Sketches of the Natural History of Ceylon

by Sir James Emerson Tennent

INDEX.

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• ABOU-ZEYD, his account of fish on dry land, [350] n.
• Abyssinia, fishes of, [352].
• Acalephæ, [398]. See Radiata.
• Acanthopterygii, [360].
• Accipitres, [245].
• Acherontia Sathanas, [427]
• Adam's Peak, elephants on the summit, [109].
• Ælian's account of the mermaid, [69].
  • his statement as to the export of elephants from Ceylon, [77] n., [209]n.
  • error as to the shedding of the elephant's tusks, [79] n.
  • describes elephants killing criminals with their knees.[87] n.
  • error as to elephants' joints, [102].
  • his account of Ceylon tortoises, [293].
  • his account of the superiority of the elephants of Ceylon, [209] n.
  • his description of the performances of the trained elephants at Rome, [237].
  • his account of the sword-fish, [328].
  • describes a Cheironectes, [331].
• African elephant, its peculiarities, [65].
  • not inferior to the Indian in tractability, [208].
• Albino buffalo, [57].
  • deer, [59].
• Albyrouni, on the pearl oyster, [375].
• Alce, described by Pliny and Cæsar, [101] n.
• Alexandria, story of the dogs at, [34].
• Alligator, [283]. See Crocodile.
• Almeida, Manoel de, on burying fishes, [353] n.
• Amboina, mermaids at, [70].
• Ampullaria, its faculty of burying itself, [355].
• Anabas, [354].
  • Daldorf's account of, doubted, [349]. [350].
  • accidents from, [351] n.
• Angling bad in Ceylon, [335] n., [341].
• Annelidæ, leeches, [479].
  • land-leech, its varieties, [482].
  • land-leech, its teeth and eyes, [480].
  • its tormenting bite, [482].
  • list of, [485].
• Anseres, [260].
• Ansted, Prof., on the geology of Ceylon, [61].
  • his statement as to the height of Indian elephants, [100] n.
• Antiochus, elephants used by, [208].
• Antipater, the first to bring the Indian elephant to Europe, [207].
• Ant-lion, [411]. See Insects.
• Ants, [420] See Insects.
  • red, [420]. [422].
  • white, [412]. See Termites.
  • their faculty in discovering food, [421].
• Armandi's work on the use of elephants in war, [208] n.
• Aphaniptera, [433].
• Arachnidæ, spiders, [464].
  • extraordinary webs, [464].
  • Olios Taprobanius, [470].
  • Mygale fasciata, [465].
  • erroneously called "tarentula," [ib].
  • anecdote of, [466].
  • spiders, the Mygale, [465].
  • birds killed by it, [468].
  • Galeodes, [470].
  • ticks, their multitude, [471].
  • mites, [472].
  • Trombidium tinctorum, [472].
  • list of, [485].
• Argus cowrie, [369].
• Aripo, the sea-shore, [373].
• Aristotle, account of fishes migrating overland, [344].
  • sounds made by elephants, [97].
  • his error as to the elephant's knees, [101].
• Armitage, Mr., story of an elephant on his estate, [139].
• Articulata, list of, [485].
• Athenæus, anecdotes of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Avicula, [373]. See Pearl Fishery.
• Avitchia, story of, [244]. See Jackdaw.
• Ayeen Akbery, elephant stomach described in, [128].

• Baker, Mr., his theory of the passion for sporting, [142] n.
  • its accuracy questionable, [142] n.
• Badger, the Ceylon, [38]. See Mongoos.
• Bandicoot rat, [44].
• Barbezieux, on the elephant, [104].
• Batocera rubus, [406].
• Batrachia, [318].
• Bats, [13] See Mammalia and Cheiroptera.
  • orange-coloured bats, [14].
  • bats do not hybernate in Ceylon, [18].
  • horse-shoe bat, [19].
  • sense of smell and touch, [19].
  • small bat, Scotophilus Coromandelicus, [20].
  • their parasite (Nycteribia), [20]-22.
• Batticaloa, musical fish, [380].
• Bears, [22]. See Mammalia.
  • ferocity of, [23].
  • charm to protect from, [25] n.
• Beaters for elephants, [150].
• Beaver, on African elephant, [234].
• Beckman's account of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Bees, [419]. See Insects.
• Beetles, [405]. See Insects.
  • instincts of the scavenger beetle, [405].
  • coco-nut beetle, [407].
  • tortoise beetle, [408].
• Bell, Sir Charles, on the elephant's shoulder, [108].
• Benary, his derivation of the word elephant, [76] n.
• Bengal mode of taking elephants, [164].
• Bennett's account of Ceylon, [Introd].
  • work on its Ichthyology, [323].
• Bernier, on the Ceylon elephant, [209].
• Bertolacci, on form of chank shell, [372].
• Bestiaries, [104].
• Bicho de Mar. See Holothuria.
• Birds of Ceylon, [241].
  • their number and character, [ib].
  • few songsters, [242].
  • pea-fowl, [244].
  • eagles and hawks, [245].
  • owls, devil bird, [246]. [247].
  • swallows, [248].
  • edible bird' nests, [248].
  • kingfisher, sun birds, [249].
  • bulbul, tailor bird, weaver bird, [251].
  • crows, anecdotes of, [253].
  • paroquets, [256].
  • pigeons, [257].
  • jungle-fowl, [259].
  • grallæ, flamingoes, [260].
  • list of Ceylon birds, [265].
• Bird-eating spiders, [469].
• Birds' nests, edible, [248].
• Blainville, De, on the age of the elephant, [232].
• Blair, on the anatomy of the elephant, [123] n.
• Bles, Marcellus, on the elephants of Ceylon, [113] n., [215] n.
• Blood-suckers, [275].
• Blyth, Mr., of Calcutta, his cultivation of zoology, [4].
  • his revision of this work, [Introd].
• Boa, [303]. See Python.
• Boar, wild, [59].
• Bochart, [68].
  • his derivation of the word "elephant," [76] n.
• Bora-chung, a curious fish, [367].
• Bosquez, Demas, account of a mermaid, [70].
• Bowring, Sir John, on the fishes of Siam, [348].
• Broderip, on the elephant, [122].
• Browne, Sir Thomas, vulgar errors, [100]. [105].
  • error as to elephants' joints, [102].
• Brun, Le, account of the elephants at Colombo, [77] n.
• Bruno or Braun, his account of the Guinea worm, [397].
• Buchanan, story of buffalo "rogues," [115] n.
• Buffalo, [54]. See Mammalia.
  • its temper, [54].
  • sporting buffaloe, [55].
  • peculiar structure of its foot, [56].
  • rogue buffalo, [115] n.
  • buffalo's stomach and its water-cells, [129] n.
• Buffon, on the elephant, [113] n., [215].
• Bugs, [433]. See Insects and Coffee-bug.
• Buist, Dr., account of fish fallen from clouds, [362].
• Bulbul, [251]. See Birds.
• Bulimi, their vitality, [357].
• Bullia, curious property of, [370].
• Bullocks for draught, [50].
• Burying fishes, [351].
• Butterflies, [403]. [425]. See Insects.
  • migration of, [403] n.
  • the spectre butterfly, [426].

