INDEX.
Aaron, Jacobite Bishop, [87]
Abāqā K͟hān, [229]
ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz b. Marwān, governor of Egypt, [63], [66]
ʻAbd al-Karīm, founder of the kingdom of Wadai, [322]
ʻAbd al-Malik, caliph, [63], [66], [81], [313]
ʻAbd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq al-Kindī, [84]–5, [428]
ʻAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī, [271], [274], [328], [329]
ʻAbd al-Raḥīm b. ʻAlī, on forcible conversion to Islam, [421]
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, head of the Imperial finances in China, [297]
ʻAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sāmirī, reputed Hindu king, [265]
ʻAbd Allāh, first Muslim king of Baghirmi, [322]
ʻAbd Allāh b. Ismāʻīl al-Hāshimī, letter to al-Kindī, [84]–5, [428]–35
ʻAbd Allāh b. Masʻūd, [15]
ʻAbd Allāh b. Maymūn, [211], [213]
ʻAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn, [331]
Abkhazes, [101]
Abu’l-Faraj b. al-Jawzī, [75]
Abu’l-Ḥasan Mihyār, converted, [210]
Abū Nūḥ al-Anbārī, Christian secretary, [64]
Abū Ṭālib, [13]–14, [15], [19]
Abyssinia, Bilāl, the first-fruits of, [15], [29]
Abyssinia, flight to, [15]–16
Abyssinia, Islam in, [113]–21, [410]
Achin. See [Atjeh]
Adal, Muhammadan Kingdom, [114], [115]
Adamaua, [325]
Adi, island, [404]
Adoptionism, in Spain, [139]
Adrianople, [159]
Afg͟hāns, conversion to Islam, [217];
in Bengal, [279]
Africa, Church of North, [121]–7, [129]–30;
Islam in, [102]–30, [312]–62;
Partition of, facilitates spread of Islam, [333], [340], [345]–6, [361]–2
Ahl al-Kitāb, [207]
Aḥmad, Tunjar Arab in Darfur, [322]
Aḥmad b. Idrīs, [327]
Aḥmad Mujaddid, [412]
Aḥmad Shanūrāzah, first Muhammadan king of the Maldive Islands, [270]
Aḥmad Takūdār. See [Takūdār]
Aḥmadu Shayk͟hu, [330]
Ak͟hṭal, court poet, [63]
ʻAlī Mug͟hāyat Shāh, king of Atjeh, [367]
Almoravid dynasty, [142]–3, [314], [316], [317]
Amboina, [389]
Amīrg͟hāniyyah order, [327]
Amiroutzes, George, [160]
Ampel, in Java, [381], [383], [384]
Ānanda, viceroy of Kan-su, [227], [239]
Anjumans in India, [286], [439]
Antivari, [177], [180], [187], [188], [189], [191]
Arab conquest of Byzantine empire, [54]–6;
of Egypt, [102];
of North Africa, [121], [125]–26, [312]–13;
of Persia, [47]–8
Arab conquests, not missionary, [45]–7
Arab society in the time of Muḥammad, [31]–2, [42]–3
Arab traders, as proselytisers, [353]
sq. See also [Merchants]
Arab tribes, conversion of, [32]–3, [35]–41
Arabic language, adoption of, a possible aid to the spread of Islam, [73], [137]–9
Arabs, Christian, converted to Islam, [47]–50
Arabs, in Africa:—Abyssinia, [114];
East Coast, [340]–3;
Nubia, [110], [112];
Somaliland, [350];
Sudan, [320], [321], [322], [331];
Uganda, [344];—[[458]]
in China, [294]–6, [297], [363];
in India, [255], [256], [263]–6, [269]–273;
in Indo-China, [376];
in Malay Archipelago, [364]–5, [366], [371], [373], [376], [378], [388], [391], [397]–8, [401], [404];
in Malay Peninsula, [373]
Arghons, [293]
Arg͟hūn, fourth Īlk͟hān, [232], [239];
persecutes Muhammadans, [226]
Arianism, in Spain, [134]
Armatoli, [62]
Armenians, [viii]. n.1, [96]–7, [176], [229]
Arslān K͟hān b. Qadr K͟hān, [216]
Arya Damar, [380], [381], [382]
Ashanti, [339]
Assam, [282]
Athanasius, of Edessa, builds churches, [63], [66]
Atjeh, [366], [367], [369], [375], [376], [394]
Aurangzeb, [254], [260], [292]
Azhar, mosque of al-, [328], [355]
Baduwis, in Java, [386]
Baʼeda Māryām, king of Abyssinia, [114]
Baele tribe, [335]
Baganda, Islam among the, [344]
Baghirmi, [322]–3
Bak͟htiyār K͟hiljī, [277]
Balambangan, kingdom in Java, [382]
Bālāsāg͟hūn, [216]
Balinese, in Lombok, [398]–9
Baliyyūn, [113]
Baltistan, [292]–3
Bambara, [321]
Bangalore, [285]
Banjarmasin, kingdom in Borneo, [390]–1
Banū Tag͟hlib, [49]–50
Banū Tanūk͟h, [50]
Baptism of Muhammadan children, [181], [187]
Baraba Tatars, [253]
Baraka K͟hān, [223], [224], [227]–9, [239], [240]
Bashkirs, in Hungary, [193]–4;
in Russia, [250]
Bāyazīd, Sultan of Turkey, [193]
Baybars, Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt, [223], [228], [229]
Baydū K͟hān, [232]–3
Belgaum, [271]
Belloos, [112]–13
Berberah, [350]
Berbers, Christianity among, [122];
Islam among, [312]–16;
in the Sudan, [317], [321]
Bintara, in Java, [383]
Bishnois, Hindu sect, [263]
Bizzi, Marco, in Albania, [180]–3
Bodh Mal, Raja of Majhauli, [262]
Bogomiles, [198]–200
Bohra sect, [275]–7
Bolaäng-Mongondou, in Celebes, [396]–8
Borneo, [390]–2
Bornu, [320] n.5, [322], [355]
Borun tribe, [411]
Brahmanābād, [272]
Brunai, in Borneo, [391]
Buckle, on Muslim missionaries, [405]
Buddhism in conflict with Islam, [220], [225], [227]
Buddhists, converted to Islam, [227], [233], [293], [376], [421]
Bugis, in Borneo, [392];
in Celebes, [393], [395]–6, [397];
in Lombok, [398]
Bukām, a wealthy Christian, builds churches, [67]
Buk͟hārā, conquered by Arabs, [213];
sacked by the Mongols, [218];
Saljūqs accept Islam here, [216]
Bulgarians, [242]–3
Burāq K͟hān, [235]
Byzantine government, [53]–5, [72]–3;
in Africa, [104], [106], [124];
in Greece, [147]–8
Calvinism and Islam, [155], [162]–3
Cambodia, [296] n.3
Canton, [296]
Capitation-tax in Albania, [182], [189];
in Turkey, [152]–4.
