DIVISION II.
DETAILS of the EFFECTS produced by the RESPIRATION of NITROUS OXIDE upon different INDIVIDUALS furnished by THEMSELVES.
The experiments related in the following details, were made in the Medical Pneumatic Institution.
Abstracts from many of them have been published by Dr. Beddoes.[221]
I. Detail of Mr. J. W. Tobin.
Having seen the remarkable effects produced on Mr. Davy, by breathing nitrous oxide, the 18th of April; I became desirous of taking some.
A day or two after I breathed 2 quarts of this gas, returning it back again into the same bag, after two or three in inspirations, breathing became difficult, and I occasionally admitted common air into my lungs. While the respiration was continued, my sensations became more pleasant. On taking the bag from my mouth, I staggered a little, but felt no other effect.
On the second time of making the experiment, I took nearly four quarts, but still found it difficult to continue breathing long, though the air which was left in the bag was far from being impure.
The effects however, in this case, were more striking than in the former. Increased muscular action was accompanied by very pleasurable feelings, and a strong desire to continue the inspiration. On removing the bag from my mouth, I laughed, staggered, and attempted to speak, but stammered exceedingly, and was utterly unable to pronounce some words. My usual state of mind, however, soon returned.
On the 29th, I again breathed four quarts. The pleasant feelings produced at first, urged me to continue the inspiration with great eagerness. These feelings however, went off towards the end of the experiment, and no other effects followed. The gas had probably been breathed too long, as it would not support flame. I then proposed to Mr. Davy, to inhale the air by the mouth from one bag, and to expire it from the nose into another. This method was pursued with less than three quarts, but the effects were so powerful as to oblige me to take in a little common air occasionally. I soon found my nervous system agitated by the highest sensations of pleasure, which are difficult of description; my muscular powers were very much increased, and I went on breathing with great vehemence, not from a difficulty of inspiration, but from an eager avidity for more air. When the bags were exhausted and taken from me, I continued breathing with the same violence, then suddenly starting from the chair, and vociferating with pleasure, I made towards those that were present, as I wished they should participate in my feelings. I struck gently at Mr. Davy and a stranger entering the room at the moment, I made towards him, and gave him several blows, but more in the spirit of good humour than of anger. I then ran through different rooms in the house, and at last returned to the laboratory somewhat more composed; my spirits continued much elevated for some hours after the experiment, and I felt no consequent depression either in the evening or the day following, but slept as soundly as usual.
On the 5th of May, I again attempted to breathe nitrous oxide, but it happened to contain suspended nitrous vapour which rendered it non-respirable.
On the 7th, I inspired 7 quarts of pure gas mingled with an equal quantity of common air, the sensations were pleasant, and my muscular power much increased.
On the 8th, I inspired five quarts without any mixture of common air, but the effects were not equal to those produced the day before; Indeed there were reasons for supposing that the gas was impure.
On the 18th, I breathed nearly six quarts of the pure nitrous oxide. It is not easy to describe my sensations; they were superior to any thing I ever before experienced. My step was firm, and all my muscular powers increased. My senses were more alive to every surrounding impression; I threw myself into several theatrical attitudes, and traversed the laboratory with a quick step; my mind was elevated to a most sublime height. It is giving but a faint idea of the feelings to say, that they resembled those produced by a representation of an heroic scene on the stage, or by reading a sublime passage in poetry when circumstances contribute to awaken the finest sympathies of the soul. In a few minutes the usual state of mind returned. I continued in good spirits for the rest of the day, and slept soundly.
Since the 18th of May, I have very often breathed nitrous oxide. In the first experiments when pure, its effects were generally similar to those just described.
Lately I have seldom experienced vivid sensations. The pleasure produced by it is slight and tranquil, I rarely feel sublime emotions or increased muscular power.
J. W. Tobin.
October, 1799.
II. Detail of Mr. Wm. Clayfield.
The first time that I breathed the nitrous oxide, it produced feelings analogous to those of intoxication. I was for some time unconscious of existence, but at no period of the experiment experienced agreeable sensations, a momentary nausea followed it; but unconnected with languor or head-ache.
After this I several times respired the gas, but on account of the fulness in the head and apparent throbbing of the arteries in the brain,[222] always desisted to breathe before the full effects were produced. In two experiments however, when by powerful voluntary efforts I succeeded in breathing a large quantity of gas for some minutes, I had highly pleasurable thrillings in the extremities, and such increase of muscular power, as to be obliged to exert my limbs with violence. After these experiments, no languor or depression followed.
