INDEX.

Achilles, his connexion with Briseis, [15], [192], [198]
Adultery, unknown in Sparta, [31];
severely punished in Athens, [51];
and in Roman wives, [88];
Augustus’s legislation, [145].
See [Divorce] and [Marriage].
Afrania, wife of Licinius Bucco, her fondness for law, [125]
Agesistrata, her efforts to reform Sparta, [35–8]
Agiatis, wife of Cleomenes, [38–9]
Agis, his efforts to reform Sparta, [35–7]
Agnodice, first Athenian midwife, [240]
Agrippina, the first, crushes a mutiny, [121]
Agrippina, the second, the mother of Nero, at the Conventus Matronarum, [126];
her character, [132]
Alcibiades and his hetaira, [59]
Amæsia of Sentinum pleads her own cause, [125]
Appius Claudius admits slaves to citizenship, [78]
Ares bathed by Hebe, [200]
Arete, her influence, [18]
Aristophanes, on Aspasia, [65];
on community of wives, [74];
on women, [75];
and Plato’s ‘Republic,’ [215]
Aristotle, on unfaithful husbands, [6];
on Spartan women, [34];
on Athenian citizenship, [213]
Arria, wife of Pætus, her fortitude, [134]
Asia, women elected to priesthood in, [124]
Asia Minor, honours conferred on women in, [124];
inscriptions in honour of women, [237–8]
Aspasia, her connexion with Pericles, [60];
her immense influence, [61];
on the duties of wives, [62];
and Lysicles, [63];
tried, but acquitted, [64];
the comic poets on, [65];
was she beautiful? [66];
in the Socratic dialogues, [73];
modern critics on, [210];
her portraits, [211]
Athenagoras, on kissing, [173];
condemns second marriages, [179]
Athens: two classes of free women in, [49];
restrictions on the citizen-woman, [50];
her life as maiden and wife, [52];
strangers in, [56];
the stranger-woman forbidden to marry, [57];
Aspasia’s influence in, [60–65];
treaties of intermarriage, [68], [211];
sons of an hetaira admitted to citizenship, [68];
changes in law of citizenship, [212]
Augustus, was his wife a poisoner? [131];
his marriage legislation, [140–43], [238];
rewards for large families, [144]

Bacchus, his worship introduced into Rome, [95–7]
Bachelors, fined by the Censors, [138];
disabilities imposed on, [144];
in Plautus, [222]
Bader (Mlle.) on divorces in Rome, [117]
Baptism not to be administered by a woman, [162]
Benecke, E. F. M., on love in Greek poetry, [206]
Benoist, L. E., on female characters in Plautus, [227], [229], [230]
Blandina, her terrible martyrdom, [155]
Brandt, P., on Sappho, [208]
Breach of promise, actionable in Latium, but not in Rome, [116]
Bread-and-Cheesites, heretical sect, [165]
Briseis, beloved by Achilles, [15], [192]
Buchholz, E., on sexual passion among the Homeric Greeks, [205]
Byzantines, intermarriage with Athenians, [69]

