FOOTNOTES:
[146] One of the titles of Jaya Baya.
[147] Duijawara, Pandita of society or village priests.
Resi, Pandita who do penance in the woods.
Sewa, Pandita who fast and constantly watch.
Sugata, Pandita who communicate advice and give instruction.
[148] The supposed author of the poem.
| Risanga | kuda | suda | chandrama, |
| 9 | 7 | 0 | 1 |
making 1079 of the Javan æra. But other interpretations render it 708, which latter is the date generally attributed to the work on Java, and the period in which Jaya Baya is said to have reigned.—See History.
[150] Astina.
[151] The Indian fig or banyan.
[152] Nagasari.
[153] Bramára.
[154] Kuráchékéchup.
[155] Swamps.
[156] Paseban, assemblage of chiefs in front of the palace.
[157] The same with the kasang'a.
[158] The same with the masmas.
[159] Umbrella.
[160] A large head of bambu.
[161] The yellow bambu.
[162] Kiong, Chiong, or minor.
[163] Tegal.
[164] Another name for Krésna.
[165] Krésna.
[166] Kresna.
[167] Satiaka.
[168] Déwi Kúnti.
[169] The mother of the Pendáwa, the same with Déwi Kúnti.
[170] Vishnu.
[171] Three pair of eyes.
[172] Child of the sun.
[173] Commander-in-chief.
[174] Seta.
[175] King of the Kuráwa.
[176] The plain of Kuru.
[177] Or Elephant Carcass, another name for Astína. The Javan tradition is, that an elephant made the country, in order to obtain Ratnádi, who, thinking it impracticable, had imposed that task on him, as a condition of her favour. When it was effected, she got Gatáma to kill him, and then married him. It was called Astina, from Asti, which also signifies an elephant.
[178] The princes on the side of the Pandawa.
[179] Or that of a sharp-pointed weapon.
[180] Arjúna.
[181] Bima.
[182] Wife of Arjúna.
[183] Sita.
[184] Dresta Drijúmna.
[185] Religious instructors.
[186] Their brother, being also a son of Wirátes Swára.
[187] B'hramástra.
[188] See plate of the position of the Matàrem army.
[189] Dagger.
[190] Of Sália.
[191] Milton says:
"Sky lowered, and muttering thunder, some sad drops,
"Wept at completion of the mortal sin."
And a modern poet selected the passage as an example of the exercise of a truly poetical imagination.
[192] With Síri juice.
[193] Bridge.
[194] Having since my return to England put these illustrations of the Brata Yudha in the hands of a relative (the Rev. Thomas Raffles, of Liverpool,) he has been kind enough to give the translation a poetical dress, and I regret that the limits of the present volume do not admit of their insertion in this form, in justice to the poetry of Java and the talent which he has displayed. The following example of the last stanzas may serve as a specimen of the style and spirit in which the task has been executed.
603. Wearied with fruitless search, and in despair
To find the object of her pious care,
Her murder'd lord, who on the battle plain
Lay all neglected mid the thousands slain,
She drew the dagger from its sheath of rest,
Intent to plunge it in her heaving breast.
Just then, as if in pity to her grief,
Flash'd the red light'ning to the maid's relief,
And shew'd with horrid glare the bloody way
To where her husband's mangled body lay.
604. Another flash, indulgent from the skies,
Points to the spot where Sália's carriage lies,
And Sália's self, whom living she adored,
The bleeding body of her murder'd lord.
The richest flowers by heavenly influence shed
Their sweetest odours o'er his honoured head,
The muttering thunder mourned his early tomb,
And heaven in showers bewailed the hero's doom.
605. With eager grasp the livid corpse she press'd
In frantic wildness to her throbbing breast;
Tried every art of love that might beguile
Its sullen features to one cheerful smile;
Kiss'd those dear lips so late of coral red,
As if unconscious that the soul had fled;
Then in her folded arms his head she rais'd,
And long on those beloved features gazed.
With síri-juice his pallid lips she died,
And to his wounds its healing balm applied;
While with the skirt of her embroidered vest,
She wip'd the blood-drops from his mangled breast.
606. "Ah! then, my princely lord, whom I have found
"Bleeding and mangled on this cursed ground!
"Why are thy lips in sullen silence sealed
"To her who sought thee on this battle field?
