The Wild Elephant and the Method of Capturing and Taming it in Ceylon

by Sir James Emerson Tennent

INDEX.

• A DAM’S PEAK, ascent of by elephants, page [41]
• ——, encounter with wild elephants near, [77]
• Adventures with elephants, [71]
• Ælian, account of the export of elephants from Ceylon, [5] n.
• —— his fallacy as to the elephant shedding his tusks, [7] n.
• —— alleged antipathy of the elephant and rhinoceros, [9], [15]
• —— his account of training, [151]
• —— error as to the elephant being without joints, [34], [35] n.
• —— says elephants were trained to kill by their knees, [16] n.
• —— on the supposed superiority of the Ceylon to the Indian elephant, [152] n.
• —— elephant, love of music, [168] n.
• —— elephants performing at Rome, [168] n., [183]
• Aetagalla Rock, legend of, [107]
• Affection for their young, [47]
• African elephant teeth different from Indian, [vii.]
• —— ribs and vertebræ, [viii.] [20]
• —— both sexes have tusks, [6]
• —— ivory preferred to Ceylon in Europe, [6] n.
• —— conjecture respecting tusks, [7]
• —— great size of tusks; 300 lbs. and upwards, [7], [8]
• African elephant is not vulnerable in the forehead, as the Ceylon elephant is, page [81]
• Age of elephants, [123], [177]
• —— estimated duration of life in, [177]
• Airavanta, Sanscrit, origin of the word elephant, [4] n.
• Alce. See Elk, [33]
• Alexandri Epistola ad Aristolelem, [11]
• Alexander the Great, his Indian expedition, [150]
• —— coins of, [151] n.
• Alisaunder, English romance of, [12] n.
• Allia. See Hora allia, [82]. See Rogue
• Alligator River, elephant hunt at, [106]
• Anarajapoora, instinct exhibited by elephants at, [65]
• Anatomy of the elephant imperfectly known, [56]
• —— account of by Molyneux, A.D. 1696, [56] n.
• Ansted, Prof., on the height of elephants, [31] n.
• Antipater brought the first Indian elephant to Greece, [150]
• Antipathy of elephants to other animals, [12], [15]
• —— its improbability, [15]
• Ants, superior to the elephant in sagacity, [68]
• —— their marvellous power of discovering sugar, [139] n.
• Arabian Nights, story of the burial place of dead elephants, [182]
• ἅρπη. See Hendoo, [156] n.
• Aristotle, on the trunk of the elephant, [28] n.
• —— on the fallacy of the elephant having no joints, [33]
• —— on the double stomach of the elephant, [57] n.
• —— on its mode of levelling trees, [140] n.
• Armandi, error as to the height of Ceylon elephant, [31] n.
• —— on the double stomach of, [67] n.
• —— on elephants in war, [151]
• Ar-ré, sound to guide elephants, [167] n.
• —— its variations in various countries, [ib.]
• Arundel MSS., errors as to the elephant, [36]
• Assam, elephant of, [x.]
• Avisavelle, elephant corral at, [43]
  
• B ADULLA, fight between two elephants at, [16]
• —— adventures with elephants near, [71], [74]
• Baker, Sir Samuel, on the weight of African ivory, [8] n.
• —— his stories of elephant shooting, [77] n.
• —— on the difference between the Ceylon and African species, [20] n.
• —— on power to uproot trees, [162] n.
• —— on the size of the elephant’s foot in Africa, [98] n.
• Barbezieux, Richard de, error as to joints of elephant, [37]
• Bari, size of African ivory at, [8] n.
• Bathing elephants, story of, [51], [55] n.
• Benary, his theory of the derivation of the word elephant, [4] n.
• Bengal, elephants of, [viii.]
• —— method of poisoning them, [6]
• —— mode of capturing them, [104]
• Bentinck, Baron, communication from, [viii.] [ix.]
• Bernier, as to the supposed superiority of the Ceylon elephant to that of India, [152]
• “Bestiaries” of the Middle Ages, in error as to the joints of the elephant, [36]
• Burmah, method of capturing elephants in, [97]
• Bison, its instinct as to harvest time, [64]
• Blair, Dr., on the anatomy of the elephant, [56] n.
• Bles, M., affection of elephants for their young, [47.] See Buffon
• —— on training elephants, [159] n.
• Bo-trees, sacred; eaten by elephants, [111.]
• Bochart, derivation of the word elephant, [4] n.
• Bonaparte, Prince Lucien, his account of the Sumatran elephant, [viii.]
• Breeding in captivity, fallacy as to, [176]
• Broderip, on the mode of training, [155]
• —— on the size of tusks in elephants, [8] n.
• —— on the stomach of, [56]
• Brooke, Sir victor, Bart., great elephant shot by, [9] n.
• —— immense tusk, [16]
• Browne, Sir Thomas, Vulgar Errors, exposes the delusion as to there being no joints in the elephant, [32], [38]
• Buchanan, on rogue elephants, [49] n.
• Buffalo, double stomach of, [63]
• Buffon. See Bles
• —— on the double stomach of the elephant, [57] n.
• —— on training, [159] n.
• Burial place of the elephants, as told in the story of Sinbad of the Sea, [181]
• Burying their dead, alleged habit of elephants, [180]
  
