The Gates of India: Being an Historical Narrative

by Sir Thomas Hungerford Holdich

INDEX

• Abbas the Great, Shah, [494]
• Abbot, General Sir James, cited, [107]-[109], [119]
• Abdurrahmon, Amir, [357], [377], [419]
• Ab-i-lal river, [486]
• Abistada, Lake, [514]
• Abkhana route, [351]
• Abu Abdulla Mohammed (Al Idrisi). See [Idrisi]
• Accadian tradition cited, [34], [73]
• Achakzai (Duranis), [212], [361], [375], [491]
• Adraskand, [229] and n.; river, [216]
• Aegospotami, xiii, [160], [163]
• Afghan, Armenian identification of word, [50]
• Afghan Boundary Commission. See [Russo-Afghan]
• Afghan Turkistan:
  • Agricultural possibilities of, [251]
  • Ferrier in, [481]
  • Greek settlements in, [31]
  • Kabul, route to:
    • Modern improvements in, [419] and n., [522] n.
    • Wood's account of, [418]-[19]
  • Richness of, known to Tiglath Pilesur, [49]
  • Route to, by southern passes of Hindu Kush, [378]
  • Routes to, from Herat, [248]
  • Slavery in, [253]
  • Snakes in, [253]
  • Valley formations in, [253]-[4]
• Afghanistan:
  • Arab exploration of, [192]
  • Assyrian colonies in highlands of, [61]
  • Barbarity in, [78]-[9]
  • Boundary Commission. See [Russo-Afghan]
  • British attitude towards, in early 19th century, [349]; Afghan attitude towards British, [337]-[8]
  • British war with (1839-40):
    • Conduct of, [359], [411]
    • Effects of, [346], [353], [392]
    • Geographical information acquired during, [411]-[12]
    • Remnants of British disasters in, [478]
  • British war with (1878-80), surveys in connection with, [397], [500]
  • Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of, [329] et seq.
  • Durani corner of, character of, [212]
  • Ethnography of Afghanistan (Bellew) cited, [20], [91]
  • Foreign policy of, [353]
  • Greek names in, [21]
  • Helmund boundary of, [80]
  • Hinterland of India, viewed as, [5]
  • Indian land gates always held by, [22]
  • Language of, Persian in origin, [21]
  • Natural beauty of, [392]
  • Persia:
    • Colonies of, in, [61]
    • Intrigues of, British nervousness as to, [399]-[400]
    • War with (1837), [402]
  • Persian Empire including, in antiquity, [21]
  • Rain-storms in, [233]-[4]
  • Russian intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to, [399]-[400]
  • Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission. See [that title]
  • Rulers of (Ben-i-Israel), traditions of, [49]-[50]
  • Social conditions in, past and present, [337]-[8], [395]
  • Surveying of, gaps in, [501]; important unexplored regions, [514]
• Afghanistan, Central:
  • Aimak tribes of, [488]-[9]
  • Broadfoot's exploration of, [412], [470] et seq.
  • Conformation of, [215]
  • Hazara highlands, [84]-[6]
  • Records of, scanty, [213]-[14]
  • Routes through, [220], [222]-[3]
  • Survey of (1882-3), [212], [214]
• Afghanistan, North (Baktria):
  • Alexander in, [88]
  • Altitudes of peaks and passes in, [262]-[3]
  • Assyrian estimate of, [6]
  • Irrigation works in, [75]-[6]
  • Kafir inhabitants of, [50]
  • Kyreneans in, [91]
  • Milesian Greeks (Brankhidai) transported to, [16], [19], [20], [31], [45], [87], [91]; survival of Greek strain in, [354]-[5], [358]
  • Murghab river's economic value in, [246]-[7]
  • Plateau of, [258]
  • Route to, from Mesopotamia, [47]-[48], [54], [67]-[8], [70]
  • Winter climate of, [240]
• Afghanistan, South:
  • Christie's and Pottinger's exploration of, [329] et seq.
  • Firearms imported into, [55]
  • Historic monuments scarce in, [211]
• Afghans:
  • Burnes' estimate of, [491]
  • Durani. See [that title]
  • European travellers' intercourse with (unofficial), [452], [457]-[8]
  • Foreigners, attitude towards, [337]-[8], [353], [392]
  • Masson's intimacy with, [346]-[7], [350], [352], [362]-[3]; his influence with, [380]
  • Slavery, attitude towards, [421]
• Afridi (Aprytae), [28], [31]
• Aimak tribes of Central Afghanistan, [488]-[9]
• Ak Robat, [446]
• Ak Robat pass, [378], [382], [421]; Wood's account of, [417]
• Ak Tepe (Khuzan), [245]-[6]
• Ak Zarat pass, [262]
• Akbar Khan (Afghan general), [398]
• Akcha (Akbarabad), [449]
• Akulphis, [125]
• Al Kharij, [313]
• Alakah ridge, [257]
• Alauddin (Allah-u-din), [218], [467]
• Alexander the Great:
  • Alexandreia (? Herat) founded by, [77]
  • Bakhi obliterated by, [31]-[2]
  • Brankhidai of Milesia exterminated by, [20]
  • Expedition of, to India:
    • Aornos episode, [106]-[107], [109]-[21]
    • Army, constituents of, [64]-[5]
    • Course and incidents of, [66]-[8], [70], [76]-[9], [83], [86]-[8], [90], [92]-[4], [96], [98]-[100], [103]-[107], [111]-[22], [125]
    • Darius' flight from, [47]-[8], [67]-[8]
    • Geographical information possessed by, [10], [26], [29], [38], [61], [79], [86], [147]
    • Greek influence of, in Indus valley less than supposed, [22]
    • Greeks in Afghanistan welcoming, [16], [63]
    • Knowledge acquired by, [60]
    • Mutiny beyond Indus, [46]
    • Nature of, [60], [65]
    • Recruitment from Greece during, [92]
    • Retreat, route of, [38], [51], [86], [145]-[54], [156], [161]-[6], [291]
    • Skythic tribes encountered by, [93]
  • Marriage of Alexander with Roxana, [92]
  • Philotas tortured to death by, [78]
  • Reverential attitude towards, still felt in India, [58]-[9]
• Alexandreia (Bagram, Herat), [77], [87], [93], [96], [393]
• Ali Khan, [497]
• Ali Masjid, [351]
• Aliabad, [421], [505]
• Alingar (Kao) river, [96], [99]-[100], [327], [358], [507], [509]
• Alishang river, [99], [356]-[8], [507]
• Alishang valley, Masson in, [396]
• Allard, General, [366], [455]
• Almar, [249]
• Altitude:
  • Abstract, mediæval ignorance of, [279]
  • As a factor in defence, [419]
• Amb (Embolina), [107]-[108], [114]-[15], [121]
• Ambela pass, [121]
• Amise, General, [366]
• Amritsar, [363], [367]
• Anardara, [335], [336]
• Anbar, [250]-[51]
• Andarab (Adraspa, Ariaspa, Zariaspa):
  • Alingar river, communication with, [327]
  • Capital of Greek colonies situated in, [511]
  • Fertility of, [90]
  • Greek settlements about, [435]
  • Haibak route to, [524]
  • Site of, [272], [427]-[8]
  • Strategic importance of, [92], [275], [277], [357]
  • Timur at, [355]
  • otherwise mentioned, [243], [272]-[4], [276]
• Andarab river, [268], [272], [428]; strategic importance of, [261]
• Andarab valley, [88], [90], [438], [509]
• Andkhui, [248], [439], [448]
• Anjuman, [270]
• Anjuman valley, [274], [436], [507], [509]; importance of route, [275]; unexplored, [427]-[8]
• Aornos, [92], [106]-[107], [109]-[21]
• Aprytae (Afridi), [28], [31]
• Arabian Sea:
  • Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes, [140]-[41]
  • Islands in, disappearance of, [286], [288]
  • Phenomena of, [286]-[7]
• Arabic, derivatives from, [192]
• Arabii, [146], [305]
• Arabius river. See [Purali]
• Arabs:
  • Ascendency of, in seventh century, [191]-[2]
  • Himyaritic, [372]
  • Indian invasion by, [293]-[4]
  • Indian route used by, via Girishk, [209]
  • Makran under ascendency of, [292]-[5]
  • Methods of, mediæval and modern, [227]
  • Records of travel by, untrustworthiness of, [213]
  • Sabœan, [372]
  • Sind under, [293], [311], [366]
• Arbela, Arbil. See [Erbil]
• Arbela, battle of, [47], [67]
• Archa pass, [421], [505]
• Ardewan pass, [234]
• Argandi, [379]
• Arghandab river, [83], [86], [208], [224], [515]
• Arghastan river, [224]
• Argu plain, [424]
• Aria, [32], [479]. See also [Herat]
• Ariaspa. See [Andarab]
• Arigaion, [103]
• Arimaspians, [14]
• Aristobulus cited, [151]-[2]
• Armail (Armabel, Karabel, Las Bela), [150], [304]-[307], [320]; distances to, [303]-[304]
• Armenia, Israelites deported to, [39], [49]
• Arnawai valley, [358]
• Arrian cited, [19]-[20], [51], [54], [62]-[3], [87], [89], [91], [103], [104], [107], [114], [118], [119], [124], [126], [147], [148], [150], [152]-[3], [155], [156], [160], [165]-[6], [316]
• Artakoana, [32], [77], [479]. See also [Herat]
• Artobaizanes, [68]
• Asfaka, [312], [314]
• Asfaran (? Subzawar), [229]-[30]
• Asmar Boundary Commission (1894), [123]
• Asoka, [129]
• Aspardeh, [250]
• Aspasians, [96], [100], [103], [104]
• Aspurkan (? Sar-i-pul), [250], [252]
• Assagetes, [114]
• Assakenians, [96], [104]
• Assakenoi, [121], [126], [129]
• Asshur (Assyrian god), [53]
• Assur-bani-pal (Sardanapalus), [52], [162]-[3]
• Assyria:
  • Afghan colonies of, [61]
  • Buildings in, nature of, [40]-[43]
  • Israelite serfs in, [39]
• Assyrian Empire, Second:
  • Afghanistan as viewed by, [6]
  • Art of, [7], [52]-[4]
  • Babylonian overthrow of, [52]
  • Golden age of, [51]-[3]
  • Influence of, in India, [70]
  • Israelites deported by, [16], [39], [44], [49], [61]
  • Naval fight of, first, [52]
  • Satrapies, institution of, [44]
• Astarab stream and route to Bamian, [252]-[4]; valley, [266]
• Astarabad, [225]
• Astola I. (Haftala), [160]
• Attok, Carpatyra probably near, [29]
• Auca (Obeh), [225]
• Auckland, Lord, [405], [409]
• Avitabile, [367]
• Azdha of Bamian, [380]
• Azdha of Besud, [380]

