Family PSITTACIDÆ.—The Parrots.
Char. Bill greatly hooked; the maxilla movable and with a cere at the base. Nostrils in the base of the bill. Feet scansorial, covered with granulated scales.
The above diagnosis characterizes briefly a family of the Zygodactyli having representatives throughout the greater part of the world, except Europe, and embracing about three hundred and fifty species, according to the late enumeration of Finsch,[136] of which one hundred and forty-two, or nearly one half, are American (seventy Brazilian alone). The subfamilies are as follows:—
I. Stringopinæ. Appearance owl-like; face somewhat veiled or with a facial disk, as in the Owls.
II. Plyctolophinæ. Head with an erectile crest, of variable shape.
III. Sittacinæ. Head plain. Tail long, or lengthened, wedge-shaped or graduated.
IV. Psittacinæ. Head plain. Tail short or moderate, straight or rounded.
V. Trichoglossinæ. Tip of tongue papillose. Bill compressed; tip of maxilla internally smooth, not crenate; gonys obliquely ascending.
Of these, Nos. III and IV alone are represented in the New World, and only the Sittacinæ occur in the United States, with one species.
Subfamily SITTACINÆ.
The lengthened cuneate tail, as already stated, distinguishes this group from the American Psittacinæ with short, square, or rounded tail. The genera are distinguished as follows:—
Sittace. Culmen flattened. Face naked, except in S. pachyrhyncha. Tail as long as or longer than wings.
Conurus. Culmen rounded. Face entirely feathered, except a curve around the eye. Tail shorter than wings.
Of the genus Sittace, which embraces eighteen species, two come sufficiently near to the southern borders of the United States to render it not impossible that they may yet be found to cross the border. Of one of these, indeed, (S. pachyrhyncha,) there is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, presented by J. W. Audubon as shot on the Rio Grande of Texas; and another (S. militaris) is common at Mazatlan, and perhaps even at Guaymas. There is considerable reason for doubt as to the authenticity of the alleged locality of the S. pachyrhyncha, but for the
purpose of identification, should either species present itself, we give diagnoses in the accompanying foot-note.[137]
Genus CONURUS, Kuhl.
Conurus, Kuhl, Consp. Psittac. 4, 1830.—Ib. Nova Acta K. L. C. Acad. X, 1830.
Gen. Char. Tail long, conical, and pointed; bill stout; cheeks feathered, but in some species leaving a naked ring round the eye; cere feathered to the base of the bill.
Conurus carolinensis.
1228
The preceding diagnosis, though not very full, will serve to indicate the essential characteristics of the genus among the Middle American forms with long pointed tails, the most prominent feature consisting in the densely feathered, not naked, cheeks. But one species belongs to the United States,
though three others are found in Mexico, and many more in South and Central America. A few species occur in the West Indies.
PLATE LVI.
1. Conurus carolinensis. Ad., Mich., 1228.
2. Conurus carolinensis. Juv., Fla., 54812.
3. Setophaga picta. ♂ Guat., 30705.
4. Hylotomus pileatus. ♀ Pa., 1723.
5. Hylotomus pileatus. ♂ Selkirk Settlement, 51863.
6. Sphyropicus thyroideus. ♂ Cal., 16098.
Conurus carolinensis, Kuhl.
PARAKEET; CAROLINA PARROT; ILLINOIS PARROT.
Psittaca carolinensis, Brisson, Ornith. II, 1762, 138. Psittacus carolinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 1758, 97; 1766, 141 (nec Scopoli).—Wilson, Am. Orn. III, 1811, 89, pl. xxvi, fig. 1.—Aud. Orn. Biog. I, 1832, 135, pl. xxvi. Conurus carolinensis, Kuhl, Nova Acta K. L. C. 1830.—Bon. List, 1838.—Pr. Max. Cabanis Journ. für Orn. V, March, 1857, 97.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 57.—Finsch, Papagei. I, 1857, 478.—Scl. Cat. 1862, 347.—Allen, B. E. Fla. 308. Centurus carolinensis, Aud. Syn. 1839, 189.—Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 306, pl. cclxxviii. Psittacus ludovicianus, Gm. Syst. I, 1788, 347. Psittacus thalassinus, Vieill. Ency. Meth. 1377. Conurus ludovicianus, Gray. Catal. Br. Mus. Psittac. 1859, 36 (makes distinct species from carolinensis). Carolina parrot, Catesby, Car. I, tab. xi.—Latham, Syn. I, 227.—Pennant, II, 242. Orange-headed parrot, Latham, Syn. I, 304.
Conurus carolinensis.
Sp. Char. Head and neck all round gamboge-yellow; the forehead, from above the eyes, with the sides of the head, pale brick-red. Body generally with tail green, with a yellowish tinge beneath. Outer webs of primaries bluish-green, yellow at the base; secondary coverts edged with yellowish. Edge of wing yellow, tinged with red; tibiæ yellow. Bill white. Legs flesh-color. Length, about 13.00; wing, 7.50; tail, 7.10. Young with head and neck green. Female with head and neck green; the forehead, lores, and suffusion round the eyes, dark red, and without the yellow of tibiæ and edge of wing. Size considerably less.
Hab. Southern and Southwestern States and Mississippi Valley; north to the Great Lakes and Wisconsin.
This species was once very abundant in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, being known throughout the Southern States, and the entire valley of the Mississippi, north to the Great Lakes. Stragglers even penetrated to Pennsylvania, and one case of their reaching Albany, N. Y., is on record. Now, however, they are greatly restricted. In Florida they are yet abundant, but, according to Dr. Coues, they are scarcely entitled to a place in the fauna of South Carolina. In Western Louisiana, Arkansas, and the Indian Territory, they are still found in considerable numbers, straggling over the adjacent States, but now seldom
go north of the mouth of the Ohio. We have seen no note of their occurrence south of the United States, and in view of their very limited area and rapid diminution in numbers, there is little doubt but that their total extinction is only a matter of years, perhaps to be consummated within the lifetime of persons now living. It is a question whether both sexes are similarly colored, as in most American Parrots, or whether the female, as just stated, lacks the yellow of the head. Several female birds killed in Florida in March agree in the characters indicated above for that sex; but the material at our command is not sufficient to decide whether all females are similarly marked, or whether the plumage described is that of the bird of the second year generally. There is no trace whatever of yellow on the head.
Habits. In determining the geographical distribution of the Carolina Parrot, a distinction should be made between its accidental occurrence and its usual and habitual residence. Strictly speaking, this species, though of roving habits, is not migratory. Its movements are irregular, and dependent upon the abundance or the scarcity of its food. Where it breeds, it is usually a permanent resident. An exceptional visit to a place cannot be taken as certain evidence that it will reappear in that locality.
When Wilson wrote, it inhabited the interior of Louisiana and the country lying upon the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, and their tributary waters, even beyond the Illinois River, to the neighborhood of Lake Michigan, in latitude 42° north. The same writer insisted that, contrary to the generally received opinion, it was at that time resident in all those places. Eastward of the great range of the Alleghanies it has been very seldom seen north of the State of Maryland, though straggling parties have been occasionally observed among the valleys of the Juniata. Barton states that a very large flock of these birds was observed in January, 1780, about twenty-five miles northwest of Albany.
The occurrence of this species in midwinter so far to the north, and its constant residence west of the Alleghanies throughout the year in colder regions, justify the conclusion of its being a very hardy bird. In evidence of this, Wilson mentions the fact of his having seen a number of them, in the month of February, on the banks of the Ohio, in a snow-storm, flying about like Pigeons, and in full cry.
The very evident preference which the Carolina Parakeet evinces for western localities, though in the same parallel of latitude with those east of the Alleghanies, which it rarely or never visits, is attributed by the same attentive observer to certain peculiar features of the country to which it is particularly and strongly attached. These are the low, rich alluvial bottoms along the borders of creeks, covered with a gigantic growth of buttonwood, deep and impenetrable swamps of the cypress, and those peculiar salines—or, as they are called, salt-licks—so frequent throughout that region, all of which are regularly visited by the Parakeets. The great abundance of the seeds of the cockle-bur (Xanthium strumarium) is also given as a still greater
inducement for their frequenting the banks of the Ohio and the Mississippi, where these plants are found in the greatest abundance. The seeds of the cypress-trees are another powerful attraction, while the abundance of the mast of the beech, on which it feeds freely, may explain their occasional visits to more northern regions, and even to places where they were before unknown.