"Wilt thou not speak—my love, my lord, my all,
"Or still in vain must Sátia Wáti call!
"Say, shall my copious tears in torrents flow
"And thus express my agony and woe?
"How shall I move thee, by what art beguile
"The ghastly air of that unmeaning smile?"
607. Thus soft and tender were the words she poured,
To move the pity of her murder'd lord;
But ah! no sound the unconscious dead return'd,
No fire of love within his bosom burn'd;
While at each pause a death-like stillness stole
O'er the deep anguish of the mourner's soul.
"And was it thus to bow thy honour'd head
"Amid the thousands of the mingled dead,
"That on that fatal morning thou didst glide
"With gentle footsteps from thy consort's side?
"And thus to reach the glorious realms above
"Without the faithful partner of thy love?
"But earth has lost its fleeting charms for me,
"And, happy spirit, I will follow thee!
608. "Oh! meet and bear me o'er that fatal stone,
"Nor let me pass it, trembling and alone.
"Though Widadáris shall obey thy call,
"Yet keep for me a place above them all.
"To whom but me does that first place belong,
"Who sought and found thee mid this ghastly throng;
"And who, unable to survive thy doom,
"Thus sheds her blood and shares thy honour'd tomb?"
610. Then with a steady hand the noble maid
Drew from its peaceful sheath the gleaming blade;
From her fair bosom tore th' embroidered vest,
And plunged it deep within her heaving breast.
Rich was the blood that issued from the wound,
And streamed like liquid gold upon the ground.
611. And while the ebbing tide of life remained,
And thought and reason were a while sustained,
She called her maiden with her feeble breath,
And thus address'd her from the arms of death.
612. "Oh! when my spirit soars to realms above,
"Take this my last request to those I love:
"Tell them to think of Sátia Wati's fate,
"And oft the story of her love relate;
"Then o'er her woes the tender heart shall sigh,
"And the big tear-drop roll from pity's eye."
614. "Ah my lov'd mistress," cried the faithful maid,
"In every scene by thee I gladly staid.
"Whate'er the state of being thou must know,
"Thy faithful maiden will partake it too.
"What hand but mine the cooling stream shall pour,
"Or bathe the feet of her whom I adore?"
617. Strong in despair, and starting from the ground,
She drew the dagger from her mistress' wound,
With deadly aim she plunged it in her breast,
And with her mistress sunk to endless rest.
618. Then did their happy spirits wing their way
To the fair regions of eternal day.
The astonish'd shade of Sália linger'd there,
Borne on the pinions of the ambient air,
To bid the object of his earthly love
An eager welcome to the realms above.
619. Then in his arms his lovely bride he bore
Up that resplendent path he trod before,
Till earth and time had vanished all away
Amid the splendours of eternal day:
Where fields of light and silken mansions stand,
The glorious work of a celestial hand.
620. Th' enraptured princess, dazzled with the sight,
Gazed o'er the boundless realms of living light,
With heavenly fruit the eternal groves were crowned,
And joy and rich profusion smiled around.
All bore the bloom of an immortal youth,
All breathed alike the air of love and truth;
And all adoring one eternal mind,—
The Almighty, rich in bounty to mankind.
[195] The same observation has, I believe, been made on the character of the Grecian music.
[196] See Plate.
[197] We can hardly suppose them to have been as ignorant of the art of design as their neighbours on Borneo, at the period of their being first visited by Europeans. The following story is translated from a note in Joao de Barros, 4 Decade, Book I. Chap. 17. "Vasco Lorenco-Drejo Cam and Gonzala Veltoza, were sent to the King of Borneo on a treaty of commerce. Among their presents was a piece of tapestry, representing the marriage of Henry VIII. of England and Catherine, Princess of Arragon. The king received them well, but on delivering the presents, the piece of tapestry was displayed, with the figures as large as life. This to the king was matter of alarm and suspicion, for he imagined that the figures must be enchanted, and that the Portuguese wished to introduce them under his roof to deprive him of his kingdom and his life. He ordered the tapestry to be immediately removed, and that the Portuguese should immediately depart, as he did not chuse to have any more kings beside himself in the country; and all attempts to pacify him were fruitless."—Vol. IV. Part I. p. 107.
[198] See Chapter on History.