• Babar (Baba) pass, [234], [236], [481]
• Baber, Emperor, cited, [133], [358]; estimate of, [326]-[7]
• Babylon:
  • Antiquities of, [73]
  • Assyria overthrown by, [52]
  • Barrenness of country round, [41]
• Badakshan:
  • Alexander in, [93]
  • Antiquarian treasures in, [511]
  • Balkh-Pamirs route across, [177]-[8]
  • British knowledge of, only recent, [345]
  • Climate of, [422]
  • Dorah route from, to Kunar valley, [520]
  • Exploration of, by Indian surveyors, [268]-[9]
  • Geographical knowledge of uplands of, defective, [501], [503], [510]
  • Greek settlements and remains in, [20], [31], [423]
  • Kabul, modern all-the-year-round route to, [275]-[6], [419] n., [522] n.
  • Kafirs anciently in, [132]
  • Lord's and Wood's mission to, [402]
  • Moorcroft's journey to, [444]
  • Railway across uplands to, impracticability of, [523]
  • Routes to, compared, [414]
  • Wood's views on, [436]-[7]
• Badakshan (town) (? Jirm), [273]-[5]
• Badakshani transported by Murad Beg, [432], [505]
• Badghis, [235], [236], [237]
• Bado river, [338]-[9]
• Baghdad:
  • Masson at, [368]
  • Railway from, via Hamadan and Kum, question as to, [322]
• Baghlan, [90], [261], [421], [505], [511]; Greek settlements about, [435]
• Baghlan river, [434]; valley, [437]
• Baghnein, [206]-[208]
• Bagisara (? Damizar), [158]
• Bagnarghar, [282]-[3]
• Bagram (Alexandreia), [77], [87], [93], [96], [393]
• Bahawalpur, [349], [364]
• Bahrein Is., [56]
• Bahu Kalat (Fahalfahra), [312]-[14]
• Bahu valley, [165]
• Baio peak, [120]-[21]
• Bajaor, [103]
• Bajaur, [128]
• Bajgah, [261], [384]
• Bajgah (Parwan, Sar Alang) pass, [414]
• Bajitan (Najitan), [225]
• Bakhi, [31]-[32]
• Bakhtyari, [32]
• Bakkak pass, [256], [262]
• Baktra. See [Balkh]
• Baktria. See [Badakshan]
• Bakwa plain, [493]
• Bala Murghab, [237], [240], [247], [481]
• Balangur (Bala Angur), [251]
• Balkh:
  • Antiquity of, [7], [71], [73]
  • Approach to, by Akcha road, [72], [73]
  • Buddhism at, [263], [502]-[503]
  • Coins and relics at, [459]
  • Ferrier's account of, [482]
  • Importance of, in antiquity, [88]
  • Khotan, distance from, [177]
  • Modern, [71]-[4]
  • Moorcroft at, [446], [449]
  • Persian satrapy including, [31]
  • Routes to, from:
    • Bamian, [267]-[8]
    • Bokhara, [278]
    • Herat, [239]-[40], [247]-[8]
    • Kabul, [272]-[3]
    • Khotan, [277], [278]-[9]
    • Merv, [249]-[50]
    • Punjab, [177]
    • Southward, [257]
• Balkh Ab river, [215]
• Balkh Ab valley, [252], [255], [257]; route to Kabul, [259]-[60]
• Balkh plains:
  • Antiquarian interest of, [88], [511]
  • Extent and character of, [74]
  • Mapping of, [501]
  • Rivers of, [75]
  • Waterway ruins of, [76]
• Balkh (Band-i-Amir) river:
  • Course of, [257]-[8]
  • Lakes and aqueducts of, [256]
  • Sarikoh, junction with, [267]
  • Scenery of, [262]-[3]
  • Source of, [84]
• Baluch Confederation:
  • Kaiani Maliks at head of, [37]
  • Lawlessness of, [334]
• Baluchistan:
  • Arab exploration of, [192]
  • Desert of, [82]
  • Exploration of, modern, [194]; by Christie and Pottinger, [329] et seq.
  • Firearms imported into, [55]
  • Frontier of, the Gomul, [137]
  • Hinterland of India, viewed as, [5]
  • Hot winds of, [341]
  • Language of, Persian in origin, [21]
  • Lasonoi emigration to, [30]
  • Makran. See [that title]
  • Mediæval geography regarding, [200]
  • Mongol invasion of India through, [526]
  • Natural features and conditions of, [32]-[3], [47], [373]
  • Persian Empire including, [21]
  • Political intrigue in, [409]
  • Southern passes from, into India commanded from the sea, [140]-[41]
  • Surveying of, [501]
• Baluchistan, East:
  • Inhabitants of, character of, [373]-[4]
  • Masson's travels in, [369]
• Baluchistan, South:
  • Brahui of, [34]
  • Configuration of, [48]
• Baluchs, Masson's intimacy with, [374]
• Bam, [323]
• Bamain, [213]-[14]
• Bam-i-dunya. See [Pamirs]
• Bamian:
  • Buddhist relics at, [177], [263], [265]-[6], [381], [446]
  • Founding of kingdom of, [218]
  • Importance of, in Middle Ages, [205], [261]-[2], [267]
  • Masson in, [378]-[86]
  • Route through, importance of, [438]
  • Routes to, from:
    • Balkh, [267]-[8]
    • Ghur, [224]
    • Kabul (open in winter), [385]-[6]
    • Oxus plains, [257]
    • Sar-i-pul, [252]
• Bamian (Unai) pass, [87], [221]
• Bamian river, [260], [388]
• Bamian valley:
  • Description of, [263], [265]-[6]
  • Importance of, [437]-[8]
• Bampur:
  • Alexander at, [165], [166], [316]
  • Mountain conformation of, [323]
  • Pottinger at, [342]
• Bampusht Koh mountains, [313]
• Band (Binth), [311]-[12], [314]
• Band-i-Amir mountains, [257]
• Band-i-Amir river. See [Balkh river]
• Band-i-Baian (Siah Koh, Sufed Koh) mountains, [84], [215], [486], [487]
• Band-i-Nadir, [245]
• Band-i-Turkistan, [239], [249], [250], [484]
• Banj mountain, [184], [185]
• Banjohir (Panjshir), [276]-[7]
• Bannu, [512]
• Baraki, [91]
• Barbarra (? Mabara), [434]
• Barna, Badara (Gwadur), [159]
• Barnes, Sir Hugh, [374] and n.
• Baroghel pass, [517], [521]
• Barohi, meaning of term, [34], [163]. See also [Brahuis]
• Bashgol valley, [426]
• Bashkird mountains, [200]
• Basrah, [368]
• Bassarika cited, [62]
• Bast, [236]
• Bazar (ancient) (Rustam, Bazira, Bazireh), [106], [113], [114]
• Bazar (modern) (? Ora), [106]
• Bean, Captain, [406]-[407]
• Begram, site of ancient city at, [393]; Cufic coins at, [394]
• Behistan inscriptions cited, [30]
• Behvana (Jirena), [245]
• Bela (in Baluchistan), [331]
• Bela. See [Las Bela]
• Belchirag, [251], [255], [484]
• Bellew cited, [32], [35], [163]-[4]; his Ethnography of Afghanistan cited, [20], [91]; his Inquiry cited, [21]
• Belous (Bolous), [200]
• Ben-i-Israel, traditions of, [49]-[50], [378]
• Benjawai, [207], [208], [210]
• Bentinck, Lord Wm., [344]
• Berwan lake, [282]
• Bessos (later Artaxerxes), [47], [68], [76], [88], [90]
• Besud route to the Helmund, [262]
• Besud territory, [378], [380]-[81]
• Bih (Geh), [311]-[12], [314]
• Binadur, [493]
• Binth (Band), [311]-[12], [314]
• Birdwood, Sir Geo., cited, [53]
• Birmal hills, [513]
• Birs Nimrud, [41], [43], [71]
• Bist (Kala Bist), [204], [207], [208]
• Bitchilik pass, [387]
• Blood, Sir Bindon, cited, [120]
• Bodh, [372]
• Bokhara (Sogdiæ):
  • Alexander's success in, [92]
  • Balkh under chief of, [459]
  • Kabul and Bamian, main route from, [389]
  • Khulm and Balkh route from, [278]
  • Modern popularity of, [395]
  • Moorcroft's journey to, [444]
• Bolan (Mashkaf) pass, [139], [362]
• Bolar, kingdom of, [327]
• Boledi, [36]-[7]
• Bolor, Kafiristan part of, [269]
• Bolous (Belous), [200]
• Bombay N.I., geographical record of, [454]
• Boodhi, [483]-[4]
• Botm, [282] and n.
• Bouchinj (Zindajan), [479]
• Bousik (Boushinj, Pousheng), [231], [234], [237]
• Brahmi script cited, [171]
• Brahuis (Barohis):
  • Baluchistan, in, [331]
  • Masson's estimate of, [374]
  • Mingals, [142], [306]
  • Revolt of, at Kalat, [406]
  • Sakæ, [163]-[4]
  • Stock of, [34]
  • Traditions of, [142]
• Brankhidai of Milesia, [20], [91]
• Brick buildings of antiquity, [42]-[3]
• Broadfoot, Lieut. J. S., [513]; travels of, in Central Afghanistan, [412], [470] et seq.; estimate of, [471]
• Bubulak, [387]
• Buddhism:
  • Balkh, at, in antiquity, [72], [263], [502]-[503]
  • Bamian, relics in, [263]-[6], [381], [446]
  • Building age of, a later development, [170]
  • Haibak, at, [264]-[5], [511]
  • Jalalabad, relics at, [352]
  • Kashmir, in, [179]-[80]
  • Nava Sanghârâma, [178]
  • Ritual of, [174]-[6], [181]-[2]
  • Sind, ruins in, [372]
  • Swat, in, [129]
  • Takla Makan, in the, [283]
• Buddhist Records of the Western World, quoted, [175]-[6]
• Buddhiya kingdom, [305]-[306]
• Budu river, [341]
• Bunbury cited, [31]
• Buner river, [108], [120]-[21]
• Buner valley, Blood's expedition to, [120]
• Bushire, [348]
• Burhan, Lake, [283]
• Burnes, Sir Alexander, Indus navigation by, [368], [454]; at court of Ranjit Singh, [455]-[7]; mission of, to Kabul (1832), [344], [376]; to Kunduz, [378]; Travels in Bokhara quoted, [455], [491]; date of publication, [344], [351]; commercial mission of, to Kabul (1837), [398]-[401], [404]-[405]; work of, [440]-[41]; estimate of, [453], [461]
• Burzil pass, [182]

• Candace, [479]
• Canouj, [273]
• Cariat (Kariut), [210]
• Carpatyra, [28]-[9]
• Cavalry on frontier expeditions, [117]
• Celadon ware, [82]-[3], [197], [300]
• Chach of Sind, [303], [306]
• Chachnama of Sind cited, [305]
• Chagai, [335]
• Chagan Sarai, [130]
• Chahar Aimak, [212], [214], [481]
• Chaharburjak, [81]
• Chahardar (Chapdara) pass, [261], [415], [419], [522]
• Height of, [357]
• Military road over, [277]
• Chaharshamba river and route to Balkh from Herat, [242], [248]
• Chahil Abdal (Chalapdalan) mountain, [223], [486], [488]
• Chahilburj, [257], [267]
• Chahiltan heights, [370]-[71]
• Chakesar ford, [121]
• Chakhansur, [497]
• Chalapdalan (Chahil Abdal) mountain, [223], [486], [488]
• Chandragupta (Sandrakottos), [129]
• Chapdara pass. See [Chahardar]
• Charbar, [299]
• Chardeh plain, [379]
• Charikar:
  • Military road from, over Chapdara pass, [277]
  • Strategical position of, [357]
• Charsadda, [114]
• Chashma Sabz pass, [234], [235]
• Chenghiz Khan, [72], [85], [142], [193], [194], [218], [267], [376], [526]
• Cherchen, [174]
• China, Buddhist pilgrimage routes from, [169] et seq., [502], [518]
• Chinese Turkistan:
  • Buddhist occupation of, [280]
  • Conditions of life in, in antiquity, [171], [172]
  • Tibet, included in, [283]
• Chiras, [252]
• Chitral, passes converging on, [426]-[7], [519]
• Chitral river. See [Kunar river]
• Chitral valley:
  • Accessibility of, [517]
  • Dorah route to, [519]-[20]
• Choaspes. See [Kunar]
• Chol country, [236], [238], [246], [247], [258]
• Christians:
  • Armenian, in Kabul, [377]
  • Merv, at, [241]
  • Sakah, at, [229]
• Christie, Captain, [329] et seq.
• Chumla river, [108]; valley, [121]
• Climate as affecting race distribution, [8], [46]
• Conolly, Lieut., [390]
• Cophæus, [114]
• Court, M., [455], [457]
• Crockery debris, [82], [197]
• Cufic coins, [394]
• Cunningham, General, cited, [106], [148]
• Curtius, Quintus, cited, [107], [122], [148]-[9], [221], [459]
• Cyrus, King of Persia, [79], [147]