See [Jizyah]
Catherine II, [247]
Celebes, [392]–8
Ceram, [404]
Ceylon, Islam in, [266] n.2
Chag͟hatāy, [234]
Chalcedon, Council of, [53], [102]
Champa, [380]
Chams, [296] n.3
Charlemagne, [7], [136], [139]
Cherimiss, [250]–1
Chermen, [378]
China, Islam in, [227], [294]–311
Chinese, in Borneo, [392];
in Java, [379];
in Mindanao, [401] n.2
Chingīz K͟hān, [218], [220], [225], [301]
Chittagong, [278]
Christian Arabs, converted to Islam, [47]–50;
in alliance with Muslim Arabs, [47]–9, [62];
in modern times, [52];
persecuted, [50]
Christian clergy converted to Islam, [84], [86]–7;
in Abyssinia, [115];
in Egypt, [92];
in Spain, [134];
in Turkey, [159], [165], [166], [168] n.2, [169]
Christian heresies as predisposing to conversion to Islam, [105], [134], [161], [199]–200
Christian officials employed by Muhammadan governments, [62]–4;
in Egypt, [107];
in Spain, [135]
Christian soldiers in Muhammadan service, during the Crusades, [91], [96];
in North Africa, [129]–30;
in Spain, [135];
in Turkey, [62], [151] n.2, [179];
exempted from the payment of capitation-tax, [61]–2
Christianity, forced conversion to. See [Conversion, forced]
Christians converted to Islam, in Borneo, [392];
in Celebes, [396]–8;
in India, [269];
in Sumatra, [370].
See also [Christian clergy]
Christians prefer Muslim to Christian rule, [155]–7;
in Byzantine empire, [54]–6, [96], [147]–8;
in Greece under Frankish and Venetian rule, [147];
in Hungary, [155];
in Spain, [132];
in Servia, [194]–5;
in Transylvania, [155]
Christians under Muslim rule, condition of, [49]–50, [52], [54]–69, [75]–84, [95]–100, [103]–4, [106]–9, [121]–2, [125]–7, [129]–44, [146]–60, [178]–84, [189], [194]–7, [203]–5, [207], [422].
See also [D͟himmīs]
Churches built in Muhammadan countries, [57] n.5, [65]–8, [109], [135], [422] n.2
Chuvash, [251]
Circassians, [100]–1
Constantine, Tsarevitch of Kakheth, becomes Muslim, [99]
Controversies between Christians and Muslims, [83]–5, [108], [226], [227] n.4, [436]–7
Conversion, forced, to Christianity, in Abyssinia, [114], [116], [119]–20;
in Amboina, [7]–8;
in Europe, [7]–8, [194];
in the Galla country, [348];
in the Philippine Islands, [401]
Conversion, forced, to Islam, absence of, vindicated by contemporary evidence, [81]–2, [157]–8, [173]–4
Conversion, forced, to Islam, condemned, [5]–6, [85] n.4, [158], [421]–3
Conversion, forced, to Islam, in Albania, [182], [190];
in India, [254], [260]–2, [268], [278];
in Kashmīr, [292];
in Morocco, [126];
in Mug͟halistān, [238];
in Tunis, [126] n.2;
in Turkey, [150], [166], [174]
Conversion of Muslims to Christianity, in Crete, [201]
Copts, [102]–9
Crimea, Islam in the, [245]
Crusaders, [88]–92
Cyprus, Copts in, accept Islam, [108] n.3;
under Venetian rule, [147] n.2
Daghistan, [100]
Dahanu, [271]
Dahomey, [339]
Danagla Arabs, [110] n.7
Daniel, Bishop of Khabur, [87]
Dasavatār, sacred book of the Khojahs, [274]
Daylam, [210]
Deccan, merchants from the, in the Malay Archipelago, [364]
D͟himmīs, [57]–61, [66], [75]–6, [77] n.6, [83], [207].
See also [Christians under Muslim Rule], [Zoroastrians]
Doughty, quoted, [347], [413], [416]–17
Dudekulas, [267]
Dutch, in the Malay Archipelago, [369], [372], [397]–8, [405]–7
Dutch-speaking Muslims. See [Cape Colony]
Dyaks, [392]
Egypt, Christians under Muslim rule, [102]–4, [106]–9;
churches built, [66]–7, [109], [422] n.2
Egypt, Jacobite Christians of. See [Copts]
Felix, Bishop of Urgel, [139]
Fire-temples, in Persia, [209]–11
Fīrūz Shāh Tug͟hlaq, [258]
Flores, [396]
Fulbe, condition in eighteenth century, [323]–4;
in nineteenth century, [325];
destroy Hausa records, [319];
missionary activity, [[460]]333, [353]–4;
on West Coast of Africa, [340]
Fūnj, empire of the, [111], [113], [337]
Gabriel, Christian physician of Hārūn al-Rashīd, [64]
Gabriel, Metropolitan of Fārs, [86]
Gallas, [348]–9;
in Abyssinia, [116]–17, [347]
Galley-slaves, [173]
Gennadios, Patriarch of Constantinople, [146]
George, Bishop of Baḥrayn, [86]
Georgians, [97]–100, [165] n.1
Gerganos, [164]
German East Africa, [345]–6, [410]
Gilolo, [390]
Giri, [382]
Gold Coast, [339]
Golden Horde, [220], [227], [239]
Gowa, in Celebes, [393], [395]
Grāñ. See [Aḥmad Grāñ]
Greece, the first-fruits of, Ṣuhayb, [26], [29]
Greek Christians exempted from payment of capitation-tax, [62]
Greek Church, attempt to Calvinise the, [161]–4;
under Byzantine rule in fifteenth century, [159];
under Turkish rule in seventeenth century, [167], [169];
in Bosnia, [168];
in Crete, under Venetian rule, [203];
in Servia, [196]
Greeks, in the Crimea, [245];
under Turkish rule, [145]–55, [160]
Gresik, [378], [379], [381], [382], [389]
Grodno, Muslims in, [3]
Guinea Coast, [338]–9
Gujarāt, spread of Islam in, [275]–7
Gulbarga, [271]
Hādī, caliph, [84]
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, governor of Egypt, and the Christians, [103]–4
Ḥājī Purwa, [378]
Ḥājīs, and missionary activity, [416];
in Africa, [330], [354];
in the Malay Archipelago, [405]–6;
in Java, [377];
in Sambawa, [398];
in Sumatra, [369], [370], [371]
Ḥājj ʻUmar, [330], [332], [333]
Halemahera, [390]
Hardatta, [257]
Hārūn al-Rashīd, [64], [84];
oppresses the Christians, [76];
permits erection of churches, [67]
Hausas, [319]–20, [321], [325];
as proselytisers, [320], [333], [339];
on West Coast of Africa, [340]
Ḥaydar ʻAlī, [254], [261], [268]
Hayton, king of Armenia, [221], [229]
Heraclius, [28], [48], [53]–4, [70] n.3, [207]
Hinduism and Islam, in India, [254]–91;
in Java, [384]–6
Ḥīrah, [50]
Hishām, caliph, [295]
Hottentots, [351]
Hui Hui, [295]
Hūlāgū, [221], [228], [229], [240]
Hungary, Calvinists of, [155];
Muslims in, [160] n.1, [193]–4
Ibn Ḥanbal, [74]
Ibn K͟hūrdādbih, [211]
Ibn Tūmart, [316]
Ibrāhīm, Christian, in charge of Bayt al-Māl, [63]
Ibrāhīm I, Sultan of Turkey, [423]
Idaans, tribe in Borneo, [391]–2
Ijebu country, South Nigeria, [326]
Īlik-K͟hāns, dynasty, [215], [216]
Īlk͟hān dynasty, [223], [226], [229]–34
Ilorin, [325]
India, [212], [254]–91, [439];
Islam introduced into Malay Archipelago from, [364]
Indo-China, Islam in, [376]
Intolerance condemned, [209].
See also [Forced conversion, to Islam, condemned]
Ishōʻ-yabh III, Nestorian Patriarch, [81]
Islam, brotherhood of, [42]–3, [75],340, [356], [357], [416]
Islam, causes of spread of, [413]–26;
in Africa, [353]–8, [362];
in Albania, [182], [184], [190];
in Arabia, [35], [41];
in Bosnia, [200];
in Egypt, [94], [105]–6, [108]–9;
in India, [279], [287]–91;
in the Malay Archipelago, [365], [400], [405], [407];
in Spain, [132];
in Turkey, [157]–8, [160], [166], [172]–5;
under the Umayyads and ʻAbbāsids, [70]–5, [79] n.1
Islam, a missionary religion, [1], [11], [29], [42]–4, [409]
Islam, ritualism of, [417]–19
Islam, a universal religion, [28]–30
Ismāʻīl b. ʻAbd Allāh, governor of North Africa, [314]
Ismāʻīlian missionaries, [211]–13;
in India, [212], [274]–6;
in Kashmīr, [291]
Israel, Christian official, [64] [[461]]
Jacobite Church, in Abyssinia, [113]–21;
in Egypt, [69], [102]–9;
in Nubia, [109]–13;
in Persia, [69], [81]–2, [207];
recent statistics, [80]
Jacobus Manopo, first Christian king of Bolaäng-Mongondou, [396]
Jacobus Manuel Manopo, first Muslim king of Bolaäng-Mongondou, [397]
Jains converted to Islam, [271]
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Shāh, king of Bengal, [278]
Jamāl al-Dīn, first Muslim king of Tidor, [388]
James II, king of England, invited to embrace Islam, [409] n.3
Janissaries, corps of, [150]–1, [167]
Jarrāḥ b. ʻAbd Allāh, governor of K͟hurāsān, [83]
Jatmall, becomes a Muhammadan, [277]–8
Jāwej, Abyssinian chief, [118]
Jenne, [318]
Jews, attempt the conversion of the Russians, [243];
forced to become Muslims, [421];
in China, [305];
in Medina, [20], [26];
in Spain, welcome Arabs, [132];
Spanish, take refuge in Turkey, [156]
Jihād, in Africa, [329], [331]–3, [353];
in Sumatra, [372]
Jizyah, tribute paid by non-Muslim subjects, [59]–62, [103]–4, [115], [207], [432];
paid also by newly-converted Muslims, [60], [83], [103] n.5;
—exemption granted to, Banū Tag͟hlib, [49];
newly-converted Muslims, [103]–4, [258];
Christian troops in Muslim service, [61]–2;
—rates, [60];
in Jerusalem, [57];
in Nubia, [110];
in Spain, [134].