• Cæcilia, [317]. See Reptiles.
• Cæsar's description of the "alce," [100] n.
• Cajan, [373] n.
• Caldera, in Chili, musical sounds under water, [383].
• Calotes, the green, [276].
• Camel, attempt to domesticate in Ceylon, [53] n.
  • stomach of, [128].
  • antipathy to the horse, [83] n.
• Camper, on the anatomy of the elephant's stomach, [125].
• Carawala, [296]. See Reptiles.
• Carnivora, [74].
• Carpenter bee, [418]. See Insects.
• Caterpillars, stings of, [429].
• Cats attracted by the Cuppa-may-niya, 33.
• Centipede, [474]. See Myriapoda and Scolopendræ.
• Ceratophora, [279].
• Cerithia, [381].
  • probably musical, [381] n.
• Cermatia, [473]. See Myriapoda.
• Cetacea, [68]. [74].
  • described by Megasthenes and Ælian, [69].
• Chameleon, [278]. See Reptiles.
• Chank shell, Turbinella rapa, [371]. See [Greek: Kochlious] and Schenek.
• Cheetah, [26]. See Leopard.
• Cheironectes, described by Ælian, [331].
• Cheiroptera, [13]. [74].
• Chelifer, [475].
• Chelonia, [322].
• Chena cultivation, [130].
• Cicada, [432]. See Insects.
• Cirrhipeda, [486].
• Cissa, [252].
• Civet, [32]. See Genette.
• Climbing fish (Anabas scandens), [349].
• Cluverius, [68].
• Cobra de Capello, anecdotes of, [297].
  • legend of, [297] n.
  • a white cobra, [298] n.
  • a tame cobra, [299] n.
  • cobra crossing the sea, [300].
  • curious belief as to the cobra, [300]. [301].
  • worship of, [303].
• Cobra-tel, poison, [272]. See Kabara-tel.
• Coecilia glutinosa, [317].
  • attacked and killed by ants, [422].
• Coco-nut beetle, [407].
• Coffee-bug, Lecanium Caffeæ, [436].
• Coffee rat, [43].
• Coleoptera, [405].
• Columbidæ, [257].
• Conchology. See Shells.
• Cooroowe, elephant catchers, [181].
• Corral for taking elephants, [156]. [164]. See Elephant.
  • process of its construction, [170].
  • mode of conducting the capture, [156]. [169].
• Corse, Mr., account of elephants, [114].
• Cosmas Indico pleustes, his reference to chanks at Marallo, [371].
• Cotton-thief, [250]. See Tchitrea.
• Crabs, [477]. See Crustacea.
• Cripps, Mr., on sounds produced by elephants, [98].
  • his story of an elephant which feigned death, [135].
  • his account of fishes after rain, [343].
• Crocodile, [282]. See Reptiles.
  • its sensibility to tickling, [285].
  • habit of the crocodile to bury itself in the mud, [286].
  • its flesh eaten, [284] n.
  • their vitality, [288] n.
  • one killed at Batticaloa, [287].
• Crows, [233]. See Birds.
  • anecdotes of, [254].
  • story of a crow and a dog, [255].
• Cruelty to turtle, &c., [291].
• Crustacea, calling crabs, [477].
  • Sand crabs (ocypode), [478].
  • Painted crabs, [478].
  • Paddling crabs, [478].
  • Hermit crabs, [478].
  • Pea crabs, [479].
  • List of Ceylon Crustacea, [486].
• Ctesias' error as to the elephant's knee, [101].
• Cumming, Mr. Gordon, on the power of the elephant in overturning trees, [218] n.
• Cuppa-moy niya plant, its attraction for cats, [33] n.
• Cuvier, on the elephant, [133].
  • on the structure of its tusks, [228].
  • on the elephant's age, [232].

• Daldorf's account of climbing fish, [350].
  • his story doubted, [350].
• Darwin, burying-place of llamas and goats, [236] n.
  • on the coleoptera of Brazil, [405].
• Davy, Dr. John, describes the reptiles of
  • Ceylon, [3].
  • stimulates study of natural history, [3].
  • operation on a diseased elephant, [224].
• Dawson, Captain, story of an elephant, [107].
• Deafness frequent in elephants, [98].
• Death's-head moth, [427].
• Decoy elephants, [157].
• Decapoda brachyura, [486].
  • anomura, [486].
  • macrura, [486].
• Deer, [57].
  • meminna, [58].
  • Ceylon elk, [59].
  • milk-white, [59] n.
• Demon-worship, anecdote of, [408].
• Denham, error as to height of elephants, [99].
• Devil-bird, [246]. See Owls.
  • Mr. Mitford's account of, [247] n.
• Diard, M., sends home an elephant for dissection, [123] n.
• Dicuil on the elephant, [103].
• Diptera, [434].
• Dogs, [33].
  • device of, to escape fleas, [433]. [434].
  • dog-tax, [33].
  • republican instincts, [34].
  • disliked by elephants, [82]. [84].
• Donne, on the elephant, [105].
• Doras, fish of Guiana, [347].
• Dragon-flies, [411]. See Insects.
• Dugong, [68]. [69].
  • abundant at Manaar, [69].
  • origin of the fable of the mermaid, [69].
• Dutch belief in the mermaid, [70].