• C ÆSAR, his story of the alce, [33]
• Cambodia, method of training elephants in, [157]
• Camel, alleged antipathy of the elephant to, [13]
• —— cellular stomach, [60]
• Camper, on the double stomach of the elephant, [58]
• Captivity, conduct of elephants when first taken, [150]
• Carthaginians employed elephants in war, [151]
• Caution of elephants as to pit-falls alleged, but doubtful, [67]
• Ceylon, geological formation of the island, [vii.]
• —— export of elephants to India, viii. [5]
• —— profuse number of elephants in, [5]
• —— cause of declining numbers, [6]
• Charlemagne, elephant sent to by Haroun Alraschid, [35]
• Chena cultivation, [64]
• China, Ceylon ivory preferred for carving, [62]
• Chittagong, elephant of, [x.]
• Chuny, the tame elephant killed at Exeter Change, its cruel death, [169]
• Climbing, ability of the elephant in, [41]
• Cochin China, elephant of, [xi.]
• Cockayne. See Alexandri Epistola, etc., [11]
• Coco-nut, how eaten by an elephant, [64]
• Coleridge, on the sagacity of the elephant, [68]
• Colombo frequented by elephants in 1705 A. D., [5]
• Combe, on the brain of the elephant, [86]
• Cooroowe. See Noosers, [122], [155]
• Coroners’ inquests show few deaths by elephants, [10]
• Corral or Kraal, operations of, [95]
• —— in Bengal, how constructed. See Keddah, [104]
• —— dimensions, [113]
• —— form of, [112]
• —— its strength, [114]
• —— the drive of the elephants, [115]
• —— the rush and return, [116]
• —— singular night scene, [117]
• —— the capture made, [118]
• —— noosed and secured, [121]
• —— distress of the captives, and their struggles, [125], [135]
• —— terror of the elephants for white rods, [128]
• —— noticed by Pliny, [128], n.
• —— conduct of the young ones, [137]
• —— extraordinary scene, [140]
• —— interesting demeanour of the captives, [140]
• —— a second herd driven in and taken, [143]
• —— leading out the captives, [147]
• Corse, his account of the Indian elephant, [47]
• Cosmas Indicopleustes, his account of the export of elephants from Ceylon, [5] n.
• Courage in open ground, [86], [87]
• Cripps, Mr., description of a strange sound made by elephants, [29]
• —— story of an elephant feigning death, [70]
• —— on the taming and training of elephants, [158]
• —— on their attachment to attendants, [166]
• Cripps, Mr., on elephants breeding in captivity, [177]
• Cruelties in elephant shooting, [77] n.
• Ctesias, fallacy that the elephant has no joints, [33]
• Cumming, Mr. Gordon, his cruel experiments on the vital endurance of the elephant, [81] n.
• —— questionable stories of trees uprooted by elephants, [162] n.
• Curiosity, spirit of, strong in the elephant, [67]
• —— story of Colonel Hardy, [67]
• Cuspis. See Hendoo, [156] n.
• Cuttack, elephant of, [x.]
• —— method of poisoning elephants in, [6]
• Cuvier, on the comparative sagacity of the elephant, [68]
• —— on the tusks of elephants, [173]
• —— on duration of life in, [177]
  