[199] "Each Mexican month of twenty days was subdivided into four small periods of five days. At the beginning of these periods every commune kept its fair, tianquiztli."—Humboldt's Researches, Translation, vol. i. page 283.
"In respect to civil government, they divided the month into four periods of five days, and on a certain fixed day of each period their fair, or great market day, was held."—Clavigero, Translation, vol. i. page 293.
[200] See Literature, account of the Kanda.
[201] Each of the years represented in the Chéribon manuscript, and distinguished by the signs of the Zodiac, is considered sacred to one of the following deities: Wísnu, Sámbo, Indra, Suria, Místri, Barúna, Sang Místri, Wandra Kurísia, Purusiah, Tabada, Aria, or Gána.
[202] See an account of this manuscript under the head Antiquities.
END OF VOL. I.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY R. GILBERT, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE.
THE
HISTORY
OF
JAVA.
BY THE LATE
SIR THOMAS STAMFORD RAFFLES, F.R.S.
FORMERLY LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR OF THAT ISLAND AND ITS DEPENDENCIES, AND PRESIDENT OF THE SOCIETY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES AT BATAVIA.
IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. II.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE-STREET.
GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, PRINTERS,
CONTENTS
OF
VOLUME II.
| CHAPTER IX. | ||
|---|---|---|
| PAGE | ||
| Religion—Introduction of Mahomedanism—How far its Tenets and Doctrines are observed—Priests—How provided for—How far the ancient Institutions of the Country are superseded—Antiquities—Edifices—The Temples of Brambánan—Bóro Bódo—Gúnung Práhu—Kedíri—Sing'a Sári, Súku, &c.—Sculpture—Images in Stone—Casts in Metal—Inscriptions on Stone and Copper—Coins—Ruins of the ancient Capitals at Médang Kamúlan, Majapáhit, Pajajáran, &c.—Island of Báli—Conclusion | [1] | |
| CHAPTER X. | ||
| The History of Java from the earliest Traditions till the establishment of Mahomedanism | [69] | |
| CHAPTER XI. | ||
| History of Java from the establishment of Mahomedanism (A. J. 1400) till the arrival of the British Forces in A.D. 1811, (A. J. 1738.) | [147] | |
| Line of Mahomedan Sovereigns of Java | [254] | |
| Chronological Table of Events | [255] | |
| Account of the several principal Divisions of Java and Madura | [265] | |
| APPENDIX. | ||
| A. | Unhealthiness of Batavia | [i] |
| B. | Account of the Japan Trade | [xvii] |
| C. | Translation of a modern Version of the Súria Alem | [xxxviii] |
| D. | Proclamation of the Governor General, and Regulation passed by the Hon. the Lieutenant Governor in Council for the more effectual Administration of Justice in the Provincial Courts of Java | [liv] |
| E. | A comparative Vocabulary of the Maláyu, Javan, Madurese, Báli, and Lampung Languages | [lxxvii] |
| — | Extract from the Dása Náma | [lxxix] |
| — | Comparative Vocabulary of the Sanskrit, Kawi, and Pali | [lxxx] |
| — | Vocabulary of Káwi Words, with the Meaning attached to them, by the Panambáhan of Sumenap | [lxxxi] |
| — | Specimen of the mystical Meaning attached to the Letters of the Alphabet, &c. according to the Interpretation of the Panambáhan of Sumenap | [lxxxii] |
| F. | Account of the Island of Celebes | [lxxxv] |
| — | Comparative Vocabulary of the Búgis, Makásar, Mándhar, Búton, Sásak, Bima, Sembáwa, Tembóra, and Endé Languages | [cv] |
| — | Comparative Vocabulary of the Gunung Tálu, Menadu, Ternati, Sang'ir, Sirang or Ceram, and Saparúa Languages | [cvii] |
| G. | Numerals according to the Chandra Sangkála | [cix] |
| H. | Translation of the Mánek Máya | [cxii] |
| I. | Translations of Inscriptions in the ancient Javan or Káwi Character | [cxxvii] |
| K. | Account of the Island of Báli | [cxxxviii] |
| L. | Proclamation declaring the Principles of the intended Change of System | [cxlviii] |
| — | Revenue Instructions | [cli] |
| M. | Memorandum respecting Weights, Measures, &c. | [clxv] |
AN ACCOUNT
OF THE
ISLAND OF JAVA.