William Clayfield.
III. Letter from Dr. Kinglake.
In compliance with your desire, I will endeavour to give you a faithful detail of the effects produced on my sensations by the inhalation of nitrous oxide.
My first inspiration of it was limited to four quarts, diluted with an equal quantity of atmospheric air. After a few inspirations, a sense of additional freedom and power (call it energy if you please) agreeably pervaded the region of the lungs; this was quickly succeeded by an almost delirious but highly pleasurable sensation in the brain, which was soon diffused over the whole frame, imparting to the muscular power at once an encreased disposition and tone for action; but the mental effect of the excitement was such as to absorb in a sort of intoxicating placidity, and delight, volition, or rather the power of voluntary motion. These effects were in a greater or less degree protracted during about five minutes, when the former state returned, with the difference however of feeling more cheerful and alert, for several hours after.
It seemed also to have had the further effect of reviving rheumatic irritations in the shoulder and knee-joints, which had not been previously felt for many months. No perceptible change was induced in the pulse either at or subsequent to the time of inhaling the gas.
The effects produced by a second trial of its powers, were more extensive, and concentrated on the brain. In this instance, nearly six quarts undiluted, were accurately and fully inhaled. As on the former occasion, it immediately proved agreeably respirable, but before the whole quantity was quite exhausted, its agency was exerted so strongly on the brain, as progressively to suspend the senses of seeing, hearing, feeling, and ultimately the power of volition itself. At this period, the pulse was much augmented both in force and frequency; slight convulsive twitches of the muscles of the arms were also induced; no painful sensation, nausea, or languor, however, either preceded, accompanied, or followed this state, nor did a minute elapse before the brain rallied, and resumed its wonted faculties, when a sense of glowing warmth extending over the system, was speedily succeeded by a re-instatement of the equilibrium of health.
The more permanent effects were (as in the first experiment) an invigorated feel of vital power, improved spirits, transient irritations in different parts, but not so characteristically rheumatic as in the former instance.
Among the circumstances most worthy of regard in considering the properties and administration of this powerful aërial agent, may be ranked, the fact of its being (contrary to the prevailing opinion[223]) both highly respirable, and salutary, that it impresses the brain and system at large with a more or less strong and durable degree of pleasurable sensation, that unlike the effect of other violently exciting agents, no sensible exhaustion or diminution of vital power accrues from the exertions of its stimulant property, that its most excessive operation even, is neither permanently nor transiently debilitating; and finally, that it fairly promises under judicious application, to prove an extremely efficient remedy, as well in the vast tribe of diseases originating from deficient irritability and sensibility, as in those proceeding from morbid associations, and modifications, of those vital principles.
If you should deem any thing contained in this cursory narrative capable of subserving in any degree the practical advantages likely to result from your scientific and valuable investigation of the genuine properties of the nitrous oxide, it is perfectly at your disposal.
I am
Your sincere friend,
Robert Kinglake.
Bristol, June 14th, 1799.
To Mr. Davy.
IV. Detail of Mr. Southey.
In breathing the nitrous oxide, I could not distinguish between the first feelings it occasioned and an apprehension of which I was unable to divest myself. My first definite sensation was a dizziness, a fulness in the head, such as to induce a fear of falling. This was momentary. When I took the bag from my mouth, I immediately laughed. The laugh was involuntary but highly pleasurable, accompanied by a thrill all through me; and a tingling in my toes and fingers, a sensation perfectly new and delightful. I felt a fulness in my chest afterwards; and during the remainder of the day, imagined that my taste and hearing were more than commonly quick. Certain I am that I felt myself more than usually strong and chearful.
In a second trial, by continuing the inhalation longer, I felt a thrill in my teeth; and breathing still longer the third time, became so full of strength as to be compelled to exercise my arms and feet.
Now after an interval of some months, during which my health has been materially impaired, the nitrous oxide produces an effect upon me totally different. Half the quantity affects me, and its operation is more violent; a slight laughter is first induced,[224] and a desire to continue the inhalation, which is counteracted by fear from the rapidity of respiration; indeed my breath becomes so short and quick, that I have no doubt but the quantity which I formerly breathed, would now destroy me. The sensation is not painful, neither is it in the slightest degree pleasurable.