In descending the Ohio in the month of February, Wilson met the first flock of Parakeets at the mouth of the Little Scioto. He was informed by an old inhabitant of Marietta that they were sometimes, though rarely, seen there. He afterwards observed flocks of them at the mouth of the Great and Little Miami, and in the neighborhood of the numerous creeks which discharge themselves into the Ohio. At Big Bone Lick, near the mouth of the Kentucky River, he met them in great numbers. They came screaming through the woods, about an hour after sunrise, to drink the salt water, of which, he says, they are remarkably fond.
Audubon, writing in 1842, speaks of the Parakeets as then very rapidly diminishing in number. In some regions where twenty-five years before they had been very plentiful, at that time scarcely any were to be seen. At one period, he adds, they could be procured as far up the tributary water of the Ohio as the Great Kanawha, the Scioto, the head of the Miami, the mouth of the Maumee at its junction with Lake Erie, and sometimes as far northeast as Lake Ontario. At the time of his writing very few were to be found higher than Cincinnati, and he estimated that along the Mississippi there was not half the number that had existed there fifteen years before.
According to Nuttall, this species constantly inhabits and breeds in the Southern States, and is so hardy as to make its appearance commonly, in the depth of winter, along the wooded banks of the Ohio, the interior of Alabama, and the banks of the Mississippi and Missouri, around St. Louis, and other places, when nearly all the other birds have migrated.
Its present habitat seems to be the Southern and Southwestern States, as far west as the Missouri. They occur high up that river, although none were seen or collected much farther west than its banks. In the enumeration of the localities from which the specimens in the Smithsonian collection were derived, Florida, Cairo, Ill., Fort Smith, Arkansas, Fort Riley, Kansas, Nebraska, and Bald Island, Missouri River, and Michigan are given.
In regard to the manner of nesting, breeding-habits, number of eggs in a nest, and the localities in which it breeds, I know nothing from my own personal observations, nor are writers generally better informed, with the single exception of Mr. Audubon. Wilson states that all his informants agreed that these birds breed in hollow trees. Several affirmed to him that they had seen their nests. Some described these as made with the use of no additional materials, others spoke of their employing certain substances to line the hollows they occupied. Some represented the eggs as white, others as speckled. One man assured him that in the hollow of a large beech-tree,
which he had cut down, he found the broken fragments of upwards of twenty Parakeet’s eggs, which he described as of a greenish-yellow color. He described the nest as formed of small twigs glued to each other and to the side of the tree in the manner of the Chimney-Swallow! From all these contradictory accounts Wilson was only able to gather, with certainty, that they build in companies and in hollow trees. The numerous dissections which he made in the months of March, April, May, and June led him to infer that they commence incubation late in spring or very early in summer.
Mr. Audubon, who speaks from his own observations, describes their nests, or the places in which they deposit their eggs, as simply the bottom of such cavities in trees as those to which they usually retire at night. Many females, he thinks, deposit their eggs together; and he expresses the opinion that the number of eggs which each individual lays is two, although he was not able absolutely to assure himself of this. He describes them as nearly round, and of a light greenish-white. An egg of this species from Louisiana is of a rounded oval shape, equally obtuse at either end, and of a uniform dull-white color. It measures 1.40 by 1.10 inches.
[1] Spizella pinetorum, Salvin, Pr. Z. S. 1863, p. 189. (“Similis S. pusillæ, ex Amer. Sept. et Mexico, sed coloribus clarioribus et rostro robustiore differt.”)
[2] Winter plumage. Rusty prevailing above, but hoary whitish edges to feathers still in strong contrast; streaks beneath with a rufous suffusion externally, but still with the black in excess.
[3] Winter plumage. Gray above more olivaceous, the black streaks more subdued by a rufous suffusion; streaks beneath with the rufous predominating, sometimes without any black.
[4] Winter plumage. Above rusty-olive, with little or no ashy, the black streaks broad and distinct. Streaks beneath with the black and rusty in about equal amount.
[5] In summer the streaks beneath are entirely intense black; in winter they have a slight rufous external suffusion.
[6] Melospiza melodia, var. mexicana, Ridgway. Mexican Song Sparrow. ? ? Melospiza pectoralis, von Müller.
Sp. Char. (Type, 60,046, Puebla, Mexico, A. Boucard.) Similar to M. melodia, but ground-color above olive-brown; inner webs of interscapulars pale ashy, but not in strong contrast. Crown and wings rusty-brown, the former with broad black streaks, and divided by a just appreciable paler line; back with broad black streaks without any rufous suffusion. Superciliary stripe pure light ash, becoming white anterior to the eye; two broad, dark-brown stripes on side of head,—one from the eye back along upper edge of auriculars, the other back from the rictus, along their lower border. Lower parts pure white, the flanks and crissum distinctly ochraceous; markings beneath broad and heavy, entirely pure deep black; those on the jugulum deltoid, on the sides linear. Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.85; bill, .37 and .24; tarsus, .85; middle toe without claw, .68. This may possibly be the M. pectoralis of von Müller. The description cited above, however, does not agree with the specimen under consideration. The pectoral spots are expressly stated to be brown, not even a black shaft-streak being mentioned, whereas the pure black spots of the specimen before us render it peculiar in this respect, being, in fact, its chief characteristic.
[7] Zonotrichia boucardi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, 1, pl. I, La Puebla, Mex. (scarcely definable as distinct from ruficeps).
[8] Peucæa botterii, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. 1862, 116 (Zonotrichia b. P. Z. S. 1857, 214), Orizaba. Coturniculus mexicana, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII, 1867, 474 (Colima).
This form can scarcely be defined separately from æstivalis. The type of C. mexicanus, Lawr., is undistinguishable from Orizaba specimens. A specimen in the worn summer plumage (44,752♀, Mirador, July) differs in having the streaks above almost wholly black, with scarcely any rufous edge; the crown is almost uniformly blackish. The feathers are very much worn, however, and the specimen is without doubt referrible to botteri.
The Peucæa notosticta of Sclater (P. Z. S. 1868, 322) we have not seen; it appears to differ in some important respects from the forms diagnosed above, and may, possibly, be a good species. Its place in our system appears to be with section “A,” but it differs from ruficeps and boucardi in the median stripe on the crown, and the black streaks in the rufous of the lateral portion, the blacker streaks of the dorsal region, and some other less important points of coloration. The size appears to be larger than in any of the forms given in our synopsis (wing, 2.70; tail, 3.00). Hab. States of Puebla and Mexico, Mex.
[9] Passerella obscura, Verrill, Pr. Bost. N. H. Soc. IX, Dec. 1862, 143 (Anticosti). (Type in Museum Comp. Zoöl., Cambridge.)
“Size somewhat smaller than that of P. iliaca. Legs and wings a little shorter in proportion. Claws less elongated. Bill somewhat shorter, thicker, and less acute. Color above rufous-brown, becoming bright rufous on the rump and exposed portion of the tail, but a shade darker than in P. iliaca; head uniform brown, with a slight tinge of ash; feathers of the back centred with a streak of darker brown. Wings nearly the same color as the back, with no white bands; outer webs of the quills rufous, inner webs dark brown; secondary coverts rufous, with dark brown centres; primary coverts uniform brown. Beneath dull white, with the throat and breast thickly covered with elongated triangular spots and streaks of dark reddish-brown; sides streaked with rufous-brown; middle of abdomen with a few small triangular spots of dark brown; under tail-coverts brownish-white, with a few small spots of bright rufous; tibiæ dark brown. The auriculars are tinged with reddish-brown. Bristles at the base of the bill are numerous, extending over the nostrils. Tail rather long, broad, and nearly even. Third quill longest; second and fourth equal, and but slightly shorter; first intermediate between the fifth and sixth, and one fourth of an inch shorter than the third.
“Length, 6.75; extent of wings, 10.75; wing, 3.35; tarsus, 1 inch.
“This species differs greatly in color from P. iliaca. It is darker in all parts; the feathers of the back are rufous-brown, centred with darker, instead of ash centred with brownish-red; the two white bands on the wing are wanting; the breast and throat are thickly streaked with elongated spots of dark reddish-brown, while in P. iliaca the spots are less numerous, shorter and broader, and bright rufous, and the central part of the throat is nearly free from spots; the under tail-coverts are brownish-white, with rufous spots, instead of nearly pure white.”
There are some features in this bird, as described by Mr. Verrill, which seem to characterize it as different from P. iliaca, although it is barely possible that it is this bird in immature dress. The streaked back at once separates it from all our species excepting iliaca. Nothing is said of its habits. One specimen was killed in Anticosti, July 1; the other, August 8. The true iliaca was found on the island, which fact renders it still more probable that this is its young.