Callistus, Bp., on marriage, [249–54]
Calpurnia, wife of Pliny the younger, her ability, [121]
Caracalla greatly extends Roman citizenship, [83]
Carfania, woman lawyer, [126]
Carvilius, Spurius, divorces his wife, [116]
Cato the Censor, on adultery, [88];
opposes Roman matrons, [101–3]
Cato Uticensis divorces his wife and remarries her, [110]
Chelonis, her noble character, [36]
Children, Roman father had power to make away with, [140];
looked upon as an evil, [141];
regarded as burdens by Christian ascetics, [180–81];
infanticide condemned by Christianity, [188];
the fœtus and the soul, [189];
“nothoi” in Homer, [193];
notable instances, [194];
legitimate and illegitimate, [195–7]
Christ, his conduct towards women, [148]
Christianity, its early influence on Rome, [113];
and on marriage, [147];
women in the Gospels, [148];
reason of St. Paul’s sternness to women, [149];
Christian views of morality: Clement of Alexandria, [151];
Methodius, [152];
various meanings of the term Christianity, [153];
women at first prominent in, [154];
martyrdom of Blandina, [155];
and of Perpetua and Felicitas, [156];
position of widows, [158];
deaconesses and virgins, [159];
women forbidden in the West to teach or baptize, [161];
allowed by some Eastern churches to teach, [162];
views on slavery, [167];
opposite views on marriage, [169];
pagan ideas of Christianity, [170];
Love-feasts, [172];
the “holy kiss,” [173];
marriage as a blessing, [175];
the ascetic view of marriage, [176–9];
of children, [180];
of woman’s nature, [181];
gold, ornaments, dyed clothes, and mirrors condemned, [186];
infanticide condemned, [188];
the fœtus and the soul, [189];
asceticism and the survival of the unfittest, [190];
concubinage of the clergy, [214];
influence of Christianity on the position of woman, [248];
Bp. Callistus’s views, [249–254].
See [Paganism] and [Religion].
Chrysostom, Dio, on women of Tarsus, [150]
Cicero, his affection for his daughter, [85];
on women in politics, [122–3]
Clement of Alexandria, his ‘Pædagogus,’ [151];
on kissing, [173];
on children, [180];
on woman, [183];
her duties, [184];
her dress, [185–6];
on marriage, [239]
Cleombrotus, his wife’s faithfulness, [36]
Cleomenes, efforts to reform Sparta, [38–40]
Cleopatra as ruler, [242]
Clytemnestra, reasons why her conduct was condemned, [13]
Collyridians, honours paid to the Virgin by, [165]
Commodian on feminine adornment, [185]
Companion. See [Hetaira].
Comparetti, D., on portraits of Sappho, [211]
Concubines, their rights in Athens, [51n.], [213];
the “pallakis” and her children in Homer, [193–7];
concubinage among Christian clergy, [214];
a “God-loving concubine,” [254].
See [Hetaira], [Marriage], and [Wives].
Conventus Matronarum, its history, [126]
Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, her devotion to the State, [120]
Cornelia, Pompey’s second wife, her culture, [120]
Courtezans in Plautus, their heartlessness, [228], [231];
some exceptions, [229–30].
See [Concubines] and [Hetaira].
Cratesicleia, her noble conduct, [38–40]
Cyprian, on hair dyes, [186];
and tinting the eyes, [187]

Deaconesses, their position in the early Church, [159–60];
forbidden to administer baptism, [162]
Deacons, in the early Church, [160]
Dejanira on a husband’s unfaithfulness, [5]
Demosthenes on the Crown, forgeries in, [68]
Diotima and Sophocles, [59]
Divorce: Pericles divorces his wife, [60];
Roman wives divorced for trifling offences, [88];
dissolution of marriage contract by husband or wife, [109], [115];
first Roman divorce, [116];
divorces become frequent, [118];
legislated for by Augustus, [145];
provision for wife’s dowry in Egyptian contract, [245].
See [Adultery] and [Marriage].
Drumann, W., on the virtues and vices of Roman women, [113]
Düntzer on Thetis and Achilles, [199]

Education:
Athenian wives little educated, [52];
the hetaira often highly educated, [58];
Plato on woman’s education, [74];
Pompey’s second wife highly educated, [120];
also the wife of Pliny the younger, [121];
Clement of Alexandria on women’s education, [239]
Egypt, illegitimacy not recognized in, [196];
Cleopatra as ruler, [242];
typical marriage contract, [245]
Elagabalus and the Conventus Matronarum, [127]
Elliot, G. F. Scott, on nakedness and morality, [204]
Epiphanius on the Collyridians, [165]
Erinna, pupil of Sappho, [43]
Eubœa and treaty of intermarriage with Athens, [68], [211]
Euripides, on women, [10];
on Spartan women, [33]