Robert Southey.
V. Letter from Dr. Roget.
The effect of the first inspirations of the nitrous oxide was that of making me vertiginous, and producing a tingling sensation in my hands and feet: as these feelings increased, I seemed to lose the sense of my own weight, and imagined I was sinking into the ground. I then felt a drowsiness gradually steal upon me, and a disinclination to motion; even the actions of inspiring and expiring were not performed without effort: and it also required some attention of mind to keep my nostrils closed with my fingers. I was gradually roused from this torpor by a kind of delirium, which came on so rapidly that the air-bag dropt from my hands. This sensation increased for about a minute after I had ceased to breathe, to a much greater degree than before, and I suddenly lost sight of all the objects around me, they being apparently obscured by clouds, in which were many luminous points, similar to what is often experienced on rising suddenly and stretching out the arms, after sitting long in one position.
I felt myself totally incapable of speaking, and for some time lost all consciousness of where I was, or who was near me. My whole frame felt as if violently agitated: I thought I panted violently: my heart seemed to palpitate, and every artery to throb with violence; I felt a singing in my ears; all the vital motions seemed to be irresistibly hurried on, as if their equilibrium had been destroyed, and every thing was running headlong into confusion. My ideas succeeded one another with extreme rapidity, thoughts rushed like a torrent through my mind, as if their velocity had been suddenly accelerated by the bursting of a barrier which had before retained them in their natural and equable course. This state of extreme hurry, agitation, and tumult, was but transient. Every unnatural sensation gradually subsided; and in about a quarter of an hour after I had ceased to breathe the gas, I was nearly in the same state in which I had been at the commencement of the experiment.
I cannot remember that I experienced the least pleasure from any of these sensations. I can however, easily conceive, that by frequent repetition I might reconcile myself to them, and possibly even receive pleasure from the same sensations which were then unpleasant.
I am sensible that the account I have been able to give of my feelings is very imperfect. For however calculated their violence and novelty were to leave a lasting impression on the memory, these circumstances were for that very reason unfavourable to accuracy of comparison with sensations already familiar.
The nature of the sensations themselves, which bore greater resemblance to a half delirious dream than to any distinct state of mind capable of being accurately remembered, contributes very much to increase the difficulty. And as it is above two months since I made the experiment, many of the minuter circumstances have probably escaped me.
I remain,
Yours, &c.
P. Roget.
To Mr. Davy.
VI. Letter from Mr. James Thomson.
The first time I respired nitrous oxide, the experiment was made under a strong impression of fear, and the quantity I breathed not sufficient, as you informed me, to produce the usual effect. I did not note very accurately my sensations. I remember I experienced a slight degree of vertigo after the third or fourth inspiration; and breathed with increased vigor, my inspirations being much deeper and more vehement than ordinary. I was enabled the next time I made the experiment, to attend more accurately to my sensations, and you have the observations I made on them at the time.
After the fourth inspiration, I experienced the same increased action of the lungs, as in the former case. My inspirations became uncommonly full and strong, attended with a thrilling sensation about the chest, highly pleasurable, which increased to such a degree as to induce a fit of involuntary laughter, which I in vain endeavoured to repress. I felt a slight giddiness which lasted for a few moments only. My inspirations now became more vehement and frequent; and I inhaled the air with an avidity strongly indicative of the pleasure I received. That peculiar thrill which I had at first experienced at the chest, now pervaded my whole frame; and during the two or three last inspirations, was attended with a remarkable tingling in my fingers and toes. My feelings at this moment are not to be described: I felt a high, an extraordinary degree of pleasure, different from that produced by wine, being divested of all its gross accompaniments, and yet approaching nearer to it than to any other sensation I am acquainted with.
I am certain that my muscular strength was for a time much increased. My disposition to exert it was such as I could not repress, and the satisfaction I felt in any violent exertion of my legs and arms is hardly to be conceived. These vivid sensations were not of long duration; they diminished insensibly, and in little more than a quarter of an hour I could perceive no difference between the state I was then in, and that previous to the respiration of the air.
The observations I made on repeating the experiment, do not differ from the preceding, except in the circumstance of the involuntary laughter, which I never afterwards experienced, though I breathed the air several times; and in the following curious fact, which, as it was dependent on circumstances, did not always occur.