• Eagles, [245]. See Birds.
• Edentata, [46]. [74].
• Edrisi, the Arabian geographer, his account of musk, [32] n.
• Eels, [337]. [347] n.
• Eginhard, life of Charlemagne, [103].
• Elephant, [64]. [75].
  • Sumatran species, [64].
  • points of distinction, [65].
  • those of Ceylon extolled, [209].
  • elephants on Adam's Peak, [109].
  • numbers in Ceylon, [76].
  • [Greek: Elephas], derivation of the word, [76] n.
  • antiquity of the trade in, [77].
  • numbers diminishing, [77].
  • mode of poisoning, [77] n.
  • tusks and their uses, [78].
  • disposition gentle, [81].
  • accidents from, [81].
  • antipathy to other animals, [82]; to the horse, [83].
  • jealousy of each other, [86].
  • mode of attacking man, [87].
  • anecdote of a tame elephant, [89].
  • African elephant differs from that of Ceylon, [64].
  • skin, [91].
  • white elephant, [92].
  • love of shade, [94].
  • water, not heat, essential to them, [94].
  • sight limited—smell acute, [95].
  • anatomy of the brain, [95].
  • power of smell, [96].
  • sounds uttered by, [96].
  • subject to deafness, [98].
  • exaggeration as to size, [98].
  • source of this mistake, [98] n.
  • stealthy motions, [100].
  • error as to the elephant's want of joints, [100].
  • probable origin of this mistake, [106].
  • mode of lying down, [107].
  • ability to climb acclivities, [108].
  • mode of descending a mountain, [110].
  • a herd is a family, [111].
  • attachment to young, [112].
  • young suckled by all the females in a herd, [113].
  • theory of this, according to White, [113] n.
  • a rogue, what, [114].
  • savage attacks of rogues, [116].
  • character of the rogues, [116]. [147].
  • habits of the herd, [117].
  • anecdote of, [118].
  • elephant's mode of drinking, [120].
  • their method of swimming, [121].
  • wells sunk by, [122].
  • receptacle in the stomach, [122].
  • stomach, anatomy of, [124].
  • food of the elephant, [129].
  • instinct in search of food, [130].
  • dread of fences, [131].
  • their caution exaggerated, [132].
  • spirit of curiosity in elephants, [132].
  • anecdote of Col. Hardy, [132]. [133].
  • sagacity in freedom over-estimated, [134].
  • leave the forests during thunder, [134].
  • cunning, feign death, [135].
  • stories of encounters with wild elephants, [136].
  • sporting, numbers shot, [142].
  • butchery by expert shots, [142] n.
  • fatal spots in the head, [144]. [145].
  • peculiar actions of elephants, [148].
  • love of retirement, [149].
  • elephant-trackers, [150].
  • herd charging, [151].
  • carcase useless, [153].
  • remarkable recovery from a wound, [154]. See Lieut. Fretz.
  • mode of taking in India, [157]-162.
  • height measured by the circumference of the foot, [159].
  • mode of shipping elephants at Manaar, [162].
  • mode of shipping elephants at Galle, in 1701, [163] n.
  • keddah for taking elephants in Bengal, [164].
  • a corral (kraal) described, [165]. [166].
  • derivation of the word corral, [165] n.
  • corral, its construction, [167]. [172].
  • corral, driving in the elephants, [173].
  • the capture, [177].
  • mode of securing, [181].
  • the "cooroowe," or noosers, [181].
  • tame elephants, their conduct, [182]. [191].
  • captives, their resistance and demeanour, [184].
  • dread of white rods, [186].
  • their contortions, [190].
  • a young one, [206].
  • conduct in captivity, [207].
  • mode of training, [211].
  • their employment in ancient warfare, [207].
  • superiority of Ceylon, a fallacy, [209].
  • elephant driver's crook (hendoo), [212].
  • hairy elephants in Ceylon, [215] n.
• Elephants, capricious disposition of, [215].
  • first labour intrusted to them, [217].
  • his comprehension of his duties, [218].
  • exaggeration of his strength in uprooting trees, [218] n.
  • Mahouts and their duties, [221].
  • Their cry of urre!, [222] n.
  • elephant's sense of musical notes, [223].
  • its endurance of pain, [224].
  • diseases in captivity, [225].
  • subject to tooth-ache, [227].
  • questionable economy of keeping trained elephants for labour, [229].
  • their cost, [230].
  • their food, [230] n.
  • fallacy of their alleged reluctance to breed in captivity, [231].
  • duration of life in the elephant, [232].
  • theory of M. Fleurens, [232].
  • instances of very old elephants in Ceylon, [233].
  • dead elephant never found, [234].
  • Sinbad's story, [236].
  • passage from Ælian regarding the, [237].
• Elk, [59]. See Deer; Mammalia.
• Emydosauri, [321].
• Emys trijuga, [290].
• Englishman, anonymous, his story of a fight between elephants and horses, [84].