• Dadar, [362]
• Dahuk (? Dashtak), [304]
• Dames, Longworth, cited, [201]
• Damizar (? Bagisara), [158]
• Dand, [472]
• Dandan Shikan pass, [260], [384], [421]; Wood's account of, [418]
• Daolatabad, [249]
• Daolatyar, [221], [223]-[4], [256], [486]
• Daraim valley, [424]
• Darak (Dizak), [311]-[14]
• Darak Yamuna (Yakmina), [317]
• Dards, [31]
• Darel (To-li), [179], [182]-[3]
• Darel stream, [183]-[4]
• Darius, flight of, from Alexander, [47], [67]; death of, [70]
• Darius Hystaspes, transportation of Greeks by, [16], [19], [20], [31], [45], [87], [91]
• Darra Yusuf river, [257], [200]
• Darwaz mountains, [432]-[3]
• Darya-i-Zarah (Gaod-i-Zireh), [204]
• Dasht river, [165]
• Dasht-i-bedoulat plain, [362], [370]
• Dasht-i-Lut, [323]
• Dasht-i-Margo desert, [81], [495]
• Dawar (Zamindawar), [83], [205]-[206], [223], [491]
• Deane, Major Sir H., cited, [129]
• Debal, [293], [301], [303], [307], [308], [310]
• Deh Dadi, [257]
• Dehao (? Dehi), [483]
• Dehertan (? Dahertan), [236], [237]
• Dehgans, [269]
• Dehi (? Dehao), [483]
• Delight of those who seek to wander through the Regions of the World, The (Idrisi), cited, [199] et seq.
• Dendalkan, [245], [246]
• Dera Ismail Khan, [463]
• Derah, [245]
• Derak (Dizek), [244]
• Dereh Mustapha Khan (Deria-dereh), [487]
• Derenbrosa, I., [159]
• Derthel, [206]-[208], [210]
• Deserts as barriers, [7]-[9]
• Dev Hissar fortress, [484]-[5]
• Dev Kala, [89], [92]
• Dihsai (Dshara), [465]-[6]
• Diodoros cited, [107]
• Dionysiaka cited, [62]
• Dir valley, [129]
• Dizak (Darak), [311]-[14]
• Dizek (Derak), [244]
• Djil, [273]
• Doctors as travellers, [463]
• Domai (Manora), I., [154]
• Domandi, [464], [513]
• Dorah pass, [508]-[509]; nature and importance of, [426]-[7], [519]-[21]
• Dorak (? Dizek), [245]
• Dosh, [261]
• Doshak. See [Jalalabad]
• Doshak range, [233]
• Dost Mahomed Khan, [344], [353], [359], [390], [403], [444], [462], [490]; operations by, against Sikhs, [397]-[8]; methods and estimate of, [360]
• Drangia. See [Seistan]
• Dravidian Brahuis, [306]
• Dravidian races entering India, [142]-[4]
• Dshara (Dihsai), [465]-[6]
• Dufferin lake, [520]
• Durand, [471]
• Durani Afghans:
  • Districts inhabited by, [212]
  • Herat under occupation of, [348]
  • Shikarpur, at, [363]
  • Truculence of, [212], [490]
  • Zarangai alleged to be recognisable as, [33]-[4]
• Duvanah valley, [424]
• Dwa Gomul river, [475]

• Eastward migrations, [6], [7], [9], [45], [49]
• Ecbatana:
  • Darius' flight to, [47]-[8], [67]
  • Route, direct, to India from, [51]
• Egypt, buildings in, [40]
• Elam, [163]
• Elburz mountains:
  • Alexander's passage of, [74], [76], [258]
  • Rivers of, [75]
  • Road across, [528]
  • mentioned, [74], [257]
• Elliott, Sir H., cited, [302], [304], [305]; quoted, [313]
• Embolina (Amb), [107]-[108], [114]-[15], [121]
• Erbil (Arbil):
  • Battle of Arbela at, [47]
  • Route from, to Hamadan, [48]
• Ersari Turkmans, [251], [459]-[60]
• Esar Haddon, King of Assyria, [52]
• Ethiopians, Asiatic, problem regarding, [34]-[6], [163]
• Euxine (Black Sea):
  • Milesian colonies S. and W. of, [18]
  • Skythic nomads N. of, [14], [19]
• Explorations of Indian trans-frontier, recentness of, [1], [17], [32], [60], [345]

• Fa Hian, [170], [172], [178], [180], [181], [184]-[5]; quoted, [174]-[6], [179], [183]
• Fahalfahra (Bahu Kalat), [312]-[14]
• Fahraj (Pahrag, Pahra, Pahura), [315], [317]; two places so named, [316]
• Faizabad:
  • Dorah route from, [519]
  • Situation of, [273]-[4], [425]
  • Wood's account and estimate of, [422], [425]
  • Zebak, route from, [511]
  • mentioned, [279], [506]
• Farah (Prophthasia):
  • Alexander the Great at, [78]
  • Antiquity of, [7]
  • Ferrier at, [493]-[4]
  • Herat, route from, [230]-[34]
  • Situation of, [7]
• Farah Rud river, [204], [216], [221], [336], [488], [494]
• Farajghan, [356]
• Fardan (? Bampur or Pahra), [315]-[17]
• Farsi, [223]
• Fazilpur, [365]
• Fazl Hag, [458]
• Ferengal, lead mines at, [416]
• Ferghana, [282]
• Ferrier, M., career of, [477]; at Herat, [477]-[8]; journey across Firozkohi plateau, [476], [478], [484]; route to Ghur, [485]-[7]; imprisonments of, [491]-[3]; at Farah, [493]-[4]; in Seistan, [496]-[7]; back to Herat, [498]; methods of, [346]; estimate of, [476], [480], [498]; cited, [214], [231], [335], [516]; Caravan Journeys cited, [497]
• Ferrying by ponies, [89]-[90], [449], [460]-[61]
• Feruk (Feruckabad), [449]
• Firabuz (Kanazbun), [302]-[303]; distances from, [304], [313], [317]
• Firozand, [207]
• Firozkohi (mediæval capital of Ghur), [219]
• Firozkohi plateau:
  • Ferrier's journey across, [476], [478], [484]; route to Ghur, [485]-[7]
  • Impracticability of, for military operations, [525]
  • Outlook from, [266]
  • mentioned, [247], [258]
• Firozkohis:
  • District of, [84], [214], [217], [219], [253]
  • Origin of, [481]
• Foosheng, [231]
• Forbes, Dr., murder of, [497]
• Forrest's Selections from Travels and Journals preserved in the Bombay Secretariat quoted, [348], and n.

• Gadrosia. See [Makran]
• Gadrosii, [146], [151]
• Gaduns, [111]
• Gadurs, [35]
• Galjin, [497]
• Gandhara (Upper Punjab), [99], [179], [185]
• Gandava (Sind), [305]
• Gaod-i-Zireh (Darya-i-Zarah), [204]
• Gardandiwal, [260], [379], [388]
• Gauraians, [96]
• Gauraios river. See [Panjkora]
• Gawargar, [267]
• Gazban (Karbis), [159]
• Gazdarra pass, [465], [472]
• Geh (Bih), [311]-[12], [314]
• Geography:
  • Ancient records of, absence of, [14]-[16], [18], [29]
  • Distances, difficulties of estimating, by "a day's journey," 298
  • Influence of, on migratory movements, [9], [45]-[6]; on history, [214]
  • Makran, of, [295] et seq.
  • Official v. unofficial, [332], [345]
  • Persian, extent and accuracy of, [17], [25]-[6], [29], [31]
  • Recent advances in, [1], [17], [32], [60]
• Gerard, Dr., [376], [395]
• Germany, firearms from, imported to Persia, Seistan, etc., [55]
• Gharan, [429]
• Gharo river, [153]
• Ghazni (region):
  • Raids from, [136]
  • Vigne's exploration of, [462], [465]
• Ghazni river, [468]
• Ghazni (town):
  • Alauddin's sack of, [218]
  • Desolation of, [210]-[11], [376]
  • Kandahar, route to, [512]
  • Masson at, [359]-[60]
  • Vigne at, [467]
• Ghaznigak, [261]
• Ghilzais (Khilkhis):
  • Districts of, [375]-[6]
  • Importance of, [206], [212]
  • Suliman Khel. See [that title]
• Ghizao, [515]
• Ghorband drainage system, [468]
• Ghorband river, [413]
• Ghorband valley:
  • Beauty of, [97]
  • Easy pass to, [260], [261], [387]
  • Lead mines in, [416]
  • Military road up, [277]
• Ghori, [524]
• Ghoweh Kol (? Pai Kol), [380]
• Ghulam Khana, [385]
• Ghur:
  • Ferrier at, [478]
  • Ghazni to, no direct route from, [220]
• Ghur, kingdom of:
  • Description and history of, in mediæval times, [205], [211]-[13], [217]-[19]
  • Routes through, in mediæval times, [220]-[24]
• Ghur river, [204], [221], [488]
• Ghur valley, [221]-[2]
• Ghurian (Koure), [231]-[2]
• Giaban headland, [159]
• Gichki, [37]
• Gilgit basin, [517]; river, [182]
• Girishk:
  • Ferrier's imprisonment at, [491]-[3]
  • Ford at, [204], [206]-[10]
  • Kandahar route by, [490]
  • Ruins at, [492]
• Gish (war god), [131]
• Glass, Arabic, [300]
• Gobi desert, [171]
• Goës, Benedict, [327]-[8]
• Goldsmid, General Sir F., [299]
• Gomul river, [136], [464], [473]-[4]
• Gomul route from the Indus to Ghazni, Vigne's exploration of, [462], [512], [513]
• Gondakahar (Gandakahar, Gondekehar) caves, [305], [306], [320]
• Gondrani caves, [305], [306]
• Granikos river, [66]
• Great Britain:
  • Afghan attitude towards, [337]-[8]; British attitude towards Afghanistan in early nineteenth century, [349]
  • Afghan war (1839-40). See [Afghanistan, British war with]
  • Afghan war (1878-80), surveys in connection with, [397], [500]
  • Sixteenth century, condition of England in, [2]
• Greeks:
  • Baghlan and Andarab, settlements about, [435]
  • Baktria, deportation to, [87], [91]; survival of strain in, [354]-[5], [358], [423]
  • Dionysian, migration of, to Indian frontier, [16], [19], [62]-[3], [124]-[5], [358], [423]
  • Indian art, influence on, [59]-[60]
  • Kyrenean, in Baktria, [91]
  • Milesian. See that title
  • Persian Empire, relations with, [20]-[21], [36], [61]
  • Women of, as influencing language in Indus valley, [22]
• Grierson, Dr., cited, [132]
• Gulgula citadel, [381], [386]
• Gulkatz, [473]
• Gulkoh mountain, [515]
• Gulran (? Kilrin), [235]
• Gurkhas in Nepal, [188]
• Guzwan (? Gurkan, Juzjan, Jurkan, Jirghan), [250], [251], [255]
• Gwadur (Barna, Badara), [159], [299]
• Gwalian (Walian) pass, [414]

