CONTENTS
WARREN HASTINGS’ POLICY: BOGLE’s MISSION—1774
Bhutanese aggression on Bengal in 1772, p. [4]. Warren Hastings repels aggression, p. [4]. Tashi Lama intercedes on behalf of Bhutanese, p. [5]. Warren Hastings replies, proposing treaty of amity and commerce, p. [7]. His policy, p. [7]. He selects Bogle for Mission, p. [8]. His instructions to Bogle, p. [9]. Value of discretionary powers to agents, p. [10]. Bogle’s reception by Tashi Lama, p. [13]. The Lama acknowledges unjustifiability of Bhutanese action, p. [14]. Conversation regarding trade, p. [16]. Bogle receives two Lhasa delegates, p. [17]. Tibetan fear of the Chinese, p. [18]. Bogle suggests alliance with Tibetans against Gurkhas, p. [19]. Obstructiveness of Lhasa delegates, p. [20]. The Nepalese instigate the Tibetans against Bogle, p. [21]. Conversations with Kashmiri and Tibetan merchants, p. [22]. Results of the Mission, p. [24].
WARREN HASTINGS’ POLICY (continued): TURNER’S MISSION—1782
Warren Hastings’ further efforts, p. [26]. Captain Turner sent to Shigatse, p. [27]. Power of the Chinese, p. [28]. Admission to traders granted, p. [29]. Nepalese invasion in 1792, p. [30]. Closing of intercourse with Tibet, p. [31].
MANNING’S VISIT TO LHASA—1811
Manning’s previous career, p. [33]. He makes friends with the Chinese, p. [34]. Obtains permission from them to visit Lhasa, p. [37]. He visits the Grand Lama, p. [37]. His stay in Lhasa, p. [38]. Results of his journey, p. [39]. Subsequent exploration, p. [40].
THE BENGAL GOVERNMENT’S EFFORTS—1873–1886
Bengal Government urge improvement of intercourse with the Tibetans, 1873, p. [42]. Press for admission of tea to Tibet, p. [44]. Delay caused by reference of local questions to central Governments, p. [45]. Colman Macaulay’s efforts in 1885, p. [46]. The Tibetans cross our frontier in force, 1886, p. [47]. Neither Chinese nor Tibetan Government can or will withdraw them, p. [48]. General Graham expels them, 1888, p. [49].
THE CONVENTION WITH CHINA—1890
The Chinese ask that a treaty should be made, p. [50]. Convention signed March, 1890, p. [51]. Trade Regulations signed December, 1893, p. [52]. Tibetans fail to observe Regulations, p. [54]. Bengal Government wish to protest, p. [55]. Government of India prefer to be patient, p. [55]. Tibetans occupy land inside Treaty boundary, p. [56]. Efforts to demarcate boundary, p. [57]. Tibetans remove boundary pillars, p. [59]. Sir Charles Elliott proposes occupation of Chumbi, p. [61]. Government of India adhere to policy of forbearance, p. [62]. Reasons for Tibetans’ seclusive policy, p. [63]. Chinese fail to arrange matters, p. [64]. Report on result of five years’ working of the Treaty, p. [65].
SECURING THE TREATY RIGHTS—1899–1903
Attempts by Lord Curzon to open direct communication with Dalai Lama, p. [66]. Dalai Lama’s Mission to Russia, p. [67]. Russian Government disclaim its having political nature, p. [68]. Tibetans expelled by us from Giagong inside Treaty boundary, p. [71]. Rumours of Russo-Tibetan agreement, p. [72]. Reasons why Russian activity in Tibet should cause Indian Government anxiety, p. [73]. Indian Government propose sending Mission to Lhasa, p. [76].
NEGOTIATIONS WITH RUSSIA—1903
Russian protests, p. [79]. Lord Lansdowne’s rejoinder, p. [81]. Russian assurances of no intention to interfere in Tibet, p. [82]. Such assurances did not preclude possibility of Tibetans relying on Russian support, p. [83].