See also [Capitation-tax]
John, king of Abyssinia, [119], [120]
Joseph, Metropolitan of Merv, [84], [86] n.7
Joshua, Jacobite Patriarch, [86] n.6
Jukun tribe, [337]
Justinian, [52], [72], [102] n.1, [123]
Justus Stevenius, [93]
Kabils, of Algeria, [127]–9
Kābul, [217]
Kanem, [320]
Kan-su, [302], [306], [309], [310]
Karamurtads, in Albania, [192]
Karīm b. Shahriyār, [210]
Kāshgar, Islam in, [215], [235], [238]
Kashmīr, [291]–2
Kastriota, George, [177]
Katsena, [320]
Kazaks, [238]
Kei Islands, [404]
K͟hālid al-Qasrī, erects a church, [67]
K͟hālid b. al-Walīd, [46];
at Ḥīrah, [50]–1;
Afghan legend concerning, [217]
K͟harāj, [83]
K͟hazars, [243]
K͟hiljīs, Islam under the, [257]–8
Khojah sect, [274]–5
Khokand, [246]
Khotan, [216], [238], [296] n.3
K͟hurāsān, conversion of Christians of, [81]–2
Kʼien Lung, emperor of China, [304], [305]
Kindī. See [ʻAbd al-Masīḥ b. Isḥāq al-Kindī]
Kirghiz, [238], [245]–7, [253]
Kocch tribe, converted to Islam, [288]
Kovno, Muslims in, [3]
Kritopoulos, Metrophanes, on tribute of Christian children, [150] n.2, [151]
Kūchum K͟hān, [252]
Kufra, [334] n.2
Kurguz, Buddhist governor of Persia, becomes Muslim, [227]
Kuyūk K͟hān, treatment of Christians, [221], [225];
of Muhammadans, [225]–6
Laccadive Islands, [270]
Ladakh, [292]–3
Lagos, [340]
Lambri, in Sumatra, [368]
Lampong districts, [371]
Lefroy, Bishop, on causes of spread of Islam, [414]–15;
on Islam in India, [259];
on Muslim public prayer, [418] n.2
Lhasa, Muhammadans in, [293]
Liberia, [338]
Lithuania, Islam in, [3], [245]
Lohānas, conversion of, [274]
Lombok, [398]
Louis VII. See [St. Louis]
Lucaris, Cyril, Patriarch of Constantinople, [161]–4 [[462]]
Macarius, Patriarch of Antioch, [156]
Macassar, kingdom in Celebes, [393], [395]–6
Madagascar, [352]
Madāyi, [265]
Mahdī, caliph, [50], [67], [78]
Mahdī Purāṇa, [212]
Maḥmūd of Ghazna, [254], [256], [257]
Maimonides, Moses, [421]
Majapahit, [379], [380]–4, [390], [391] n.4
Malabar, [261]–9, [364], [366] n.4
Malay Archipelago, [363]–72, [377]–407
Malay Peninsula, [372]–6
Malays, in Cape Colony, [350]
Maldive Islands, [270]
Malik al-Z̤āhir, king of Samudra, [368]
Malik b. al-Walīd, Christian official, [64]
Maʼmūn, caliph, reign of, [78], [84], [85], [217];
permits erection of churches, [67];
interview with his uncle, Ibrāhīm, [358]
Mandingos, [319], [331], [354];
as Muslim missionaries, [319], [321], [353];
on West Coast of Africa, [338], [340];
still pagan, [337]
Mangū K͟hān, [222]
Manila, [402]
Mappillas, [263]–4
Mark bar Qīqī, Jacobite Metropolitan, [86]
Marriages of Christian women to Muhammadans, [136] n.3, [181], [186]
Martyrs, Muslim, [14]–15, [38], [224]
Marwān, caliph, quoted, [8]
Mecca, Arabs from, in the Malay Archipelago, [367], [375], [391];
pilgrimage to, [415]–16;
religious centre of the Muslim world, [27].
See also [Ḥājīs].
Medina, [19]–26, [31]–2, [34]–5
Menangkabau, kingdom of, [368]–9, [372]
Menelik, emperor of Abyssinia, [120], [350]
Merāts, [287]
Merchants, Muslim, as missionaries, [409], [419];
among the Mongols, [228];
in Africa, [118], [320], [333], [337], [339], [348], [353], [362];
in India, [264], [273];
in the Malay Archipelago, [365], [377], [387]–8, [396], [403], [404];
in Siberia, [252]
Merv, conversion of Christians of, [81]–2
Metaras, Nicodemus, [164]
Minahassa, [393]
Mindanao, [399]–401
Ming dynasty, [299]
Minnat al-Islām Sabhā, [269]
Mirdites, [62], [179] n.2, [192]
Misool, island, [402], [403] n.3
Missionaries, Muslim:—
ʻAbd Allāh, al-Yamanī, [275]
ʻAbd Allāh, Shayk͟h, [373]–5
ʻAbd Allāh ʻĀrif, [366]
ʻAbd Allāh b. Yāsīn, [315]
ʻAbd al-Razzāq, [266]–7
Abū ʻAbd Allāh Muḥammad, [113]–14
Abū ʻAlī Qalandar, [282]
Abū Bakr, [401]
Abū Ṣaydā, [214]
Abu’l-Faraj b. al-Jawzī, [75]
Abu’l-Naṣr Sāmānī, [215]
ʻAmr b. Mālik, [40]
ʻAmr b. Murrah, [36]–7
ʻAyyāsh b. Abī Rabīʻah, [39]
Bahā al-Dīn Zakariyyā, [281]
Bahā al-Ḥaqq, [281]
Baqā Ḥusayn K͟hān, [283], [439]
Bulbul Shāh, [292]
Burhān al-Dīn, [366]
Ḍaḥḥāk b. Sufyān, [40]
Danfodio. See [ʻUt͟hmān Danfodio]
Darvīsh Manṣūr, [100]
Datu Mullā Ḥusayn, [388]–9
Dāwal Shāh Pīr, [277]
Ḍimām b. T͟haʻlabah, [35]–6
Fak͟hr al-Dīn, [267]–8
Faraḥ ʻAlī, [101]
Farīd al-Dīn, [281]
Ḥājī Muḥammad, [283]
Ḥakīm Bagus, [397]
Ḥasan al-Dīn, [385]
Ḥasan ʻAlī, [283]
Ḥasan b. ʻAlī, [210]
Ḥasan Kabīr al-Dīn, [282]
Ḥāshim Pīr Gujarātī, [271]
Ibn Ḥanbal, [74]
Ibrāhīm Abū Zarbay, [350]
Imām Dikir, [404]
Imām Shāh, [277]
Imām Tuwéko, [397]
Isḥāq, [382]
Isḥāq Walī, [238]
Ismāʻīl, Shayk͟h, [367]–8
Jalāl al-Dīn Tabrīzī, [280]
Jamāl al-Dīn, [235]–6
Jumāda ʻl-Kubrạ̄, [381]
K͟halīfah Ḥusayn, Shayk͟h, [382]
K͟haṭīb Tungal, [395]
Khunmir Ḥusaynī, [271]
[[463]]Mahābīr Khamdāyat, [271]
Malik ʻAbd al-Laṭīf, [277]
Mālik b. Dīnār, [264]–5
Mālik b. Ḥabīb, [264]–5
Malik Ibrāhīm, [378]–9
Manṣūr, Shayk͟h, [388]
Minak Kamala Bumi, [371]
Muḥammad b. ʻAbd al-Karīm b. Muḥammad al-Majīlī, [320]
Muḥammad b. al-Huzayl, [74] n.3
Muḥammad ʻUbayd Allāh, [284]–5
Muḥammad ʻUt͟hmān al-Amīr G͟hanī, [327]
Muʻīn al-Dīn Chishtī, [281]
Mullā ʻAlī, [275]–6
Mumba Mulyaya, [270]
Muṣʻab b. ʻUmayr, [15]–16, [22]–5
Nāṣir al-Ḥaqq Abū Muḥammad, [210]
Nūr al-Dīn, [275]
Nūr al-Dīn Ibrāhīm, [385]
Nūr Satāgar, [275]
Pati Putah, [389]
Rashīd al-Dīn, [236]–7
Ṣadr al-Dīn, [274]–5
Sayyid Aḥmad Kabīr, [282]
Sayyid ʻAlī Hamadānī, [292]
Sayyid Ismāʻīl, [280]
Sayyid Jalāl al-Dīn, [281]–2
Sayyid Muḥammad b. Sayyid ʻAlī, [271]
Sayyid Muḥammad Gīsūdarāz, [271]
Sayyid Nathar Shāh, [267], [268]
Sayyid Ṣadr al-Dīn, [282]
Sayyid Safdar ʻAlī, [283]
Sayyid Shāh Farīd al-Dīn, [292]
Sayyid ʻUmar ʻAydrūs Basheban, [271]
Sayyid Yūsuf al-Dīn, [274]
Shāh al-Ḥamīd, [267]
Shāh Muḥammad Ṣādiq Sarmast Ḥusaynī, [271]
Shams al-Dīn, Mīr, [292]
Sharaf b. Mālik, [264]
Sharīf Kabungsuwan, [399]
Sharīf Karīm al-Mak͟hdūm, [401]
Sīdī ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz, [373]
Tufayl b. ʻAmr, [37]–8
ʻUmaru Kaba, [321]
ʻUrwah b. Masʻūd, [38]
ʻUt͟hmān Danfodio, [323]–5
Wāt͟hilah b. al-Asqaʻ, [40]
Yūsuf Shams al-Dīn, [270]
Missionaries, Muslim,
from Bag͟hdād, in India, [271], [274];
from Buk͟hārā, in India, [280], [281];
among the Mongols, [228], [235]–6;
in Siberia, [252];
from Persia, in India, [270], [280]–2, [292].
See also [Merchants], [Prisoners], [Women, as missionaries]
Missionary activity, Muslim,
character of, [408]–9;
enjoined in the Qurʼān, [3]–4, [409];
in times of political weakness, [2], [144], [225], [239], [397], [400]
Missionary efforts, unsuccessful Muslim,
in Arabia, [34]–5, [40];
in Africa, [325]–6;
in India, [266]–7;
in Java, [378];
among the Mongols, [240];
among the Papuans, [403];
among the Russians, [242]–3
Missionary religion, defined, [1]
Missionary Societies, Muslim, [438]–9
Moluccas, [387]–90
Mongols, conquests, [218]–19, [225];
converted to Christianity, [221];
converted to Islam, [227]–30, [232]–7,
in China, [297] sq.;
in Georgia, [97]–8;
persecute the Muhammadans, [225]–6, [234];
primitive religion, [220];
relations with Christian princes, [222], [229].
See also [Tatars]
Montenegro, [197]–8
Moral superiority of Muslims,
in Abyssinia, [117];
in Spain, [133];
in Turkey, [171]
Moriscoes, [143]–4
Morocco, Christians in, [126], [127] n.3
Moses Maimonides, [421]
Muʻāwiyah,
employed Christians, [63];
revenue of Egypt in reign of, [103]
Mubārak Shāh, [235]
Mug͟halistān, [238]
Muḥammad II, Sultan of Turkey, [145]–6, [176];
in Bosnia, [198]–9
Muḥammad b. al-Huzayl, [74] n.3
Muḥammad b. ʻAlī al-Sanūsī, [334]
Muḥammad b. Qāsim, [256] n.2, [272]
Muḥammad K͟hān, K͟hān of Mug͟halistān, [237]–8
Muḥammad K͟hudābandah, [234]
Muḥammad Shāh, Sultan of Malacca, [372]–3, [401]
Muhammadan martyrs, [14]–15, [38], [224]
Muhammadan officials and soldiers of Christian governments, as propagandists of Islam,
in Africa, [326], [333], [345]–6, [362];
in the Malay Archipelago, [369], [399], [407]
Muhammadans observe Christian rites, in Albania, [181], [187]
Muhammadans under Christian rule in Abyssinia, [114], [115], [117]–21, [410];
Cape Colony, [350]–2;
[[464]]Crete, [201];
Egypt, [424], [438]–9;
German East Africa, [326], [345]–6, [361]–2, [410];
Hungary, [193]–4;
India, [280], [282]–91, [439];
Lagos, [340];
Lithuania, [245];
Malay Archipelago, [369]–70, [371]–2, [387], [393], [397]–8, [399], [400]–2, [405]–7;
Montenegro, [197]–8;
Nigeria, [325], [326];
Nubia, [110];
Russian empire, [100], [101], [247]–51, [252]–3, [411];
Spain, [140], [143]–4
Mukkuvans, [268]
Muqtadir, caliph, [75], [77], [422] n.2
Murād II, Sultan of Turkey, [148]–9
Murshid Qulī K͟hān, [278]
Mustaḍī, caliph, [68]
Muʻtadid, caliph, [64]
Muʻtaṣim, caliph, reign of, [209], [214], [272];
employs Christian officials, [63];
sends ambassadors to Nubia, [109]
Mutawakkil, caliph,
fanatical measures, [8], [75], [76]–7, [420] n.1;
orders recently constructed churches to be destroyed, [66]
Mutesa, king of Uganda, [438]
Muwallads, in Spain, [139]
Nafīsah, [411]
Najm al-Dīn Muk͟htār al-Zāhidī, [227] n.1
Naqshbandiyyah order, [239], [407] n.2
Naṣr b. Hārūn, Christian official, [64]
Nestorian Church, under Muslim rule, [68], [77], [80], [81]–2, [86]
Nestorians among the Mongols, [221]–2
New Guinea, [402]–3
Niʻmat Allāh, Jacobite Patriarch, [86] n.2
Noanta, Christians of, become Muslims, [168]–9
Nogais, [240]
Nubians join Amīrg͟haniyyah order, [327]
Nūr al-Dīn, al-K͟hwārazmī, maltreated at court of Kuyūk, [225]–6
Nyasaland, [346]
Onin, peninsula of New Guinea, [403]
Org͟hana, wife of Qarā-Hūlāgū, [234]–5
Ottoman Turks,
administration, [146]–9;
conquests, [145], [171], [177], [192]–3, [198]–9, [201];
moral qualities, [169]–71, [172];
oppression, [154]–5;
proselytising zeal, [158], [159] n.1;
taxation, [149]–54;
toleration, [155]–8, [194]–5
Padrīs, in Sumatra, [369], [372]
Pahlavān, saint of Khīva, [214]
Pajajaran, kingdom in Java, [378], [385]–6
Palembang, [371], [381], [391]
Papuans, [402]–4
Parlāk, kingdom in Sumatra, [367]–8
Pechenegs, [412]
Penukonda, [268]
Persecution forbidden in the Qurʼān, [5]–6
Persecution of Christians by Muslims, [75]–9, [420] n.1;
Banū Tanūk͟h, [50];
in Albania, [183], [189];
in Armenia, [97];
in Egypt, [106]–7;
in Georgia, [98]–100;
in North Africa, [126];
in Persia, [232];
in Samarqand, [224];
in Spain, [142]–3;
in Turkey, [150], [154]
Persecution of Christians by their co-religionists,
in Bosnia, [168];
in Crete, [203];
in Cyprus, [108] n.3;
in Egypt, [69], [102], [106] n.3;
in France, [136];
in Hungary, [155];
in Persia, [68]–9;
in Russia, [156];
in Servia, [196];
in Transylvania, [155];
in Turkey, [167]
Persecution of Muslims,
by the Mongols, [225]–6, [234];
by the Russians, [247]
Persia, heretical movements in the Christian Church in, [69]–70, [206], [209]
Persia, spread of Islam in, [207]–11, [229] sq.
Persian convert, first, [29]
Persians,
in China, [297], [298];
in Indo-China, [376];
in Sumatra, [364]
Peter, Metropolitan of Russian Church, [241]–2
Philippine Islands, [390], [399]–402
Philoxenos, Jacobite Bishop, [86]
Pilgrims to Mecca. See [Ḥājīs]
Pīrāna, [277]
Pīrs, as missionaries,
in India, [271], [274]–5, [277];
under the Mongols, [239]
Poles, Catholic, under Russian rule, [156]
Polish-speaking Muslims, [3]
Ponnani, [269]
Pope Gregory II, [125]
Pope Gregory VII, [127], [130] n.
Pope Gregory IX, [130] n.4
Pope Hadrian I, [133] n.5, [136] n.3 [[465]]
Pope Innocent III, [130] n.4
Pope Innocent IV, [130] n.4, [198] n.2, [221]
Pope Leo III, [139]
Pope Leo IX, [126]
Portuguese,
in Abyssinia, [116];
on East Coast of Africa, [340], [343];
in India, [266];
in the Malay Archipelago, [388], [389], [390], [393], [394]
Prayer, Muslim public, impressiveness of, [417]–19
Prisoners, Muslim, as Missionaries, [411]–12
Pul. See [Fulbe]
Qādir, caliph, [86]
Qādiriyyah order, [127], [328]–9, [330], [332], [333], [407] n.2
Qastīliyyah, Christians in, [129]
Quarquar, Vaivode of Samtskheth, becomes a Muslim, [165] n.1
Qūbīlāy K͟hān, [220], [225], [232], [298]
Queda, [373]–5
Qutaybah b. Muslim, [213], [295]
Raden Ḥusayn, [382]–4
Raden Paku, [382]–3
Raden Raḥmat, [380]–3
Rainaud, [88]
Rajputs,
converted to Islam, [259], [260], [281];
Muhammadan influences among, [289]
Ras ʻAlī, vice-regent of Abyssinia, [118]–19
Rationalism in Islam, [73]–4
Ravuttans, [267]
Raymund III, Count of Tripoli, [91]
Religious orders, influence of the, [239], [326]–35, [408]
Ricoldus de Monte Crucis, on the virtues of the Saracens, [425]
Robert of St. Albans, [91]
Rubruck, William of, embassy to Mongol K͟hāqān, [222]
Rumanians, Southern, [62], [168]–9
Russia, Mongols in, [239] sqq. See also [Tatars]
Russian rule, Muslims under, [101], [246]–53
Russians under Muslim rule, [240]–4
Rustam, first Muhammadan king of Karthli, [99]
Saʻd b. Abī Waqqāṣ, [13]
Saʻd b. Muʻad͟h, conversion of, [23]–4
Ṣadr al-Dīn, first Muhammadan king of Kashmīr, [292]
Saffāḥ, caliph, [104]
Saʻīd b. Ḥasan, on Muslim public prayer, [417]–8
Saifa Arʻād, king of Abyssinia, [114]
St. Augustine, on motives of conversion to Christianity, [423]
St. John of Damascus, [83]
St. Louis,
crusade of, [88], [92];
embassy to the Mongol K͟hāqān, [222];
receives Mongol embassy, [229];
on the treatment of infidels, [8]
Saints, Muslim, worshipped by Hindus, [289] n.3
Saladin,
and the Crusaders, [90]–1, [425];
Christians in Egypt, under rule of, [107], [421]
Salawatti, island, [403]
Salīm I, Sultan of Turkey, [423]
Saljūq Turks, [88], [96], [216]
Salmān, the first Persian convert, [29]
Salmūyah, Christian, in service of the caliph al-Muʻtaṣim, [63]
Sāmān becomes Muslim, [210]
Samarqand,
Chinese embassy in, [299];
Chinese workmen in, [297] n.4;
introduction of Islam, [213], [214];
under the Mongols, [223]–4
Sambawa, [398]
Samory, [331], [332] n.3, [333]
Samsams, [376]
Ṣamudu, [331]–2
Sanūsiyyah order,
in Africa, [334]–5, [410];
in the Malay Archipelago, [407]
Sasaks, in Lombok, [398]–9
Sāsānid dynasty, Christian Church, under, [68]–9, [206]–7
Sātūq Bug͟hrā K͟hān, [215]–16
Sawo-Teheno, king of Kafa, becomes a Muhammadan, [120]
Sayyid ʻAlī Akbar, Muhammadan merchant in Peking, [302], [311] n.1
Sayyid Ajall, [297]–8
Sayyid Ashraf al-Dīn, [223]–4
Sayyid Sulaymān, Chinese Muslim, [307], [309], [311]
Scanderbeg, [177]
Sciataraccio, tax, [182], [189]
Scutari, [184]
Servia, [192]–7
Shāfiʻiyyah sect, in Malay Archipelago, [364]
Shāh Ruk͟h Bahādur, [266], [299]
Shamanism, [220], [240], [246]
Shanars, become Muslims, [289]
Sharīf al-Riḍā, [210]
Shayk͟h Jalāl al-Dīn Tabrīzī, [282]
Shayk͟h Yūsuf, [350] n.6
Shīʻahs, in Africa, [341];
in India, [[466]]274–6;
in Kashmīr, [292];
in Java and Sumatra, [364];
in Persia, [209], [211];
in Turkey, [423]
Shihāb family, in Mount Lebanon, [176]–7
Siam, Islam in, [376]
Siberia, [251]–3
Sierra Leone, [338]
Silhaṭ, [282]
Sind, [272]–5
Sindān, [272]
Slavery,
under the Muslims, [416]–17;
under the Turks, [172]–6
Slave-trade, suppression of, facilitates spread of Islam, [345]–6
Slave-traders, not propagandists of Islam, [343]–4
Soba, mosque built in, [110]
Sokoto, [325]
Somalis, [349]–50
Sophronius, Metropolitan of Athens, [164]
Spain, Islam in, [131]–44
Spaniards, in the Malay Archipelago, [387], [388], [390], [400]–1, [402]
Spanish Muslims, missionary activity of, [127]
Ṣuhayb, the first-fruits of Greece, [26], [29]
Sukadana, kingdom in Borneo, [391]
Sulu Islands, [401]–2
Survivals of Christian usages among Muhammadans, [129] n.2, [181], [187], [197]
Swahilis, as propagandists of Islam, [345]
Sword of Islam, [5], [8], [46], [85] n.4, [256], [405]
Tabaristān, [210]
Takūdār, first Muslim Īlk͟hān, [229]–32, [238]–9
Tallo, in Celebes, [395]
Ṭarmāshīrīn K͟hān, [235], [239]
Tartars. See [Tatars]
Tatars,
in Lithuania, [3], [245];
in Russia, [244]–5, [247]–51;
in Siberia, [251]–3
Ternate, [388]–90
Theodisclus, Archbishop of Seville, adopts Islam, [134]
Theodore Abū Qurrah, [84]
Theodore, Nestorian Bishop, [86]
Tibesti, [335]
Tibet, [293]
Tidor, [388]
Tijāniyyah order, [325], [328]–30, [333]
Tilok Chand, [259]–60
Timotheus, Nestorian Patriarch, [67], [84]
Tinnevelli, [288]
Tīpū Sulṭān, [8], [254], [261]–2, [268]
Tiyans, [268]
Toleration enjoined upon Muslims, [5]–6, [77] n.6, [420]
Toleration towards the Christians,
in Egypt, [102]–3;
in K͟hurāsān, [82];
in North Africa, [130];
in Russia, [241]–2;
in Spain, [135], [143]–4;
in Syria and Palestine, [56]–7, [95];
in Turkey, [146]–7, [156]–7, [178]–9, [191]
Tosks in Southern Albania, [192]
Traders, Muslim. See [Merchants]
Tribute of Christian children, [150]–2, [155]
Tūbū, [410]
Tunis, [129]–30
Tūqluq Tīmūr K͟hān, king of Kāshgar, [235]–7
Turks,
converted to Islam, [214]–16;
in China, [297], [298], [304], [310];
in the Mongol armies, [226] n.3.
See also [Ottoman Turks], [Saljūq Turks]
Uch, [281]
Uganda, [344]
Uljāytū, [234]
ʻUmar b. ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz,
and Egypt, [103];
and North Africa, [314];
and Sind, [272];
and Transoxania, [214];
orders recently-constructed churches to be destroyed, [66];
prayed for by Christian historian, [424];
revenue of Egypt, in reign of, [103];
zeal for Islam, [82]–3
ʻUmar b. al-K͟haṭṭāb,
and the Banū Tag͟hlib, [49];
conversion of, [17];
ordinance of, [57]–8, [76];
and the propagation of Islam, [51], [81], [82]–3;
submission of Jerusalem, [56]–7
ʻUmar b. Yūsuf, Christian governor of Anbar, [64]
ʻUmar Shams al-Dīn. See [Sayyid Ajall]
Usāma b. Munqid͟h, [90]
Usambara, [346]
Usayd b. Ḥuḍayr, conversion of, [23]
ʻUt͟hmān, conversion, [13];
relations with China, [295];
revenue of Egypt, in reign of, [103]
Ūzbek K͟hān, [240]–2
Ūzbeks, [240]
Venetians,
in Albania, [188]–9;
in Crete, [201]–3;
in the Levant, [147]
Vilno, Muslims in, [3]
Vladimir, [242]–4
Votiaks, [249]
Wahhābī reformation,
influence of, [426];
in Africa, [323];
in Bengal, [280];
in Sumatra, [372]
Waigama, island, [402]
Waigyu, island, [402]
Wakhtang VI, king of Georgia, [100]
Walīd, caliph, [66]
Women, Muslim, as missionaries, [120], [234] n.1, [410]–11
Yaʻqūb b. Layt͟h, [217]
Yārkand, [238]
Yat͟hrib. See [Medina]
Yazdānbak͟ht, [85]
Yazīd II, caliph, [66]–7
Yoruba country, [325]
Yung Chen, edict of, [303]
Zamorin of Calicut, [265]–6
Zanj, Islam among the, [342]–3
Zanzibar, [342]
Zaylaʻ, [349]
Zayn al-ʻAbidīn, first Muhammadan king of Batjan, [403] n.1
Zmaievich, in Albania, [185]–91
Zoroastrians, [206]–11 [[468]]
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Brunswick Street, Stamford Street, S.E., and Bungay, Suffolk.