• Habibullah, [444]
• Haftala (Astola, Hashtala, Nuhsala, Nosala) Island, [161], [286]
• Haibak (Semenjan):
  • Andarab, distance from, [272]; route to, [524]
  • Buddhist remains at, [177], [264]-[5], [511]
  • Description of, [271]
  • Moorcroft at, [446]
  • mentioned, [261], [482]
• Haidar, cited, [186], [327]
• Haidarabad, [399]
• Haig, General, [27]; cited, [309]-[10]; Indus Delta Country by, cited, [145], [153]
• Haji Khan, [378]-[87], [417]
• Hajigak pass, [260], [420], [446]; Masson's account of, [388]; Wood's account of, [417]
• Hajjaj, [292]
• Hala pass, [150]
• Hamadan, [322]; telegraph route from, to Teheran, [48]
• Harat Rud, [498]
• Hari Rud river:
  • Course of, [528]
  • Herat-Kabul route by, [248], [256], [262]
  • Pul-i-Malun across, [229] n., [230]
  • Source of, [84], [256]
• Hari Rud valley, [215], [485]-[6], [528]
• Hariana, [276]-[7]
• Harnai pass, [139]
• Hazaras:
  • Characteristics of, [216], [481]
  • Country of, nature of, [84]-[6], [214], [221], [516]; British interest in, merely academic, [514]
  • Forced labour of, [380]-[81]
  • Haji Khan's treachery against, [384]
  • Kidnapping of, by Taimanis, [253]
  • Masson's relations with, [387]-[8]
  • Slave-gangs of, [421]
  • Trading of, [252]
  • Women of, Ferrier's account of, [485]
  • Yezdambaksh, under, [378]-[9]
• Hazart Ghaos, [371]
• Hazrat Baba Kamur, [505]
• Hazrat Imam, [432]-[3], [504], [505], [506]
• Hedin, Sven, [170]
• Helawerd, [274]
• Helmund basin, [201]; central unexplored, [512]
• Helmund river (Etymander):
  • Course of:
    • Description of, [81]-[2], [83]-[4], [379]
    • Variations in, [79]-[80], [202]
  • Crossing-places on, [204]-[10], [380]
  • Detritus borne by, [81]
  • Indus, route to, [527]
  • Northern branches of, unexplored, [515]
  • Ruins bordering, [492]
  • Unexplored portion of, [512], [515]
• Helmund valley:
  • Antiquarian treasures in, [496]
  • Description of, [79] et seq.
  • Nadir Shah in, [526]
  • Pottery débris in, [197]
  • Survey of, thoroughness of, [207]
• Hephæstion, [94], [95], [99], [150], [151]
• Herat (Aria):
  • Ancient cities on or near site of, [77]
  • Balkh, routes to, [239]-[40], [247]-[8]
  • Capital of Ghur in mediæval times, [219]
  • Christie at, [336]-[7]
  • Commerce of, during Arab supremacy, [225]
  • Defence of, against the Persians (1837), [402]
  • Description of, by Idrisi, [228]
  • Durani occupation of, [348]
  • Farah, route to, [230]-[34]
  • Ferrier at, [477]; his views as to, [479]
  • India, military route to, [525]-[6]
  • Kabul, route to, by Hari Rud, [248], [256], [262]; other routes, [257]
  • Kandahar, direct route to, [490], [525]-[8]
  • Mosalla, [228]
  • Panjdeh and Merv, route to, [236]
  • Persian satrapy including, [32]
  • Persian siege of, [477]
  • Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, [218]
• Herat valley, [202], [205], [211]-[12], [217]; route from, to India, [209]; trees in, [237]
• Herodotus cited, [17], [25], [26], [30], [31], [33]-[4], [56], [163]
• Hicks, [469]
• Hindu Koh range, [182]
• Hindu Kush mountains:
  • Direction of, [4]
  • Geographical knowledge of, defective, [508]-[9]
  • Passes over, [274], [327], [328], [357], [378], [381]-[2], [387], [413]-[15], [426]-[7], [434]-[5], [507], [517], [519]-[25]
  • Andarab in relation to, [275], [277]
  • Command of, [261]
  • Masson's account of, [388]
  • Mediæval use of, [277]
  • Wood's account of, [417]-[18]
  • Snow line of, on north and south sides, [415]
• Hinglaz mountain and shrine, [162]-[3]
• Hingol river, [291]; Alexander at, on the retreat, [151], [157], [161]-[3], [166]
• History, unimportance of, to the ancients, [11], [25]
• Hiuen Tsiang cited, [178]
• Honigberger, M., [394]-[5], [462], [468]
• Hormuz, [200]
• Housab, [225]
• Huc, Abbé, cited, [439], [440]
• Huec Sheng, [184]
• Huen Tsang cited, [262], [279]
• Huntington, Ellsworthy, cited, [8], [278]
• Hunza (Kunjut), [180]-[81]
• Hupian, [394]
• Hyperboreans, [14], [19]

• Ibn Batuta cited, [210]
• Ibn Haukel of Baghdad cited, [203], [217], [228]-[31], [236], [237], [243], [251], [255], [295], [303]; Ashkalu l' Bilad of, quoted, [304], [308]-[309]; map of Makran by, cited, [297]-[8], [307], [312], [313]
• Ichthyophagi, [160], [318]
• [Idrisi] (Abu Abdulla Mohammed) cited,199 et seq., [301]-[304], [307]-[309], [312], [313], [315]-[17], [427]-[8], [434], [446]; quoted, [303], [314], [316]-[17]
• Ilchi (Khotan), [172]
• Iliad cited, [12]
• Imám Sharif, [222]
• India (for particular districts, rivers, etc., see their names):
  • Aboriginal inhabitants of, [157]
  • Afghanistan:
    • Commercial treaty with, attempted, [397]; Burnes' mission, [398]-[401], [404]-[5]
    • Land gates of India always in possession of, [22]
  • Arab invasion of, by land and sea, [287]
  • Art of:
    • Assyrian influence on, [7], [52]-[4]
    • Greek influence on, [6], [22], [59]-[60], [129]
    • Syrian and Armenian influence on, [6]
  • Aryan influx to, [61]
  • Assyrian influence in, [70]; on art, [7], [52]-[4]
  • Bombay N.I., record of, [454]
  • Defences of, natural:
    • North and north-east frontier, on, [3]
    • South frontier, on—ridge and valley formation, [140]; Indus to Punjab desert, [7], [143]-[4], [226], [526]
  • Dravidian races entering, [142]-[4], [158]
  • Gold-fields of, [51]
  • Government of:
    • Characteristics of, [408]-[10]
    • Masson's criticisms of, [408], [409]
  • Greek impression left on, slightness of, [59]
  • History of, ancient, non-existent, [11]
  • Makran route to. See under subheading [Routes]
  • N.W. barrier of, true situation of, [5]
  • Population of, not indigenous, [49]
  • Railway systems of, [324]
  • Rajput families of, [7]
  • Routes to:
    • Makran route:
      • Arab supremacy, under, [226], [294], [311]
      • Importance of, in antiquity, [167]-[8]
      • Modern ignorance regarding, [141]; modern possibilities as to, [319]-[24]
    • Northern, from Mongolia, [169] et seq., [186] et seq.
    • Persian, [311], [319], [321]-[4]
    • Sea-routes to N.W. in antiquity, [55]
  • Russian designs as to, question of, [319]-[20]
  • Trade of:
    • Persian, [21]
    • Syrian and Phœnician, [13], [45]
    • Wealth of, [295]
  • Turanian races in, [157]-[8]
• Indian Survey, [183]
• Indus river (Sintu ho):
  • Boundary of early exploration, [7]
  • Burnes' flotilla on, [454]
  • Course of, variations in, [26]-[7], [296]
  • Delta of, area of, [27]
  • Desert flanking, [143]-[4], [226], [526]
  • Gharo, creek of, [153]
  • Gorge of, below the Darel, [183]-[4]
  • Haig's Indus Delta Country cited, [145], [153]
  • Navigability of, near Baio, [121]
  • Opening of, to commercial navigation, Burnes' mission regarding (1837), [399]
  • Rann of Katch, estuary of, in antiquity, [144]
  • Routes from, to Helmund river and Central India, [527]
  • Voyage down, by Scylax, [26]-[8]
• Indus valley:
  • Climate of, [46]; fog, [85]-[6]
  • Greek and Arabic remains in, [364]; Greek language and its disappearance, [21], [59]
  • Inscriptions, undecipherable, found in, [129]-[30]
  • Mahomedan supremacy in, [293]
  • Pathans in, ancient settlement of, [28]
  • Persian satrapy including large part of, [31]
  • Routes to, through Makran, [141]. See also under [India—Routes]
  • Vegetation in, in antiquity, [121]-[2]
• Inscriptions on stone slabs, [129]-[30]; on bricks, [494], [496], [499]
• Irak, [292]; valley, [387]; stream, [388]; pass, [417]
• Irrigation in Afghanistan, [75]-[6], [475]
• Ishak Khan, [261]
• Ishkashm, [429]
• Islam. See [Mahomedanism]
• Ispahan:
  • Railway from, question as to, [319], [321]-[2]
  • Telegraph route from, to Panjgur, [322]
• Ispahak pass, Wood's description of, [417]
• Israelites:
  • Assyrian deportation of, [16], [39], [44], [49], [61]
  • Disappearance of, as a nation, [40]
• Issyk Kul lake, [173]
• Istakhri of Persepolis cited, [295], [302], [303], [307], [308], [312]

• Jabar Khan, [462], [469]
• Jacobabad, [139]
• Jacquet, Eugene, [395]
• Jadran hills, [513]
• Jadwa, [236]
• Jagdallak defile, [95]
• Jahanabad, [497]
• Jhal, [371]
• Jalalabad (Doshak), [335], [497]; Buddhist relics near, [177], [352]
• Jalawan Brahuis, [164]
• Jalk, [335]
• Jam Kala, [222]
• Jamrud, [398]
• Jamshidis, [214], [216], [481]
• Jaor, [486]
• Jats, Jatas, [293], [501]
• Jawani, [336]
• Jebel al Ghur, [217]
• Jerkere, [231]
• Jews (Yahudi):
  • Afghan hatred of, [50], [377]
  • Balkh, at, [71]
  • Sar-i-pul, at, [252]
  • Transportations of, [44]
  • Yahudia, at 251, [255]
• Jihun. See [Oxus].
• Jil district, [278]
• Jilgu river, [475]
• Jirena (Behvana), [245]
• Jirghan (? Jurkan, Gurkan, Juzjan, Guzwan), [250], [251], [255]; range, [249]
• Jirift, [201]
• Jirm (? Badakshan), [270], [506]
• Position and importance of, [270], [274]-[5]
• Wood's estimate of, [422], [425]-[6]
• Joubert's translation of Idrisi cited. See [Idrisi]
• Journal of the Royal Society of Arts cited, [146]
• Junasdara pass, [424]-[5]
• Jurkan (Gurkan, Juzjan, ?Guzwan or Jirghan), [250], [251], [255]; range, [249]
• Jutes, [61]