Having respired the same quantity of air as usual, and with precisely the same effects, I was surprised to find myself affected a few minutes afterwards with the recurrence of a pain in my back and knees, which I had experienced the preceding day from fatigue in walking. I was rather inclined to deem this an accidental coincidence than an effect of the air; but the same thing constantly occurring whenever I breathed the air, shortly after suffering pain either from fatigue, or any other accidental cause, left no doubt on my mind as to the accuracy of the observation.
I have now given you the substance of the notes I made whilst the impressions were strong on my mind. I cannot add any thing from recollection that will at all add to the accuracy of this account, or assist those who have not respired this air, in forming a clearer idea of its extraordinary effects. It is extremely difficult to convey to others by means of words, any idea of particular sensations, of which they have had no experience. It can only be done by making use of such terms as are expressive of sensations that resemble them, and in these our vocabulary is very defective. To be able at all to comprehend the effects of nitrous oxide, it is necessary to respire it, and after that, we must either invent new terms to express these new and particular sensations, or attach new ideas to old ones, before we can communicate intelligibly with each other on the operation of this extraordinary gas.
I am &c.
James Thomson.
London, Sept. 21, 1799.
To Mr. Davy.
VII. Detail of Mr. Coleridge.
The first time I inspired the nitrous oxide, I felt an highly pleasurable sensation of warmth over my whole frame, resembling that which I remember once to have experienced after returning from a walk in the snow into a warm room. The only motion which I felt inclined to make, was that of laughing at those who were looking at me. My eyes felt distended, and towards the last, my heart beat as if it were leaping up and down. On removing the mouth-piece the whole sensation went off almost instantly.
The second time, I felt the same pleasurable sensation of warmth, but not I think, in quite so great a degree. I wished to know what effect it would have on my impressions; I fixed my eye on some trees in the distance, but I did not find any other effect except that they became dimmer and dimmer, and looked at last as if I had seen them through tears. My heart beat more violently than the first time. This was after a hearty dinner.
The third time I was more violently acted on than in the two former. Towards the last, I could not avoid, nor indeed felt any wish to avoid, beating the ground with my feet; and after the mouth-piece was removed, I remained for a few seconds motionless, in great extacy.
The fourth time was immediately after breakfast. The few first inspirations affected me so little that I thought Mr. Davy had given me atmospheric air: but soon felt the warmth beginning about my chest, and spreading upward and downward, so that I could feel its progress over my whole frame. My heart did not beat so violently; my sensations were highly pleasurable, not so intense or apparently local, but of more unmingled pleasure than I had ever before experienced.[225]
S. T. Coleridge.
VIII. Detail of Mr. Wedgwood.
July 23, I called on Mr. Davy at the Medical Institution, who asked me to breathe some of the nitrous oxide, to which I consented, being rather a sceptic as to its effects, never having seen any person affected. I first breathed about six quarts of air which proved to be only common atmospheric air, and which consequently produced no effect.
I then had 6 quarts of the oxide given me in a bag undiluted, and as soon as I had breathed three or four respirations, I felt myself affected and my respiration hurried, which effect increased rapidly until I became as it were entranced, when I threw the bag from me and kept breathing on furiously with an open mouth and holding my nose with my left hand, having no power to take it away though aware of the ridiculousness of my situation. Though apparently deprived of all voluntary motion, I was sensible of all that passed, and heard every thing that was said; but the most singular sensation I had, I feel it impossible accurately to describe. It was as if all the muscles of the body were put into a violent vibratory motion; I had a very strong inclination to make odd antic motions with my hands and feet. When the first strong sensations went off, I felt as if I were lighter than the atmosphere, and as if I was going to mount to the top of the room. I had a metallic taste left in my mouth, which soon went off.
Before I breathed the air, I felt a good deal fatigued from a very long ride I had had the day before, but after breathing, I lost all sense of fatigue.
IX. Detail of Mr. George Burnet.
I had never heard of the effects of the nitrous oxide, when I breathed six quarts of it. I felt a delicious tremor of nerve, which was rapidly propagated over the whole nervous system. As the action of inhaling proceeds, an irresistible appetite to repeat it is excited. There is now a general swell of sensations, vivid, strong, and inconceivably pleasurable. They still become more vigorous and glowing till they are communicated to the brain, when an ardent flush overspreads the face. At this moment the tube inserted in the air-bag was taken from my mouth, or I must have fainted in extacy.
