sail-area, [371];
Clyde boats, [371];
Solent raters, [372];
Messrs. Fife and G. L. Watson's yachts, [372];
J. H. Nicholson's designs, [372];
the 'Natica' and 'Red Lancer,' [373];
buying, [375]-377;
fitting out, [377]-392;
altering the lugsail, [384];
interior accommodation, [384]-392;
outfit, [392]-395;
racing, [395]-398;
cruising, [399]-406

Five-tonners (and five-raters) in the North, [322];
yachts built under the Thames rule of measurement and the rule of the Y.R.A., [323];
cost of building and keeping up, [324];
classed and prizes awarded, [324];
prejudice against, [325];
voyage of the 'Wyvern' from Kingstown to Liverpool, [326];
the 'Pearl,' 'Torment,' and 'Arrow,' [330];
'Diamond,' [331];
'Alouette,' [332], [333];
'Vril,' [334], [335];
'Camellia,' [334], [335];
'Freda,' [335]-337;
matches between three last-named off Holyhead Island, [337]-344;
cheating the tonnage rule, [344];
'Lorelei,' [344];
'Urchin,' [345];
chief method employed for walking through the 'length on deck rule,' [345];
'Nora,' [346];
'Cyprus,' [346]-352;
'Trident,' [352];
'Olga,' [352];
'Luath,' [353];
'Oona,' [353];
'Doris,' [354], [355];
'Jenny Wren,' [354], [355];
'Delvin,' [367];
buying, [375]-377;
crew sufficient for, [375];
cost of sails, gear, &c., [375];
men and places to buy of and at, [376];
fitting out, [377]-392;
interior accommodation, [384]-392;
outfit, [392]-395;
racing, [395]-398;
cruising, [399]-406

Flags, [394]

Flamborough Head, [31]-33

Flensborg, [309]

'Fleur-de-Lys' (90 tons), [113]

Floating blinds, [103]

'Florinda,' yawl, diagrams of lines, [97];
plans, [100];
midship section, [101], [134]

'Flutterby' (4-rater), [230]

'Flying Cloud' (75 tons), [116], [119]

Forecastle pantry, the, [380]

Foreign cruises in vessels of small tonnage. See [Fifty-tonners]

'Formosa,' cutter, [83]

Formosa Channel, 'Sunbeam's' performance under sail in, [26]

Forwood, Sir William, [146], [168]

Fowey, [403]

'Freak,' cutter, [110]

Freake, Mr., first owner of the 'Freda' (5-tonner), [337]

'Freda' (5-tonner), [333], [335];
dimensions, [336];
matches with 'Vril,' [337]-341;
matches with 'Camellia,' [341]-343

French rating rules, [179], [180], [181], [185]

Frisian Islands, [309]

'Frolic' (7-rater), [230]

Froude, Mr., quoted, on the ocean, [39]

Froude, R. E., on the rating rules, [175];
owner and designer of 'Jenny Wren' (5-tonner), [354]

Froude, William, his experiments on the resistance of planes through water, [85], [86];
his law of comparison, [86], [87], [88], [90]

'G.G.' (2½-rater), [233], [236]

'Galatea,' cutter, in the International Race for the America Cup, [22]; [111], [113]

Gamble, Colonel, his lifeboat to the 'Aline,' [206]-208

Gannets, [190]

'Gareth' (2½-rater), [251], [256], [372]

Garret, Mr., his 'G.G.' (2½-rater), [223], [236]

'Garrion,' [78]

'Genesta,' and the America Cup, [111], [141], [180]

German Emperor William, his 'Meteor,' [11], [82];
his yacht racing, [12]

'Ghost,' [180]

Gibraltar, [42], [45]

Girth rating rule, [185]

Gladstone, W. E., his cruise in the 'Sunbeam,' [19]

'Glance,' [83], [101]

'Gleam,' [76]

'Gleam' (5-rater), [234]

Glengariff, [401]

'Gloriana' (133 tons), [106], [113], [114], [115], [116], [119]

'Glycera' (5-rater), [241], [242], [245]

Godinet, M., his new rating rule, [180]

'Gossoon' (American keel boat), [106]

Gourock, [400]

Graham, E., R.N.A.V., [44]

Grant, Lieutenant James, R.N., [104]

'Graphic,' quoted, on the voyage of the 'Hornet' in 1879, [43]

Gravesend Reach, [139]

Grecian Archipelago, [400]

Greeks, the, as lovers of the sea, [39]

Greenland Dock, near London, Colonel Beaufoy's experiments in the, [83]

Grenada, [38]

Gretton, J., jun., [251], [252]

'Greyhound,' used in experimenting on the resistance of ships through water, [86]

Groceries, &c., for yachting, [393]

Gubbins, Mr., success of his 'Windfall' against the 'Dacia,' [255]

Guernsey, [402]

'Guinevere' (308 tons), [115], [116], [117];
wins the Emperor Napoleon III.'s Cup, [118]; [121], [122]

Guinness, Sir Edward, [141], [143]

Gulf of Bothnia, [315]

Gulf of Heligoland, [315]

Gulf of Lyons, [38]

Gulf of Mexico, [318]

Gulls, [190]

'Gwendolin' (171 tons), [119], [121], [122], [132], [136]

Hallowes, Commodore, Admiral of the Minima Sailing Club, [238]

Hannay, J. M., owner of the 'Barracouta,' [328]

Hansen & Sons, builders of the 'Aline's' lifeboat, [206]

Harbours suitable for small yachts, [369]

Harlingen, [316]

Harvey & Co., Wivenhoe, builders of the 'Oona' (5-tonner), [353]

Harvey, E. N., [247]

Harvey, John, of Wivenhoe, [136], [140]

Harvey, Miss (afterwards Mrs. A. Heygate), [237]

'Harvey's Patent' paint, [377], [378]

Harwich to the Baltic, cruise from, [309], [310]

Hatcher & Co. (now Black & Co.), [245]

Hatcher, Dan, of Southampton, [20];
adopts the composite method of construction in several vessels, [78]; [83], [101];
builder of the 'Freda,' [332], [333]

Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand, [219]

Havana, [38]

Havre, [402]

Healey, C. E. Chadwick, [47]