• Kabadian, [278]
• Kabul:
  • Arab expedition against, [292]
  • Burnes' mission to (1832), [344], [376]; his commercial mission to (1837-8), [392], [398]-[401], [404]-[405]
  • Hicks' tomb at, [469]
  • Masson British agent in, [397]; his account of, [376]-[7]
  • Mediæval estimate of, as "Indian" town, [211], [219], [226], [262]; mediæval description quoted, [211]
  • Modern conditions in, social and material, [377]
  • Moorcroft's journey to, [444]
  • Routes to and from:
    • Afghan Turkistan, Wood's account of route to, [418]-[19]; modern improvements in, [419] and n., [522] n.
    • Andarab, Khafila road to, [88]
    • Badakshan, all-the-year-round route to, [275]-[6], [419] n.
    • Balkh, Frontier Commission's route from, [272]-[3]
    • Bamian, route to, open in winter, [385]-[6]
    • Bokhara and Bamian, main route to, [389]
    • Herat, route from, by Hari Rud, [248], [256], [262]; other routes, [257]
    • Kunduz, [416], [523]
    • Mazar and Band-i-Amir, by, [259]-[261]
    • Peshawar via Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, [135]
    • Punjab, route from:
      • Buddhist character of, [177]
      • Kunar, Laghman and Lundai valleys, by, [101]
    • Sar-i-pul, from, [252]
  • Vigne at, [468]-[9]
• Kabul province, India in Middle Ages, [277]
• Kabul (Kophen, Nahrwara) river:
  • Alexander's probable course along, [100]
  • Source of, [84]
  • mentioned, [96], [276]
• Kabul river basin (Ki-pin), [96], [176], [215]
• Kabulis, [492]
• Kach (Kaj), meaning of term, [35]
• Kach Gandava, [305]-[306]
• Kafir wine, [133]-[4]
• Kafiristan:
  • Homogeneity of natives of, [508]
  • Inhabitants of, [96], [269]
  • Ivy and vine in, [124]
  • Timur's invasion of, [327], [355]-[6]
  • Unexplored wildness of, [269]-[70]
• Kafirs in Afghanistan:
  • Badakshan, in, [437]
  • Ignorance regarding, [269]-[70]
  • Kunar valley, in, [102]-[103]; two Kafirs of Kamdesh, [131]-[2]
  • Siahposh. See [that title]
• Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, The (Robertson), cited, [510]
• Kafzur (Hajigak) pass, [417]
• Kah, [267], [268]
• Kaiani of Seistan, [34]
• Kaiani kingdom, ruins of, [82]
• Kaiani Maliks, [37], [208]
• Kaibar river, [232]
• Kaisan (Kasan) river, [272]
• Kaisar drainage, [248]-[9]
• Kala Bist, [204], [207], [208]
• Kala Sarkari, [260]
• Kala Sarwan, [206]-[208]
• Kala Shahar, [251], [255]
• Kala-i-Fath, [355], [496], [497]
• Kalagan, [342]
• Kalah, ruins of, [42]
• Kalama (Khor Khalmat), [158]
• Kalapani river, [106]
• Kalat, [323]
• British expedition to, [406]
• Christie and Pottinger at, [332]
• Masson at, [370]-[71]
• Strategic position of, [138]-[9]
• Kalat-i-Ghilzai (Khilkh), [206], [210]
• Kalatak, [301]
• Kalawun, [236], [238]
• Kalloo (Panjpilan) pass, [417]
• Kalu, [388]
• Kalwan (? Kolwah), [304]
• Kaman-i-Bihist, [232], [236]
• Kamard, Tajik chief of, [383], [384], [421]
• Kamard valley, [260], [261], [437]
• Kambali (? Khairokot), [150], [307]-[308]
• Kamdesh, [131]
• Kamran, Shah, [403]
• Kanazbun (Firabuz), [302]-[303]; distances from, [304], [313], [317]
• Kandabel, [305]
• Kandahar:
  • Flank march on, possibility of, [204]-[5]
  • Indian frontier, distance from, [528]
  • Kabul compared with, in matter of tolerance, [377]
  • Leech's mission to, [401]-[402]
  • Masson at, [360]-[61]
  • Mediæval insignificance of, [210]
  • Routes from, to:
    • Ghazni, [512]
    • Herat, [490]; Herat as gateway to, [525]-[8]
    • Kabul, Alexander's, [86]-[7]
    • Kalat, via Mangachar valley, [374]-[5]
    • Sonmiani, [331]
• Kandahar (in Kach Gandava), [305]-[306]
• Kandaharis, [492]
• Kanowar, [238]
• Kao river. See [Alingar]
• Kaoshan pass, [435]:
  • Alexander's passage of, tradition as to, [87]
  • Greek control of, before Alexander's expedition, [20], [91]; Greek use of, [277]
  • Height of, [88], [357]
  • "Hindu Kush," known as the pass of, [414]
• Kara pass, [260], [418]
• Karabel (Armail, Armabel, Las Bela), [304]-[307], [320]
• Karabel plateau:
  • Description of, [248]
  • Route across, from near Panjdeh to Balkh, [250]
• Karabia I., [159]
• Karabine, [158]
• Karachi:
  • Approaches to, [140]-[41]
  • Configuration of, changes in, [153]
  • Makran route to, modern possibilities as to, [319]-[24]
  • Malir waterworks, [310]
  • Masson refused landing at, [368]
  • Voyage from, to Persian Gulf (by Nearkhos), [146], [152]-[61]
• Karakoram pass, [180]
• Karakoram trade route, [181], [517]; description of, [3]-[4]
• Karaks, [286], [292]
• Karamat Ali, Saiad, [390]
• Karapa route, [351]
• Karat, [231]
• Karbat, [250]
• Karbis (Gazban), [159]
• Kardos, [327]
• Kardozan, [479]
• Karez Ilias route to Sarakhs, [234]
• Karia Pir, [307]
• Kariut (Cariat), [210]
• Karmania, [32], [165]
• Karmatians, [293], [311]
• Karomurs, [71]
• Karosthi language, [280]; script cited, [171]
• Kartchoo, [482]
• Karuj (Korokh), [236], [237]
• Karwan (? Parwan), [276]-[7]
• Karza (? Kafza) pass, [382], [385]
• Kasan, [511]; stream, [428]
• Kashan, [322]; river, [236], [237], [240]; valley, [481]
• Kashmir (Kie-sha):
  • Buddhism in, [179]-[80]
  • Fa Hian in, [178]-[9], [182]
  • Persian knowledge of, [31]
• Kashmir passes, no records of military use of, [517]
• Kashmund mountains, [100], [101]
• Kashran (? Khasrin), [317]
• Kaspioi, [31]
• Kaspira (Kasmira), [31]
• Kasr Akhif (Ahnef), [245]
• Kasrkand, [311]-[12], [314]
• Kasur spur, [426]
• Kataghani horses, [504]-[505]
• Katan Chirak, [132]
• Katawar, [355]
• Kattasang, [472]
• Kattawaz plain, [465], [472], [475]
• Kawak (Khawak), [355]
• Kawakir, [235]
• Kej (Kiz, Kirusi, ?Labi), [301]-[302]
• Kej valley, [297]
• Kenef, [238]
• Kunjut (Hunza), [180]-[181]
• Kerman desert, [201]; valley, [262]
• Kermanshah, [322]
• Ketnev, [356]
• Khaibar route to India:
  • Evil reputation of, [458]
  • Hyphæstion's march by, [95]
  • Masson's journey by, [351]-[2]
• Khair, [310]
• Khair Kot (? Kambali), [150], [307]-[308]
• Khalmat tombs, [196], [310]-[11]
• Khan Nashin, [495]
• Khana Yahudi, [257]
• Khanabad, [423], [506]
• Kharachanabad (Khardozan), [230]
• Kharan, [331], [335], [339]
• Kharan desert, [339]-[41]
• Khardozan (Kharachanabad), [230]
• Khariab river, [278]
• Khariab (Kokcha) river, [270], [273], [274]
• Kharkerde, [231]
• Kharotis, [513]
• Khash, [495]
• Khash Rud valley, [204]
• Khashka pass, [387]
• Khasrin (? Kashran), [317]
• Khawak pass:
  • Height of, [357], [435]
  • Importance of, [521]
  • Popularity of, [414]
  • Timur at, [327], [355], [435]
  • otherwise mentioned, [261], [275], [277], [419], [428], [434], [507]
• Khawak river, [274]
• Khazar, [388]
• Khilkh (Kalat-i-Ghilzai), [206]
• Khilkhis. See [Ghilzais]
• Khiva (Khwarezm), [218], [244]
• Khizilji Turks, [281]-[2]
• Khoes river, [99]-[100]
• Khoja Mahomed range, [424], [436], [437], [506], [507]
• Khojak range, [139]
• Khor Khalmat (Kalama), [158]
• Khorasan, [348]
• Khorienes, [93]
• Khotan (Ilchi):
  • Balkh, distance from, [177]; route to, [277], [278]-[9]
  • Buddhist centre, as, [172], [174]
• Khozdar:
  • Christie and Pottinger at, [331]
  • Masson at, [373]
  • Turan, capital of, [315]
• Khulm, [88], [270]-[72], [416]; river, [84]
• Khur, [308], [310]
• Khurd Kabul defile, [95]
• Khud Rud, [515]
• Khuzan (Ak Tepe), [245]-[6]
• Khwaja Amran (Kojak) range, [374]
• Khwaja Chist, [217], [223]
• Khwaja Salar, [448], [449], [460]
• Khwarezm (Khiva), [218], [244]
• Ki-pin (Kabul river basin), [176]
• Kie-sha. See [Kashmir].
• Kila Adraskand, [229] n.
• Kila Gaohar, [485]
• Kila Khum, [511]
• Kila Maur, [237], [245]
• Kila Panja, [430]
• Kila Shaharak, [486]
• Kila Sofarak, [256]
• Kila Wali, [243], [248]
• Kilif, [279]; pony ferry at, [89]-[90], [460]
• Kilik pass, [180], [517]
• Kilrin (? Gulran), [235]
• Kir (Kiz) Kaian, [313]-[17]
• Kirghiz (? Kirkhirs):
  • Idrisi's account of, [282]-[3]
  • Wood's estimate of, [430]
• Kirman, [311], [313]-[15], [322]-[3]; telegraph via, to India, [69]
• Kirman desert, [147]
• Kirthar range, [140]
• Kishm, [509]
• Kiz (Kirusi, Kej, ?Labi), [301]-[302]
• Kiz (Kir) Kaian, [313]-[17]
• Kizzilbash, [467]
• Knidza (Kyiza), [160]
• Koh Daman:
  • Alexander at, [94]
  • Description of, [96]-[7]
  • Lord's expedition to, [412]-[13]
• Koh-i-Babar (Baba) mountains:
  • Altitude of, [263]
  • Nature and direction of, [84], [381]
  • Rivers starting from, [215]
• Koh-i-Basman, [323]
• Koh-i-Malik Siah, [209]
• Koh-i-Mor (Meros) mountains, [105], [123]-[4], [358]
• Koh Umber mountain, [423], [506]
• Kohendil Khan, [493]
• Kohistan:
  • Inhabitants of, [96]
  • Mountain scenery of, [392]
• Kohistan plains, [87]
• Kohistani, [486]
• Kohistani Babas, [487]
• Kohnak divide, [513]
• Kojak (Khwaja Amran) range, [374]
• Kokcha (Khariab, Minjan) river:
  • Course of, nature of, at Faizabad, [424], [425]
  • Mouth of, [434]
  • Robertson's view regarding, [510]
  • Route by headwaters of, nature of, [426], [427], [436]
  • mentioned, [270], [273], [274], [507], [520]
• Kokcha valley, [424], [425], [427]
• Kokhar Ab river, [515]
• Kolab, [433]-[4]
• Kolar gold-fields, [51]
• Kolwah (? Kalwan), [304]
• Konche river, [174]
• Kophen river. See [Kabul river]
• Korokh (Karuj), [236], [237], [239], [240]
• Kotal-i-bed, [374]
• Kotal Murgh pass, [90]
• Kotanni pass, [513]
• Koure (Ghurian), [231]-[2]
• Koyunjik mound, [43]
• Krateros, [103], [147]
• Krokala, [148], [153], [156]
• Kua (Kau), [235], [236]
• Kudabandan, [303]
• Kuen Lun mountains, [171], [172], [173]
• Kufs, [200]
• Kughanabad, [236]
• Kuhsan, Kusan (? Kuseri, Kouseri), [232]-[3], [239], [479]
• Kum, [322]
• Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) river, [122], [431]; importance of, [100]
• Kunar (Choaspes, Chitral) valley:
  • Description of, [100]-[103]
  • Direction of, [509]-[10]
  • Dorah route from, [520]
  • Ivy and vine in, [133]
  • Kafirs in, [102]-[103]; of Kamdesh, [131]-[2]
  • Masson's investigations as to, [396]
  • Survey of (1894), [123]
• Kundar river, [464]
• Kunduz (town):
  • Burnes' mission to, [378]
  • Description of, [504]
  • Lord's invitation to, [413], [416], [420]-[422]
  • Southward routes from, to Bamian and Kabul, [523]
  • Warwalin near, [272]
  • Wood's estimate of, [422]
• Kunduz district:
  • Fortified towns of, [504]
  • Pestilential climate of, [432], [447]-[9], [505]
  • Kunduz river, [261], [421], [428], [436], [505]; scenery of, [257], [259]-[260]
• Kunduz valley route to Kabul, [434]
• Kunjut, [186]
• Kupruk, [257]
• Kuram, [482]-[3], [505]
• Kuram valley route, [135], [512]
• Kurchi, [251]
• Kurdistan hills, [322]
• Kurt (Tajik) dynasty in Ghur, [218]
• Kuseri, Kouseri (? Kuhsan, Kusan), [231]-[3]
• Kushan (Tokhari), [241]
• Kushk, [324]
• Kushk river, [236], [237], [240]; description of, [246]
• Kushk-i-Nakhud, [210], [492]
• Kyiza (Knidza), [160]

• Labi (? Kiz, Kirusi, Kej), [304]
• Ladakh ("Little Tibet"):
  • Idrisi's description of the town of, [281]
  • Mongol invasion via, [186]
  • Moorcroft in, [443]-[4]
  • Vigne in, [462]
• Laghman valley, [96], [99]-[101]; inhabitants of, [100], [133]
• Lahore:
  • Burnes at, [455]
  • Masson at, [366]-[7]
• Lakshur (? Langar), [238]-[9]
• Lalposh, [270]
• Lamghan. See [Laghman]
• Language, women's preservation of, [22], [143], [295]
• Lapis-lazuli mines above Jirm, [426], [507]
• Las (Lumri) tribe of Rajputs, [305]
• Las Bela (Armail, Armabel, Karabel):
  • Distances to, [303]-[304]
  • Gadurs of, [35]
  • Historic interest of, [304]-[307], [320]
  • Masson at, [369]
  • Ruins near, [372]
  • Strategic position of, [138]-[9]
• Lash Jowain, [493], [498]
• Lasonoi, [30]
• Lataband pass, [424]
• Leach, Lieut., [471]
• Lead mines of Ferengal in Ghorband valley, [416]
• Leech, Lieut., on Burnes' staff, [401]-[402], [412]; work and methods of, [440]-[41]
• Leh, [180], [443], [444], [519]
• Leonatus, [151], [156], [161]
• Lhasa:
  • Buddhist centre, as, [172]-[3]
  • Moorcroft's residence at, question as to, [439]-[40], [444]
  • Pilgrimages to, [181], [187]
  • Route from, to India, [517]
• Liari, [308]
• Lockhart mission, [358], [429], [509]
• Logar river, [380], [468]; valley, [466], [475]
• Lohanis, [360], [463], [467]
• Lob, [283]
• Lop basin, [172], [173]
• Lop Nor, [171], [174], [280]
• Lord, Dr., mission of, to Badakshan, [402]; expedition of, to Koh Daman and Hindu Kush passes, [412]-[15]; in Ghorband valley, [416]; at Kunduz, [413], [416], [420]-[21]; visit of, to Hazrat Imam, [432]; investigations by, regarding Moorcroft, [439]; Uzbek State of Kundooz by, [504]; cited, [420], [505]
• Loveday, Lieut., [406]
• Ludhiana, [344]
• Ludi (Lydoi), [30]
• Lulan, [174]
• Lumri (Las) tribe of Rajputs, [35], [305]
• Lundai valley, [101]
• Lungar, [468]
• Lydoi (Ludi), [30]