A MISSION SANCTIONED—1903
Views of His Majesty’s Government on general question, p. [84]. Correspondence with Viceroy as to scope of Mission, p. [86]. Viceroy’s proposal to have agent at Gyantse, p. [87]. Decision to despatch a Mission to Khamba Jong, p. [87]. Correspondence with the Chinese, p. [88]. Instructions to the British Commissioner, p. [91]. Justification for despatch of Mission, p. [92].
SIMLA TO KHAMBA JONG—1903
I am summoned to Simla, May, 1903, p. [95]. Receive Lord Curzon’s instructions, p. [96]. Mr. White’s arrival, p. [97]. Magnificent scenery on way to Darjiling, p. [100]. Views of Kinchinjunga, p. [101]. Assistance given by Bengal Government, p. [103]. Tropical forests, p. [104]. Character of Lepchas, p. [107]. Hard work of 32nd Pioneers, p. [108]. Reach Upper Sikkim, p. [109]. Tibetans protest against our passing Giagong, p. [110]. Lhasa delegates arrive on frontier, p. [111]. Mr. White, with escort, reach Khamba Jong, p. [112].
KHAMBA JONG—1903
I join Mr. White at Khamba Jong, p. [116]. Interview with Mr. Ho, p. [117]. Speech to Tibetan delegates, p. [118]. They refuse to report to Lhasa, p. [121]. Recreations at Khamba Jong, p. [122]. Deputation from Tashi Lama, p. [123]. Arrival of Mr. Wilton, p. [124]. Viceroy suggests to Resident he himself should meet me, p. [124]. Two Sikkimese seized by Tibetans, p. [125]. Shigatse Abbot arrives, p. [125]. Situation grows threatening, p. [128]. Departure of Mr. Ho, p. [131]. My suggestions to Government for meeting the situation, p. [132]. Aid given by Nepalese, p. [133]. British representation to Chinese Government, p. [138]. Recommendations of Indian Government, p. [140]. Secretary of State sanctions advance to Gyantse, p. [140]. Viceroy notifies Chinese Resident, p. [142]. Chinese Government protest, p. [143]. Russian Government also protest, p. [144]. Justification for advance, p. [146].
DARJILING TO CHUMBI—1903
Question of advancing in winter or waiting till spring, p. [149]. Risks in crossing Himalayas in winter, p. [150]. Transport preparations, p. [151]. Departure from Darjiling, p. [152]. Crossing the Jelap-la (pass), p. [153]. Protests from Tibetans, p. [155]. Arrive Yatung, p. [156]. Macdonald occupies Phari, p. [157]. Obstruction of Lhasa monks, p. [159]. Extreme cold, p. [160]. Crossing the Tang-la, p. [160].
TUNA—1904
Lhasa officials come to Tuna, p. [162]. I visit Tibetan camp, p. [163]. Critical situation, p. [166]. Conclusions as to Tibetan disposition, p. [167]. Lhasa General visits me, p. [168], Severe cold, p. [169]. Bhutanese Envoy arrives, p. [169]. His attempts to reason with Tibetans, p. [170]. Our losses from cold, p. [172]. Macdonald arrives, March 28, p. [173]. We advance to Guru, p. [174]. Troops advance without firing, p. [176]. Tibetans refuse to allow passage, p. [177]. Sudden commencement of action, p. [178]. Chinese Resident urges delay, p. [179]. Our arrival at Gyantse, p. [180].
GYANTSE—1904
Friendly attitude of people, p. [182]. But no signs of negotiators, p. [183]. I advocate preparations to advance to Lhasa, p. [184]. Tibetan troops again assemble, p. [185]. Mission attacked, p. [187]. Brander attacks Tibetans on Karo-la (pass), p. [189]. He returns to Gyantse, p. [191]. Advance to Lhasa sanctioned by Home Government, p. [191]. Mission escort reinforced, p. [192]. Captains Sheppard and Ottley, p. [192]. Brander attacks Palla village, p. [194]. I am recalled to Chumbi, p. [195]. Attacked at Kangma, p. [196]. I advocate preparing to stop at Lhasa for winter, p. [197]. Government discourage the idea, p. [199]. Renewed pledges to Russia, p. [201]. How these fettered the Indian Government, p. [201]. Meeting with Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan, p. [203]. More aid from Nepal, p. [206].