'Heathen Chinee,' yawl, [236]

Henderson, Messrs., of Partick, [334]

Henn, Lieutenant, R.N., races his 'Galatea' against the 'Puritan' for the America Cup in 1886, [22]

Herbert, Captain John, his success with the 'Wildfire' (59 tons), [111];
and the 'Pantomime' (140 tons), [135]

Herm, [402]

Herreshoff, Mr., on rating rules, [177], [178], [186]

Herreshoff, Messrs. (of Rhode Island), design and build their 'Vigilant' (centreboard) and 'Colonia' (keel boat), [106]

Herreshoff, N. G., designer of the 'Navahoe' and 'Vigilant,' [22], [82];
his 'Gloriana' and 'Wasp,' keel boats, [106]; [255], [256];
'Wee Winn,' and the 'Wenonah,' [360];
takes his model for small yachts from the canoe, [361]

Hewitt, Major Percy, [146]

Hewitt, Robert, designer of the 'Buttercup' (1880), [59]

Heygate, Mrs. A., [237]

'Hilda' (5-tonner), [331]

Hilliard, J. B., part owner and designer of the 'Vril,' [334];
sails her in her matches with 'Freda,' [344]

'Himalaya,' troopship, [75]

Hired yachts, [162]

Hoare, Sydney, [47]

Hoare, Wilson, his 'Avadavat,' [247]

Holland, coast of, as a cruising ground, [37], [404];
use of leeboards in, [316]

Holland-Ackers, Mr., initiates the system of time allowances, [52]

Home versus international racing, [12]

Hönefos, Falls of, [44]

Honolulu to Yokohama, the 'Sunbeam's' performances under sail from, [26]

'Hoopoo' (2½-rater), [251]

'Hornet,' build and gear of the, [42];
cruise in 1879, [43];
in 1880, [44];
in 1881, [44]-47;
expense of and precautions concerning crew, [47], [48]

Houldsworth, W., his 'Morna' not successful as a racer, [135]

Houston, John, of Largs, skipper of the 'Fiona,' [83]

Howth, [400]

Hughes, Captain J. W., [65], [146];
tries the heavy lead fin-keel, [231]; [235], [244]

Hughes, Fred, [230]

Hughes, the Misses, [237]

Hull-measurement rating rules, [182], [185]

'Humming Bird' (2½-rater), her build, [65]; [235], [236], [241], [243], [245], [247], [369]

Hunt, Mr., the publisher of 'Hunt's Yachting Magazine,' [89]

'Hunt's Magazine,' cited, [51], [54], [56], [76], [338], [342]

Hydraulic steering apparatus, [14]

'Idono' (½-rater), [248]

'Iernia' (5-rater), [246]

'Illustrated London News,' quoted on the cruise of the 'Hornet' in 1880, [44]

'Ina' (10-rater), [230]

Inglis, John, of Pointhouse, in favour of outside ballast, [60]

Inglis, John, jun., institutes in Pointhouse shipyard Rankine's method of estimating the resistance of ships, [86]; [88]

Inglis, Mr., designer, builder, and owner of the 'Hilda' and 'Viola' (5-tonners), [331];
his 8-ton schooner, [331]

Insurance of yachts, [407];
ordinary form for a marine policy, [407];
clauses under a yachting policy, [407]-411;
Board of Trade certificates, [408];
average clause, [408];
twenty-pound clause, [408], [409];
No. 1 clause, [407], [409];
No. 2 clause, [408], [410];
Nos. 3 and 4 clauses, [408], [410];
collision clause (No. 5), [410];
prevention clauses (Nos. 7 and 8), [410];
racing clause, [410], [411];
laying-up policies, [411];
premiums, [411];
insuring for full amount, [411];
mutual co-operation, [412]

International race for the America Cup (1886), [22]

International versus home racing, [12]

'Intrigue' (72 tons), [113]

'Iolanthe' (75 tons), [113]

Ireland, [42];
North coast of, as a cruising ground, [402];
South coast, [400], [401];
West coast, [400], [402]

'Irex' (centreboard), Mr. Jameson's, [105], [141]

Iron, introduced into the construction of ships, [77]

Ise Fiord, [309]

Island Sailing Club, [229], [237]

Isle of Man, [401]

Isle of Wight, as a cruising ground, [38], [47]

Italy, coast of, as a cruising ground, [38]

Itchen ferrymen, [224];
punts, [224]

Iveagh, Lord, [142]

'Iverna,' [65]

Jamaica, [38]

James I., condition of the fleet in his time, [13]

Jameson, John, result of his trial of the 'Irex' as a centreboard, [105]; [141]

'Janetta' (2½-rater), [244], [246], [247]

Japan, coasts of, yachting round, [38]

'Jeanie' (½-rater), [246], [248], [250]

'Jenny Wren' (5-tonner), [230];
matches with 'Doris,' [354], [355]

Jersey, [402]

Johnson, Dr., quoted, on the sea, [2]

'Jubilee,' American yacht, her dimensions, [69]; [179]

'Julia,' [120]

'Jullanar' (120 tons), E. H. Bentall's yawl, [83];
principles on which laid down, [88];
measurements, [89];
diagram, [91]; [95]

'Katherine' (5-rater), [246]

Keels, sliding, Admiralty adoption of, in 1790, [104];
the 'Lady Nelson' and 'Cynthia,' [104];
Commodore Taylor's yacht, [104];
recent American keel-boats, [106];
General Paine's 'up to date' racer, [106];
Luken's pamphlet on, [107];
iron, to a yacht's cutter, [200]

Kemp, Dixon, on the length of yachts, [59];
proposes a new rule regarding tonnage, [65];
secretary to the Y.R.A., [146];
on the rules of racing, [150];
on rating rules, [176], [178], [179]; [227], [231], [242];
his 'Yacht and Boat Sailing,' [346]

'Kestrel' (202 tons), [108]

Ketches (50-ton), [300]

Kiel, [309]

Kingstown, small yacht racing at, [326], [327], [401]

Kirkcaldy, [54]

Kit, the, for yachting, [392]

'Kittiwake' (½-rater), [248], [250]

Klein, Mr., owner of 'Dawn,' [47]

Knight, E. F., on fitting out a 50-tonner to go foreign, [295] et seq.;
on Baltic cruising, [308] et seq.