The operation being over, the strength and turbulence of my sensations subsided. To this succeeded a state of feeling uncommonly serene and tranquil. Every nerve being gently agitated with a lively enjoyment. It was natural to expect that the effect of this experiment, would eventually prove debilitating. So far from this I continued in a state of high excitement the remainder of the day after two o’clock, the time of the experiment, and experienced a flow of spirits not merely chearful, but unusually joyous.
George Burnet.
X. Detail of Mr. T. Pople.
A disagreeable sensation as if breaking out into a profuse perspiration, tension of the tympanum, cheeks and forehead; almost total loss of muscular power; afterwards increased powers both of body and mind, very vivid sensations and highly pleasurable. Those pleasant feelings were not new, they were felt, but in a less degree, on ascending some high mountains in Glamorganshire.
On taking it the second time, there was a disagreeable feeling about the face. In a fewseconds, the feelings became pleasurable; all the faculties absorbed by the fine pleasing feelings of existence without consciousness; an involuntary burst of laughter.
Thomas Pople.
XI. Detail of Mr. Hammick.
Having never heard any thing of the mode of operation of nitrous oxide, I breathed gas in a silk bag for some time, and found no effects, but oppression of respiration. Afterwards Mr. Davy told me that I had been breathing atmospheric air.
In a second experiment made without knowing what gas was in the bag, I had not breathed half a minute, when from the extreme pleasure I felt, I unconciously removed the bag from my mouth; but when Mr. Davy offered to take it from me, I refused to let him have it, and said eagerly, “let me breathe it again, it is highly pleasant! it is the strongest stimulant I ever felt!“ I was cold when I began to respire, but had immediately a pleasant glow extending to my toes and fingers. I experienced from the air a pleasant taste which I can only call sweetly astringent; it continued for some time: the sense of exhilaration was lasting. This air Mr. Davy told me was nitrous oxide.
In another experiment, when I breathed a small dose of nitrous oxide, the effects were slight, and sometime afterwards I felt an unusual yawning and languor.
The last time that I breathed the gas, the feelings were the most pleasurable I ever experienced; my head appeared light, there was a great warmth in the back and a general unusual glow; the taste was distinguishable for some time as in the former experiment. My ideas were more vivid, and followed the natural order of association. I could not refrain from muscular action.
Stephen Hammick, Junr.
Sept. 15th.
XII. Detail of Dr. Blake.
Dr. Blake inhaled about six quarts of the air, was affected during the process of respiring it with a slight degree of vertigo, which was almost immediately succeeded by a thrilling sensation extending even to the extremities, accompanied by a most happy state of mind and highly pleasurable ideas. He felt a great propensity to laugh, and his behaviour in some measure appeared ludicrous to those around him. Muscular power seemed agreeably increased, the pulse acquired strength and firmness, but its frequency was somewhat diminished. He perceived rather an unpleasant taste in the mouth and about the fauces for some hours afterwards, but in every other respect, his feelings were comfortable during the remainder of the day.
December, 30th.
To Mr. Davy.
XIII. Detail of Mr. Wansey.
I breathed the gas out of a silk bag, believing it to be nitrous oxide, and was much surprised to find that it produced no sensations. After the experiment, Mr. Davy told me it was common air.
I then breathed a mixture of common air and nitrous oxide. I felt a kind of intoxication in the middle of the experiment, and stopping to express this, destroyed any farther effects.
I now breathed pure nitrous oxide; the effect was gradual, and I at first experienced fulness in the head, and afterwards sensations so delightful, that I can compare them to no others, except those which I felt (being a lover of music) about five years since in Westminster Abbey, in some of the grand choruses in the Messiah, from the united powers of 700 instruments of music. I continued exhilarated throughout the day, slept at night remarkably sound, and experienced when I awoke in the morning, a recurrence of pleasing sensation.
In another experiment, the effects was still greater, the pulse was rendered fuller and quicker, I felt a sense of throbbing in the head with highly pleasurable thrillings all over the frame. The new feelings were at last so powerful as to absorb all perception. I distinguished during and after the experiment, a taste on the tongue, like that produced by the contact of zinc and silver.
Henry Wansey.