• Mabara (? Barbarra), [434]
• Mackenzie, Captain, [148]
• M'Crindle cited, [159]
• MacMahon, Sir Henry, [374] and n., [497]
• MacNab, Dr., [131]
• McNair, [358]
• Mada Khel hills, [108]
• Mahaban (Shah Kot), [108], [110]-[11], [113], [117]-[21]
• Mahabharata cited, [12], [63]
• Mahighir canal, [394]
• Mahmud of Ghazni, Multan conquered by (1005), [192]-[3], [293]; raids by, [200], [210], [218], [513]; tomb of, [376]; mentioned, [219], [468]
• Mahmudabad, [491]
• Mahomed Akbar Khan, [490]
• Mahomed Ali, Chief of Saighan, [378]-[9], [382]-[3]
• Mahomed Azim Khan, [444]
• Mahomed Kasim, [293]-[4], [307]
• Mahomed Khan, Sultan, [360], [403], [483]
• Mahomedanism, rise of, [187]
• Mahomedans:
  • Balkh, at, [72], [74]
  • Kafir attitude towards, [131]
  • Vigne's estimate of, [467]
• Maidan, [260], [468]
• Maimana, [239], [248]-[50], [258], [481]
• Makran (Gadrosia). For particular districts, etc., see their names
• Alexander's retreat through, [38], [51], [86], [145]-[54], [161]-[6]
• Ancient relics in, [56]
• Arabian interest in, prior to A.D. 712, [292]; Arab governors of, [193], [292], [293]
• Baluch traditions as to, [291]
• Bampur the ancient capital of, [165]
• Boledi long the ruling tribe in, [36]-[7]
• Coasting trade of, in antiquity, [57]
• Configuration, orography, and geological features of, [32]-[3], [48], [285], [288]-[91], [296]
• Decline of, in eleventh century, [295]
• Desiccation of, [288]-[9]
• Greek knowledge of, in ancient time scanty, [37]
• Hots of (? Uxoi), [34]
• Islands off, disappearance of, [286], [288]
• Kaiani Maliks' supremacy in, [37]
• Kushite race in, question as to, [34]-[5]
• Negroes in, [36]
• Persian satrapies including, [32], [200]
• Physical features of. See subheading [Configuration]
• Ports of, for importation of firearms, [55]
• Route through, to India under Arab supremacy, [209], [226], [294], [311]
• Ignorance as to, [141]
• Importance of, in antiquity, [167]-[8]
• Modern possibilities as to, [319]-[24]
• Stone-built circles in, [372]
• Tombs in (Khalmati), [310]-[11]
• Turanian relics in, [158]
• View of, from Arabian Sea, [284]-[5]
• Malan headland, [158], [285], [291]; range, [161]-[2], [164]
• Malek Hupian, [394]
• Malistan valley, [515]
• Malli (? Meds), [155], [160]-[61]
• Malun Herat, [229] n.
• Manabari, [308]-[309]
• Manasarawar lakes, [440]
• Manbatara, [308]
• Mandal pass, [426], [507], [519]
• Manga (Manja, Mugger) Pir, [309]
• Mangachar valley, [374]
• Manglaor, [121]
• Manhabari (? Minagar, Binagar), [304], [309]-[10]
• Manjabari, [309]
• Manora (Domai) Island, [154]
• Mansura, [309]
• Mansuria, [315]-[16]
• Mashad:
  • Russian telegraph via, [69]
  • Seistan, route to, [528]
  • Teheran, objections regarding railway to, [319]
• Mashad valley, [424]
• Mashkaf (Bolan) pass, [139]
• Mashkel (? Maskan), [313]-[14]; swamp, [323], [339], [341]
• Massaga:
  • Alexander's capture of, [105], [122]; route from, [113]
  • Nysæans at, question as to, [128]-[9]
• Marabad, [225]
• Marakanda (Samarkand), [88]
• Mardians, [68], [76]
• Maruchak. See [Merv-el-Rud]
• Marwa, [225]
• Masson, arrival of, at Bushire, [348], [368]; in Peshawar, [350]; journey to Kabul via Khaibar route, [351]-[4], [359]; to Ghazni and Kandahar, [359]-[60]; to Quetta and Shikapur, [361]-[3]; in the Punjab, [364]-[5]; at Lahore, [365]-[367]; to Karachi, [377]; trips by water, [367]-[8]; in E. Baluchistan, [369]; at Chahiltan, [370]-[71]; through Sind, [371]-[2]; again to Kalat, Kandahar, and Kabul, [372]-[7]; Besud expedition, [378], [380]; to Bamian (1832), [378]-[86]; to Kabul, [386], [388]; researches near Kabul, [393]; accepts post as British agent in Kabul, [397]; relations with Burnes, [399]-[401], [404]; resigns office under Indian Government, [405], [407]; experiences at Quetta, [406]-[7]; meeting with Vigne, [469]; intimacy with Afghans, [346]-[7], [350], [352], [362]-[363]; influence with them, [380]; intimacy with Baluchs, [374]; coins collected by, [393]; criticisms of Indian Government by, [408], [409]; value of work of, [345], [347]-[8], [367], [388], [391], [396], [407]; methods of, [346]; estimate of, [361], [370], [372], [395]-[6], [408]; Travels in Afghanistan, etc., see [that title]; otherwise mentioned, [458], [462], [463], [468], [491]
• Masurjan, [317]
• Matakanai, [105], [128]
• Matiban, [200]
• Mazanderan, [481]
• Mazar, [434], [435], [448], [459]
• Mazar-i-Sharif, [257], [439]
• Meder, [267], [268]
• Meds (? Malli), [155], [160]-[61], [292]-[3]
• Megasthenes, [129]; his India cited, [126]-[7]
• Mehrab Khan, [406]
• Meilik (Nimlik), [482]
• Menk, [274]
• Mesiha, [245]
• Mesopotamia:
  • Earliest immigrants into, question as to origin of, [34]-[5]
  • Irrigation works necessary in, [40]-[41]
  • Israelite deportations to, [39]
  • Nana-worship in, [163]
  • Teheran-Mashad route from, to Baktria, [47]-[8], [54], [70]
• Merv-el-Rud:
  • Confused with Russian Merv by Idrisi, [244]-[5]
  • Date and destruction of, [241]-[2]
  • otherwise mentioned, [236], [239], [240]-[41]
• Merv of the Oasis (Russian):
  • Balkh, routes to, [249]-[50]
  • Confused with Merv-el-Rud by Idrisi, [244]
  • Herat route from, [236]
  • Historic importance of, [241]
• Milesian Greeks:
  • Brankhidai, [20]
  • Colonies of:
    • N. of Euxine, [14]
    • S. and W. of Euxine, [18]
  • Transportation of, to Baktria region, [16], [19], [20], [31], [45]
• Miletus:
  • Alexander's reduction of (334 B.C.), [66]
  • Carpet-making industry of, [18]
  • Destruction of, date of, [16]
• Minab river, [166]
• Minagar, Binagar (? Manhabari), [304], [309]-[10]
• Mingal, [482]
• Mingals, [142], [306]
• Minjan pass, [507], [519]; Chitral route through, [359], [426]
• Minjan river. See [Kokcha]
• Minjan valley, [132], [426], [436]
• Miri fort of Quetta, [138], [148]
• Mockler, Col., cited, [159]-[60]
• Mongols:
  • Afghanistan, in central plateau of, [85]
  • Asiatic civilization overrun by, [200]
  • Army of, destroyed on the Karakoram route, [4]
  • Chenghiz Khan, under, [73]
  • Ghur dynasty, subject to, [218]
  • India:
    • Central Southern, problem of arrival in, [142]-[4]
    • Invasion of, by, [326]
    • Military expeditions to, attempted, [186]
    • Pilgrimages to, [169] et seq.
• Monze, Cape, [154]
• Moorcroft, explorations by, [440]; question as to residence at Lhasa, [444]; journey from to Kabul, Badakshan, and Bokhara, [444]-[8]; official attitude towards, [442]-[3]; records of, [443]; fate of, [438]-[9]; grave of, [259]; estimate of, [443]-[4], [448], [503]-[504]; otherwise mentioned, [423], [434], [467]
• Morontobara, [154]-[5]
• Mosarna, [161]
• Mugger (Manga, Manja) Pir, [309]
• Mugheir (Ur), [42]
• Mula (Mulla) pass, [139], [140], [147], [371]
• Multan:
  • Hindu bankers in, [363]
  • Mahmud's conquest of (1005), [193], [293]
  • Masson's account of, [366]
  • Tubaran, distance from, [315]
• Murad Beg, Mir of Kunduz, position of, [378]-[9], [504]; Badakshani families transported by, [432], [505]; Lord's invitation by, [413], [416]; estimate of, [413]; Wood's estimate of, [422]; Moorcroft's experience and estimate of, [446]-[8]; otherwise mentioned, [385], [418], [425], [429], [503]
• Murad Khan of Kunduz, [383]
• Murgh pass, [434]-[5]
• Murghab basin, Upper, unmapped, [477]
• Murghab river:
  • Economic value of, [246]-[7]
  • Head of, unexplored, [516]
  • Head valleys of, [258]
  • Ruins on, [243]-[4]
  • Upper, climate of, [220]
  • otherwise mentioned, [215], [236], [239]-[41]
• Murghab valley, [242], [282], [284]
• Muskat, [55]
• Mustapha Khan, [487]
• Muttra, [210]

• Nachan, [225]
• Nadir Shah, [267], [418], [526]
• Nagas, [501]
• Nahrwara river. See [Kabul river]
• Naisan, [225]
• Najil, [327], [356], [396]-[7]
• Najirman (? Nakirman), [200]
• Najitan (Bajitan), [225]
• Nalpach pass, [383]-[4]
• Nan Shan mountain system, [173]
• Nana (Chaldean goddess), [162]-[3]
• Naoshirwan, [339]
• Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor, [328]-[329]
• Naratu, [236], [237], [239], [248]
• Narmashir, [323]
• Nasirs, [475]
• Nasratabad, [203]
• Nassoor, Sheikh, [497]
• Nava Sanghârâma, [178]
• Navigation, ancient, character of, [13], [56]-[7]
• Nawagai, [103]
• Nawak pass, [274], [428]
• Nawar valley, [515]
• Nearkhos, [26], [27]; voyage of, from Karachi to Persian Gulf, [145], [152]-[61], [286];
• meeting of, with Alexander, [166]-[7]; cited, [286]
• Negroes, Asiatic, [36]
• New Chaman, [324]
• Nicolas range, [431]
• Nikaia (modern Kabul), Alexander at, [98]. See also [Kabul]
• Nili, [222]
• Nimchas, [269]
• Nimlik (Meilik), [482]
• Nimrud, [71]
• Nineveh:
  • Ruins of, [42], [43]
  • Zenith of, [52]
• Nishapur, [231]
• Nomadic life, conditions of, [23]-[5]
• Nonnus of Panopolis cited, [62]-[3], [98]
• North, Lieut., value of geographical work by, [411]-[12], [471]
• Nott, [406]
• Nuhsala (Nosala, Haftala, Hashtala) island, [161], [286]
• Nuksan pass, [508]-[509], [519], [520], [522]
• Nurzai, [212], [491]
• Nusa. See [Nysa]
• Nushki:
  • Christie and Pottinger at, [38]
  • Route via, [209], [323]
  • Telegraph to, [323]
• Nysa, Nyssa (Nusa, Nuson):
  • Tradition regarding, [62], [122]-[6]
  • War-hymn connected with, [131]-[2]
• Nysæan inscriptions, question as to, [129]-[30]
• Nysaioi, [126]-[7]