Knives, sailors', [218]

'Kriemhilda,' cutter, [83], [98], [134]

Kyak, the Greenlander's, [361]

'Lady Nan' (2½-rater), [180], [231], [235], [236]

'Lady Nelson' (H.M. brig, 1797), the first ship to discover Tasmania to be an island, [102];
her three sliding keels, [104]

'Ladybird' (½-rater), [248]

Laird, Mr., of Birkenhead, constructor of the compound engines of the 'Sunbeam,' [25]

'Lais' (40-rater), her dimensions, [66]-68, [71]

Lamb & White, their wooden air-tight compartments, [206]

Lampson, G. E., specialities of his 'Miranda' (139 tons), [140]

Lampson, Sir George, Bart., [146]

'Lancashire Witch,' [24]

'Land and Water' on rating rules, [175]; [230], [245]

Lane, Stuart, [141]

Langrishe, Mr., [245], [253];
first owner of 'Dacia' (5-tonner), [373]

Lapthorn, Messrs., sailmakers, [77]

Larne, [402]

'Latona,' yawl, [134], [140]

Lawrence, John, part owner and designer of the 'Vril,' [334]

Lawson, Mr., part owner of the 'Camellia' (5-tonner), [335]

Laying-up policies, [411]

Leach, Sir George, K.C.B., on schooner racing, [108] et seq., [146]

Lead ballast, introduction of, [53]

Leeboards, [316]-319

Length and sail-area, rating by, [356]

Length and sail-area rule, [168]

'Leopard' (1807), lines of the, [72]

Lepper, Mr., of Belfast, his 5-rater 'Archee,' [356]

Lessop, Mr., [134]

'Lethe' (163-ton yawl), midship section, [78], [79];
fittings of main cabin, [82]

'Letters from High Latitudes,' quoted, [24]

Liddell, E., [141]

Lifeboats, [198]

Lights, yachts', when racing at night, [164]

Liim, the, [309]

'Lil' (afterwards 'Nety'), [232]

'Lillah' (20 tons), [20]

'Lily' (2½-rater), [54]

Lisbon, [45], [46]

Little Belt, the, [309]

'Little Nell' (10-rater), [230]

Liverpool, [325]

'Livonia' (240 tons), schooner, [20], [111];
brought out by Mr. Ashbury, [126];
beaten in the Thames by the 'Egeria,' [126];
her race against the 'Aline' for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1871, [126];
loses the first two matches of the race for the America Cup in 1871, [129];
wins the third, [131];
loses the fourth, [132];
and the fifth, [132];
in the race for the Prince of Wales's Cup in 1872, [132]

'Lizzie' (20 tons), [78]

Lloyd's and Insurance, [407], [412]

Loch Hourn, [9]

Loch Scavaig, Skye, phenomenal squalls in, [215], [216]

'Lollypop' (5-rater), [233], [234], [235];
(10-rater), [230], [231], [232]

Londonderry, [402]

Long Island Sound, sea disturbance at, [366]; [370];
as a cruising ground, [399]

Looe, [403]

'Lorelei' (5-tonner), dimensions of, [344];
fittings, [345]; [385]

Lorna (90 tons), [20], [141]

Lough Strangford, [401]

'Louisa,' [52]

'Luath' (5-tonner), [353]

Lubat, Mr., [137]

Luken, Lionel (coach-builder), his pamphlet on insubmergible boats, [107]

'Lulworth' (80 tons), [52], [73], [113]

Lymington, Hants, [403]

McCheane, Mr., hon. sec. Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, [225]

Macgregor, Colonel, [144]

McNish, Mr., [242], [243]

'Madcap' (2½-rater), [228], [231], [233], [236]

'Madcap' (70 tons), [113], [180]

'Magic' (93 tons), wins the America Cup in 1870, [125]

'Mahatma' (1-rater), [251]

'Malissa' (10-tonner), [354]

'Man overboard' rule, [158]

Manning, A., [146], [231]

'Margaret' (265 tons), [252]

Marine insurance policy forms, [407], [412]

Markham, Lieut.-Col., [113]

Marsden, D. W., late hon. sec. of London Corps Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers, [41] [note]

Martin anchor, [383]

Matches, private, [151];
club and open, [152]

Measurements, rules concerning, [164]-166

Measurers, official, duties of, [164]-166

'Mechanic's Magazine,' cited, [85]

Medicines, [395]

Mediterranean, the, as a cruising ground, [38];
phenomenal squalls in, [215], [400]

'Menai,' first vessel in which hollow lines were adopted, [73], [74]

'Merkara,' diagram of the resistance curves of the model of the, [87]

'Merle' (10-tonner), fitted with a 'dog-legged' sternpost, [57]

'Merrythought' (1-¼-rater), [228]

'Meteor' (164 tons), her victory for the Queen's Cup at Cowes, [11]; [20], [24];
fittings, [82];
diagram of profile of lines, [94]

'Meteorological Notes,' Scott's, [405]

Meuse, the, as a cruising ground, [37]

'Minerva' (23 tons), Fife of Fairlie's, [106], [180], [367], [368]

Minima Sailing Club, [229], [237];
objects of, [238]

'Minnow' (2½-rater), [228], [231], [232], [236]

'Miranda' (139 tons), specialities in her build, [140]

'Mliss' (2½-rater), [241], [244], [247]

'Modwena' (223 tons), [136]

'Mohawk' (40-rater), dimensions, [66]-68; [93]

'Moina' (85-rater), [141]

'Molly' (2½-rater) [251]

Montagu, Captain, [232]

Morley, S. Hope, [141]

'Morna' (257 tons), [135], [136]

Morocco, coast of, [42]

'Mosquito' (50 tons), system of construction, [73]-75;
built of iron, [76]-78; [248], [249], [330]

Mousing, [389]

Mulholland, Hon. H. L., M.P., [255]

Mulholland, John, M.P. (afterwards Lord Dunleath), [112], [117], [137]

'Muriel' (60 tons), [20], [78], [101]

Mutual Yacht Insurance Company, attempts to launch, [412], [413]

'Mystère' (118 tons), [117], [118]