Felicitas, story of her martyrdom, [156]
Finck, H. T., on nudity and bathing, [205]
Furtwängler, A., on portraits of Sappho and Aspasia, [211]

Gladstone, W. E., on Homeric women, [11n.];
on men washed by women, [200–202]
Gracchus, Tiberius, his affection for his wife, [85]
Greece, ancient, honour paid to priestesses in, [163];
sexual passion in, [205]
Greece, modern, early maturity of woman in, [54]
Greeks, their standard of conduct, [3];
views of love, [4];
their admiration of beauty of form, [7], [22].
See [Athens], [Homer], and [Sparta].
Gregory Thaumaturgus, on chastity in woman, [183]

Hebe bathes Ares, [200]
Helen, not blamed by men, [13];
washes Ulysses, [202]
Hetaira, companion or stranger-woman, forbidden in Athens to marry, [57];
her interest in philosophy and politics, [58];
Aspasia, [62–7];
children of an hetaira sometimes admitted to citizenship, [68];
influence on notable men, [71];
her social position, [213–214].
See [Concubines], [Courtezans], [Marriage], and [Wives].
Hippolytus on Bp. Callistus and marriage, [249]
Hipponax on women, [9]
Homer:
his women submissive, [11];
no flirtation in, [14];
Greeks monogamists in, [15];
married life in, [16];
influence of women, [17];
wives and concubines and their children, [192–7];
Melantho’s insolence, [198];
Thetis’s advice to Achilles, ib.;
men washed by women, [199–202]
Horace on the Lex Julia de adulterio cohibendo, [146]
Hortensia’s speech to the triumvirs, [105]
Hortensius marries Cato’s wife, [110]
Hruza, E., on the “nothoi” in Homer, [195]
Husbands, their unfaithfulness tolerantly viewed by Greek wives, [6];
power over their wives in Rome, [87];
poisoned by their wives, [89], [91];
wives bought by, [105].
See [Marriage] and [Wives].
Hyperides, his defence of Phryne, [7]

Illegitimacy. See [Children].

Julia, daughter of Julius Cæsar, her tact, [120]
Julia, daughter of Augustus, her marriages, [131]
Julius Cæsar gives rewards for large families, [143]

Kissing, in the early Church, [173];
peculiar Roman custom, [233]
Kock, T., attacks Sappho, [207]
Koechly, H., on Thetis and Achilles, [199]
Kublinski, J., on Sappho, [208]

Lampito, her physical strength, [30]
Lasaulx on “nothoi” and “pallakis,” [195]
Laws. See [Lex].
Lawyers, women as, [125]
Leonidas opposes reform in Sparta, [36]
Lex:
Canuleia, [82];
Julia and Plautia, ib.;
Oppia, [99–103];
Voconia, [108];
Papia Poppæa, [142–5];
De maritandis ordinibus, [146], [251]
Livia, wife of Augustus, her share in politics, [123];
was she a poisoner? [131]
Livy on woman’s influence in politics, [123]
Love-making, among the Greeks, [205];
and the Romans, [230];
lovers’ terms of endearment, [232–6]
Lysias on Eubœans and intermarriage, [211]
Lysicles, his connexion with Aspasia, [63]