• Obeh (Auca), [217], [225], [256]
• Odyssey cited, [12]
• Olbia, [19]
• Omar I., Kalif of Baghdad, [307]
• Ora (? modern Bazar), [106]
• Oritæ, [146], [150], [151], [156], [161]
• Orodis, [241]
• Oxus district, mediæval geography of, [277] et seq.
• Oxus jungles, [433]
• Oxus (Jihun, Khariab) river:
  • Channel of, variations in, [89]
  • Fords of, accurate knowledge of, [501]-[502]
  • Irrigation works connected with, [75]
  • Khariab a name for, [273], [278]
  • Pony ferry over, at Kilif, [89]-[90], [460]; at Khwaja Salar, [449], [460]-[61]
  • Wood's explorations of, [420], [423], [428]-[35]
• Oxydrakai, [127]

• Pactyans. See [Pathans]
• Padizar bay, [158], [159]
• Paghman offshoot of Hindu Kush, [97]
• Paghman, [387]
• Pahrag (Pahra, Pahura, Fahraj), [315], [317], [342]; two places so named, [316]
• Pamirs:
  • Climate of, [429]
  • Mediæval geography of, [277] et seq.
  • Routes across, [502]
  • Taghdumbash, [517]
• Panja (Wakhab) river, [279]
• Panjdeh:
  • Buddhist caves at, [244]
  • Herat, routes from, [236]
  • Karabel plateau route from near, to Balkh, [250]
• Panjgur:
  • Dates of, [290]
  • Description of, [302]-[303]
  • Mountain conformation of, [323]
  • Railway from, to Karachi, question as to, [324]
  • Telegraph route to, from Ispahan, [322]
• Panjkora river, [104], [122]
• Panjkora valley, [96]
• Panjpilan (Kalloo, Shutar Gardan) pass, [386], [388], [417]
• Panjshir (Banjohir), [276]-[7]
• Panjshir pass, [87]-[8]
• Panjshir route between Kabul and Andarab, [87]-[8], [414]
• Panjshir valley:
  • Mediæval reputation of, [435]
  • Timur in, [355]-[6]
  • otherwise mentioned, [261], [275], [356]-[7], [434], [510], [521]
• Pannah, [472]
• Parah, [230]
• Parana (Parwana), [229], [481], [498]
• Parikanoi, [163]-[4]
• Parjuman, [223]
• Park mountains, [221]
• Parkan stream, [164]
• Paropamisos (Hindu Kush), [79], [234], [247]. (See also [Hindu Kush].)
• Parsi (Tarsi), [489]
• Parwan (? Karwan), [276]-[7]
• Parwan (Sar Alang, Bajgah) pass, [328], [435]; altitude of, [357]; description of, [414]
• Parwana (Parana), [229], [481], [498]
• Pashai, [133]
• Pashat, [133]
• Pasiris, [158]
• Pasni, bay of, [159], [164]
• Patala, [146], [148]
• Pathans:
  • Ancient settlement of, in present situation, [28]
  • Greek names among, [21]
  • Inscriptions used by, for decoration, [129]-[30]
  • Persian origin of language of, [21]
• Peiwar pass, [135]
• Periplus cited, [310]
• Perjan (? Parwan), [355]
• Persepolis:
  • Alexander the Great at, [68]
  • Inscriptions at, cited, [30]
• Persia:
  • Afghanistan:
    • Colonies in, [61]
    • Intrigues regarding, British nervousness as to, [399]-[400]
    • War with (1837), [402]
  • Army of, French officers' organisation of, [477]
  • Charbar point fort built by, [299]
  • Configuration of western, [48]
  • Desert regions of, [69]; "Great Desert," 201
  • Firearms imported into, [155]
  • Helmund boundary of, [80]
  • Routes through, to the East, two, [69]; routes to India, [311], [319], [321]-[4]
  • Russia:
    • Sphere of influence of, [322]
    • French organisation of Persian army resented by, [477]
    • War with (1826), [348]
• Persian Empire:
  • Extent of, [21], [26]-[7]
  • Geographical information possessed by, extent and accuracy of, [17], [25]-[6], [29], [31]
  • Greek permeation of, [20]-[21]; Greek attitude towards, [36]
  • Indian hinterland under control of, in Alexander's time, [61]
  • Indian trade of, [21]
  • Nations subject to, lists of, [29]-[30]
  • Satrapies of, identification of, [30]-[32]
• Persian Gulf:
  • Command of, necessary for safety of southern Baluchistan passes, [141]
  • Masson's trip up, [367]
  • Voyage to, from Karachi (by Nearkhos), [146], [152]-[61]
• Persians, Pottinger's estimate of, [333]-[4]
• Peshawar:
  • Cession of, to Afghanistan mooted by Burnes, [401], [404]
  • Moorcroft's journey from, to Kabul and Bokhara, [444]
  • Route to, from Kabul via Kuram valley and Peiwar pass, [135]
  • Sikh occupation of, [350]
• Peshawaran, [336]
• Peukelaotis, [99], [114]
• Philotas, [78]
• Phur river, [151]
• Physical geography, influence of, on migratory movements, [9], [45]-[6]; on history, [214]
• Pimuri defile, [421]
• Pir Mahomed, [445], [456]
• Pisacas, [133]
• Place-names, value of, in identifications, [115]
• Pokran (? Pokar), [371]
• Pola Island, [159]
• Polo, Marco, [281], [327]
• Polyænus quoted, [127]-[8]
• Pony-ferries on the Oxus—at Kilif, [89]-[90], [460]; at Khwaja Salar, [449], [460]-[61]
• Poolka, [496]
• Poolki (Pulaki), [335]-[6], [497]
• Pottinger, Lieut., explorations by, [329] et seq.; at Herat, [402]; quoted—on Persian character, [333]-[4]; on the Kharan desert, [339]-[40]
• Pousheng (Boushinj, Bousik), [231], [234], [237]
• Ptolemy (son of Lagos), with Alexander's expedition, [103], [104], [116]; cited, [37], [104], [310]
• Pul-i-Malun bridge, [229] n., [230]
• Pulaki (Poolki), [335]-[6], [497]
• Punjab:
  • Alexander's march on, [94]
  • Fa Hian in, [179], [185]
  • French and Italians in, [366]
  • Greek architecture and sculpture in, [59]
  • Ranjit Singh's hunting party in, [455]-[6]
  • Sikh Government, under, [345]-[6], [363]
• Pura, [165]
• Purali (Arabius) river, [146], [148], [149], [156], [292], [305], [320], [370]
• Pushti Hajigak (Kafzur) pass, [417]
• Pushto, [350], [352]

• Quetta (Shall):
  • British ignorance regarding, in 1880, [369]
  • Masson and Bean at, [406]; Masson's account of, [362]
  • Strategic importance of, [137]-[9]
  • Telegraph to, from Seistan, [323]
• Quintus Curtius. See [Curtius]

• Ragozin's Chaldea quoted, [43]
• Rahmat Khan, [365]
• Rahmatulla Khan, [382], [421]
• Rahun, [304]
• Rajput tribes, [35]
• Rajputana desert, [27]
• Ramayana cited, [12], [63]
• Rambakia, [150]
• Ranjit Singh, Bentinck's interview with (1832), [344]; position of, [350], [398]; Burnes' entertainment by, [455]-[6]; Burnes' estimate of, [457]; Vigne's acquaintance with, [462]; mentioned, [401], [404]
• Ras Kachari, [156]
• Rasak (? Sarbaz), [312]-[14]
• Ravi river, [366]
• Rawlinson, Sir Henry, cited, [241], [242], [245], [479]; his Five Monarchies quoted, [43]
• Regan, [316], [317], [323]
• Registan, [375]
• Reishkhan district, [424]
• Robat-i-Kashan, [237]
• Roberts, Lord, [87]
• Robertson, Sir George, [358], [426], [507], [510]
• Rohri, [364]
• Rokh, Shah, [242]
• Rookes cited, [118]
• Roxana, [92]
• R.G.S. Journal cited, [123]; Proceedings cited, [241]
• Rozabagh, [229] n.
• Rozanak, [233]
• Ruby mines of Oxus valley, [428]
• Rudbar (? Rudhan), [207], [496]
• Rue Khaf (? Rudan), [231]
• Russia:
  • Afghan intrigues of, British nervousness regarding, [399]-[400]
  • India:
    • Designs on, question as to, [319]-[20]
    • Route to, nature of, [527]-[8]
  • Persia:
    • Army organisation of, resented by, [477]
    • Sphere of influence in, [322]
    • War with (1826), [348]
  • Transcaspian railway terminus, [324]
• Russo-Afghan Boundary Commission:
  • Camps of, [233], [235], [240]
  • Escort of English officers of, [492]
  • Geographical surveys in Reports of, [194], [264]
  • Kwaja Salar, disappearance of, [450]
  • Rapidity of movements of, [477]
  • Routes of, [78], [248], [261], [272]-[3], [335], [415]
  • otherwise mentioned, [71], [83], [231]
• Rustak, [504]
• Rustam (Bazira), [106], [113], [114]