Nab Lightship, the, [110], [113], [117]-119, [121]-124, [127], [133], [136], [141], [143], [144]

'Nadador' ('Lady Nan'), 2½-rater, [233], [237]

'Naiad' (10-tonner), [327]

'Nansheen' (1-rater), [251]

Napier, Colin, owner of the 'Wyvern,' [326]

Napoleon III., his encouragement of yachting, [117]

'Narna' (½-rater), [246], [248], [250]

Nassau to Bermuda, from, the 'Sunbeam' in a gale, [34]

'Natica' (5-rater), [54], [254], [373]

'Navahoe' (156.7 Y.R.A. rating), American yacht, beats the 'Britannia' over the cross-Channel course, [11];
worsted in English waters, [12];
rate of speed, [15]; [22], [23];
spinnakers, [30];
dimensions, [69]; [78]; [301] [note]

Negro crews, [298]

'Nety' (9-rater), [232]

New Jersey, coast of, [102]

'New Moon' (209 tons), lugger, [113]

New Thames Yacht Club, rule adopted by, in 1874, for measurement, [56]

New York Bay, [102], [124], [125], [128]

New York Yacht Club, [111], [125];
alter the conditions for the America Cup, [128], [129];
rating rules, [172]

New Zealand, racing and cruising on the coast of, [399], [400]

Newton-Robinson, Mr., [230]

Nicholls, Jack, skipper of the 'Alarm,' [111]

Nicholson & Sons, of Gosport, [101], [372]

Nicholson, Charles, [96], [248], [256]

Nicholson, J. H., designer of the 'Dacia' (5-rater) and of the 'Gareth' (2½-rater), [372]

Nicholson, Mr., jun., [253], [255]

'Nora' (5-tonner), dimensions of, [346]

'Norman' (40 tons), [20], [78], [83], [101], [122]

North Pacific, [26]

North Sea, the, [309];
sea disturbance in, [365]

Norway, coast of, as a cruising ground, [37], [44], [404]

'Nyanza,' [78]

Ocean cruising, precautions requisite for, [295] et seq.

Officers, race. See [Race officers]

Oglander, Sir Henry, owner of the 'Firefly,' [24]

'Oimara' (165 tons), [78];
in the race round the Isle of Wight in 1868, [116];
and the race from the Nore to Dover in 1870, [120]

Old tonnage rating rule, [182]

'Olga' (5 tonner), dimensions, [61]-63;
career of, [352], [353]

'Oona' (5-tonner), dimensions of, [61]-63, [353];
melancholy end of, [354]

'Oread,' [180]

Osgood, Mr., success of his centreboard schooner 'Columbia' against the 'Livonia' for the America Cup, [129]-131

'Otokesan' (½-rater), [248]

Outfit for a yacht, [392];
clothes bags, [392];
the kit, [392];
groceries, &c., [393];
yacht necessaries, [394], [395]

Owners of yachts, duties of, in races, [159];
disqualification for breach of racing rules, [159];
protests, [162]

Pacific, the, yachting in, [38]

Paine, General, his 'up to date' centreboard, [106]

Paint for yachts, [377], [378];
Berthon's, [399]

'Palatine' (steam yacht), [9]

'Palmer,' American centreboard schooner, [129], [131]

'Pantomime' (151 tons), [112]-116, [135], [136]

'Papoose' (2½-rater), [251]

'Paradise,' ancient and modern notions of, [1], [2]

Paraffin stoves, [307]

Parsons, Mr., [239]

Passengers in sailing boats, [218]

'Pastime' (10-tonner), [327]

Payne, A. E., builds the 'Humming Bird,' [65];
the 'Vendetta,' [66];
circular to Y.R.A., [96];
'Tootsie,' [228];
tries the heavy lead fin-keel in 'Lady Nan,' [231];
designs 'Decima,' [232];
effort in 1889 to lower his colours, [235];
his boats again head the list, [243];
'Mliss,' [244];
two new five-raters, [245];
'Fiera,' [247];
'Avadavat,' [247];
half-raters, [248];
'Cyane,' [254], [372];
'Alwida,' [372]

Payton, W. E., his designs for the 'Trident' (1879), 'Olga' (1883), and 'Oona' (1886), [61]-64;
owner of the 'Oona,' [353];
designer of the 'Luath,' [353];
perishes in the 'Oona,' [354];
his 3-tonner 'Currytush,' [354]

Pearce, Sir G., [247]

'Pearl' (5-tonner), [330];
dimensions, [331]

Peel, Isle of Man, [401]

'Peg Woffington,' G. L. Watson's little cutter, characteristics of, [57]

Pembroke and Montgomery, Earl of, on yacht's sailing boats, [187] et seq.

Penang to Galle, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam,' [26]

Pender, Henry Denison, R.N.V., [44]

Peninsular and Oriental Company build the 'Himalaya,' [75]

Perceval, P., his 'Glycera' (5-rater), [242]; [255]

Percy, Lord, centreboard boat built for him at Boston, U.S., in 1774, [103]

'Pet' (5-tonner), [328]

'Phantom' (176 tons), [139]

'Pilgrim' (American yacht), her dimensions, [69], [179]

Platinum as ballast, [80]

Pleasure fleet of England, progress of the, [12]

'Pleiad,' [116], [119]-122

Plunket, Mr., of Belfast, [353]

Plymouth, [8];
sea disturbance at, [365]; [366], [403]

Policies, insurance, laying up, [411]

Polperro, [403]

'Polynia' (2½-rater), [251]

Popham, F. L., [141]

Port Darwin to the Cape, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam' under sail and steam, [27]

Port Patrick, [365]

Port Phillip, [400]

Port Rush, [402]

Portland Bill, [403]

Portsmouth to Brindisi, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam' to, [27];
to Naples, 'Sunbeam's' performance under sail, [27]

Portsmouth, conference of Solent clubs at, in 1887, [228], [403]

Portsmouth Harbour, [377]

Portugal, coast of, [42]

Post entries, [160]

Potash, caustic, for removing varnish, [379]

Powell, W. Baden. See [Baden-Powell]

Power, Mr., owner of the 'Olga' (5-tonner), [352]

Premiums in insurance, [411]

Prevention clauses, insurance, [410], [411]

Priddy's Hard, [377]

Prince of Wales's Cup, race for, in 1871, [126];
in 1872, [132];
in 1873, [135];
becomes the absolute property of Mr. J. Mulholland, in 1874, [137]

Pritchett, R. T., staff officer of the 'Hornet,' [43];
on sliding keels and centreboards, [102] et seq.

Private matches, [151]

'Problem,' built at Kirkcaldy in the early fifties, plan of, [54]

Programmes, race, [153], [154]

Protection clauses, insurance, [411]

Protests, [158], [159], [162]

'Punch,' quoted, [128]

'Pup' (1-rater), [251]

Pure length rating rule, [182]

'Puritan' (American sloop), in the International Race for the America Cup, [22]

'Queen' (15-tonner), [345]

Queen's Cup, Cowes, [11], [113]

'Queen Mab' (centreboard cutter), [65];
dimensions, [66]-68; [105];
'Queen of the 40-raters' for 1892, [105], [106]; [175];
(2½-rater), [233], [237], [245], [354]

Queenstown, [43], [44];
sea disturbance at, [366], [401]

Queenstown Model Yacht Club, [57]

'Quinque' (5-rater), [180], [241], [242], [246], [255]

'Quiraing,' plan of her immersed counter, [58]

Race Officers, Duties of, [156]-159

Racing, advice upon, [395];
the jibsheet, [395];
the spinnaker, [396];
weight aft, [397];
insurance clauses, [410], [411]

Racing rules, summary of, in King & Co.'s Almanac for the Solent Racing, [151]. See [Y.R.A.]

Racing yachts, evolution of the modern, [50] et seq.

Ramsey, Isle of Man, [401]

Rankine, Maquorn, his papers on surface friction, [85]

Rathlin Island Sound, [402]

Rating-cheaters, [359]

Rating rules and proposals, tables of, [183], [184].
See [Y.R.A.]

Rating supersedes tonnage rule, [93]

Ratsey, Charles, advocates cotton sails, [77]

Ratsey, Linn, yacht-builder, [72]

Ratsey, Michael, [20], [72], [83], [101], [113], [115];
builds the 'Livonia' schooner, [126];
the 'Corisande,' [134];
the 'Cetonia,' [136], [141]

Ratsey, Mr., [232]

'Raven' (10-rater), [230]

'Rayonette' (8-tonner), [332]

Reaching courses, [359]

'Red Lancer' (5-rater), [371], [373]

Reid, James, of Port Glasgow, devises the 'dog-legged' sternpost, [57];
designs the 'Florence,' [60]

'Resolution,' H.M.S., accident to, [14]

'Reverie' (43 tons), [113]

Richardson, Alexander, of Liverpool, [98], [101]

Richardson, John, his 'Evadne' (206 tons), [112];
and 'Corisande' (140 tons), [134]

Richardson, Mr., on rating rules, [173], [181]

Richardson, Mr., designer of the 'Urchin' (5-tonner), [345]

Ridsdale, H. W., [96], [238], [248]

Robertson, Mr., of Ipswich, builder of the 'Alouette' (5-tonner), [332]

Robertson, Mr., of Sandbank, Holy Loch, [335]

Rogers's movable anchor stock, [384]

'Rogue' (1-rater), [251]

Romans, the, as lovers of the sea, [39]

'Rose' (5-rater), [230]

'Rose of Devon,' in the race from the Nore to Dover, of 1870, [120]

Roskilde, from the fiord, [313]

Rothesay, wind-force at, [174]

Rouen, [402]

Rowley, Mr., [134]

Royal Albert Yacht Club, [225], [229], [247]

Royal Clyde Yacht Club, [413]

Royal Danish Yacht Club, [44]

Royal Irish Yacht Club Regatta, [352]

Royal London Yacht Club, rule arranged for measurement in 1854, [56]; [138], [225], [226], [229], [247]

Royal Navy, condition of the, [12], [13]

Royal Naval Artillery Volunteers of London, Liverpool, Bristol, and Glasgow, [42] [note]

Royal Portsmouth Corinthian Yacht Club, [224], [229], [250]

Royal Southampton Yacht Club, [224];
its excellence, [226]; [229], [250]

Royal Southern Yacht Club, [223], [225], [229]

Royal Thames Yacht Club, rule adopted by, for measurement in 1854, [56];
possessors of Commodore Taylor's pennants and ensigns, [105];
open the 1866 season, [113];
the Channel match of 1870, [119]; [361]

Royal Victoria Yacht Club, [223], [225], [229], [247]

Royal Yacht Squadron, one of its original objects to encourage seamanship, [4];
arrange a race without time allowances round the Isle of Wight, [110];
the races arranged for the Jubilee year, [140];
dates from early in the century, [223]; [229], [247]

'Royalist,' [21]

Rudston Read, Mrs., [236], [244]

Russell, Scott, his system of construction, [73], [74];
on speed, [87]

Rutland, Duke of, [117]

Ryde, [115], [122], [133], [225], [403]

Ryde to Havre, from, [312]

Sail-area, [160];
rating rule, [181]

Sailing boats, a yacht's, pleasures and advantages of, [187];
two typical sails, [189]-196;
best build, [196];
stability, [197];
the lifeboat question, [198];
copper and wooden air-tight compartments, [198];
shape of stern, [199];
counter and side, [199];
centreboard, [199]-201;
wooden false keel, [200];
sloop rig, [201]-205;
yawl rig, [204];
tiller, [205];
ballast, [205];
Earl of Pembroke's 'Black Pearl's' cutter, [200], [203], [206], [208];
description of Colonel Gamble's 'Aline' lifeboat, [206]-208;
handling and management, [210];
professional assistance, [210];
handling single-handed, [211];
in rough weather, [212];
reefing, [212];
balance reefs, [213];
in a beam sea, [213];
running before a strong wind and a dangerous sea, [214];
steering, [214];
in wind squalls under the lee of the land, [215];
things worth remembering in handling, [217]-219;
mooring, [219];
never 'moon,' [219]

Sail-carrying power defined, [363]

Sailing committees, duties of, [152];
making of programmes, [153], [154];
form of race advertisements, [153];
Solent class regulations, [154];
the race card, [154];
dealing with protests, [158]

Sailing masters, duties of, [162]-164

Sailing rules. See [Y.R.A.]