XIV. Detail of Mr. Rickman.
On inhaling about six quarts, the first altered feeling was a tingling in the elbows not unlike the effect of a slight electric shock. Soon afterwards, an involuntary and provoking dizziness as in drunkenness. Towards the close of the inhalation, this symptom decreased; though the nose was still involuntary held fast after the air-bag was removed. The dose was probably an undercharge, as no extraordinary sensation was felt more than half a minute after the inhalation.
J. Rickman.
XV. Detail of Mr. Lovell Edgworth.
My first sensation was an universal and considerable tremor. I then perceived some giddiness in my head, and a violent dizziness in my sight; those sensations by degrees subsided, and I felt a great propensity to bite through the wooden mouth-piece, or the tube of the bag through which I inspired the air. After I had breathed all the air that was in the bag, I eagerly wished for more. I then felt a strong propensity to laugh, and did burst into a violent fit of laughter, and capered about the room without having the power of restraining myself. By degrees these feelings subsided, except the tremor which lasted for an hour after I had breathed the air, and I felt a weakness in my knees. The principal feeling through the whole of the time, or what I should call the characteristical part of the effect, was a total difficulty of restraining my feelings, both corporeal and mental, or in other words, not having any command of one’self.
XVI. Detail of Mr. G. Bedford.
I inhaled 6 quarts. Experienced a sensation of fulness in the extremities and in the face, with a desire and power of expansion of the lungs very pleasurable. Feelings similar to intoxication were produced, without being disagreeable. When the bag was taken away, an involuntary though agreeable laughter took place, and the extremities were warm.
In about a quarter of an hour after the above experiment, I inhaled 8 quarts. The warmth and fulness of the face and extremities were sooner produced during the inspiration. The candle and the persons about me, assumed the same appearances as took place during the effect produced by wine, and I could perceive no determinate outline. The desire and power to expand the lungs was increased beyond that in the former experiment, and the whole body and limbs seemed dilated without the sense of tension, it was as if the bulk was increased without any addition to the specific gravity of the body, which was highly pleasant. The provocation to laughter was not so great as in the former experiment, and when the bag was removed, the warmth almost suddenly gave place to a coldness of the extremities, particularly of the hands which were the first to become warm during the inspiration. A slight sensation of fulness not amounting to pain in the head, has continued for some minutes. After the first experiment, a sensation in the wrists and elbows took place, similar to that produced by the electric shock.
G. C. Bedford.
March 30th, 1800.
XVII. Detail of Miss Ryland.
After having breathed five quarts of gas, I experienced for a short time a quickness and difficulty of breathing, which was succeeded by extreme languor, resembling fainting, without the very unpleasant sensation with which it is usually attended. It entirely deprived me of the power of speaking, but not of recollection, for I heard every thing that was said in the room during the time; and Mr. Davy’s remark “that my pulse was very quick and full.“ When the languor began to subside, it was succeeded by restlessness, accompanied by involuntary muscular motions. I was warmer than usual, and very sleepy for several hours.
XVIII. Letter from Mr. M. M. Coates.
I will, as you request, endeavour to describe to you the effect produced on me last Sunday fe’nnight by the nitrous oxide, and will at the same time tell you what was the previous state of my mind on the subject.
When I sat down to breathe the gas, I believed that it owed much of its effect to the predisposing agency of the imagination, and had no expectation of its sensible influence on myself. Having ignorantly breathed a bag of common air without any effect, my doubts then arose to positive unbelief.
After a few inspirations of the nitrous oxide, I felt a fulness in my head, which increased with each inhalation, until, experiencing symptoms which I thought indicated approaching fainting, I ceased to breathe it, and was then confirmed in my belief of its inability to produce in me any pleasurable sensation.
But after a few seconds, I felt an immoderate flow of spirits, and an irresistible propensity to violent laughter and dancing, which, being fully conscious of the violence of my feelings, and of their irrational exhibition, I made great but ineffectual efforts to restrain; this was my state for several minutes. During the rest of the day, I experienced a degree of hilarity altogether new to me. For six or seven days afterwards, I seemed to feel most exquisitely at every nerve, and was much indisposed to my sedentary pursuits; this acute sensibility has been gradually diminishing; but I still feel somewhat of the effects of this novel agent.
Your’s truly,
M. M. Coates.
To Mr. Davy.
June 11th, 1800.