Mæsta of Sentinum pleads her own cause, [125]
Mahaffy, J. P., on the Cleopatras, [243]
Marcia dissolves her marriage with Cato, and remarries him, [110]
Marriage:
Greeks monogamists in Homer, [15];
happiness of married life, [16];
obligatory in Sparta for girls, [28];
and for men, [29];
restrictions on the citizen-woman in Athens, [51];
matches arranged by old women, [53];
the hetaira not allowed to marry, [57];
Athenian treaties of intermarriage, [68], [211];
intermarriage in Rome, [81];
effect of Caracalla’s action, [83];
status of the Roman wife, [105];
effect of wealth on marriage, [108], [115];
as a contract, [109];
curious dissolutions of marriage, [110];
consent the essence of Roman marriage, [114];
could be dissolved by husband or wife, [115];
Romans who married several times, [118];
Musonius’s defence of, [137];
regulated by Emperor Augustus, [138–43], [238];
rewards for large families, [144];
large families a disgrace, [147];
effect of marriage on slaves, [168];
two Christian views of marriage, [169];
marriage as a blessing, [175];
the ascetic view, [176–181];
second marriages condemned, [179];
children a burden, [180];
dowried and undowried wives in Plautus, [220];
effects of extravagance, [222];
philosophers on, [239];
between brother and sister in Egypt, [243];
equality of the Egyptian woman in marriage, [244];
typical contract, [245];
Bp. Callistus’s views condemned by Hippolytus, [249–54].
See [Adultery], [Concubines], [Divorce], and [Hetaira].
Maximus Tyrius on Sappho, [44]
Medicine, first Athenian woman to practise, [240]
Melantho’s insolence to Ulysses, [198]
Men washed by women, [199–202], [204]
Menander on Sappho, [209]
Messalina, her death, [132]
Metellus, Quintus, on duty of marriage, [140]
Methodius, his ‘Banquet of the Ten Virgins,’ [152];
on the blessedness of virginity, [178];
on virgin purity, [188]
Midwife, first Athenian, [240]
Monogamy universal among Greeks in Homer, [15]
Montanists, honours paid to women by, [164]
Morillot, L., on legitimate and illegitimate children, [196]
Müller, O., on Athenian intermarriage, [212];
on Athenian citizenship, [213]
Mure, Col. W., attacks Sappho, [207]
Musonius Rufus on the education of women, [135]

Nausicaa, her industry and accomplishments, [20];
washes Ulysses, [200]
Nothoi. See [Children].

Octavia, wife of Antony, her interest in affairs of State, [121]
Oppius, his legislation against women, [99–103]

Paganism, its code of morality in Rome, [128];
position of women under, [153];
priestesses in Greece, [163];
in Rome, [164];
its ideas of Christianity, [170];
priestess in Plautus, [227].
See [Religion].
Pallakis. See [Concubines].
Panteus, his wife’s devotion, [40]
Paris, P., on woman in Asia Minor, [237]
Paul, reasons of his sternness towards women, [149–50];
on the members of the Corinthian Church, [171]
Penelope, her love for Ulysses, [17]
Pericles, on Athenian women, [55];
and Aspasia, [60];
Wilamowitz on, [210];
and law of Athenian citizenship, [212]
Periktione on wife’s duty, [5]
Perpetua, story of her martyrdom, [156]
Phidias, Wilamowitz on, [210]
Philemon on women, [10]
Philosophy in Rome:
Epicureanism, [129];
Platonism, [130];
Stoicism, [133]
Phratria and citizenship, [69]
Phryne, influence of her beauty, [7], [71]
Platæa, treaty of intermarriage with Athens, [68]
Plato, on unfaithful husbands, [6];
on Spartan women, [33n.];
on Diotima, [59n.];
on Aspasia, [62];
his views on women, [73];
and the ‘Ecclesiazusæ’, [215]
Plautus, women in his plays:
as slaves, [217];
the citizen-wife, [218];
marriageable girls, [219];
dowried and undowried wives, [220];
woman’s extravagance, [221];
its effect on marriage, [222];
wives faithful, [223];
husbands and female slaves, [224];
exemplary wives, [225–6];
a notable priestess, [227];
character of the courtezan, [228], [231];
some exceptions, [229–230];
terms of endearment used by lovers, [232–6]
Pliny, the younger, praise of his wife, [121]
Plutarch, on Spartan women, [31n.];
on Aspasia, [60];
on girls wrestling naked, [203]
Poisoning by Roman wives, [89–92], [131]
Politics, Aspasia’s influence on, [65];
Athenian citizen-wives without political standing, [67];
influence of Roman matrons on, [99–104];
notable instances, [120–24]
Polycaste washes Telemachus, [199]
Polygamy: Priam’s wives, [192]
Porcia, wife of Brutus, her appeal for her husband’s confidence, [133]
Priam, his wives, [192];
and his “nothoi,” [194]