[10] Atlantic Monthly, XXIII, p. 707.
[11] Cyanospiza leclancheri. Spiza leclancheri, Lafr. Mag. Zoöl. 1841, pl. xxii.—Less. R. Z. 1842, 74.
[12] Tiaris pusilla, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 438. Phonipara pusilla, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 159.
[13] Emberiza olivacea, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 309. Phonipara olivacea, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 159.
[14] Loxia canora, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 858. Phonipara canora, Bonap.
[15] Cardinalis virginianus, var. coccineus, Ridgway.
[16] Cardinalis virginianus, var. carneus. ? Cardinalis carneus, Less. R. Z. 1842, 209.—Bonap. Consp. I, 501.
According to the locality quoted (“Acapulco et Realejo”) this name is the one to be applied to the variety diagnosed in the synopsis; it is difficult, however, to make anything out of the description, as it is evidently taken from a female or immature bird. If the locality quoted be correct, this form ranges along the Pacific Coast, probably from latitude 20° south, as far at least as Nicaragua. North of 20°, and on the Tres Marias Islands, it is replaced by var. igneus, and on the Atlantic coast, from Tampico south to Honduras, is represented by the var. coccineus.
In the very long, stiff crest-feathers, and light red rump, this variety of C. virginianus closely approximates to C. phœniceus, but in other respects is very distinct.
[17] Cardinalis phœniceus, (Gould,) Bonap. P. Z. S. 1837, p. 111; Consp. I, 501.—Sclater & Salvin, Ex. Orn. Pt. VIII, 1868, pl. lxiii.
[18] Pipilo macronyx, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 434. Real del Monte, Mex.—Ib. Anim. in Men. 1838, 347.—Bp. Consp. 487.—Sclater & Salvin, 1869, 361. Pipilo virescens, Hartlaub, Cab. Jour. 1863, 228, Mex.
Sp. Char. Prevailing color above olive-green; the head and neck all round black, abruptly contrasted below with the white under parts; above passing insensibly into the green of the back; feathers of interscapular region obscurely dusky medially; sides and crissum rufous. Scapulars and greater and middle coverts with outer webs pale greenish-yellow at ends; these blotches faintly margined externally with olive-green. Edge of wing yellow; outer primary edged with whitish, edges of other primaries and of secondaries uniform olive-green. Fifth quill longest, fourth and sixth scarcely shorter; first shorter than ninth. Legs stout, claws much curved. Tail wanting in the single specimen before us (a male from the city of Mexico, belonging to Mr. G. N. Lawrence).
Dimensions (prepared specimen): Wing, 3.70. Exposed portion of first primary, 2.30; of second, 2.73; of longest (measured from exposed base of first primary), 2.85. Bill: Length from forehead, .75; from nostril, .45. Legs: Tarsus, 1.14; middle claw, .38; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .52.
In describing this species, Swainson mentions an accompanying specimen as similar, but without any white spots on wings, suggesting that it may be the female. A specimen in the plumage from Oaxaca is characterized as follows.
[19] Pipilo chlorosoma, Baird. 50,225 ♂, Oaxaca. Similar to P. macronyx in color, but without any trace of white markings on the wings. Outer tail-feathers with an obscurely defined greenish-white patch about an inch long, at the end of inner web; similar, but successively smaller patches on the second and third feathers, all whiter on upper than lower surface. Fifth quill longest; first shorter than ninth.
Dimensions (prepared specimen): Total length, 8.20; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80. Bill: Length from forehead, .73; from nostril, .43. Legs: Tarsus, 1.24; middle toe and claw, 1.10; claw alone, .36; hind toe and claw, .85; claw alone, .50. No. 60,050, Mexico, is similar, in all essential respects.
From the analogies of the black Pipilos, it is reasonable to consider these two birds as distinct species, or at least varieties, especially as the specimen before us of that with unspotted wings is marked male. The general appearance is otherwise much the same, the unspotted bird rather smaller, and without the dusky interscapular markings described in macronyx. Should No. 50,225 represent a distinct species, it may be called P. chlorosoma, and distinguished as above. (60,050, Mexico, Boucard.)
[20] Pipilo lateralis (Natt.). Emberiza lateralis, Natt. Mus. Vind. MSS. Poospiza lat. Burm. Th. Bras. III, Av. 2, p. 215. Pipilo superciliosa, Swains. An. Menag. 311, 95, fig. 59.
[21] Pipilo maculatus, Swainson, Philos. Mag., 1827.
[22] Pipilo carmani, Baird, MSS.; Lawrence, Ann. N. Y. Lyc. X, 7. (Specimens in collection made by Colonel A. J. Grayson.)
[23] Pipilo maculatus, Swainson. Sp. Char. Male. Similar to the female of Pipilo arcticus, but rather more olivaceous; only the head and neck all round black; shading above insensibly into the back. The white markings mostly edged narrowly externally with black, and clouded with rusty; the nape-feathers faintly, the interscapular broadly, streaked centrally with blackish; lower back and rump, with outer edges of quill and tail feathers, olivaceous-brown. A narrow shaft-streak in white at end of tail. Fourth quill longest; fifth scarcely shorter; first about equal to secondaries. Claws moderate; perhaps larger than in erythrophthalmus. Length of skin, 7.80; wing, 3.15; tail, 4.20; tarsus, 1.10; middle toe and claw, .96; claw alone, .34; hind toe and claw, .81; claw alone, .45. Hab. Mexico (Oaxaca; Real del Monte, Philos. Mag., 1827).
It is a serious question whether this comparatively little known Mexican species of Pipilo is not to be considered as identical with some or all of the species of the United States, with spotted wing-coverts, notwithstanding the difference in the color of the body. It appears, however, to be constant in the olivaceous character of the back,—no reference being made to Mexican specimens entirely black above,—and as such it may be considered a permanent geographical race.
[24] Pipilo fuscus, Sw. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 434 (Temiscaltepec).—Ib. Anim. in Menag. 1838, 347.—Bp. Consp. 1851, 487.—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, 304 (Cordova). ? Kieneria fusca, Bp. C. R. XL, 1855, 356.
Sp. Char. Above dull olive-brown; the top of head having the central portion of feathers tinged (inconspicuously and obscurely) with rufous. Chin and throat pale rufous, bordered by dusky streaks; a single dusky spot in lower part of jugulum. Belly and flanks behind, anal region and crissum, rather darker rufous. Sides grayish-olive, lighter than the back, tingeing the breast, and leaving only a small patch in the centre of under parts white, shading into the surrounding ashy-brown. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first shorter than ninth, or than secondaries.
Dimensions (prepared specimen): Total length, 7.75; wing, 3.80; tail, 4.20; exposed portion of first primary, 2.30; of longest (measured from exposed base of first primary), 3.03. Bill: Length from forehead, .65; from nostril, .40. Legs: Tarsus, .95; middle toe and claw, 1.00; hind toe and claw, .68; claw alone, .36. Hab. Highlands of Mexico.
The specimen described is from the city of Mexico, and belongs to Mr. G. N. Lawrence; others before us are from Temiscaltepec (the original locality of Swainson’s type), Guadalaxara, and Tepic.
While admitting the strong probability that the different brown Pipilos with rufous throat bordered by black spots, P. fuscus, crissalis, mesoleucus, albigula, and probably even albicollis, are geographical modifications of the same original type, the large collection before us vindicates the action of those who have referred the California species to that described by Swainson as fuscus, and who have distinguished the P. mesoleucus from both. The original description of fuscus agrees almost exactly with crissalis, both actually scarcely separable; while the mesoleucus, intermediate in geographical position, is decidedly different from either. The relationships of these different forms will be found expressed in the general diagnosis already given.
Two descriptions given by Swainson, copied below, of the P. fuscus, differ somewhat from each other, and may not have been taken from the same specimen. The identification of either with P. mesoleucus would be a difficult matter; while the first one expresses the peculiar characters of crissalis more nearly than any other. The statement of “white beneath,” without any qualification, applies better to mesoleucus than to others, but the “pale rufous tinge” observable in crissalis and fuscus is very different from the abruptly defined chestnut cap of mesoleucus.
Pipilo fuscus, Swainson, Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 434. “Gray, beneath paler; throat obscure fulvous, with brown spots; vent ferruginous. Length, 8.00; bill, .70; wings, 3.50; tail, 4.00; tarsi, .90; hind toe and claw, .70.” Hab. Table land; Temiscaltepec.