THE STORMING OF GYANTSE JONG—1904
Macdonald, with reinforcements, leaves Chumbi, p. [208]. Good feeling of country people, p. [208]. Reinforcements reach Gyantse, p. [209]. Ta lama arrives to negotiate, p. [211]. He is informed jong must be evacuated, p. [215]. Operations against jong commence, p. [217]. Gurdon killed, p. [218]. Grant leads assault, p. [219]. Jong captured, p. [220]. Negotiators not to be found, p. [221]. Preparations for advance completed, p. [221]. Tongsa Penlop informs Ta Lama of my readiness to negotiate en route to Lhasa, and Dalai Lama of our terms, p. [222].
THE ADVANCE TO LHASA—1904
Dalai Lama asks Tongsa Penlop to effect a settlement, p. [223]. Action at Karo-la, p. [224]. At Nagartse find deputation from Lhasa, p. [225]. They ask us to return to Gyantse, p. [226]. They fear their religion will be spoilt, p. [230]. And that Russians might want to go to Lhasa, p. [231]. Importance I attached to good personal relations, p. [232]. The beautiful Yam-dok Tso (lake), p. [233]. Arrival at Brahmaputra, p. [234]. Letter from National Assembly, p. [235]. Question whether to negotiate here or go on to Lhasa, p. [236]. Major Bretherton drowned, p. [237]. Dalai Lama’s Chamberlain brings letter from his master, p. [238]. I reply that we must advance to Lhasa, p. [239]. We discuss general question of intercourse with India, p. [240]. Further discussion with Ta Lama, p. [243]. We advance across Brahmaputra, p. [247]. Final deputation attempts to dissuade us from going to Lhasa, p. [249]. Arrival at Lhasa, p. [250].
THE TERMS—1904
Disadvantage of being pressed for time, p. [251]. Views of Indian Government regarding terms, p. [252]. Their desire to have Agent at Lhasa, p. [252]. And to occupy the Chumbi Valley, p. [256]. The question of an indemnity, p. [257]. Of an Agent at Gyantse, p. [258]. Of exclusive political influence in Tibet, p. [259]. Of facilities for trade, p. [259]. His Majesty’s Government consider proposals excessive, and decide against Agent at Lhasa, p. [260]. And against Gyantse Agent proceeding to Lhasa, p. [262]. Amount of indemnity to be such as can be paid in three years, p. [262].
THE NEGOTIATIONS
Chinese Resident visits me day of our arrival at Lhasa, p. [263]. Question of entering Lhasa city, p. [264]. Impressions of city, p. [265]. Reception by Chinese Resident, p. [266]. Nepalese representative and Tongsa Penlop of Bhutan visit me, p. [267]. Flight of Dalai Lama, p. [269]. Chinese Resident says ordinary people anxious for intercourse, p. [270]. The Ti Rimpoche (Regent) commences negotiations, p. [273]. Disagrees with obstructive policy of National Assembly, p. [274]. Two Sikkimese prisoners released, p. [276]. Difficulties in regard to indemnity, p. [279]. Tongsa Penlop suggests that Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet should look to England, p. [280]. Chinese Resident denounces the Dalai Lama, p. [282]. Tibetans incline to agree to some of terms, p. [282]. But continue to protest against indemnity, p. [284].
THE TREATY CONCLUDED—1904
Pressure for time, p. [289]. Military considerations demand very early withdrawal, p. [290]. Necessity for decisive action, p. [290]. Tibetans presented with final terms, p. [291]. They propose extension of time for payment of indemnity, p. [294]. Reasons for accepting proposal, p. [294]. Question of Chumbi Valley, p. [295]. Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa, p. [299]. I insist on signing Treaty in Potala, p. [300]. The ceremony of signature, p. [303].
IMPRESSIONS AT LHASA—1904
Release of prisoners, p. [307]. Visits to monasteries, p. [309]. Character of Lamas, p. [310]. The effects of Lamaism on Tibetans and Mongols, p. [314]. Visit to Jo Khang Temple, p. [316]. The inner spirit of the people, p. [317]. Social side of Tibetans, p. [318]. Tibetan view of English, p. [319]. Chinese attitude to Tibetans, p. [321].
THE RETURN—1904
Farewell visits, p. [325]. Sensations of good-will, p. [326]. Good behaviour of Indian troops, p. [327]. Exploring parties, p. [328]. Successful work of Rawling and Ryder, p. [330]. Return to Simla, p. [332]. Meeting with Lord Curzon, p. [333]. Audience of His late Majesty, p. [333]. Mission flag placed in Windsor Castle, p. [334].
RESULTS OF THE MISSION
Good-will of Tibetans, p. [335]. Friendship of Bhutan, p. [336]. Scientific results, p. [337]. Indemnity reduced by His Majesty’s Government, p. [338]. Period of occupation of Chumbi reduced, p. [338]. Permission for Gyantse Agent to proceed to Lhasa abandoned, p. [339]. Reasons of His Majesty’s Government for above, p. [339].
NEGOTIATIONS WITH CHINA—1905–1910
Convention with China confirming Lhasa Convention, p. [342]. Unfriendly attitude of Chinese in Tibet, p. [343]. Their attempts to prevent direct relations with Tibetans, p. [344]. Sir Edward Grey’s remonstrances, p. [345]. Indian Government complains of breaches of Lhasa Convention, p. [347]. Chinese device to prevent direct relations between us and the Tibetans in regard to payment of indemnity, p. [348]. Question of evacuating Chumbi Valley, p. [354]. Chumbi evacuated, p. [359]. Trade Regulations agreed to, p. [359]. Chinese forward movement commences, p. [362]. Bhutan taken under our protection, p. [365].
ATTITUDE OF THE TIBETANS SINCE 1904—1904–1910
Favourable Tibetan attitude following signature of Treaty, p. [367]. Disturbances in Eastern Tibet, 1905, p. [368]. Batang annexed by Chinese, p. [372]. Dalai Lama’s movements in Mongolia, p. [377]. Anglo-Russian agreement in regard to Tibet, p. [378]. Dalai Lama arrives in Peking, p. [382]. Leaves Peking, p. [385]. Arrives near Lhasa, November, 1909, and complains of Chinese encroachments, p. [386]. Arrives in Lhasa, p. [387]. Chinese intention to take away his temporal power, p. [389]. Chinese troops arrive in Lhasa, p. [389]. Dalai Lama flees, p. [391]. Arrives in Darjiling, p. [392]. Visits Viceroy in Calcutta, p. [394]. Tibetan Ministers ask for British officer with troops to be despatched to Lhasa, and for alliance, p. [395]. Dalai Lama’s request for aid refused, p. [396]. But British Government makes protest to Chinese Government, p. [396]. Chinese state they merely wish to exercise effective control, p. [398]. Dalai Lama deposed, p. [399]. Chinese view of situation, p. [400]. Indian Government’s views, p. [403]. Lord Morley’s views, p. [404].
SOME CONCLUSIONS
Tendency to centralization of control, p. [407]. Reasons why British administrators in India lack confidence in centralization in London, p. [408]. Remedies for evil, p. [411]. More intimate personal relationship, p. [412]. More trust in the “man on the spot,” p. [415]. Summary of situation in Tibet, p. [415]. Morality of intervention in Tibet, p. [416]. Co-operation with Russia, p. [421]. Chinese generally good neighbours, p. [421]. Necessity for securing removal of inimical local Chinese officials, p. [423]. And for preserving intimate touch with Tibetans, p. [424]. A forward policy recommended, p. [428].
A FINAL REFLECTION
“A strange force” or “the designs of bureaucrats,” p. [430]. No deliberate intention to conquer India, p. [432]. Impelled to intervene in Tibet, p. [433]. Probability of some force impelling us on, p. [434]. Reality of an inherent impulse, p. [435]. Its direction towards harmony, p. [436]. Hence disorder invites intervention, p. [436]. Our intellects should be used to give impulse definite effect, p. [438].
Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1890; Trade Regulations, 1893; Anglo-Tibetan Convention, 1904; Anglo-Chinese Convention, 1906; Anglo-Russian Convention, 1907.