Religion, its effect on the condition of women in Greece and Rome, [93];
worship of the Idæan Mother in Rome, [94];
introduction of the Bacchanalia, [95];
and of Isis and other faiths, [97].
See [Christianity] and [Paganism].
Rohde, E., on love-making among the Greeks, [205]
Rome:
citizens, aliens, and slaves, [77], [79];
treatment of female slaves, [80];
patricians and plebeians, [81];
extension of the conubium, [82];
position of the Roman matron, [84];
religion in, [93];
worship of Bacchus introduced, [95];
its condition on the introduction of Christianity, [113];
pagan ideas of morality, [128];
Romans bound to marry, [138];
decrease of population, [141];
position of women in, [153];
honours paid to priestesses, [164].
See [Christianity].

Sappho, testimonies to her ability, [42];
her poetry, [43];
close friendship with her pupils, [45];
her attitude towards marriage, [46];
honoured by her contemporaries, [47];
ridiculed by Athenian comic writers, [48];
was she beautiful? [66];
modern writers on her character, [207];
Greek plays on her career, [209];
her portraits, [211]
Schneidewin, M., on men washed by women, [202]
Servilia, mother of Brutus, her influence in politics, [122]
Simonides of Amorgos on women, [9]
Slaves in Rome:
become citizens, [78];
treatment of female slaves, [80];
slaves as Christians, [167];
female slaves in Plautus, [217];
amours with, [224]
Sophocles, on Athenian wives, [53n.];
his relations with Theodota and Diotima, [59];
his grandson admitted to citizenship, [70]
Sparta, idea of the State in, [25];
training of women in, [26];
their gymnastic contests, [27];
marriage obligatory for girls, [28];
and for men, [29];
physical development of men and women, [29–30];
no adultery, [31];
effects of Spartan system of training, [33];
influence of women in, [34];
decay and efforts at reform, [35–41];
strangers not allowed to reside in, [56];
girls wrestling naked, [202]
Strabo on Sappho, [43]
Sulpicia, her Satire, [127]

Tacitus, his praise of his mother-in-law, [121]
Tarsus, character of its women, [150]
Telemachus washed by Polycaste, [199]
Terentia, wife of Cicero, her share in politics, [123]
Tertullian, on virgins and widows, [159];
forbids deaconesses to baptize, [162];
denounces women who speak in church, [165];
on marriage between Christians, [175];
on wives and wedlock, and second marriages, [179];
on children as burdens, [181];
on woman as a temptress, [182], [185];
on the fœtus and the soul, [189]
Thebans and Athenians, question of intermarriages, [68]
Theodota and Sophocles, [59]
Thessaly, land of the beautiful women, [22]
Thetis, her advice to Achilles, [198]
Tiberius, his mother’s plans for him, [131]

Ulysses, his love for Penelope, [17];
promises wives to his slaves, [193];
washed by Nausicaa, [200];
and by Helen, [202]

Valerius, L., proposes abrogation of Lex Oppia, [102]
Valerius Maximus, on women as lawyers, [125];
on bachelors, [139]
Vestal Virgins, allowed to marry, [129];
honours paid to them, [164]
Virgin Mary honoured by the Collyridians, [165]
Virgins, their position in the early Church, [159];
virginity extolled, [178];
Cyprian’s advice to, [186–7]