• Falconer, Dr., height of Indian elephant, [99] n.
• Falkland Islands, peculiarity in the cattle there, [372] n.
• Fauna of Ceylon, not common to India, [Introd]., [62].
  • peculiar and independent, [Introd]., [62].
  • have received insufficient attention, [3].
  • first study due to Dr. Davy, [3].
  • subsequent, due to Templeton, Layard, and Kelaart, [3]. [4].
• Fishes of Ceylon, little known, [323].
  • seir fish, and others for table, [324].
  • abundance of perch, soles, and sardines, [324].
  • explanation of Odoric's statement, [324] n.
  • sardines, said to be poisonous, [324].
  • shark, and sawfish, [325].
  • sawfish, [325].
  • ray, [326].
  • swordfish, [328].
  • cheironectes of Ælian, [331].
  • fishes of rare forms, and of beautiful colours, [332].
  • fresh-water fishes, their peculiarities, [335].
  • fresh-water, little known, ib.; reason, [335] n.
  • eels, [337].
  • reappearance of fishes after the dry season, [340].
• Fishes, similar mysterious re-appearances elsewhere, [342] n.
  • method of taking them by hand, [340].
  • a fish decoy, [342].
  • fish filling from clouds, [342] n., [362].
  • buried alive in mud, [347].
  • Mr. Yarrell's theory controverted, [344].
  • travelling overland, [345].
  • the fact was known to the Greeks and Romans, [345].
  • instances in Guiana and Siam, [347].
  • faculty of all migratory fish for discovering water, [347] n.
  • on dry land in Ceylon, [348].
  • fish ascending trees, [349].
  • excerpt from letter by Mr. Morris, [348] n.
  • Anabas scandens, [349]. [350].
  • Daldorf's statement, anticipated by Abou-zeyd, [350] n.
  • accidents when fishing, [351] n.
  • burying fishes and travelling fish, [351].
  • occurrence of similar fish in Abyssinia and elsewhere, [352].
  • statement of the patriarch Mendes, [353] n.
  • knowledge of habits of Melania employed judicially by E.L. Layard, [355]n.
  • illustrations of æstivating fish and animals, [356].
  • æstivating shell-fish and water-beetlea, [351].
  • fish in hot water, [358].
  • list of Ceylon fishes, [359].
  • Professor Huxley's memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, [364].
  • Dr. Gray's memorandum, [366].
  • Note on the Bora-chung, [367].
• Fishing, native mode of, [340].
• Fish insect, [475].
• Flamingoes, [261]. See Birds.
• Fleas, [433]. See Insects.
• Fleurens, on the duration of life in the elephant, [232].
• Flies, their instinct in discovering carrion, [196] n.
  • mosquitoes, the plague of, [434].
• Flowers, fondness of monkeys for, [7].
• Flying Fox. Pteropus Edwardsii, [14]. See Mammalia.
  • its sizes, [14].
  • skeleton of, [15].
  • food, [16].
  • habits, [16].
  • numbers, [16].
  • strange attitudes, [17].
  • food and habits, [18].
  • drinking toddy, [18].
• Flying squirrels, [41].
• Fresh-water fishes, [335].
• Fretz, Lieut., his singular wound, [154].
• Frogs, [318].
  • tree frogs, [319]. [320].

• Galle, elephants shipped in 1701, [163] n.
• Gallinæ, [259].
• Galloperdix bicalcaratus, [259].
• Gallwey, Capt. P.P., great number of elephants shot by him, [142].
• Game birds, [265].
• Gardner, Dr., his account of the coffee bug, [436]-441.
• Gaur, [49] See Mammalia.
  • Knox's account of the gaur, [49].
• Geckoes, [281].
• Gemma Frisius, [68].
• Genette, [32].
• Geology of Ceylon, errors as to, [60].
  • previous accounts, [61].
  • traditions of ancient submersion, [61]. [67].
  • Ceylon has a fauna distinct from India, [62].
• "Golden Meadows," [211] n. See Massoude.
• Golunda rat, [43].
• Goondah, [114]. See Rogue.
• Gooneratne, Mr., [Introd].
  • his story of the jackal, [35].
• Gordon Cumming, his butchery of elephants in Africa, [146] n.
• Gowra-ellia, [49].
• Grallæ, [260].
• Gray, Dr. J.E., Brit. Mus., [Introd].
  • notice of Ceylon fishes, [366].
• Great fire-fish, [332].
• Guinea worm, [397].
• Günther, Dr. A., on Ceylon reptiles, [275] n., [304].
• Gwillim's Heraldry, error as to elephants, [105] n.

• Hambangtotte, elephants of, [99].
• Hardy, Col, anecdote of, when chased by an elephant, [133].
• Hardy, Rev. Spence, describes a white monkey, [8].
• Haroun Alraschid, sends an elephant to Charlemagne, [103].
• Harrison, Dr., [95].
  • his anatomy of the elephant, [123] n., [126].
  • his account of elephant's head, [142].
  • of the elephant's ear, [223].
• Hastisilpe, a work on elephants, [87] n., [91].
• Hawking, [246].
• Hawks. See Birds, [246].
• Hedge-hog, [46].
• Helix hæmastoma, its colouring, [372].
• Hemiptera, [433]. [462].
• Hendoo, crook for driving elephants, [212].
• Herd, a, of elephants, is a family, [111].
  • its mode of electing a leader, [117].
• Herodotus, on mosquitoes, [435].
  • antipathy of the elephant to the camel, [83] n.
• Herpestes, [38].
• Herport, Albrecht, his work on India, [71] n.
• Hesperidæ, [426].
• Hill, Sir John, error as to elephants, [98].
• Hippopotamus rogues, [115] n.
• Histiophorus, [330]. See Sword-fish.
• Holland, Dr., his theory as to the formation of tusks, [89] n.
• Holothurin, sea-slug and Trepang, [396].
• Home, Sir Everard, on the elephant's stomach, [124].
  • error as to the elephant's ear, [223].
• Home, Randal, error as to elephant, [105] n.
• Homoptera, [462]. [463].
• Honey-comb, great size of, [418].
• Hooker, Dr. J.D., on the elephants of the Himalaya, [110] n.
  • error as to white ants' nests, [413].
  • on ticks in Nepal, [471] n., [472].
• Hora, [115]. See Rogue.
• Horace, alludes to a white elephant, [92] n.
• Hornbill, Buceros, [242]. [243].
• Horse, alleged antipathy to the elephant, [83].
  • to the camel, [83] n.
  • story of, and an elephant, [89].
  • horses taught to fight with elephants, [84].
• Hotambeya, [40]. See Mongoos.
• Hot-water fishes, [358].
• Hunt, mode of conducting an elephant-hunt, [157].
• Hunter, Dr. John, his theory of æstivation, [356].
• Hurra! 223 n.
• Huxley, Prof., [Introd].
  • his memorandum on the fishes of Ceylon, [364].
• Hydrophobia in jackals, [36].
• Hymenoptera, [416].