• Sabaktagin, [414]
• Sacnia, [281]
• Sadik Khan, [493]
• Sadmurda, [260]
• Safed Khak pass, [379]
• Safed Koh, [95]
• Sagittæ, [163]
• St. John cited, [148], [316]
• Saiad Ahmad Shah, [350]
• Saib, [433]
• Saidabad fort, [386]
• Saighan valley, [260], [379], [382], [421], [437], [505]
• Sajidi, [164]
• Sakæ, [163], [164]
• Sakah, [229]
• Sakas, [501]
• Samad Khan, [390]
• Samaria, date of fall of, [39]
• Sarmakan, [245]
• Samarkand (Marakanda), [88], [292]
• Sandeman, Sir Robert, [137], [320]; cited, [374]
• Sandrakottos (Chandragupta), [129]
• Sangadip Island, [161]
• Sangcharak, [258]; mountains, [255]
• Sangiduktar, [231]
• Sangusar, [492]
• Sar Alang (Parwan, Bajgah) pass, [414]
• Saraswati river, [27], [144]
• Sarakhs, [230], [233], [234]
• Sarbaz (? Rasak), [312], [314]; river, [312]
• Sardanapalus (Assur-bani-pal), [52], [162]-[3]
• Sargo pass, [472]
• Sargon, [39], [45]
• Sar-i-jangal stream, [256]
• Sarikoh stream, [267]
• Sar-i-pul (? Aspurkan), [250]-[52], [483]
• Sarwan (Kala Sarwan), [206]-[208]
• Sarwandi (Sir-i-koll) pass, [465], [472]; ridge, [465]-[6]
• Satibarzanes, [77]
• Schintza, [473]
• Schwanbeck, Dr., [126]
• Scylax of Caryanda, [26]-[9]
• Sehwan, [371]
• Seistan (Sejistan, Drangia, Drangiana):
  • Afghan army's experience in, [403]
  • Climate and natural conditions in, [80], [85], [201]-[203], [403], [494]
  • Extent of, less than of ancient Drangiana, [78]; extent in mediæval times, [205]
  • Firearms imported into, [55]
  • Goldsmid's mission to, [299]
  • Inhabitants of, mentioned by Herodotus, [33]
  • Lake of, [497]
  • Route to Mashad, [528]
  • Persian satrapy, [32], [200]
  • Ruins in, abundance of, [336]
  • Reputation of, [201]-[202]
  • Surveys of, [496]-[7]
  • Telegraph to, from Narmashir, [323]
  • Tributary to Ghur in mediæval times, [218]
• Sekhwan, [338]
• Sekoha, [498]
• Sejistan. See [Seistan]
• Semenjan. See [Haibak]
• Semiramis, [147]
• Senacherib, King of Assyria, [52]
• Senart, M., cited, [130]
• Seneca, cited, [21]
• Ser-ab (? Sar-i-ab), [468]
• Shah, [251], [255]
• Shah Kot (Mahaban), [108], [110]-[11], [113], [117]-[21]
• Shaharak, [486]
• Shahar-i-Babar, [257], [267]
• Shahar-i-Wairan (? Shahar, Shah), [254]-[5]
• Shaitana, [380]
• Shakiban, [338]
• Shams Tabieri, Saint, [366]
• Shamshirs, [233]-[4], [240]
• Shamsuddin pass, [418]
• Shansabi, [218]
• Sharif, Imam, [484]
• Sharifudin cited, [355]
• Sheherek, [486]
• Sheranni, [512]
• Sher-i-dahan, [468]
• Sherwan, [433]-[4]
• Shibar, [468]
• Shibar pass, [260], [277], [387]
• Shibarghan, [251]-[2]
• Shikapur, financial credit of, [331]-[2], [363], [452]-[3]
• Shorawak, [374]-[5]
• Shutar Gardan (Kalloo, Panjpilan) pass, [386], [388], [417]
• Siah Koh (Band-i-Baian), [486], [487]
• Siah Reg pass, [381]
• Siahposh Kafirs, [270], [354]-[6], [358]
• Siam, celadon furnaces in, [83]
• Sidonians, deportation of, by Assyria, [52]
• Sikhs, Dost Mahomed's operations against, [397]-[8]
• Simkoh, [234]
• Sind:
  • Arab ascendency in, [192], [293], [311], [366]; their geography of, [296]; buried Arab city in, [196]
  • Assyrian art in pottery of, [54]
  • Buddhist ruins in, [372]
  • Frontier passes of, [209]
  • Hot winds in, [341]
  • Independent government, under, [329], [331], [345]-[6], [363]
  • Masson in, [349]; his account of, [365]
  • Mongols settled in, [526]
  • Mountain barrier of, [140]
• Singlak, [485]
• Sin-ho-to. See [Swat]
• Sintu-ho river. See [Indus]
• Sirafraz Khan, [391]
• Sir-i-koll (Sarwandi) pass, [465]
• Sirondha lake, [155]
• Skytho-Aryans, [241]
• Skyths:
  • Caspian, at north and west of, [19]
  • Central Asia, of, [50]; Alexander's encounter with, [92]-[3]
  • Euxine, at north of, [14]
  • Westward migration of, [61]
• Slavery in Badakshan, [520]
• Sofarak, [262]
• Sogdia (Bokhara), [32], [92]
• Sohrab, [332]
• Somnath, [210]
• Song Yun cited, [184]
• Sonmiani, [308], [368]; route from, to interior, [330]-[31]
• Sousa, [479]
• Spinasuka pass, [103]
• Stein, Dr. M. A., [237], [503]; Buddhist sanctuary discovered by, [184]; methods of, [109]-[11]; cited, [111], [113], [117]-[18], [120]-[21], [170]
• Stoddart, Colonel, [390], [402]
• Stone-built circles, [372]
• Strabo cited, [107], [122]; quoted, [127]
• Stewart, General, [95]
• Subzawar, [230], [498]
• Sufed Koh mountains, [135], [215]
• Su-ho-to (Lower Swat), [185]
• Sujah, Shah, [344], [353], [405], [456]
• Suliman, Kalif, [294]
• Suliman hills, torrents and passes of, [36]-[7]
• Suliman Khel Ghilzais:
  • Broadfoot the authority on, [474]-[5]
  • Duties levied by, [464], [474]-[5]
  • Kattasang, in, [472]
  • Land of, unexplored, [514]
• Sultan Mahomed, [445], [446]
• Sura (? Suza), [317]
• Surkh Kila pass, [418]
• Survey methods, perfecting of, [500]
• Suza (? Sura), [317]
• Swat (Sin-ho-to, Su-ho-to):
  • Buddhism in, [129]
  • Fa Hian in, [179], [185]
  • Geographical surveys of, [123]
  • Uplands of, [128]

• Tabriz, [368]
• Taft, [322]
• Tagao Ghur river, [221]
• Tagao Ishlan river, [215]-[16], [223]; valley, [486]
• Tagdumbash Pamir, [180], [279], [517]
• Taimanis:
  • Country of, [84], [214], [217], [220], [222]-[223], [478], [488]
  • Kidnapping by, in Afghan Turkistan, [253]
  • Traditions of, [212]
  • Women of, Ferrier's account of, [489]
  • mentioned, [481], [489]
• Taiwara (Ghur):
  • Herat, route from, [223]
  • Importance of, [487]
  • Ruins at, [222], [488]
  • mentioned, [220], [515]
• Tajik (Kurt), dynasty in Ghur, [218]
• Tajiks, Badakshani, [432]
• Takla Makan, [283]
• Takht-i-Rustam (tope at Haibak), [446]
• Takht-i-Suliman mountain:
  • Expedition to (1882), [112], [119], [513]
  • River gorges of, [137]
  • mentioned, [137], [464]
• Takzar (Zakar), [251], [252]
• Talara, [300]-[301]
• Talbot, Colonel the Hon. M. G., R.E., [264] and n., [446]; cited, [489]-[90]
• Talekan, [271]-[4]
• Talikan, [241], [243], [504]; Mahomedan saint at, [447]
• Talikan (Talikhan), [243] and n., [249]
• Talikan plains, [506], [509]
• Talikhan plain, [423]
• Taloi range, [164]
• Tamerlane. See [Timur]
• Tarikh-i-Rashidi cited, [186]
• Tarim river, [173], [174], [283]
• Tarnak river, [224]
• Tashkurghan:
  • Fort of, [279], [281]
  • Kabul, routes to, [260], [419]
  • Moorcroft at, [448]
  • otherwise mentioned, [88], [482]
• Tashkurghan river, [261], [279]
• Tarsi (Parsi), [489]
• Tate, Mr. G. P., cited, [336]
• Taxila, [29], [94], [99]
• Taxiles, [99]
• Teheran:
  • Hamadan telegraph route to, [48]
  • Kashan, question as to railway via, [322]
  • Mashad route from, [54], [77]; question as to railway by, [319]
• Termez, [278], [279]
• Teshkhan, [424]
• Thakot, [121]
• Tibet:
  • Chinese Turkistan formerly included in, [283]
  • Gold-fields of, [51]
  • Gold-digging legends concerning, [31]
  • Idrisi's description of, [281]-[3]
  • Invasion of India from, possibility as to, [188]
  • Mongol invasion of, [186]-[7]
  • Moorcroft in, [439]-[40]
• Tibetans, modern, [283]
• Tiglath Pilesur, King of Assyria, [6], [44], [46], [49], [51], [52], [57]
• Tigris river, [368]
• Til pass, [275]
• Timur Hissar, [356]
• Timur Shah (Tamerlane):
  • Herat and Ghur broken up by, [219]
  • Kafiristan invaded by, [327], [355]-[6], [435]
  • Merv-el-Rud destroyed by, [242]
  • otherwise mentioned, [193], [394], [414], [481]
• Tingelab river, [486]
• Tippak, [283]
• Tir, [238]-[9]
• Tir Band-i-Turkistan mountains, [239], [240], [247], [258]
• Tirah Expedition, [105]
• Tiz (Talara), [299]-[301]
• Tochi river, [475]
• Tochi valley, [136]; route by, [512]-[14]
• Todd, Major d'Arcy, [480]
• Tokhari (Kushan), [241]
• Tokharistan (Oxus region), [241]; capital of, [243]
• To-li (Darel), [179], [182]-[3]
• Tomeros river, [157]
• Tous, [479]
• Topchi valley, [386], [388]
• Torashekh, [237], [482]
• Transportation of whole populations, [40], [44]
• Travel, camaraderie of, [463]-[4]
• Travels in Afghanistan, Baluchistan, the Punjab, and Kalat (Masson) cited, [349] et seq.
• Trebeck, [439]-[40], [444], [448], [459]
• Tsungling, [177], [178]
• Tubaran, [315]-[17]
• Turan, [315]-[16]
• Turfan, [172]
• Turki language, [394]
• Turkistan, Afghan. See [Afghan Turkistan]
• Turkman women, [283]
• Turkmans, Ersari, [459]-[60]
• Turks, Khizilji, [281]-[2]
• Turks Tibetans, [282]

• Uch, [364], [366]
• Udyana (Wuchung), [179], [184]
• Ujaristan valley, [515]
• Unai (Honai, Bamian) pass, [87], [260], [262], [379], [389], [414], [420], [446]; importance of, [521]; Wood's description of, [417]
• Ur (Mugheir), [42]
• Urmara, [368]
• Urukh (Warka), [163]
• Urusgan valley, [515]
• Uthal, [307]
• Uzbeks:
  • Agricultural pursuits of, [251]
  • Dwellings of, [249]
  • Kirghiz compared with, [430]
  • Man-stealing propensities of, [421]
  • Murad Khan acknowledged liege by, [383], [413]
  • Snake-handling by, [253]
  • Wood's estimate of, [423]

• Vaisravana, [178]
• Varsach river, [424]
• Vektavitch, Lieut., [400]
• Ventura, General, [367]
• Victoria Lake, [430]-[31]

• Wad, [373]
• Wade, Captain, [397], [398]
• Wainwright, E. A., cited, [313]
• Wakhab (Panja) river, [279]
• Wakhan, [273], [281], [327]
• Wakhjir pass, [279]
• Waksh, [273], [278]
• Wakshab river, [273], [278]
• Walian (Gwalian) pass, [414]
• Walid I., Kalif, [292], [307]
• Walker, General, cited, [123], [508]
• Wana, [513]
• Wardak valley, [466], [475]
• Wardoj river, [429], [437]
• Wardoj (Zebak) valley, [436]
• Warka (Urukh), [163]
• Warwalin, [271]-[2]
• Washir, [490]
• Wazirabad lake, [98]
• Waziris, [464], [474]
• Waziristan, [473]
• Weather, effects of, on natural features, [117]-[18]
• Westward migrations, [45], [61]
• Wilson, Major David, cited, [368]
• Wiltshire, General, [406]
• Wine made by Kafirs, [133]-[4]
• Wood, Lieut., mission of, to Badakshan, [402]; with Lord, [412], [416]-[18], [420], [422], [432], [439]; explorations of the Oxus by, [420], [423], [428]-[35]; Indus navigation by, [454]; cited, [505]-[507], [523]; estimate of, [431]; value of work of, [418]
• Wolff, Rev. Joseph, [376]
• Woodthorpe, [429], [509]
• Wuchung (Udyana), [179], [184]
• Wynaad gold-fields, [51]

• Xenophon, retreat of, from Persia, [18], [42]; appreciation of, [66]; cited, [42]
• Xerxes, [20], [31], [91]

• Yahudi. See [Jews]
• Yahudia, [251], [255]
• Yakmina (Darak Yamuna), [317]
• Yakulang, [262]; valley, [256]
• Yaman, [220], [222]
• Yang Kila, [433]
• Yar Mahomed Khan, [445], [477], [480], [490], [494]
• Yarkand, [279], [328]
• Yezd, [322]
• Yezdambaksh, [378], [382]-[4]
• Yule, Sir Henry, cited, [219], [508]
• Yusli, [307]-[308]
• Yusuf Darra route to Sar-i-pul, [483]
• Yusufzai rising, [350]

• Zaimuni, [389]
• Zakar (Takzar), [251], [252]
• Zal valley, [262]
• Zamindawar (Dawar), [83], [205]-[206], [223], [491]
• Zarah swamp, [204]
• Zarangai, [33]-[4]
• Zardaspan, [90]
• Zari stream, [257]
• Zariaspa. See [Andarab]
• Zarinje, [203], [204]
• Zarni, [222]
• Zebak:
  • Faizabad, route from, [511]
• Zebak:
  • Importance of, [427], [429], [433]
  • mentioned, [279]
• Zebak river, [437], [520]
• Zebak (Wardoj) valley, [436]
• Zhob valley, [137]
• Zindajan (Bouchinj), [231], [232], [479]
• Zirmast pass, [236], [239], [240]
• Zirni, [487], [488]
• Zohak, [267], [387]; valley, [421]
• Zohaka, [466]
• Zoji-la, [180]

THE END

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