Sailing yachts with auxiliary steam power, [24]

Sails, character of British-made, previous to 1851, [74]

St. Clare Byrne, Mr., M.I.N.A., his 'Valiant,' [21];
designer of the 'Sunbeam,' [24]

'St. George' (871 tons), [21]

St. George's Channel, character of the sea in, [365], [366]

St. Ives harbour, [370]

St. Malo, [8]

Salcomb, [403]

Salt meat for foreign cruises, [305]

Sandy Hook, wind-force at, [174]

'Sappho' (American schooner), [116], [120], [121];
her races against the 'Cambria,' [123]; [129], [131];
beats the 'Livonia' in the fourth match of the race for the America Cup in 1871, [131], [134]

Sark, [402]

'Satanita' (161.58-rating, Y.R.A.), [23];
dimensions, [69]; [179]

'Savourna' (5-rater), [245], [246], [255]

Schanks, Captain, designer of the 'Trial' revenue cutter, [104], [107]

Schenley, George, [244]

Schenley, Mrs., [235], [237], [242]

Schooner racing, reasons for the decadence of, [108], [109];
large tonnage of yachts in early times, [109]

Schooners, inability to compete with cutters, [109];
new method of rigging, in 1855, [111]

Scilly Isles, [8]

Scotland to Plymouth, from, voyage of 'Cyprus,' [349]-351

Scotland, West Coast of, [8], [9];
as a cruising ground, [37], [400]

Scott's 'Meteorological Notes,' [405]

Scows, or floating blinds, [103], [105]

'Seabelle' (153 tons), [136];
her race against the 'Egeria' in 1875, [138]

'Seabird' (126 tons), [78]

Sea-fishing, [190]-193

Seamanship, [37]

Secretary, club, duties of, at regattas, [154]

Secretary, Y.R.A., checking a sailmaker's measurements, [165]

Seine, the, as a cruising ground, [37]

'Selene,' [78]

Sesmaisons, Count de, [117]

Seth-Smith, C. E., C.B., R.N.A.V., on Corinthian deep-sea cruising, [41] et seq.;
captain of the 'Hornet' in 1880 and 1881, [44]

Sewanhaka Yacht Club, on the rating rules, [171], [173], [176], [179], [181]

Shanklin Bay, [47]

Shannon, the, as a cruising ground, [401]

'Shark' (204 tons), [117], [121], [137]

Shelley, Sir Percy, [111]

'Shipbuilding, Theoretical and Practical,' cited, [85]

Ship-chandlers, home and foreign, [306]

Shuldham, Captain, R.N., pivots sliding keels (1809), [105]

Sicily, yachting round, [38]

Siemens-Martin steel, [80]

'Siesta' (127 tons), [116]

Simonosaki to Aden, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam,' [26]

Simons, of Renfrew, [73]

Simpson & Dennison, of Dartmouth, builders of 'Doris' (5-tonner), [354]

Simpson, Mr., success of his 'Tottie' on the Thames, [231]

Skaw, the, [308], [309]

Skippers, yacht, [7]

Skye, [9], [215], [216]

'Sleuthhound' (54-rater), built without fittings, [82], [141]

Sliding keels and centreboards, [102]-107

Slie, the, [309]

Sloyne, the, [325], [327], [401]

Smith, Colonel F. J., R.E., his merit-formula, [230]

Smith's anchor, [382], [383]

Solent, the, as a cruising ground, [38];
crack cutters of forty-five years ago, [52];
wind-force on, [174];
small yacht racing on the, [222] et seq.;
attractive features, [222];
advantages for yachting, [223];
'length classes' introduced, [173], [224];
their collapse, [227];
classes, [227];
(10-raters), in 1889, [233]; [237], [359];
sea disturbance in, [366];
racing in, [374]

Solent Yacht Club, [229]

Sooji Mooji, for removing varnish, [379]

Soper, J. M., [96];
designer of the 'Black Pearl's' cutter, [206], [248]

'Sorella,' [224]

Sound of Raasay, phenomenal squalls in, [216]

South Atlantic, [26], [295], [300], [304]

South Pacific, [26]

Southampton, conference of Solent clubs at, in 1887, [228], [402]

Southampton Water, [222], [224]

Southsea, [225]

Spain, coast of, as a cruising ground, [38], [42]

Sparks, Mr., [252]

Spartel Bay, [45]

Spezia, [38]

'Sphinx,' [114]

Spirit stoves, [307]

Spithead, sea disturbance at, [366]

'Spray of the Ocean' (cutter), [20]

'Spruce' (½-rater), [246], [250]

'Squirrel,' Sir G. Pearce's, [247]

Starkey, F., [135]

Start, the, at races, [157], [158]

Steam launches, as adjuncts to sailing yachts, [8]; [188], [198]

Steam versus sail yachting, [3]-5, [223]

Steam yachts, cost of building and manning, [23]

Steamship hands, [4]

Steele, Messrs., build the 'Wave' with a metal keel, [53]; [77]

Steele, William, designs the 'Nyanza,' 'Oimara,' 'Garrion,' and 'Selene,' [77]

Stephens, Mr., of Southampton, [235]

Sternpost, the raking, introduced, [54];
'dog-legged,' [57]

Stevens, Commodore, his 'Black Maria,' [106]

Stewart, Mr., [249]

Stone, Mr., designer of the 'Squirrel,' [247]

Storey, Mr., designer of the 'St. George,' [24]

'Stork' (2½-rater), [251]

Storms, law of, [35]

Stoves for cooking, [307]

Stowe, Mr., of Shoreham, builder of the 'Diamond' (5-tonner), [331]

Straits of Gibraltar, [38]

Studding-sails, duck, [30]

Suez Canal, the, closes the era of China clipper ships, [77]

Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart., on yachting, [1] et seq.

Summers, Mr., [245]

Summers & Payne, [245]

'Sunbeam,' [20];
date of launch, [24];
designer, [24];
details of construction, [24];
dimensions of spars, [25];
performances at sea, [26];
best run under steam, [26];
most successful continuous performance, [26];
best runs under sail, [26];
average speeds of longer passages, [26];
boilers, [27];
cruises in the Mediterranean, [27];
table of distances, times, and winds, [28];
in a storm off Flamborough Head, [31]-33;
in a long gale from Nassau to Bermuda, [34];
in a dirty night between Honolulu and Japan, [35]

Sutton, Sir Richard, [115], [141]

Svendborg, [44], [309]

Swanage, [132], [403]

Sweden as a cruising ground, [404]

Sydney Harbour, [400]

Tamar River, [403]

Tangier, [45]

Tanks, water, [305]

'Tar Baby' (5-rater), [234]

Tasmania, discovered to be an island, [102] [note], [104]

Tatchell, E. R., [146]

Taylor, Commodore, of the Cumberland Sailing Society, his yacht 'Cumberland' with five sliding keels, [104]

Taylor, Harry, [136]

Taylor, Richard, [104], [105]

Taylor, Robert, [105]

Teignmouth, cargo boats fitted with sliding keels at, [104]

Tennyson, Lord, his cruise in the 'Sunbeam,' [19]

'Thalassa,' on racing rules and the rules of rating, [146] et seq.;
on small yacht racing in the Solent, [222] et seq.

'Thalassa' (2½-rater), [228], [231], [233], [234], [236], [241]

'Thalia' (57 tons), her dimensions, [66]-68

Thames, for many years the centre of yachting, [223]

Thames Iron Works Shipbuilding Company, build the 'Mosquito' (1848), [75]

'Thames Rule' of 1854, the recognised method of measuring yachts, [56];
minor influences, [57]; [182], [323]

Thellusson, Charles, [111], [115], [117], [139]

'Thief,' [65], [233], [234], [237], [245]

'Thistle' (of 1887), sketch of her cutwater, [60];
her advantages of beam, [65];
built without fittings, [82];
her displacement, [93];
competes for the America Cup, [111]

'Thistle' (of 1889), disadvantage of the sacrifice of surface in the, [88], [89]

Thomas & Nicholson, Messrs., of Southampton and Gosport, characteristics of their anchor, [383], [384]

Thompson, G. B., on the rating rules, [168];
owner of the 'Olga' (5-tonner), [353]

'Tiara' (of 1850), system of construction, [73], [74]

Tilley, of Southampton, [301] [note]

Time allowance, [15];
rules concerning, [169]-174

Timing yachts at races, [158]

Tinned meats, [305], [306]

'Tiny' (½-rater), [246], [248], [250]

'Titania' (184 tons), the Marquis of Ailsa's, [47], [113]

'Titu' (2½-rater), [232]

Tomlinson, W. A., his 6-ton yacht 'Wyvern,' [325]

Tonnage-cheaters, [344], [345]

Tonnage rule, all-absorbing question of, in modern yachting, [50];
changed to that of rating, [93]

'Tootsie' (afterwards 'Minnow'), Mr. Payne's, [228]

Torbay, [403]

'Torment' (5-tonner), [330], [331]

'Torpedo,' Mr. Stewart's, [249]

'Torpid,' [77]

Torquay, [140], [403]

Torquay Regatta, [373]

'Tottie' (2½-rater), [231]

'Trial' (Admiralty revenue cutter), [104];
sheer draught of, [107]

'Trident' (5-tonner), tables and diagrams showing length and displacement, [61]-63;
a handy boat, [352]

Trinidad, [38]

Trotman's anchor, [382]

'Troublesome' (2½-rater), [241], [244]

Turner, William, [136]

Turning-point of maximum efficiency, or best length, [174]

Twenty-pound clause, Insurance, [408], [409]

'Ulerin' (10-tonner), [354]

'Undine' (2½-rater), [247]

Union des Yachts Français, its new rating rule, [179], [180]

'Valentine' (5-rater), [180], [241], [242], [245]

'Valhalla' (1,400 tons), [21]

'Valiant' (2,350 tons), [21]

'Valkyrie,' Lord Dunraven's, victorious career of, [11];
her defeat in American waters, [11], [12]; [22];
development of beam in, [23];
spinnakers, [30];
dimensions, [69];
minus fittings when racing for the America Cup, [82];
profile, [82];
the question of superiority of centreboard, [107];
unduly handicapped by American conditions, [111];
sail-area, [172] [note]

Valparaiso to Yokohama, from, time occupied by 'Sunbeam,' [26]

Vanderbilt, Mr., his 'Valiant,' [21]

'Vanderdecken's' tonnage-cheater, [55];
design, [56]

'Vanduara' (90 tons), first design for, [59];
G. L. Watson's belief in carrying it out, [87]

Varnishing, [378], [379]

'Varuna' (40-rater), diagram of profile, [55];
dimensions, [66]-68

Veile, [309]

'Vendetta' (40-rater), dimensions, [66]-68;
beam, [71]

'Verena' (7-rater), [230]

'Verve' (10-tonner), [81]

'Victoria' (H.M.S.), loss of, [14]

'Vigilant,' American yacht, defeats the 'Valkyrie' of Lord Dunraven, [11], [22];
dimensions, [69], [71];
minus fittings when racing for the America Cup, [82];
profile, [82];
a wholesome type of vessel, [101];
her designers, [106];
sail area, [172] [note]

'Viking' (140 tons), [113], [141]

'Viola' (5-tonner), [331]

'Virago' (6-tonner), [332]

Virgil, quoted, on the sea, [39]

'Volante,' loses her bowsprit by collision while racing against the 'America,' [110]

'Vol-au-Vent,' cutter, of 1875, [83]

'Volunteer,' American yacht, compared with the 'Thistle' of 1889, [88]; [180]

'Vril' (5-tonner), dimensions, [61]-63, [334];
designed by G. L. Watson, [333];
turned into a fast cruiser, [334];
matches with 'Freda,' [337]-341

Wages, racing, of a yacht's crew, [10]

Wales, H.R.H. Prince of, accidents to his yacht 'Britannia' in 1893, [10];
victorious career of his vessel, [11];
H.R.H. a familiar sight in yacht-racing, [12], [22], [82];
offers a cup for 100-tonners in 1870, [121]; [141]

Waller, Mr., [231]

'Wanderer' (850 tons), steam yacht, method of construction, [78]

Wanhill, Mr., of Poole, introduces the raking sternpost, [54];
builds the 'Egeria,' [112]

Warsash village, [238]

'Wasp' (American keel boat), [106]

Water ballast, [206];
for foreign cruisers, [305]

Waterman, Tom, designer of the 'Mosquito' (50 tons), [75];
and of the troopship 'Himalaya,' [75]

'Waterwitch' (160 tons), [140]

Watson, G. L., designer of the 'Britannia' and 'Valkyrie,' [22];
on the evolution of the modern racing yacht, [50] et seq.;
elements of his 5-tonners 'Vril' and 'Doris,' [61]-64;
and of his 40-raters 'Deerhound,'
'Creole,' 'Varuna,' and 'Queen Mab,' [66], [82], [96];
builds 'Dora' and 'Queen Mab' with centreboard, [105];
on rating rules, [171], [176], [177];
his 'Tottie' (2½-rater), [231];
his 2½-raters, [235];
5-raters, [242], [245], [323], [346], [372];
part owner and designer of the 'Vril,' [333];
designer of the 'Doris,' [354];
his spoon-shaped bow, [358];
designer of the 'Natica' (5-rater), [373]

Watson, S. C., owner of the 'Lethe' (163 tons), [79]

Watson, Sidney, owner of the 'Chipmunk' (2½-rater), [231]

Watson, Mrs. Sidney, [237]

Watson, T. L., F.R.I.B.A., [82]

'Wave,' John Cross Buchanan's, fitted with a metal keel, [53]

Webb, Beavor, owner of the 'Freda' (5-tonner), [337];
sails her in her matches with 'Camellia' and 'Vril,' [344]

'Wee Winn,' rig of, [357];
bulb keel, [360]

Weguelin, Charles, designer of the 'Alouette' (5-tonner), [332]

Weisbach's experiments on the flow of water through pipes, [85]

Weld, Joseph, [22], [71], [73], [111], [113]

'Wenonah,' rig of, [357];
bulb keel, [360]

West Indian negro crews, [298], [307]

West Indies as a cruising ground, [38];
ports of the, [298], [306]

West, T. B. C., [235], [237]

Weymouth, [403]

Weymouth, Mr., designer of the 'Phantom' (176 tons), [139]

Whales, [189]

'Whimbrel,' [224]

White, Mr., boatbuilder, of Cowes, [113], [198], [201]

'Wildfire' (59 tons), her rigging, [111]

Wilkinson, Arthur, owner of the 'Phantom' (176 tons), [139]

Willan, Major Frank (Y.R.A.), [146]

Williams, General Owen, owner of the 'Enchantress' [141]

Wilton, Earl of, his steam yacht 'Palatine,' [9]

'Windfall' (5-rater), [245], [246], [251], [254], [255]

Wire rope, [76], [80]

'Witchcraft' (240 tons), [113], [116]

Wivenhoe, [136], [140], [353]

Wolff, Mr., hon. sec. Royal Southampton Yacht Club, [225]

'Wonderful' (10-tonner), [331]

Wood, Nicholas, owner of the 'Corinne' (162 tons), [136]

Woodd, A. B., R.N.A.V., [44]

Woods, John, skipper of the 'Egeria,' [119]

Wythes, Mr., owner of the 'St. George,' [24]

'Wyvern' (6-tonner), her voyage from Kingstown to Liverpool, [326], [327];
build and dimensions, [328], [329]

'Xantha' (135 tons), yawl, [113];
wins the R.T.Y.C. race from the Nore to Dover in 1866, [114]

'Yacht and Boat Sailing,' Dixon Kemp's, on the rules of racing, [150], [335], [346]

'Yacht Architecture,' Dixon Kemp's, quoted, [172];
on racing rules, [176];
on rating rules, [179], [231]

Yacht-building, American pre-eminence in, [11]

Yacht club, object and duties of a, [152]

Yacht, internal economy of a, [8];
minstrelsy, [7];
sailors, [6];
and their wages, [10];
necessaries, list of, [394]

Yacht Racing Association, the, procrastination of, [58];
their new rule regarding tonnage, [65];
their circular to yacht-builders and designers in 1892, [95]; [99], [109];
the object of its foundation, [146];
secretary and councillors, [146];
qualifications of membership, [146];
election of councillors, [147];
measurement fees and subscriptions, [147], [148];
alterations in rules, [149];
rules for the guidance of the council, [149];
racing rules, [150];
duties of a designer, [151];
private matches, [151];
club and open matches, [152];
duties of a yacht club, [152];
duties of a sailing committee, [152];
duties of a club secretary, [154];
duties of race officers, [156];
duties of owners, [159];
duties of a sailing master, [162];
duties of an official measurer, [164];
rating rules, [167];
length and sail-area rule, [168];
the time allowance, [169];
turning point of maximum efficiency, [174];
the new French rule, [179];
sail-area rule, [181];
the pure length rule, [182];
tables of rating rules and proposals, [183], [184];
girth rating rule, [185]; [224], [225], [227], [229], [238];
rule for 5-tonners and under, [323];
for 5-raters, [355];
rating by length and sail-area, [356], [357], [363]

Yacht racing, expense of, [10]

Yacht racing, small, development of, [223];
profitable to clubs, [223]

Yachting, compared economically with Continental travelling, [11];
began with this century, [51];
reasons for its pre-eminence as a manly sport, [322];
clauses concerning insurance, [407]-411

Yachts, little individuality of form previous to 1820, [71];
equipment subsequent to that date, [76];
variety of type under present length and sail-area rule, [50];
advantages of racing in small, [223]

'Yachtsman,' cited, [51];
on the rules of racing, [150];
on girth, [181]; [255] [note]

Yachtsmen, qualities of, [322]

Yalme, the, [403]

Yarborough, Earl of, [108]

Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, [403]

Yawls, [300]

Yolla metal, [80]

York, Mr., secretary of the Royal Clyde Yacht Club, [413]

'Yvonne' (10-rater), [233]

'Zarita' (115 tons), [20]

'Zephyr' (9-tonner), [332]

Zuider Zee, cruising in the, [309], [316]

END OF THE FIRST VOLUME

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