• Ianthina, [370].
• Ichneumon, [39]. See Mongoos.
• Iguana, [271]. See Reptiles.
• Infusoria, Red, in the Ceylon seas, [400].
• Insects of Ceylon, [403].
  • their profusion and beauty, [403].
  • hitherto imperfectly described, [404].
  • coleoptera, [405].
  • Beetles, scavengers, [405].
  • coco-nut beetle, tortoise beetle, [407].
  • tortoise beetle, [408].
  • Orthoptera, [408].
  • the soothsayer, leaf-insect, [410].
  • Neuroptera, [411].
  • dragon-flies, [411].
  • ant-lion, [411].
  • white ant, termites, [411].
• Insects, Hymenoptera, mason-wasp, [416].
  • wasps, bees, wasps' nest, [418].
  • carpenter bee, [418].
  • ants, [420].
  • value of scavenger ants to conchologists, [421].
  • dimiya or red ant, [422].
  • introduced to destroy coffee-bug, [423].
  • Lepidoptera, butterflies, [424].
  • lycænidæ, hesperidæ, [426].
  • acherontia sathanas, [427].
  • moths, silk-worm, [427].
  • stinging caterpillars, [429].
  • oiketicus, [430].
  • Homoptera, cicada, the "knife-grinder," [432].
  • Flata, [433].
  • Aphaniptera—fleas, [433].
  • Diptera—mosquitoes, [434].
  • Coffee bug, [436]-441.
  • Mr. Walker's memorandum on Ceylon insects, [442].
  • list, [447].
• Ivory, annual consumption, [78] n.
  • superiority of Chinese, ib.

• Jackal, [35].
  • its cunning, [35].
  • probably the "fox" of Scripture, [35].
  • its sagacity in hunting, [36].
  • subject to hydrophobia, [36].
  • jackal's horn, the narric comboo, [37].
  • superstitions connected with, [37].
• Jackdaw, fable of, [244]. See Avitchia.
• Jardine, Sir W., error as to elephants shedding their tusks, [79] n.
• Jay, the mountain, [252]. See Cissa.
• Joinville, on the parasite of the bat, [20].
• Julus, [477].
• Jungle fowl, [259]. See Birds.
• Juvenal's allusion to fishes on land, [346].

• Kabragoya, [272]. [273]. See Iguana.
  • Kabara-tel, poison, [274].
  • Kanats in Persia, [339] n.
• Keddah, for taking elephants, [164].
• Kelaart, Dr., work on the Zoology of Ceylon, [4].
  • examination of the Radiata, [395].
  • discoveries as to the pearl oyster, [375].
• Kingfisher, [249]. See Birds.
• Kinnis, Dr., cultivates zoology, [4].
• Kite, on Egyptian sculpture, [246] n.
• Knife-grinder, [432]. See Cicada.
• Knox, R., account of Ceylon fauna, [Introd].
  • his description of the Wanderoo, [5].
  • of elephants executing criminals, [87].
  • of the mode of catching elephants, [157].
• Knox, his description of natives fishing, [340].
• [Greek: Kochlious], [371].
• Kombook tree, its bark, [170].
• Korahl, [165]. See Kraal and Corral.
  • derivation of the word, [165] n.
• Kornegalle, beauty of the place, [167].
• Kottiar, immense oysters, [371] n. See Cottiar.
• Kraal, [165]. See Corral and Korahl.
• Krank-bezoeker, [71] n.

• Layard, E.A., his knowledge of Ceylon zoology, [4].
  • his collections of Ceylon birds, [241].
  • story of fish on dry land, [318].
  • anecdote of burying molluscs, [355].
• Leaf insect. 408-410. See Insects.
• Leaping fish, [332]. See Salarias alticus.
• Lecanium Caffeæ, [436].
• Leeches, [479]. See Annelidæ.
  • land leech, [479].
  • medicinal leech, [483].
  • cattle leech, [344].
• Leopard, [25].
  • in Ceylon confounded with the cheetah, [26].
  • superstitions regarding, [26].
  • anecdotes of their ferocity, [27].
  • attracted by the small-pox, [28].
  • story of Major Skinner, [29].
  • monkeys killed by leopards, [31].
• Lepidoptera, [424].
• Lepisma, the fish insect, [474].
• Lima, General de, his account of the weight of elephants' tusks at
  • Mozambique, [79] n.
• Livingstone's account of the "rogue" hippopotamus, [115] n.
• Llama of the Andes, its stomach, [128] n.
• Livy, account of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Lizards, [271]. See Reptiles.
• Lophobranchi, [362].
• Loris, [12]. See Mammalia.
  • two varieties in Ceylon, [12].
  • torture inflicted on it, [13].
• Lucan, description of the ichneumon, [39].
• Lycænidæ, [426].
• Lyre-headed lizard, [277].

• Macabbees iii. Book, allusion to elephants, [87] n., [211] n.
• Macacus monkey, [5].
• Machlis described by Cæsar, [101].
• Macready, Major, account of a noise made by elephants, [97].
  • his opinion as to the vulnerable point in the elephant's head. [145] n.
• Mahawanso, mentions a white elephant, [93].
• Mahout, an elephant driver, [181]. See Ponnekella.
• Mahout, alleged short life, [222].
• Malacopterygii abdominales, [362].
  • sub-branchiati, [362].
  • apoda, [362].
• Mammalia, [3].
  • Monkeys, [5].
  • Rilawa, [5].
  • Wanderoo, [6].
  • error as to the Ceylon Wanderoo, [6] n.
  • Wanderoo, mode of flight among trees, [9].
  • monkeys never found dead, [11].
  • Loris, [12].
  • tortures inflicted on it, [13].
  • Bat, flying fox, [14].
  • skeleton of, [14].
  • attracted by toddy to the coco-nut palms, [18].
  • horse-shoe bat, [18].
  • parasite of the bat, Nycteribia, [20]. [21].
  • bears, [22].
  • bears dreaded in Ceylon, [24].
  • leopards, [25].
  • attracted by the odour of small pox, [28].
  • anecdote of a leopard, [29].
  • lesser felines, [32].
  • dogs, Pariah, [34].
  • jackal, [34].
  • the jackal's horn, [36].
  • Mongoos, [37].
  • assaults of Mongoos on the serpent, [38].
  • squirrels, [41].
  • the flying squirrel, [41].
  • rats, the rat snake, [42].
  • coffee rat, [43]. [44].
  • bandicoot, [44]. [45].
  • porcupine, [45].
  • pengolin, [46]-48.
  • the gaur, [49].
  • the ox, [50].
  • anecdote of, [51].
  • draft oxen, [51]-53.
  • the buffalo, [54].
  • sporting buffaloes, [55].
  • peculiarity of the buffalo's foot, [56].
  • deer, [57].
  • meminna, [57]. [58].
  • Ceylon elk, [59].
  • wild boar, [59].
  • elephant, [69]. [75].
  • whale and dugong, [68]. [69].
  • peculiarities of Ceylon mammalia, [73].
  • list of, [73].
• Manaar, mermaid taken at, [69].
  • elephants shipped at, [162].
  • pearl fishery, [373].
• Manis. See Pengolin, [46].
• Mantis, [410].
• Massoudi, on the use of elephants in war, [211] n.
  • his account of pearl-diving, [377] n.
• Mastacembelus, [338]. See Eels.
• Megasthenes' account of the mermaid, [69].
• Mehemet Ali, story of, [34].
• Melania Paludina, its habit of burying itself, [355].
  • its hybernation, [355].
• Melania, story of a law suit decided by, [355] n.
• Meleagrina, [373] n. See Pearl fishery.
• Meminna deer, [58].
• Mercator, [68].
• Mercer, Mr., his story of an elephant fight, [86].
• Mermaid, [68]. See Dugong.
• Mermaids, at Manaar, [69].
  • at Amboina, [70].
  • at Booro, [71].
  • at Edam, [72].
• Millipeds, Julus, [477].
• Mites, [472].
• Mollusca. See Shells.
• Molyneux, on the anatomy of the elephant, [122] n.
• Mongoos, [38]. See Ichneumon.
  • species at Neuera-ellia, Herpestes Vitticollis, [38].
  • story of its antidote against the bite of serpents, [39].
  • its mode of killing snakes, [39].
• Monkeys, [5].
  • never found dead, [11].
  • a white monkey, [8].
• Moors of Galle, make ornaments of the elephant's teeth, [153].
• Moors, as caravan drivers, [53].
• Moose deer, [58]. See Meminna.
• Morris, Mr., account of fishes on land, [348].
• Mosquitoes, their cunning, [434].
  • Herodotus, account of, [436].
  • probably the plague of flies, [434] n.
• Moths, [427]. See Insects.
• Munster, Sebastian, [68].
• Musical fishes, [380].
  • account of, at Batticaloa, [380].
  • similar phenomena at other places, [383] n.
  • fishes known to utter sounds, [384].
  • Tritonia arborescens, [385].
• Musk, [32].
• Mygale, spider, [465].
• Myriapods, [472].

• Narric-comboo, [37]. See Jackal's Horn.
• Natural history neglected in Ceylon, [3].
• Neela-cobeya, pigeon, [258].
• Neuroptera, [411].
• Nietner, on Ceylon insects, [Introd].
• Nycteribia, parasite of the bat, [20]. [21].
  • its extraordinary structure, [22].

• Odoric of Portenau, his cure for leech bites, [481].
  • his account of birds with two heads, [243].
  • his account of fishes in Ceylon, [324] n.
• Oiketicus, [430].
• Oil-bird, [269].
• Ophidia, [321].
• Ortelius, [68].
• Orthoptera, [408].
• Ouanderoo. See Wanderoo.
• Owen, Professor, on the structure of the elephant's tusk, [228].
  • on the Protopterus of the Gambia, [352].
• Owls. See Birds.
• Oxen, their uses and diseases, [50].
  • anecdote of a cow and a leopard, [51].
  • white, eight feet high, seen by Wolf, [52] n.
• Oysters at Bentotte, [371].
  • immense, at Kottiar, [371] n.

• Pachydermata, [59]. [74].
• Padivil, the great tank, [262].
• Pallegoix, on the elephants of Siam, [98] n.
  • on the fishes of Siam, [347].
• Palm-cat, [32].
• Panickeas, elephant catchers, [150]. [158].
  • their skill, [159].
• Pariah dogs, [33].
• Paris, Matthew, on the elephant, [103].
• Paroquets, their habits; anecdote of, [256].
• Passeres, [248].
• Patterson, R., Esq., [Introd].
• Pea-fowl, [244]. See Birds.
  • fable of the jackdaw, [244].
• Pearl fishery of Ceylon, its antiquity, [373].
  • dreary scenery of Aripo, [373].
  • disappearances of the pearl-oyster, [374].
  • capable of transplantation, [376].
  • operation of diving, [377].
  • endurance of the divers under water, [377].
  • growth of the pearl-oyster, [379].
  • pearls of Tamblegam, [380].
• Pelicans, [262].
  • strange scene at their breeding place, [263].
• Pengolin, [46].
  • its habits and food, [47].
  • skeleton of, [48].
• Phile, his account of the elephant, [103].
  • error as to its joints, [107].
  • describes its drinking, [121] n.
  • its dispositions, [216] n.
  • on the elephant's ear, [224].
  • on elephants burying their dead, [235].
• Phillipe, on the elephant of Ceylon, [209].
• Phyllium, [410]. See Leaf Insect.
• Physalus urticulus, [400]. See Portuguese Man-of-war.
• Pictet, Mon., his derivation of the word "elephant," [76] n.
• Pigeons, [257]. See Birds.
• Pigeons, Lady Torrington's pigeon, [258].
• Placuna placenta, pearls of, [380].
• Planaria, [398]. See Radiata.
• Pliny's nereids, [72] n.
  • error as to elephants shedding their tusks, [79] n.
  • error as to their antipathy to other animals, [85].
  • error as to elephant's joints, [100].
  • account of the machlis, [101] n.
  • his knowledge of the vulnerability of the elephant's head, [144] n.
  • of fishes on dry land, [346].
  • Ponnekella. See Mahout.
• Polybius' account of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Pomponius, Mela, account of fishes on land, [346].
• Porcupine, [45].
• Portuguese belief in the mermaid, [69].
  • Man-of-war, [400].
• Pott, his derivation of the word elephant, [76] n.
• Presbytes cephalopterus, [7].
  • ursinus, [6]. [9].
  • Thersites, [6]. [10].
  • its fondness of attention, [10].
  • Priamus, [10].
  • its curiosity, [11].
• Protopterus of the Gambia, [352].
• Pseudophidia, [322].
• Pterois volitans, [333].
• Pterophorus, [430]. See Insects.
• Pteropus, [14]. See Flying Fox.
• Pyrard de Laval, on the Ceylon elephant, [209].
• Python, its great size, [303].

• Quadrumana, [5]. [74].
• Quatrefage on the Rotifera, [487].

• Radiata, star-fish, [395].
  • sea-slugs, holothuria, [396].
  • parasitic worms, [396].
  • Guinea worm, [397].
  • planaria, [398].
  • acalephæ, [398].
  • Portuguese Man-of-war, [400].
  • Red infusoria, [400].
• Raja-kariya, forced labour, in elephant hunts, [170].
• Raja-welle estate, story of an elephant at, [133] n.
• Ramayana, Ceylon elephants mentioned in, [210].
• Rats, [42].
  • eaten as food in Oovah and Bintenne, [43].
  • liable to hydrophobia, [43].
  • coffee rat, [43].
  • bandicoot, [44].
• Rat snake, anecdote of, [43].
• Rat-snake, domesticated, [299] n.
• Ray, [326]. [327].
• Reinaud, on the ancient use of the elephant in Indian wars, [205] n.
• Reptiles of Ceylon described by Dr. Davy, [Introd].
  • lizards, iguana, [271].
  • kabara-tel, poison, [272].
  • blood-suckers, [275].
  • calotes, the green, [276].
  • lyre-headed lizard, [277].
  • chameleon, [278].
  • ceratophora, [279].
  • gecko, anecdotes of, [281]. [282].
  • crocodile, anecdotes of, [282]. [283].
  • crocodile and alligator, skulls of, [283].
  • tortoises, [289].
  • parasites of the tortoise, [289].
  • Terrapins, [290].
  • cruel mode of cutting up turtle, [291].
  • turtle, said to be poisonous, [292].
  • hawk's-bill turtle, [293].
  • cruel mode of taking tortoise-shell, [293].
  • snakes, few poisonous, [294].
  • tic-polonga, [296].
  • cobra de capello, [297].
  • legends of the cobra, [297]-298 n.
  • uropeltis, [301].
  • the python, [303].
  • haplocercus, [304].
  • tree-snakes, [305].
  • water snakes, [308].
  • sea snakes, [308].
  • the snake-stone and its composition, [312]-317.
  • cæcilia, [317].
  • frogs, [318].
  • tree frogs, [319].
  • list of Ceylon reptiles, [321].
  • snakes peculiar to Ceylon, [322].
• Rhinolophus, [19]. See Horse-shoe Bat.
• Ribeyro's account of pearl-diving, [378].
• Rilawa monkey, [5].
• Rodentia, [41]. [74].
• Rogers, Major, story of his horse, [84].
  • his death by lightning, [84] n.
  • anecdote of an elephant killed by him, [107].
  • great numbers of elephants shot by him, [142].
• "A Rogue" elephant. See Elephant, [114].
  • derivation of the term "Rogue," 114.
• Ronkedor, [114]. See "Rogue."
• Ronquedue, [114]. See "Rogue."
  • dangerous encounters with, [136].
• Rotifera, marvellous faculty in, [486].
• Rousette. See Flying-fox and Pteropus, [14].
• Ruminantia, [49]. [74].

• Salarias Alticus, [332].
  • almasius, [68].
• Sardines, said to be poisonous, [324].
• Saw fish, [325]. See Fishes.
• Scaliger, Julius, [68].
• Scansores, [256].
• Scarus harid, [335].
• Schenck, [371]. See Chank.
• Schlegel's essay on the elephant, [208] n.
• Schlegel, Prof., of Leyden, his account of the Sumatran elephant, [66].
• Schmarda, Prof., [5].
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on the fishes of Guiana, [347].
• Sciurus Tennentii, [41] n.
• Scolopiendræ, centipede, [474].
• Scorpions, [474].
• Sea slugs, holothuria, [397].
• Sea snakes, [308].
• Seir-fish, [324].
• Seneca, account of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Septuagint, allusion to elephants in, [87]. [210] n.
• Serpents, [294]. See Reptiles.
• Shakspeare, on the elephant, [105].
  • describes its capture in pit-falls, [157] n.
• Sharks, [325].
• Shark charmer, [378].
• Shaw, error as to elephants shedding their tusks, [79] n.
• Shells of Ceylon, [369].
  • lanthina, [370].
  • Bullia vittata, [370].
  • chanks, [371].
  • oysters, immense, [371] n.
  • Helix hæmastoma, [372].
  • Pearl fishery, [373].
  • Musical shells, [381].
  • Mr. Henley's memorandum, [386].
  • uncertainty as to species, [387].
  • list of Ceylon shells, [388].
• Siam, fishes on dry land, [347].
• Silk, cultivated by the Dutch, [429].
• Silkworm. See Insects.
• Sindbad's story of the elephants burying-place, [236].
• Skinner, Major, knowledge of Ceylon. [Introd]. n.
  • adventure with a leopard, [30].
  • great number of elephants killed by him, [142].
  • description of the Panickeas or elephant catchers, [158]. [159] n.
  • anecdotes of elephants, [118].
  • collection of Ceylon fish, [339].
• Small-pox attracts the leopard, [28].
  • native superstition, [29].
• Snakes, [294]. See Reptiles.
  • few venomous, [296].
  • tic-polonga, [296].
  • cobra de capello, [297].
  • legends of, [297] n.
  • stories of, [298].
• Snakes, tamed snakes, [299] n.
  • snakes crossing the sea, [300].
  • curious tradition of the cobra-de-capello, [300].
  • uropeltis, and explanation of the popular belief, [302].
  • reluctance of Buddhists to kill snakes, [303].
  • python or "boa," [303].
  • tree snakes, [305].
  • the Passerita fusca, [306].
  • water snakes, [308].
  • sea snakes, [308].
  • their geographical distribution, [309].
  • their habits, [310].
  • cæcilia, [317].
• Snake-stone, its alleged virtue, [312].
  • anecdotes of its use, [312].
  • analysis of, by Professor Faraday, [315].
• Sofala, pearls at, [375] n.
• Solinus, on the elephant, [103].
• Soothsayer insect, [410].
• Spectre butterfly, [426].
• Spiders. See Arachnida, [464].
  • at Gampola, [465].
  • at Pusilawa, [471].
• Squirrel, [41].
  • the flying squirrel, [44].
• Star-fish, [396]. See Radiata.
• Stick insect, [410]. See Insects.
• Stinging caterpillars, [429].
• Strabo, his account of fishes on dry land, [346].
• Strachan, Mr., account of the elephants shipped at Ceylon, [163] n, [210] n.
• Stuckley, on the anatomy of the elephant, [123] n.
• Sumatra confounded with Ceylon, [67].
  • elephant of, [64].
  • points in which it differs from that of India, [65].
• Sun bird, [249]. See Birds.
• Superstitions:—Singhalese folk-lore regarding bears, [24] n.
  • leopards, [27]. [29].
  • mongoos, [38].
  • kabra-goya, [273].
  • cobra-de-capello, [300].
  • use of snake-stones, [315].
  • elephants' burial-place, [236].
• Suriya trees, caterpillars on, [429].
• Syrnum Indranee, [246]. See Devil-bird.
• Swallows, [248]. See Birds.
• Sword-fish, [328].

• Tailor-bird, [251]. See Birds;
• Tamblegam, lake of, [380].
  • pearls, [380].
• Tarentula, Mygale fasciata, [465].
  • fight with a cockroach, [467].
  • numerous at Gampola, [465].
• Tavalam, a caravan of bullocks, [53].
• Tavernier, error as to Ceylon elephants, [203]. [214].
• Taylor, the translator of Aristotle, his error as to elephants' joints,
  • [102].
• Tchitrea paradisi, [250].
• Temminck, his discovery of the Sumatran elephant, [64].
  • his account of it, [65].
• Templeton, Dr. R.A., his knowledge of Ceylon, [Introd].
  • his valuable aid in the present work, ib.
  • his cultivation of zoology, [4].
  • notice of Ceylon monkeys, [6].
• Termites, white ants, their ravages, [412].
  • whence comes their moisture, [412] n.
• Terrapins, [290].
• Terrier, attacks an elephant, [85].
• Testudinata, [289].
• Thaun, Philip de, on the elephant, [104].
• Theobaldus' Physiologus, [104].
• Theophrastus' account of fishes on dry land, [344]. [345].
• Thevenot, on the Ceylon elephant, [203].
• Thomson's "Seasons," error as to the elephant, [106].
• Thunberg, account of the snake-stone, [317].
• Thysdnura, [464].
• Ticks, [475].
• Tic-polonga, [296]. See Reptiles.
• Tiger at Trincomalie, [25] n.
• Toad, [319].
• Torrington, Viscount, his tax on dogs, [33].
• Tortoises, [289]. [291]. See Turtle.
  • parasite of, [289].
  • fresh-water tortoises, [290]. See Terrapins.
• Tortoise-shell, cruel mode of taking, [293].
• Tree frogs, [320].
• Tree snakes, [304].
• Trepang, [396]. See Sea-slug.
• Tritonia arborescens, [385]. See Musical Fish.
  • letter on, [401].
• Trombidium tinctorum. See Mites.
• Trumpeting of elephants, [97]. [201].
• Trunk, elephant's, origin of the name, [97] n.
• Tsetse fly of Africa, [40].
• Turbinella rapa, [371]. See Chank.
• Turtle, [291]. See Reptiles.
  • barbarous treatment of, [291].
• Tushes, [79].
• Tusks, [79]. See Elephant; Ivory.
  • fallacy that they are shed, [79].
  • weight of, [80].
  • their uses, [80].
  • singular shapes of, [88] n.
• Tusks, Dr. Holland's theory of their formation, [88] n.
• Tytler, Mr., story of an elephant, [133] n.

• Uropeltis, [301].
• Urré! cry of the elephant drivers, [222].

• Valentyn's account of the mermaid, [70].
  • Dutch mode of taking elephants, [164].
• Venloos Bay, its profusion of shells, [369].
• Vossius, Isaac, [68].

• Waloora. See Wild-boar, [59].
  • dreaded by the Singhalese, [59].
• Wanderoo monkey, [5].
• Wasps, wasps' nest, [418].
  • mason-wasp, [416].
• Water-fowl, [260]. [262].
• Water snakes, [308].
• Weaver-bird, [251].
• Whales, [68]. See Cetacea.
• White, Adam, Esq., Brit Mus., [Introd].
• White, of Selbourne, his theory of animals suckled by strange mothers, [113] n.
• White ants, [411]. See Termites.
• Whiting, Mr., account of buried fishes, [342] n., [354].
• Wild-boar, [59].
• Wolf, Jo. Christian, travels in Ceylon, [99] n., [115] n.
  • his account of elephants there, [99].
  • describes pitfalls for elephants, [157] n.
• Wood-carrying moth, [430]. See Insects.
• Worms, parasite, [396]. See Radiata.
• Wound when elephant shooting, [154].
• Wright, Thomas, Esq., F.S.A., [104].

• Yarrell's theory of buried fish, [342].
• Yule's embassy to Ava, [216] n.

• Zimb fly, [434].
• Zoology neglected in Ceylon, [3]. See Natural History.
  • partial extent to which it has been cultivated, [Introd].

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