Welcker, F. G., defends Sappho, [207]
Widows, their position in the Christian Church, [158];
prohibited from teaching, [161];
allowed to teach by some Eastern churches, [162]
Wilamowitz, U. von, condemns Aspasia, [210]
Williamson (Rev. David), his seven wives, [118]
Wine, Athenian wives fond of, [54];
forbidden to Roman wives, [88];
drunk during the Bacchanalia, [96]
Wives, in Homer, tolerant of husbands’ unfaithfulness, [5];
their faithfulness in Sparta, [32];
restrictions on, in Athens, [51];
fond of wine, [54];
Plato on community of wives, [74], [130];
their position in Rome, [84];
in early Rome, [87];
forbidden to taste wine, [88];
severe restrictions on, ib.;
many husbands poisoned, [89];
later cases, [91];
bought by husband, [105];
transferred to husbands’ family, [106];
effect of wealth on, [107], [109], [115];
their interest in politics, [120–124];
Christian view of wifely duties, [176];
wives and concubines in Homer, [193–7];
wives in Plautus, [220];
their extravagance, [221];
its effect on marriage, [222];
faithful to husbands, [223];
model wives, [225–6].
See [Adultery], [Concubines], [Hetaira], and [Marriage].
Woman in Greece:
reverence for her beauty of form, [7];
her history written by and for men, [8];
satirists on, [9];
her culture in modern Greece, [54]
Woman:
In Homer:
her meekness, [11];
her influence, [17];
her freedom, [18];
her open-air life, [20];
causes of her beauty, [22];
mildness of Homeric women, [192];
two kinds of wives, [193–7];
Melantho’s insolence, [198];
Thetis’s advice to Achilles, ib.;
men washed by women, [199–202], [204];
girls wrestling naked, [203–4];
love-making, [205]
In Sparta:
legislation for motherhood, [26];
gymnastic exercises, [27];
marriage obligatory, [28];
physical development, [30];
moral courage, [31];
faithfulness to husband, [32];
land held by women, [34];
heroic women—Agesistrata and Chelonis, [35–8];
Agiatis and Cratesicleia, [38–9];
the wife of Panteus, [40]
Sappho:
her unique position, [42];
her friendship with her pupils, [45];
praised by contemporaries, [47];
ridiculed by Athenian comic writers, [48], [209];
modern critics on, [207];
her portraits, [211]
In Athens:
restrictions on the citizen-woman, [51];
her life as maid and wife, [52–4];
the stranger-woman or hetaira, [57];
her interest in philosophy and politics, [58];
Aspasia’s life and influence, [60–67], [210];
notable “companions,” [71];
Plato on the education of women, [74];
Aristophanes on women, [75]
In Rome:
as full citizen, as alien, and as slave, [79];
female slaves, [80];
effect of the conubium on, [82–3];
position of matrons, [84];
severe restrictions in early Rome, [87];
worship of the Idæan Mother, [94];
of Bacchus, [95–97];
and of other gods, [97];
opposition to sumptuary laws, [99–103];
appeal to the triumvirs, [104];
in power of father or husband, [105];
effect of wealth on, [107];
married several times, [118];
active interest in politics, [120];
elected to magistracies and priesthoods, [124], [237–8];
as lawyers, [125];
and law-makers, [127];
their ideas of morality, [128];
noble Stoic women, [133–5]
Under Christianity:
women in the Gospels, [148];
St. Paul’s sternness towards, [149];
Clement of Alexandria on, [151];
Methodius on, [152];
contrast under paganism and under Christianity, [153–4];
martyrdom of Blandina, [155];
and of Perpetua and Felicitas, [156];
position of widows, [158];
deaconesses and virgins, [159];
widows and deaconesses forbidden to teach, [161];
women and teaching in the Eastern Church, [162];
honours paid to women under paganism, [163];
and by heretical sects, [164–6];
Christianity and women-slaves, [167];
the ascetic view of woman as a temptress, [182];
her duties, [184];
must not wear dyed clothes or use mirrors, [186];
value of woman in the home, [191];
effect of Christianity on, [248]
In Plautus:
women-slaves, [217];
the citizen-wife, [218];
marriageable girls, [219];
effects of dowries, [220]
Philosophers on woman’s education, [239];
the first woman doctor in Greece, [240]
In Egypt:
Cleopatra, [242];
equality of the woman in marriage, [243].
See [Wives].
Wordsworth, Bp. J., on women under Christianity, [248]

Zscharnack, L., on women under Christianity, [248]