• D AH! DAH! word hateful to wild elephant, [100]
• Dakra, a poison for elephants in Bengal, [6] n.
• Darwin, on the burial place of llamas and goats, [101] n.
• Davy, Dr., on endurance of pain in the elephant, [168]
• —— on the spirit of curiosity in the elephant, [67]
• Dawson, Capt., an elephant shot by, dies standing, [39]
• De Blainville, on the duration of life in the elephant, [177]
• De Bry, story of a horse killed by a trained elephant, [13]
• Dead elephant, body rarely found, [179]
• Deafness occasional in elephants, [30]
• Death feigned by an elephant, [70]
• Decoy elephants, their conduct, [119], [123], [134]
• Défenses. See Tusks, [9]
• Dekkan, elephant of the, [xi.]
• De Lima, General, immense tusks got by, in Africa, [8] n.
• Denham, Major, on the height of an African elephant, [31]
• ——, Major, power of elephant to overthrow trees, [162] n.
• Descending acclivities, mode of, [44]
• Dentine, [173]. See Ivory
• Dicuil, description of the elephant of Charlemagne, [35]
• Dinka, size of African ivory at, [8] n., [12]
• Diodorus Siculus, on the sagacity of the Indian elephant, [150]
• Dogs, elephants impatient of, [14]
• —— Major Skinner’s dog, kept off the elephants by its bark, [15]
• —— superior in sagacity to the elephant, [69]
• Donne, His error as to the joints of the elephant, [38]
• Dublin, elephant burnt to death, [26] n.
• “Duipa,” an Indian name of the elephant, its signification, [63] n.
• Dust, habit of throwing it over themselves, [133]
• Dutch possessions in India, [vii.] See Temminck
• —— elephant hunts conducted by, [95]
  
• E AR, formation of, [167]
• —— love of music, [168] n.
• —— Sir Everard Home, on hearing in the elephant, [167]
• Ebony, logs piled by elephants, [164]
• “Eleph,” Hebrew, conjectured to be the root of elepha, [4] n.
• “Elephant,” derivation of the word, [4] n.
• —— conjectures of Pictet, Bochart, Pott, and Benary, [4] n.
• —— great numbers in Ceylon, [5]
• —— will ere long be extinct in India, [6] n.
• —— alleged enmity to man, and other animals, [10]
• —— signs of perfection in. See Hastisilpe, [21]
• —— natural colour of the skin, [22]
• —— loves shade, [25]
• —— scene, by night while bathing, [52]
• —— stomach of the elephant double, [56]
• —— the Ceylon elephant supposed to exceed that of India in sagacity, [152]
• Elephant, the first brought to Greece by Antipater, [150]
• Elephant shooting. See Shooting
• ἐλέφας signified not the elephant, but its ivory, [4] n.
• —— Benary’s derivation of the word, [66] n.
• Elephas Sumatranus. See Sumatra, [viii.]
• —— supposed to differ from the elephant of India, [vii.]
• —— this theory doubted by Dr. Falconer, [ix.]
• Elk, error of Cæsar in saying that the “alce” has no joints, [33]
• Englishman, Voyage of a certain, story of an elephant killing a horse, [13] n.
• Evelyn, John, refutes the fallacy that the elephant has no joints, [33]
• Eye of the elephant small, [26], ib. n.
• —— its accuracy when engaged in working, [26]
  
• F AIRHOLME on the elephant, [159] n.
• Falconer, Dr., doubts the alleged difference between the elephants of Sumatra and India, [ix.]
• —— on the height of elephants, [31] n.
• Fanning themselves, habit of, [84]
• —— extreme grace of the movement, [136]
• —— in the corral, [135]
• Feet, habit of swinging, [84]
• —— not, as supposed, a substitute for exercise, [85]
• Females in a herd, numerous, [47]
• Fences, elephant’s dread of, [65]
• Fils-ben, Danish for ivory, [4] n.
• Flesh of the elephant coarse, [88]
• Fleurens, on the duration of life in the elephant, [177]
• Flies, their marvellous faculty of discerning carrion, [139] n.
• —— account of their hurrying to death-beds, [139] n.
• Food of the elephant when wild, [63]
• —— when tamed and trained, [175]
• Foot, a frequent seat of disease, [170]
• —— its extreme sensitiveness, [133]
• —— of the elephant makes good soup, [89]
• —— twice its circumference equal to the height of the animal, [98] n.
• Forbes, anecdote from his Oriental Memoirs, [107] n.
• Forehead of the elephant, wound in, fatal, [80]
• Fossil elephant, [159] n.
• Fretz, Gerard, frightful wound, [90]
  
• G ADJAH. See Sumatran elephant, [viii.]
• Gallwey, Capt. P. Payne, number of elephants shot by him, [77] n.
• Geological formation of Ceylon, [vii.]
• “Goondah.” See Rogue, [48]
• Gooneratné Modliar, his derivation for the word elephant, [5] n.
• Guillim, heraldry of the elephant, [38] n.
  
• H AIRY elephants, [159] n.
• Hardy, Colonel, story of, [69]
• Haroun, Alraschid, sends an elephant to Charlemagne, [35]
• Harrison, Dr., on the anatomy of the elephant, [26] n., [57] n., [60], [61]
• —— on the structure of the head, [79]
• —— on the ear of the elephant, [167]
• Hastisilpe, a Singhalese work on elephants, [17] n., [21]
• Hawkus. See Hendoo, [155]
• Head, wound in, fatal, [79]
• —— section of, [80]
• —— this fact noticed by Pliny, [79] n.
• Hearing. See Ear
• Heber, Bishop, describes a diminutive species of elephant, [159] n.
• Hedges, dreaded by elephants, [67]
• Height, exaggerated estimates of, in elephants, [30]
• Hendoo, used by the mahout, [155]
• Herd, the term described as applied to the elephant, [45]
• —— similarity of features in, [45]
• —— submissive to one leader, [50]
• —— their conventional association and attachment, [45]
• Herodotus, account of the antipathy of the elephant to the camel, [13]
• —— veneration for white horses and white oxen, [23]
• Himalayas, elephant paths on, [43]
• Hippopotamus, solitary individuals of, [49]
• Hodgson, Mr. B. H., his explorations in Nepal, [xi.]
• Hog, double stomach of, [58]
• Holland, Dr., on the physiology of tusks, [17] n.
• Home, Sir Everard, on the double stomach of the elephant, [58]
• —— on the ear of the elephant, [166], [167]
• Home, Randal, his heraldry of the elephant, [38]
• Hooker, Dr., elephants in the Himalayas, [43]
• Hora. See Rogue, [47], [72]
• Horace, mentions a white elephant at Rome, [24]
• Horse, alleged antipathy of the elephant to, [12]
• —— instances in disproof of this, [13]
• —— killed by a trained elephant, [13]
• —— anecdote of the meeting of a horse and an elephant, [19]
• —— structure of the shoulder joint, [41]
  
• I DLENESS, love of, in tame elephants, [165]
• Indian elephant supposed to differ from that of Sumatra, [viii.]
• —— comparative anatomy of, [vii.]
• —— varieties of the same species in, [x.]
• —— elephant is dying out in India, [6] n.
• Indicopleustes (see Cosmas), export of elephants, [5]
• Ivory, annual importations of, [6] n.
• —— proportion from Ceylon, [6] n.
• —— of Ceylon preferred in China, [6] n.
• —— African preferred in Europe, [6] n.
• —— weight of, in various countries, [8] n.
• —— immense African tusks at Goa, [8] n.
• —— how formed. See Dentine, [173]
  
• J AFFNA, instinct shown by elephants at, [64]
• Jardine, Sir William, fallacy as to elephants shedding tusks, [7] n.
• Java, no elephants in the island, [viii.]
• Joints, ancient error as to the elephant having none, [32]
• —— explanation of its origin, [38], [39]
  
• K ANDY, the King of, held the killing of an elephant a criminal offence, [5]
• —— his hunts for capturing elephants, [96]
• Keddah. See Corral, [104]
• Kimbul-oya. See Alligator River, [106]
• Knox, his account of executions by trained elephants, [17]
• —— on the attachment of the herd to the young, [47]
• —— his accounts of elephant hunts in Kandy [77] n.
• Kombook tree; lime extracted from the bark, [110]
• Korahl. See Corral.
• Korles, the Seven, elephant hunts in, [4]
• Kornegalle, beauty of the place, [107]
• —— its temple the resort of Buddhists, [108]
• —— sacred footstep on the rock, [108]
• Kraal. See Corral
• —— derivation of the word, [105]
• Kurahl. See Corral
• Kurminia-galla, [107] n.
• Kurunoi-galla. See Kornegalle
  
• L ABOUR of tame elephants too costly, [164], [174.] See Tame Elephants
• Lampongs. See Sumatra, [viii.]
• Leap, the elephant unable to, [40]
• —— anecdote, doubtful, of an elephant leaping, [41]
• Le Brun, his account of the elephants in Ceylon, [5] n.
• Leyden, elephants in Museum, [x.]
• Life, duration of in the elephant, [177], [178]
• Lightning, dreaded by elephants, [68]
• Lindsay, Mr., adventure with elephants, [75]
• Livingstone, Dr., on the solitary hippopotamus, [49]
• Llama, double stomach of, [60] n.
• Louis XIV., elephant belonging to, [57]
• Loxodon. See Elephas Sumatranus, [viii.]
• Luca bos, Roman term for the elephants of Pyrrhus, [4] n.
  
• M ACCABEES, story of Jews killed by elephants, [16] n., [154] n.
• Machlis, an unknown animal, described by Pliny, [33]
• M‘Gee, Dr., his account of flies hurrying towards persons dying, [139] n.
• Mahawanse, mention of a white elephant in, [23]
• Mahout, elephant driver, the power of discrimination in India, [x.]
• —— conduct of the mahouts in a corral, [129]
• —— mahouts said to die young, [166]
• Males, proportion of in a herd, small, [47]
• Malta, small fossil elephant found at, [159] n.
• Man, elephant has no natural antipathy to, [10]
• —— few deaths occasioned by them, [10]
• Manaar, singular scene on shipping elephants for India, [102]
• —— described in A.D. 1701, [102]
• Marfil, Spanish name for ivory, [4] n.
• —— See Mafirm, Portuguese, [ib.]
• Marfil, Palma de, the vegetable ivory palm, [4] n.
• Marfim, Portuguese for ivory, [4] n.
• Massoudi, on the use of the elephant in war, [159] n.
• Matthew Paris, his error as to the joints of the elephant, [36]
• Matura, elephants shipped from for India, [103]
• Mercer, Mr. Græme, story of a fight between two elephants, [16]
• Metatarsus, shortness of, enables the elephant to climb, [43]
• Molyneux, his anatomy of the elephant, [56]
• Moormen of Ceylon, [97]. See Panickeas.
• Morris, Mr., conducts the corral in 1847, [109]
• Moulin, A., his letter to Sir William Petty, [56] n.
• “Mudda.” See “Must,” [11]
• Muddy water not objected to by elephants, [55]
• Music, elephants’ love of, [168]
• “Must,” term explained, [11]
  
• N OUAER, size of African ivory at, [8] n.
• Natives of Ceylon, their narratives of accidents and adventures with elephants, [71]
• Negombo, adventures with elephants at, [75]
• Nepal-root, a poison for elephants, [6]
• Nepal, mode of capturing elephants in, [97]
• Nile, White, enormous tusks got near, [8] n. See Baker, Sir Samuel
• Noises produced by elephants, [27]
• Noosers. See Cooroowe, [122]
• —— their extraordinary courage, [136]
• Noosing elephants, as practised by the Panickeas, [99]
• Noosing in a corral, operation described, [122], [124]
• Numidia, Medal of, [156] n.
  
• O LFACTORY lobes, [26] n.
• Optic nerve in the elephant, [26] n.
• Osteology of the elephant. See Teeth, [viii.] [x.]
• Owen, Prof., on the anatomy of the elephant, [56] n., [59], [60], [62]
• —— on the formation of ivory, [173]
  
• P AIN, patient endurance of, [168]
• Pallegoix, on the white elephant, [23] n.
• —— on sounds produced by elephants, [30] n.
• Palma de marfil, the vegetable ivory palm, [4] n.
• Panickeas, their marvellous skill as trackers, [97]
• —— their singular courage, [79]
• —— their method of capturing wild elephants, [99]
• —— mode of taming after capture, [101]
• —— their method of conducting the captives to the coast, [101]
• Paris. See Matthew Paris.
• Peccary, double stomach of, [58]
• Petherick, his account of large ivory in Soudan, [8] n.
• Phile, his error as to the joints of the elephant, [35]
• —— difficulty of the elephant in rising, [30]
• —— elephant does not object to muddy water, [55] n.
• —— thinks the elephant hates the pig, [117] n.
• —— on elephants as executioners, [154] n.
• —— elephant’s love of music, [168] n.
• Phillipe, on the supposed superiority of the Ceylon to the Indian elephant, [152]
• Physiologus. See Theroaldus, [36]
• Pictet, Prof., his essay on the derivation of the word elephant, [4] n.
• Pigs, antipathy of the elephant to. See Swine, [14]
• —— spoil the capture at a corral, [116]
• Pingo, [71] n.
• Pit-falls, elephants surprised in, [67].
• —— objections to, [96]
• Pliny, his fallacy as to the elephant shedding his tusks, [7] n.
• —— as to the antipathy of the elephant to other animals, [15]
• —— error as to the joints of the elephant, [32]
• —— the machlis, [33]
• —— terror of the elephant for white rods, [128]
• —— mode of taming it, [151]
• —— belief that the elephant has two hearts, [160]
• Poison for destroying elephants in Bengal, [6]
• Polyhistor. See Solinus, [35]
• Ponnekella. See Mahout, [122]
• Portuguese, elephant hunts conducted by, [95]
• —— origin of the word corral, [105]
• Pott, conjecture as to the derivation of the word “elephant,” [4] n.
• Pringle, on power of elephant to uproot trees, [162] n.
• Provençal song-writers, errors as to the elephant, [37]
• Pseudodoxia Epidemica. See Sir Thomas Browne.
• Ptolemy Philopater, employs elephant to kill Jewish martyrs, [16] n.
• Punishments for tame elephants, [165]
• Puswael, a gigantic bean, [110]
• Pyrard, on the supposed superiority of the elephant of Ceylon to that of India, [152]
• Pyrrhus, his elephants, [4] n., [150]
  
• R AIN, coming of foreseen by the elephant, [69]
• Raja-Kariya, [110]. See Ripon.
• Ramgur, method of poisoning elephants in, [6]
• Ranghani, the nooser, [123]
• —— his prowess and success, [127]
• Raté-mahat-meyas, encourage the taking of elephants in corrals, [111]
• Reinaud, on the use of the elephant in war, [154] n.
• Repose, peaceful, of the elephant, [84]
• Retirement, love of, [85]
• Rhinoceros, alleged antipathy between and the elephant, [9]
• Ripon, Earl of, abolishes rajakariya, [110]
• Rise, difficulty of the elephant to, [38], [39]
• Rogers, Major, story of his horse and the elephants, [13] n.
• —— elephant shot by him falls on its knees, [39]
• —— number killed by him, [77] n.
• Rogue elephant, their origin and habits, [46]
• —— their vice and depredations, [49], [50], [82] n.
• —— captured in a corral, [138]
• —— his death, [138]
• Rome, performance of elephants, [168] n., [183]
• Ronkedor. See Rogue, [47] n.
• Ronquedue. See Rogue, [ib.]
  
• S AGACITY of the elephant, its superiority questioned, [68]
• —— Indian elephant said to excel the African in, [150]
• —— compared with that of the horse and dog, [161]
• Saragossa, elephant fight, exhibited, [10] n.
• Schlegel, Prof., on the elephant of Sumatra, [viii.]
• —— doubts its distinctness from the elephant of Ceylon, [viii.-xi.]
• —— on the supposed superiority of the Ceylon to the Indian elephant, [152] n.
• Serpents, in Ceylon, more accidents from than from elephants, [10]
• Severac, Jordanus de, on the mode of training elephants in Cambodia, [157] n.
• Shakspeare, error as to the joints of the elephant, [37]
• —— on capturing elephants in pitfalls, [96] n.
• Shaw, fallacy as to the elephant shedding the tusks, [7] n.
• Shilook, size of African ivory at, [83]
• Shooting elephants, [77]
• —— cruelties of, [77] n.
• —— fatal spot in head, [79], and ear, [ib.]
• Siam, elephant of, xi.
• —— sounds produced by, [30] n.
• Sight, power of, [26]
• —— accuracy of eye when working, [162]
• Silhet, elephant of, [x.]
• Sinbad of the Sea, story of the burial place of dead elephants, [181]
• Siribeddi, the female decoy, her ability, [123]
• —— her conduct, [145]
• Skinner, Major, story of his dog, [15]
• —— his description of a strange sound made by elephants, [29]
• —— finds elephant traces on Adam’s Peak, [41]
• —— number of elephants shot by him, [78]
• —— scene described by,—elephants at night, [51]
• —— story of the courage of an elephant hunter, [99] n.
• Sleaman, General, account of wolves suckling children, [47] n.
• Sloane, Sir Hans, on the anatomy of the elephant, [56] n.
• Smell, power of, [27], [98]
• Solinus, his error as to the joints of the elephant, [35]
• Sounds uttered by the elephant, [27]
• Soup, made from the elephant’s foot, [89]
• Speed of an elephant, [32]
• Sport. See Shooting
• Stomach of the elephant, double, [56]
• Stones, how raised by elephants, [162]
• Strachan, Mr., description of shipping elephants at Manaar, [103] n.
• —— on their liability to sudden death, [160] n.
• Structure of the elephant, [4]
• Stuckley, Dr. William, on the anatomy of the elephant, [56] n.
• Sudden death, liability of elephants to, [159], [160] n.
• “Sun and moon,” emblems of duration, [187]
• Sumatra, elephant of, [viii.]
• —— called gadjah, [viii.]
• —— description by Temminck, [vii.] n.
• —— opinion of Prof. Schlegel on its distinctness from the elephant of India, [viii.]
• —— ribs and vertebræ, [vii.]
• —— teeth of, [viii.]
• —— this opinion controverted by Dr. Falconer, [ix.]
• Surgical operations on elephants, [168]
• Swimming, action of the elephant in, [55]
• Swine, alleged antipathy of elephant to, [11], [14]
  
• T AME elephants, their conduct in the corral, [134.] See Decoys
• —— value of their labour [162], [174]
• —— levelling trees, [163]
• —— piling timber, [164]
• —— laziness, [165]
• —— punishments, [165]
• —— attachment to attendants, [166]
• —— medical treatment, [168], [170]
• —— obedience to orders, [169]
• —— causes of death in captivity, [171]
• —— weight of draught, [174]
• —— cost of feeding a tame elephant, [175]
• —— favourite food, [175]
• Tavernier, on the supposed superiority of the elephant of Ceylon, [153] n.
• Teeth of the Sumatran elephant, [viii.]
• Temminck’s Dutch Possessions in India, [viii.]
• —— account of Sumatran elephant, [viii.]
• Theroaldus, Physiologus, error in, as to the joints of the elephant, [36]
• Thevenot, on the supposed superiority of the Ceylon elephant to that of India, [152]
• Thomson, error in his Seasons, as to the joints of the elephant, [38]
• Timber, how dragged by elephants, [161] n., [162]
• —— wonderful skill in piling of, [164]
• Tipperah, elephant of, [x.]
• Tissaweva. See Anarajapoora, [65]
• Tooth-ache, [172]
• Training elephants, [150], &c.
• —— first employments, [161]
• —— males more unmanageable than females, [158]
• —— process of, [150]
• —— varieties of disposition, [159]
• Trees, manner in which elephants level them, [146]
• —— stories of overthrowing exaggerated, [162]
• Trompe. See Trunk
• Trumpeting, peculiar sound of, [144]
• Trunk, so called from “trump,” [28]
• —— Aristotle compares the sound to a trumpet, [ib.]
• —— strange drawings of, in the fifteenth century, [28] n.
• Tushes, their use to the elephant, [7]
• —— they, and not the tusks, shed, [7] n.
• Tuskers, influence of in the herd, [50]
• —— their efficiency in a corral, [136]
• Tusks, rare in the Ceylon elephant, [6]
• —— in Africa both male and female have them, [6]
• —— average weight of those imported, 60 cwt., [6] n.
• —— in Ceylon are light, owing to the animals being shot young, [6] n., [8]
• —— a favourite treasure in Buddhist temples, [6] n., [8]
• —— both sexes have, in India and Africa, [6] n., [8]
• —— fallacy as to the elephant shedding his tusks, [7]
• —— conjecture as to the presence of, in African elephant, and their absence in that of India and Ceylon, [7]
• —— weight in various countries, [8] n.
• —— instance of a diseased one, [8] n. See Brooke, Sir Victor
• —— female elephant has none, in Ceylon, [9]
• —— not ordinarily used as weapons of offence, [9]
• —— fight between an elephant and two bulls, at Saragossa, [10] n.
• —— fight of two elephants with their tusks, [10]
• —— story in Maccabees of Jews killed by elephants, [16] n.
• —— what is their use, [17], [17] n.
• —— abnormal varieties in shape, [17] n.
• Tytler, Mr., story of curiosity in elephants, [67] n.
  
• V ALENTYN, his account of shipping elephants for India from Ceylon, [103]
• Vegetable ivory palm, [4] n.
• Vulgar Errors. See Sir Thomas Browne, [32]
  
• W ATER, love of the elephant for, [4] n.
• —— attempt to derive the word elephant from, [4] n.
• —— receptacle for, in the stomach, [56]
• —— quantities withdrawn by the trunk in the corral, [133]
• Weber’s Metrical Romance of the thirteenth century, [12] n.
• Wells, dug by elephants, [54]
• White elephant; a lusus naturæ, [23]
• —— exhibited in Holland in 1633, [24]
• —— mentioned by Horace at Rome [ib.]
• White, Gilbert, of Selborne, on the affection of animals to the young of others, [46] n.
• White oxen worshipped in Egypt, [23]
• Wilkinson, Sir Gardner, on the knowledge of the elephant in ancient Egypt, [152] n.
• Wolf, his strange adventures in Ceylon, [31] n., [48], [105] n.
• —— on the capture of wild elephants, [96] n.
• —— on the height of the elephant, [31]
• Wolves suckling children, [46] n.
• Wound of Lieut. Fretz, [90]
• Wright’s Reliquiæ Antiquæ, [36]
  
• Y OUNG, affection for, [47]
• Young elephants, their conduct when captured, [137]
• —— their tricks in captivity, [138], [148]
• Yule, Colonel, on the liability of the elephant to sudden death, [160] n.

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POPULAR WORK ON NATURAL HISTORY BY REV. J. G. WOOD, M.A.

Second Edition now ready, in 1 vol. 8vo. price 21s. cloth; or, price 27s. half-bound in morocco by Rivière,

HOMES WITHOUT HANDS:
BEING A
DESCRIPTION OF THE HABITATIONS OF ANIMALS,
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‘Homes Without Hands is more interesting than a fairy tale, and shews how highly endowed are the inferior races, which from the very first produced in perfection works to which the nobler intellect of man could attain only after the discipline and experience of centuries. There is scarcely an invention of man of which the prototype may not be discovered in the great patent office of Nature, nor a mechanical contrivance in which he has not been anticipated by the insects and animals which he is in the habit of regarding with contempt, if not with loathing. The invention of paper was a new era in human history, but wasps made veritable paper and papier-mâché from the beginning of the world. Mankind waited through thousands of years for Professor Wheatstone to invent the electric telegraph, but the Arachnidæ had their lines in operation on the morning when Adam first opened his eyes upon the world. The beaver was from the beginning conversant with the strength and virtues of the arch; the burrowing spider made use of the poppet valve; and as for the bearings of timbers and the strength of materials, birds, beasts, and insects were well acquainted with them thousands of years before Vitruvius or Tredgold or Fairbairn was born. The Author, in a fascinating style and with a profusion of elegant engravings, illustrates instinctive art in all its departments, from the labours of the smallest insect up to those of the largest animal which builds itself a dwelling. To enumerate the wonders contained in the book we should be compelled to write an abstract of its contents, for each page contains something that will interest and delight the reader. It is a work calculated to bring pleasures of the most rational and elevating kind into many a school-room and many a family circle during the Christmas season; and certainly it would be impossible to recommend a more suitable book for a present to a young person.’ Daily News.

POPULAR WORKS BY DR. GEORGE HARTWIG.
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THE HARMONIES OF NATURE;
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Works by the same Author.

The TROPICAL WORLD: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdom in the Equatorial Regions. With 8 Chromoxylographic Plates and numerous Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s.

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