Pipilo fuscus, Swainson, Anim. in Men. 1838, 347. “Grayish-brown above; beneath white; chin and throat fulvous, with dusky spots; under tail-coverts fulvous; tail blackish-brown, unspotted. Bill and legs pale, the latter smaller, and the claws more curved than in any other known species; crown with a pale rufous tinge. Length, 7.50; wings, 3.50; tail, 4.00; tarsus, .90; middle toe and claw the same; hinder toe, .65. Rather smaller than maculata.”
[25] Pipilo albicollis, Sclater. Above uniform olivaceous-brown; the cap not differently colored. Lores, chin, and throat white, the two last bordered and defined by dusky spots; jugulum and breast white, the former clouded with olivaceous, and with a dusky blotch in middle; middle of throat crossed by an olivaceous band which curves round on each side under the ear-coverts; sides grayish. Flanks behind, anal region, and crissum, rufous. Middle wing-coverts with a whitish bar across their tips. Fourth and fifth quills longest; first shorter than ninth and secondaries. Length, 7.00; wing, 3.30; tail, 3.70. Bill and legs light. Hab. Central Mexico.
This “species” may fairly be considered as one extreme of the series of which P. crissalis is the other; and differs from the rest merely in a greater amount of white, and the absence of rufous tinge on top of head. The fulvous of throat is concentrated in a band across its middle portion, leaving chin and lower throat white; this, however, is foreshadowed in the paler chin of mesoleucus, and the whitish lower throat of albigula. The uniformity of coloring above is nearly equalled by that of P. crissalis. The whitish band across the middle wing-coverts is the most positive character.
[26] The name in manuscript on the label of a specimen in the Schlüter collection, from Astrachan.
[27] Otocorys peregrina, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1855, 110, pl. cii. Eremophila per. Scl. Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 127.
[28] A specimen from Cleveland, Ohio (7,429 ♀, April 1, Dr. Kirtland), and one from Washington, D. C. (28,246 ♂, Feb.), have nearly as distinct streaks above, but the white of lower parts is without any tinge of yellow.
[29] It is an interesting fact in regard to the species of Icteridæ, that, as a general rule, female birds of West Indian representatives of the Agelainæ and Quiscalinæ are usually, or perhaps universally, uniformly black, where the continental are brown, either concolored or streaked. We know of no exception to the first part of this statement as to Agelaius, Nesopsar, Scolecophagus, and Quiscalus. The smaller North American species of Quiscalus have the females duller, but not otherwise very different from the males, except in size. The females of the large Quiscalus, all continental, are much smaller than the males, and totally different. In Icterus all the species in which the female is very different in color from the male are Northern Mexican or continental North American (pustulatus, spurius, baltimore, bullocki, cucullatus, etc.). Most West Indian Icterus also exhibit no difference in the sexes, dominicensis, hypomelas, xanthomus, bonanæ, etc.; in one alone (leucopteryx) is the difference appreciable. The South American species have the females pretty generally similar to the males, but smaller, as is the case in the entire family.
[30] Agelaius assimilis, Gundl. Cabanis, Journal, IX, 12 (nest).—Ib. Boston Journal, VI, 1853, 316.
[31] Sturnella mexicana, Sclater, Ibis, 1861, 179.
[32] Sturnella meridionalis, Sclater, Ibis, 1861, 179.
[33] Sturnella hippocrepis, Wagler, Ibis, 1832, 281.—Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. 1860.
[34] An attempt at division into subgenera is as follows:—
Icterus, bill stout, conical, the culmen and gonys nearly straight. Tail graduated. Species: vulgaris, auduboni, melanocephalus.
Xanthornus, bill slender, slightly decurved. Tail graduated. Species: wagleri, parisorum, spurius, cucullatus.
Hyphantes, bill stout, conical; the culmen and gonys straight. Tail slightly rounded. Species: baltimore, bullocki, abeillei.
We do not find, however, that these subgenera are very tangible, excepting Hyphantes, which is rather well marked by square tail and straight outlines of the bill, as indicated above. The differences are really so minute, and the characters so variable with the species, that it seems entirely unnecessary to subdivide the genus.
[35] Icterus dominicensis, var. prosthemelas. Icterus prosthemelas, Strickland, Jard. Cont. Orn. 1850, 120, pl. lxii. Pendulinus p. Cassin, Icteridæ, P. A. N. S. 1867, 56. Pendulinus lessoni, Bonap. Consp. I, 432, 1850.
[36] Icterus dominicensis, var. dominicensis. Oriolus dominicensis, Linn. S. N. I, 163, 1766. Pendulinus d. Cassin. P. A. N. S. 1867, 58. Pendulinus flavigaster, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. V, 317, 1816. Pendulinus viridis, Vieill. Nouv. Dict. V, 321, 1816?
[37] Icterus dominicensis, var. portoricensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1866, 254. Pendulinus portoricensis, Cass. P. A. N. S. 1867, 58. Turdus ater, Gm. S. N. I, 830, 1788? Turdus jugularis, Lath. Ind. Orn. I, 351, 1790?
[38] Icterus dominicensis, var. hypomelas. Pendulinus hypomelas, Bonap. Consp. I, 433, 1850.—Cass. P. A. N. S. 1867, 59.
There seems to be no reason for not referring all the above forms to one species, the differences being merely in the relative amount of black and yellow. The greater predominance of the former color we should expect in specimens from the West Indies, where in this family the melanistic tendency is so marked.
[39] Icterus cucullatus, var. auricapillus. Icterus auricapillus, Cass. P. A. N. S. 1847, 382.—Ib. Journ. A. N. S. I, pl. xvi, f. 2.—Ib. P. A. N. S. 1867, 60.
[40] Icterus bullocki, var. abeillei. Xanthornus abeillei, Less. Rev. Zoöl. 1839, 101. Hyphantes a. Cass. P. A. N. S. 1867, 62. ? Oriolus costototl, Gm. Syst. Nat. I, 385, 1788.
The only essential difference from I. bullocki is in the greater amount of black, it being merely more extended, while the pattern is the same.
[41] Icterus melanocephalus, Gray. Psarocolius melanocephalus, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 756. Icterus melanocephalus, Gray, Genera.—Sclater, Pr. Zoöl. Soc. 1858, 97.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1867, 53.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 543. Xanthornus melanocephalus, Bon. Consp. 1850, 434 (description of young only). ? Icterus graduacauda, Lesson, Rev. Zoöl. 1839, 105.
Sp. Char. Similar to I. auduboni, but without any white whatever on the wing. Head and neck all round, wings, scapulars, and tail, uniform pure black. Rest of body, including inside of wing and tibia and the lesser wing-coverts, orange-yellow; clouded with olivaceous-green on the back, less so on the rump. Bill and legs plumbeous, the former whitish at base. Length, 7.70; wing, 3.75; tail, 4.80. Hab. Warm parts of Mexico.
Very like the auduboni, but smaller, the bill much stouter, shorter, and the culmen more curved. The third quill is longest; the fourth, fifth, and second successively a little shorter; the first and seventh about equal. The black of the head and neck comes farther behind and on the sides than in auduboni. The wings are totally destitute of the white edges of quills and coverts as seen in auduboni, and the middle coverts are black instead of pure yellow. The tail, too, is entirely black.
[42] Icterus wagleri, Sclater, Pr. Zoöl. Soc. 1857, 7.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 545, pl. lvii, f. 2.—Ib. Mex. B. II, Birds, 19, pl. xix, f. 2.—Cass. Pr. 1867, 55. Psarocolius flavigaster, Wagler, Isis, 1829, 756 (not of Vieillot). Pendulinus dominicensis, Bp. Consp. 1850, 432 (not of Linn.).
Sp. Char. Bill much attenuated and considerably decurved. Tail considerably graduated. Head and neck all round, back (the color extending above over the whole interscapular region), wings, and tail, including the whole of the lower coverts and the tips of the upper, black. Lesser and middle upper, with lower wing-coverts, hinder part of back, rump, and under parts generally (except tail-coverts), orange-yellow. Length, 9.50; extent, 12.00; wing, 4.50; tail, 4.25; tarsus, 1.15.
Young or female. Above yellowish-green; more yellow on head; throat black; sides of neck and body beneath dull yellow. Wings dark brown, the coverts edged with white; middle tail-feathers brownish-black; outer yellowish-green. Length about 8 inches.
Younger birds are entirely dull olive-green above; beneath greenish-yellow.
Hab. Northeastern Mexico to Rio Grande Valley; south to Guatemala. Oaxaca, Jan. and March (Scl. 1859, 381); Guatemala (Scl. Ibis, I, 20); Vera Cruz, hot region, resident (Sumichrast, M. B. S. I, 552).
A close ally, and perhaps only a race, of this species, is the I. prosthemelas, Strickl., which differs in smaller size, and in having the lower tail-coverts yellow instead of black (see synoptical table, p. 778).
Habits. This fine species appears to be an abundant bird from Northern Mexico throughout that republic and Central America to Costa Rica. I am not aware that any specimens have been procured actually within our territory. It was met with at Saltillo, in the state of Coahuila, Mexico, by Lieutenant Couch, where only a single specimen was obtained. It was taken at the rancho of Ojo Caliente, or Hot Springs. It was quite shy and difficult of approach. Like all the other Orioles, it appeared to be quite fond of the palm-tree known as the Spanish bayonet. It is given by Sumichrast as occurring in the department of Vera Cruz, where it appears to be confined to the hot region. It is quite common in the district of Cordova, to the height of about three thousand feet.
Mr. Salvin states this to be the only Icterus found by him about Dueñas, where it was not uncommon. In a letter written by this naturalist, published in the Ibis of October, 1859, he mentions having taken the nest and eggs of this species. The structure, though of the same character,—a hanging nest,—is very different from that of I. gularis, the common species on the Yzabal road. The nest has none of the depth of the other, but is comparatively shallow.
[43] Quiscalus baritus (Linn.), Cass. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1866, p. 405. (Gracula barita, Linn. S. N. I, 165, 1766). Q. crassirostris, Swainson.
[44] Quiscalus brachypterus, Cass. Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 406.
[45] Quiscalus gundlachi, Cass. Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 406.
[46] Quiscalus niger (Boddaert), Cass. Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 407. (Oriolus niger, Bodd. Tab. Pl. Enl. p. 31, 1783.
None of the continental forms are in the collection, and therefore their relationship to each other and to the West Indian species cannot be here given. They are: (1) Q. lugubris, Swains. (Cabinet Cyclopædia, p. 299, 1838.—Cass. Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 408). Hab. S. Am., Trinidad. (2) Q. mexicanus, Cass. (Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 408). Hab. Mexico. Besides these are the two following, whose habitats are unknown: Q. inflexirostris, Swains. (Cab. Cyc. p. 300, 1838), and Q. rectirostris, Cass. (Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 409).
[47] Quiscalus palustris (Swains.), Cassin, Pr. A. N. S., Phila., 1866, p. 411. (Scaphidurus pal., Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 437).
[48] Quiscalus tenuirostris, Swains. Cabinet Cyclopædia, 1838, p. 299.—Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1866, 411. The Q. assimilis, Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1862, 141, from Bogota, and Q. peruvianus, Swains. Cab. Cyc. 1838, 354, of Peru, are not in the collection; they are probably referrible to the major type.
[49] A series of twenty-nine specimens of Q. purpureus from Florida, has been kindly furnished for examination by Mr. C. J. Maynard, chiefly from the northern and middle portions of the State, and consequently intermediate between the varieties aglæus and purpureus. In color, however, they are nearly all essentially, most of them typically, like the former; but in size and proportions they scarcely differ from more northern specimens of the latter. Their common and nearly constant features of coloration are, uniform soft dark greenish body, with blue tinge on belly, and bluish-green tail-coverts and tail, violet head, more blue anteriorly and more bronzy on the foreneck, and with this color abruptly defined posteriorly against the peculiar uniform blackish dull green of the body; the wing-coverts usually tipped with vivid violet and green spots. One male is a typical example of the var. purpureus, distinguished by the blending of the similar metallic tints on the body and head, the broken tints on the body arranged in transverse bars on the back, more purple tail-coverts, and lack of the vivid metallic tips to the wing-coverts. There are also four nearly typical specimens of the var. aglæus, these probably from farther south on the peninsula, but with the characteristics of the race less exaggerated than in the types from the keys. The measurements of this series are as follows:—
Var. purpureus (one specimen). ♂. Wing, 5.30; tail, 4.65; culmen, 1.38.
Intermediate specimens. Typical aglæus in colors, but like purpureus in size. (16 males, and 17 females). ♂. Wing, 4.85 to 5.50; tail, 4.60 to 5.50; culmen, 1.25 to 1.50. ♀. Wing, 4.65 to 4.90; tail, 3.80 to 4.50; culmen, 1.10 to 1.30.
Var. aglæus (four specimens). ♂. Wing, 5.30 to 5.60; tail, 5.00 to 5.30; culmen, 1.38 to 1.40.
[50] The measurements given are of a California specimen, in order the better to show the great distinction to be made between this species and caurinus, which is probably not found in California, being a more northern species, and having the coast of Washington Territory, or perhaps Oregon, as about its southern limit.
[51] C. mexicanus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 375. This species is perfectly distinct from all the others. The plumage has a silky blended character, and very high lustre, almost exactly as in the larger Grakles (Quiscalus major, etc.).
[52] C. nasicus, Temm. Pl. Col. 413.—Gundl. Rev. y Catal. de las Aves de Cuba., 1865, 290. Corvus americanus, Lemb. Aves de Cuba, 1830, 65. Hab. Cuba.
[53] C. leucognaphalus, Daud. Tr. d’Orn. II, 231.—Sallé, P. Z. S. 1857, 232.—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1866, XI, 94. Hab. Porto Rico and Santo Domingo.
[54] C. jamaicensis, Gm. S. N. I, 367.—Gosse, B. Jam. 209.—Scl. Catal. Am. B. 1860, 146.—Bonap. Consp. 385.—Sallé, P. Z. S. 1857, 232.—March, P. A. N. S. 1863, 300.—Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. 1866, XI, 94. Hab. Jamaica and Santo Domingo.
The C. minutus of Cuba we have not seen; it seems, however, to be rather nearly related to C. ossifragus, and possesses more lengthened nasal plumes than the three West Indian species diagnosed above. Its synonomy is as follows:—
Corvus minutus, Gundl. Cab. J. 1856, 20, p. 97.—Ib. Rev. y Catal. de las Aves de Cuba. Hab. Cuba.
[55] Pica caudata, Flem. Brit. An. p. 87. Corvus pica, Linn. Faun. Suec. p. 31. Pica melanoleuca, Vieill. N. D. XXVI, 121. Pica albiventris, Vieill. Faun. Franc. p. 119, t. 55, f. 1. Pica european (Cuv.) Boie, Isis, 1822, 551. Pica rusticorum, Leach, Syst. Cat. Mamm. and Birds in Brit. Mus. p. 18.
[56] Cyanura diademata (Bonap.), Cyanogarrulus diadematus, Bonap. Consp. p. 377. Cyanocitta diad., Sclater, Catal. Am. B. 1862, 143. The C. galeata, Cab., from Bogota, we have not seen.
[57] Cyanura coronata, Swains. Phil. Mag. I, 1827, 437.
[58] Cyanocitta sumichrasti, Ridgway, Rep. U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. All Mexican Cyanocittas with a whitish superciliary streak, blue edgings to jugular feathers, etc., are to be referred to this strongly marked race. A very conspicuous character of this variety is the strong “hook” to the upper mandible; the tip beyond the notch being much elongated, or unusually “produced.” In the collection is a specimen (60,058 ♀, Mexico, A. Boucard) which we have referred to this race, but which differs in such an important respect from all other specimens of the several races referrible to californica, as extended, that it may belong to a distinct form. Having the precise aspect of sumichrasti in regard to its upper plumage, it lacks, however, any trace of the blue edgings and pectoral collar, the whole lower parts being continuously uninterrupted dull white, purer posteriorly. The appearance is such as to cause a suspicion that it may be a link between sumichrasti and one of the races of ultramarina. It measures: wing, 5.50; tail, 6.00; graduation of tail, .70.
[59] Cyanocitta ultramarina, (Bonap.) Strickland.—Garrulus ultramarinus, Bonap. J. A. N. S. IV, 1825, 386 (not of Audubon).
[60] Cyanocitta sordida, (Swains.) (not of Baird, Birds N. Am., which is arizonæ).—Sclater, Cat. Am. B. 1862, 143. Garrulus sordidus, Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, I, 437.
[61] Cyanocitta unicolor, (Du Bus) Bonap. Consp. p. 378.—Cyanocorax unicolor, Du Bus, Bull. Acad. Brux. XIV, pt. 2, p. 103.
[62] Hadrostomus affinis. Platypsaris affinis, Elliot, Ibis, 1859, 394, pl. xiii. Pachyramphus aglaiæ, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 164, pl. xlvii, f. 1.—Ib. Rep. Mex. Bound. II, Birds, 7, pl. xix, f. 1. Hadrostomus aglaiæ, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. II, 85 (Xalapa).—Ib. Journ. 1861, 252.—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1864, 176 (City Mex.). Hab. Northern Mexico, Jalapa, Nicaragua (Scl. Catalogue, p. 240); Yucatan (Lawrence).
[63] Pachyramphus major. Bathmidurus major, Cab. Orn. Nat. 1847, I, 246.—Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. II, 89.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 165, pl. xlvii, f. 2 ♀.—Ib. Rep. Mex. Bound. II, Birds, 7, pl. xix, f. 2. Pachyramphus major, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1857, 78; 1864, 176 (City of Mex.). Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.
[64] M. tyrannus, var. violentus (Tyrannus violentus, Vieill. N. D. XXXV, p. 89. Milvulus v., Scl. Catal. Am. B. 1862, 237), is the South American race of this species. It is exceedingly similar, but differs slightly, though constantly, in certain characters. We have not at present the means of comparing the two.
[65] Tyrannus melancholicus, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. XXXV, 1819, 84.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 176.—Sclater, Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, 235. Hab. South America. A more northern race scarcely distinguishable (Panama, Costa Rica, etc.), separated as T. satrapa, Licht.
[66] Myiarchus tyrannulus (Müll.), Coues. Muscicapa tyrannulus, Müll. (G. R. Gr. Hand List, No. 5,527). Myiarchus t. Coues, P. A. N. S. Phila. July, 1872, 71. (M. aurora, Bodd.; flaviventris, Steph.; ferox, Gm.; swainsoni, Caban.; panamensis, Lawr.; venezuelensis, Lawr.)
[67] Myiarchus tyrannulus, var. phæocephalus (Sclater). Myiarchus phæocephalus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, 481.—Coues, P. A. N. S. 1872, 73.
[68] Myiarchus validus, Cabanis. Tyrannus crinitus, Gosse, B. Jam. 186 (nec Auct.). Myiarchus validus, Caban. Orn. Nat. II, 351, et Auct. Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 62.
[69] Myiarchus crinitus, var. cooperi (Kaup). Baird. Tyrannula cooperi, Kaup. P. Z. S. 1851, 51. Myiarchus cooperi, Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 180. Myiarchus crinitus, var. cooperi, Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 67.
[70] Myiarchus crinitus, var. irritabilis (Vieill.), Coues. Tyrannus irritabilis, Vieill. Enc. Meth. 1823, II, 847. Myiarchus crinitus, var. irritabilis, Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 65. (M. erythrocercus, Scl.; M. mexicanus, Kaup, Lawr.; M. yucatanensis, Lawr.)
Obs.—It is, perhaps, probable that in Yucatan this race grades into the M. stolidus (var. stolidus), since there is a specimen in the collection from Merida (39,213, April 9, 1865, A. Schott) which seems to be very nearly intermediate in every way between the two. It has the very black hill, restricted rufous on inner webs of rectrices, and pale yellow of lower parts of M. stolidus, and the brown pileum and more robust proportions of irritabilis. The specimen, however, is in poor condition, being of worn and faded plumage, and much distorted, so that its true characters cannot be ascertained satisfactorily.
[71] Myiarchus stolidus, var. phœbe (D’Orb.), Coues. Tyrannus phœbe, D’Orb. Sagra’s Cuba, Ois. p. 84. Myiarchus stolidus, var. phœbe, Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 78. (Sagræ, Gundl.; stolida, var. lucaysiensis, Bryant).
[72] Myiarchus stolidus, var. antillarum (Bryant), Coues. Tyrannus (Myiarchus) antillarum, Bryant, P. B. S. N. H. 1866, p. 2. Myiarchus stolidus, var. antillarum, Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 79.
[73] Myiarchus stolidus, var. stolidus (Gosse), Cabanis. Myiobius stolidus, Gosse. B. Jam. p. 168. Myiarchus s. Cabanis, J. für Orn. 1855, 479.—Coues, P. A. N. S. 1872, 77. (Stolidus var. dominicensis, Bryant.)
[74] Myiarchus tristis (Gosse), Coues. Myiobius tristis, Gosse, B. Jam. 167 pl. xli. Myiarchus t. Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 80.
[75] Myiarchus tristis, var. lawrencei (Giraud), Baird. Tyrannula lawrencei, Giraud, 16 sp. Tex. B. pl. ii. Myiarchus l. Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 181, pl. xlvii, f. 3.—Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 74.
Obs.—The most typical specimens are from Mazatlan and northward, across the northern portion of Mexico. On the eastern coast, specimens from Mirador and Orizaba already strongly incline toward var. nigricapillus.
[76] Myiarchus tristis, var. nigricapillus, Cabanis. “Myiarchus nigricapillus, Caban.” Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1862, 233, et Auct. M. lawrencei, Coues, P. A. N. S. 1872, 74 (in part).
Obs.—A very strongly differentiated form, but unquestionably grading into var. lawrencei on the one hand, and var. nigriceps on the other.
[77] Myiarchus tristis, var. nigriceps, Sclater. Myiarchus nigriceps, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, 68, 295.—Coues, P. A. N. S. July, 1872, 75.
Obs.—The last three races appear to be all reducible to one species, as, taking the large series of specimens before us (over 30 skins), we find it impossible to draw the line between them. Specimens from Southern Mexico are referrible, with equal propriety, to lawrencei or to nigricapillus, while skins from Panama of nigriceps are less typical than those from Ecuador. This case of gradually increasing melanistic tendency as we proceed southward affords an exact parallel to that of Vireosylvia gilvus and V. josephæ, Sayornis nigricans and S. aquaticus, and many other cases.
[78] Myiarchus mexicanus, var. pertinax, Baird, Pr. Phil. Acad. 1859, 303.
[79] Sayornis nigricans, var. aquaticus. Sayornis aquaticus, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 119 (Guatemala).
[80] Sayornis nigricans, var. cineracens. Sayornis cineracea, Lafr. Rev. Zoöl. 1848, p. 8.—Scl. Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, 200. The above races are clearly shown to be merely modifications, with latitude, of one type, by the series of specimens before us. Thus, specimens of S. nigricans from Orizaba show more or less dusky on the lower tail-coverts, while in more northern specimens (i. e. typical var. nigricans) there is not a trace of it. Typical specimens of aquaticus, from Guatemala, show merely a more advanced melanism, the lighter markings on the wings becoming greatly restricted; there is still, however, a decided presence of white on the lower tail-coverts. Specimens from Costa Rica (typical aquaticus) exhibit the maximum degree of melanism, the white beneath being confined to a central spot on the abdomen. In cineraceus (from New Granada) the white beneath is similarly restricted, but on the wings is very conspicuous, showing a reversion back to the character of nigricans, though surpassing the latter in the amount of white on the coverts and secondaries.
The S. latirostris (Aulanax l. Cab. & Hein. Mus. Hein. ii, p. 68; Sayornis l. Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1862, 200), from Ecuador, we have not seen. It is probably also referrible to the same type.
[81] Contopus lugubris, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VIII, 1865, 134 (Costa Rica, Baranca).
[82] Contopus brachytarsus, Sclater, Cat. Am. B. 1862, 231. (Empidonax brachyt. Scl. Ibis, 1859, p. 441.) A strongly marked race, but distinguishable from schotti only by just appreciable differences in color (being paler beneath), and shorter wing and bill, the latter broader at the tip.
[83] Contopus (brachytarsus var. ?), var. schotti, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX, 1869, 202 (Yucatan). Very nearly related to C. richardsoni, but easily distinguished by the very different proportions.
[84] Contopus caribæus (D’Orb.) Muscipeta caribæa, D’Orb. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Cuba, 1839, 77.
[85] Contopus caribæus, var. hispaniolensis, Bryant. Tyrannula caribæa, var. hispaniolensis, Bryant, Pr. Bost. Soc. XI, 1866, 91.
[86] Contopus caribæus, var. pallidus (Gosse). Myiobius pallidus, Gosse, Birds Jam. 166. Blacicus pallidus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1861, 77. Contopus p. Scl. Catal. Am. B. 1862, 231.—March, Pr. Ph. A. N. Sc. 1863, 290.
[87] Contopus (caribæus var. ?) bahamensis, Bryant. Empidonax bahamensis, Bryant, List of Birds of the Bahamas, 1859, p. 7. Young with the colors more ashy above, and less yellowish beneath; the upper parts with feathers faintly tipped with paler, causing an obsolete transverse mottling; two distinct bands on wing of pale ochraceous.
Of the above, caribæus, hispaniolensis, and pallidus are clearly to be referred to one species; the C. bahamensis also has many characters in common with them, and no violence would be done by referring it, also, to the same type; it is, however, more modified from the standard than any of the others, though the modifications are not of importance.
[88] These measurements are not only those of United States and Mexican examples, but also of Middle American examples (“sordidulus,” Sclater, and “plebeius,” Cabanis), and of a series from Ecuador and New Granada (= “bogotensis,” Sclater). In comparing a quite large number of such Middle American and Equatorial specimens with the large series of Northern examples, we have been utterly unable to appreciate even the slightest difference between them.
The C. punensis (Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. IX, 1869, 237; Puna Island, Guayaquil) is founded upon an immature specimen, so the characters of the species cannot be given with exactness. The relationship appears very close to the C. caribæus, there being the same large, very depressed bill, with the long bristles reaching nearly to its tip, and the tail about as long as the wing; while the upper plumage has the light faint transverse mottling seen in the young caribæus, var. bahamensis, and the lining of the wing ochraceous. In colors, however, the two are very different, the young of punensis being ashy-green, instead of pure ash, on the back, the crown very much darker, instead of not appreciably so; the wing-bands are white instead of ochraceous, while the breast and sides are dull sulphur-yellowish, instead of ashy, without any yellow tinge. The measurements are as follows: Wing, 2.60; tail, 2.60; culmen, .72; tarsus, .56.
The C. ochraceus, Sclater & Salvin (P. Z. S. 1869, 419; Salv. Ibis, 1870, 115), of Costa Rica, we have not seen. From the description, however, it seems to be scarcely different from C. lugubris, and it is probably the same. The size (wing, 3.30) appears to be a little smaller, and the belly more deeply yellowish.
[89] Empidonax brunneus, Ridgway. A very distinct species, not needing comparison with any other.
[90] Empidonax axillaris, Ridgway.
[91] Empidonax flavescens, Lawr. May be the southern form of bairdi, but differ in some apparently essential features.
[92] Empidonax bairdi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 301; Ibis, 1859, 442; Catal. Am. B. 1862, 230.—Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1860, 36. (Hab. Cordova, Coban, Mazatlan, Mirador, etc.)
[93] Empidonax fulvipectus, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Feb. 1871, 11. (Type examined.) A very distinct species, most nearly related to obscurus, from which it differs totally in color and in much shorter tarsus.
[94] Empidonax minimus, var. pectoralis. Empidonax pectoralis, Lawr. It seems but reasonable to consider this bird as the southern race of minimus, as the differences—i. e. smaller size and whiter wing-bands—are just what we find in several other species of the same region, compared with allied and probably co-specific northern types,—as griseigularis and acadicus, southern specimens of trailli var. pusillus in which the wing-bands are much whiter than in northern specimens of the same bird.
[95] Empidonax griseipectus, Lawr. May possibly be another seasonal plumage of the same species as pectoralis, but differs in some seemingly important respects.
[96] Empidonax acadicus, var. griseigularis. Empidonax griseigularis, Lawr. Differing from acadicus only in smaller size and whiter wing-bands.
The remaining described American species of Empidonax, which we have not seen, are the following:—
Empidonax magnirostris, Gould, Voy. Beagle, pl. 8.—Gray, Hand List.
Empidonax albigularis, Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, p. 122 (Orizaba).—Sclater, Catal. Am. B. 1862, 229. This may possibly be the species described above as E. axillaris.
[97] Mitrephorus fulvifrons. Muscicapa fulvifrons, Giraud, 16 species Texas birds, 1841, pl. ii (Mexico?). Empidonax fulvifrons, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1858, 301. Mitrephorus fulvifrons, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 45. Empidonax rubicundus, Cabanis, Mus. Hein. ii, 1859, 70 (Mexico). Hab. Northern Mexico.
[98] Pyrocephalus obscurus, Gould, Zoöl. Voy. Beag. iii, 45.—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 46; Catal. Am. B. 1862, 228 (Peru).
[99] Pyrocephalus rubineus, (Bodd.) Cab. Muscicapa rubinea, Bodd. (ex Buff. pl. enl. cclxv, f. 1). Pyrocephalus r. Cabanis et Hein. Mus. Hein. ii, p. 67.—Sclater, Catal. Am. B. 1862, 227.
[100] Pyrocephalus rubineus, var. nanus, Gould, Zoöl. Beag. iii, 45, pl. vii.—Sclater, P. Z. S. 1859, 46, 144; 1860, 282, 295; Catal. Am. B. 1862, p. 228. The last is hardly separable by the characters given, as, although they are never seen in southern specimens, they are not constant in the northern ones. Specimens of nanus are as large as any of rubineus, there being in every region a great range of variation in dimensions.
[101] This confounding of the two sexes has probably resulted from guess-work of the collector, who, noticing the marked difference between the male and female, and naturally supposing the former to be the more brightly colored, marked the rufous-breasted specimens accordingly; while the few marked correctly may have been thus labelled after careful dissection.
[102] Nyctidromus albicollis. Caprimulgus albicollis and guianensis, Gmelin, S. N. I, 1788, 1030. Nyctidromus americanus, Cassin, Pr. A. N. S. 1851, 179. Nyctidromus guianensis, derbyanus, grallarius,—affinis of authors. Nyctidromus albicollis, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, 145. Hab. From Northern Mexico southward to Ecuador and Brazil.
[103] Chordeiles popetue, var. minor, Cabanis. Chordeiles minor, Cab. Journ. f. Orn. 1856, p. 5.—Sclater, Catal. Am. B. 1862, 279. Ch. gundlachi, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI, 165.
[104] Chordeiles acutipennis, (Bodd.) Cass. Caprimulgus acutipennis, Boddært, Tab. Pl. Enl. p. 46 (1783). Chordeiles a. Cassin, P. A. N. S. 1851 (Catalogue of Caprimulgidæ, in Mus. Philad. Acad.). Caprimulgus acutus, Gmel. C. pruinosus, Tschudi. C. exilis, Lesson. Chordeiles labeculatus, Jardine. “Caprimulgus semitorquatus, L., Gm., Pr. Max.” Tschudi. Chordeiles peruvianus, Peale. Hab. South America.
[105] The females differ simply in having the light tail-space much reduced in size, and dull ochraceous, instead of whitish; in that of carolinensis it is wanting altogether.
[106] Antrostomus macromystax (Wagl.?) Sclater, P. Z. S. 1866, 137 (La Parada, Mex..). ? Caprimulgus macromystax, Wagl. Isis, 1831, p. 533.
[107] Antrostomus macromystax, var. cubanensis (Lawr.) Antrostomus cubanensis, Lawr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VII, May, 1860, p. 260.
[108] Panyptila cayanensis (Gmel.), Cab. Hirundo cay. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I, 1024. Panyptila cay. Caban. Wiegm. Archiv, XIII, 345 (1847).—Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, 606.
[109] Panyptila sancti-hieronymi, Salvin (P. Z. S. 1863, 190, pl. xxii; Scl. P. Z. S. 1866, 607). May be the northern form of cayanensis, which, however, we have not seen.
[110] Chætura poliura, (Temm.) Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1862, 101; P. Z. S. 1866, 611. (Cypselus polivurus, Temm. Tab. Méth. p. 78.)
[111] Chætura cinereiventris, Scl. Cat. Am. B. 1862, p. 283; P. Z. S. 1863, p. 101, pl. xiv, f. 1; P. Z. 1866, 612. C. sclateri, Pelz. Orn. Braz. I, 1868, pp. 16, 56, is also referrible to it as perhaps a race.
[112] Chætura spinicauda, Scl. Cypselus spinicaudus, Tem. Tabl. Méth. p. 78 (ex Buff. Pl. Enl. 726, f. 1). Acanthylis s. Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 971; Bonap. Consp. p. 64. Chætura s. Scl. Catal. Am. Birds, 1862, 283. Hirundo pelasgia, var., Lath. Ind. Orn. II, 581. Hab. Cayenne and Brazil.
[113] Genus Lampornis, Swains. Char. Size large (wing, 2.50); tail large, more than half the wing, the feathers very broad; usually a little rounded, sometimes slightly emarginated (as in L. mango, L. virginalis, and L. aurulentus). Bill cylindrical, considerably curved, its vertical thickness least at about the middle. Nasal opercula nearly covered by the frontal feathers; tarsi naked. Wing very long, reaching to or beyond the tip of the tail; first primary longest, only slightly bowed, and not attenuated at tip; inner primaries normal.
The species of this genus belong chiefly to the West India Islands and to Tropical America,—principally on the Atlantic coast. They are all of more than the average size, and distinguished by broad tail-feathers, and rather dull, though handsome colors. In L. porphyrurus the sexes are alike in color. The following species has been accredited to North America, but probably upon erroneous data, since it belongs to northern South America, not even being an inhabitant of any of the West India Islands, except Trinidad. Still it is possible that, as alleged for Thaumatias linnæi (see page 1064), it may have wandered far from its usual habitat, and have reached Florida, as stated by Mr. Audubon.
Lampornis mango, (L.) Swains.—The Mango Hummer. Trochilus mango, L. S. N. I, 191.—Gmel. S. N. I. 491.—Aud. Orn. Biog. II, 1834, 486; pl. 184.—Ib. Birds Am. IV, 1842, 186, pl. ccli. Lampornis mango, Sw. Zoöl. Journ. III, 358.—Baird, Birds N. Am. 1858, 130. Sp. Char.—Male: Above deep golden green; beneath opaque velvety-black medially, from the bill to the anal region, separated from the lateral and superior green by a tint of metallic greenish-blue. Tail richly metallic rufous-purple, the feathers bordered terminally with blue-black; intermediæ plain dark bronzy-green. Primaries plain dull dusky. Female. Similar, but white beneath, except laterally, and with a medial stripe of black, from the bill to the anus. Wing, 2.60-2.70; tail, 1.50-1.70; bill, .90. Hab. Northern South America (Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, and Trinidad); accidental in Florida???
[114] Calypte helenæ, (Lemb.) Gould, Monog. Troch. III, pl. cxxxvi. Orthorhynchus helenæ, Lemb. Aves de l’Isle de Cuba, p. 70, pl. x, fig. 2. O. boothi, Gundl. MSS. (Gould, Monog.).
[115] Calypte floresi, (Lodd.) Trochilus floresi, Lodd. MSS. Selasphorus floresi, Gould, Monog. Troch. III, pl. cxxxix. There are certainly few reasons for considering this bird as a Selasphorus, while there are many for referring it to Calypte. The only feature that it shares with the former is the peculiar coloration, and to some extent the shape, of the tail. However, in Selasphorus the outer primary is always (in the male) attenuated and acute at the tip, and the crown is never metallic, while in Calypte the outer primary is never attenuated nor acute, and the crown of the male is always metallic. The form and coloration of the tail are nothing more than a specific character, since no two species, of either genus, agree in this respect. In view, then, of these considerations, we find floresi to be strictly congeneric with the other species of Calypte.
[116] Selasphorus (platycercus, var. ?) flammula (Salv.). Selasphorus flammula, Salvin, P. Z. S. 1864 (Costa Rica). (Described above from specimen in Mr. Lawrence’s collection.)
[117] Selasphorus (rufus var. ?) scintilla (Gould). Selasphorus scintilla, Gould, P. Z. S. 1850, 162, Monog. Troch. III, pl. cxxxviii. The foregoing species are so similar in all essential respects to the northern S. platycercus and S. rufus, that it is exceedingly probable that they are merely the southern forms of those species. Both differ in exactly the same respects from their northern representatives, namely, in smaller size and less burnished throat, and to a very slight degree only in form. The only specimen of the S. flammula that we have examined is a badly shot male in Mr. Lawrence’s collection; what appears to be the outer primary in this specimen is not attenuated at the tip, which is curved inward, instead of acutely attenuated and turned outward as in platycercus; the wings are badly cut with shot, however, and the first primary may be wanting.
[118] Heliopædica melanotis, (Swains.) Gould, Monog. Troch. II, pl. lxiv. Trochilus melanotus, Swains. Phil. Mag. 1827, 441. Trochilus leucotis, Vieill. Ornismyia arsenni, Less. Hab. Mexico and Guatemala.
[119] Am. Naturalist, 1869-70.
[120] Geococcyx affinis, Hartlaub, Rev. Zoöl. 1844, 215.—Bonap. 97.—Scl. P. Z. S. 1858, 305.—Sclater & Salvin, Ibis, 1859, 134.—Sclater, Catal. 1862, 325. Geococcyx velox, Karw. Bonap. 97.
[121] Coccygus melanocoryphus, Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. VIII, 271.—Sclater, Catal. 1862, 323.—Ib. P. Z. S. 1864, 122.
[122] Crotophaga major, Linn. Syst. Nat. I, 363.—Max. Beitr. IV, 319.—Scl. Cat. 1862, 320. C. ani, Vieill. Gal. Ois. II, 35, pl. xliii.
[123] Crotophaga sulcirostris, Swainson, Phil. Mag. 1827, I, 440.—Bonap. Consp. 89.—Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, 309, 1859, pp. 59, 368, 388, et 1860, pp. 285, 297.—Ib. Catal. 1862, 320. C. casasi, Less. Voy. Coq. Zoöl. I, pl. ii, 619, et Cent. Zoöl. pl. ix.
[124] Conspectus avium picinarum. Stockholm, 1866.
[125] A character common to all the members of the genus, and distinguishing them from the species of every other; this peculiar form of the middle tail-feathers is caused principally by a folding of the webs downward, almost against each other. The under surfaces of the shafts have a very deep groove their whole length, which is seen in no other genus.
[126] Campephilus bairdi, Cassin, Pr. A. N. Sc. 1863, 322 (Cuba).—Gundlach, Repertorium, I, 1866, 293.—Ib. Cab. Jour. 1866, 352. Hab. Cuba.
[127] Picoides tridactylus, var. tridactylus. Picus tridactylus, Linn. S. N. 12th ed. I, 177 (1766).—Degland, Orn. Eur. I, 161 (1849). Apternus tridactylus, Bonap. Birds (1838), p. 9.—Gould, Birds of Europe pl. ccxxxii. Picoides tridactylus, Gray. Picoides europæus, Less. Orn. p. 217 (1831).
[128] Picoides tridactylus, var. crissoleucus. Picus crissoleucus, Brandt, Mus. Petrop. Apternus crissoleucus, Bonap. Consp.—Reich. Syn. p. 362, No. 836; pl. dcxxxi, f. 4197, 4198. Picoides crissoleucus, Malh. Monog. Pic. I, 180. “Apternus kamtchatkensis, Bonap.”—Malh. Monog. Pic. I, 180 (in synonomy). Apternus tridactylus, Mus. de Mayence.—Pallas, Zoogr. Ros. As. I, 415.
[129] Centurus carolinus, var. tricolor. Picus tricolor, Wagl. Isis, 1829, 512. Centurus tri. Scl. Catal. Am. B. 1862, 343. C. subelegans, Scl. P. Z. S. 1855, 162; 1856, 143.
[130] Centurus aurifrons, var. hoffmanni. Centurus hoffmanni, Cabanis, Journ. Sept. 1862, 322 (Costa Rica).
[131] Melanerpes formicivorus, var. striatipectus, Ridgway. In view of the very appreciable difference from the other races named, it appears necessary to name this one, in order that it may rank equally with the rest. The almost entirely streaked breast is only an approach to what we see, in its extreme phase, in the var. flavigula. The black vertex of the female appears broader than in specimens of var. formicivorus.
[132] Melanerpes formicivorus, var. flavigula, Natt. Melampicus flavigula (Natt.), Malh. Rev. Zoöl. 1849, 542, Monog. Pic. II, 202, pl. xcix, f. 5, 6. Melanerpes flavigularis, Scl. P. Z. S. 1856, 161. This can only be considered the melanistic extreme of a species of which the var. formicivorus is the rubescent one, the transition being gradual through the var. striatipectus of the intermediate region.
[133] Colaptes mexicanoides, Lafr. Rev. Zoöl. 1844, 42.—Scl. & Salv. Ibis, 1859, 137.—Scl. Catal. Am. B. 1862, 344. Colaptes rubricatus, Gray, Gen. B. pl. cxi. Geopicus rub. Malh. Monog. Pic. II, 265, pl. cx, figs. 1, 2. Picus submexicanus, Sund. Consp. Pic. 1866, 72.
[134] A series of hybrids between mexicanus and auratus is in the Smithsonian collection, these specimens exhibiting every possible combination of the characters of the two.
[135] Colaptes auratus, var. chrysocaulosus. Colaptes chrysocaulosus, Gundlach, Boston Journal.—Ib. Repert. I, 1866, 294.
[136] