FOOTNOTES:
[1] Croll has elaborated this calculation in his work, Climate and Time.
[2] Sept. 1879.
[3] Analyses recently made by Mr. C. Hoffman, of the Geological Survey of Canada, show that beds of graphitic gneiss, some of them 8 feet in thickness, contain as much as 25·5 to 30 per cent. of carbon, the remaining earthy matter consisting principally of silica, alumina, and lime. The graphite from veins was nearly pure carbon, containing from 97·6 to 99·8 per cent. of that substance.
[4] Sometimes separated as a distinct order under the name of Radiolaria.
[5] Loftusia Columbiana, Dawson, from British Columbia, is the only Carboniferous species yet known.
[6] See Nicholson in the Memoirs of the Palæontographical Society.
[7] Archæospherinæ of the author.
[8] Eophyton Linnæanum (Torrell).
[9] See Paper on “Footprints and Impressions of Animals,” Am. Journal of Science, 1873.
[10] They probably belong to a large sponge named by Billings Trichospongia sericea.
[11] Amphispongia.
[12] Geological Magazine, May, 1878.
[13] It is regarded as somewhat doubtful whether these are Hydroids or Bryozoa.
[14] Heliopora, an Alcyonarian; Pocillopora, an Anthozoan.
[15] Haplophyllia, Guynia, Duncania, of Pourtales.
[16] Palæchinus.
[17] Some of the earliest appear to be allies of the modern limpets.
[18] “Un produit de l’imagination, sans aucun fondement dans la réalité.”
[19] Hymenocaris.
[20] Phyllopods and Ostracods.
[21] Pterygotus, Eurypterus, &c.
[22] Whitfield, Am. Journ. of Sci., 1880.
[23] Report on Devonian Fossil Plants of Canada, 1871. Story of the Earth and Man, 1873. Address to American Association, 1875.
[24] See the important memoir of Barrande on the Silurian Brachiopods, in which, as the result of the most elaborate and detailed comparisons, he concludes that in the case of these shells, as in that of the Cephalopods and Trilobites, the introduction of species in geological time has not occurred by modification, but must have depended on a creative process. It is such painstaking researches as those of the great Bohemian palæontologist which must finally settle these questions, in so far as geology is concerned.
[25] Geological Magazine, November, 1869.
[26] The genus Buthotrephis includes supposed branching sea-weeds of the Silurian. For this reason I would propose the name Protannularia for these plants.
[27] Lycopodiaceæ.
[28] Allied to those named by Brongniart Aetheotesta.
[29] Cordaites.
[30] Paper by Sir W. Dawson in Chicago Academy’s Bulletin, 1886.
[31] Calamodendron and Arthropitys are forms of this kind.
[32] Grand’ Eury and Williamson have directed attention to this in the case of those of France and England.
[33] Amphioxus.
[34] Petromyzon, &c.
[35] Dr. Newberry has kindly furnished me with specimens, and Dr. Harrington has submitted to analysis portions of shale filled with these little teeth, the result giving 2·58 of calcium phosphate for the whole, which indicates that the Conodonts are really bone. Their microscopic structure approaches to that of the dentine of such Carboniferous fishes as Diplodus. Hinde has described Conodonts from the Silurian of Canada.
[36] Ueber Conodonten: Munich, 1886.
[37] Lepidosteus.
[38] Palæichthyes of Günther.
[39] Dinichthys Terrelli and D. Hertzeri (Newberry).
[40] Cestracionts.
[41] Selachians.
[42] Amphipeltis paradoxus of Salter.
[43] Genus Strophia. I have provisionally named the St. John species Strophites erianus.
[44] The enlarged figure of Pupa vetusta is too much elongated, and the aperture is somewhat conjectural, as it is usually crushed.
[45] Dawsonella of Bradley.
[46] Archiulidæ of Scudder.
[47] Euphobesia armigera (Meek and Worthen), from Illinois.
[48] About fifty in all, as I learn from Mr. Scudder.
[49] Orthoptera.
[50] Neuroptera.
[51] Coleoptera.
[52] Tincæ.
[53] One highly specialised Carboniferous insect recently found is the Protophasma of Brongniart, a relative of the modern “Walking-sticks.”
[54] This was first described as part of the larva of a Dragon-fly. It is now recognised as belonging to a Scorpion.
[55] Protolycosa (Roemer).
[56] Menopoma, Menobranchus, &c.
[57] Ophiderpeton Brownriggii.
[58] Diplichnites.
[59] These are known in some of the smaller species, but not as yet in the larger.
[60] Hylonomus. See Fig. facing this chapter.
[61] Mastodonsaurus or Labyrinthodon.
[62] Palæosiren Beinertii of Geinitz.
[63] Hyleopeton.
[64] Diadictes and Bolasaurus (Cope).
[65] Enaliosauria, including Ichthyopterygia and Sauropterygia.
[66] Anomodontia and Theriodontia.
[67] Geology of Oxford, p. 227.
[68] Cope has proposed the names Camerosaurus, Amphicœlias, &c., for these problematical animals. Marsh names them Titanosaurus, Atlantosaurus, &c., while Owen holds that some of them at least are identical with his genus Chondrosteosaurus. Seeley and Hulke adopt the name Ornithopsis, and support Cope’s view of their nature.
[69] Ratitæ.
[70] Woodward in a recent paper refers to a still more curious resemblance of the Dinosaurs to the biped lizard of Australia (Chlamydosaurus), which runs on its hind limbs, and even perches on trees.
[71] A poplar occurs in Greenland, in beds held to be Lower Cretaceous.
[72] By some regarded as Upper Cretaceous.
[73] First recognized in American Eocene by Newberry.
[74] Described by La Harpe and Gaudin, and recently by Gardner.
[75] Recent discoveries have since the publication of the first edition removed the Bovey Tracey beds from the Miocene to the Eocene. See Reports of Mr. Starkie Gardner to the British Association.
[76] Lyell, Principles; Brown, Florula Discoana.
[77] G. M. Dawson, Report on 49th Parallel; Reports on British Columbia.
[78] Gray’s reasoning is based on the extreme view of the Glacial period now prevalent in America, contrary, as it appears to me, to the actual facts; but with limitations it holds good on more moderate views as well.
[79] Geological Magazine, July, 1887.
[80] Les Enchainements du Monde Animal.
[81] See Frontispiece to this Chapter.
[82] For example, Tillotherium of the American Eocene, which was as large as a tapir, and in form resembled a bear.
[83] Croll, Climate and Time.
[84] Notes on Post-Pliocene of Canada; Acadian Geology, 3rd edition.
[85] The actual reason for belief in the past existence of land in the basin of the Indian Ocean is found in the close relationship of forms of life found in Madagascar, Southern Asia, and Australia.
[86] Traditions of this animal, a veritable primæval unicorn, are said still to exist in Siberia.
[87] As, for instance, those of Cro-Magnon, and Mentone, and Engis.
[88] De Puyot and Lohert, Namur, 1887.
[89] Religious Tract Society, 1878.
[90] May, 1887.
[91] Climate and Time, a work in which these and other matters relating to the Glacial period are very well discussed.
[92] Kimber, quoted by Southall.
[93] Report on Devonian Plants of Canada, 1871.
[94] The true meaning of Hebrews i. 2 and xi. 3.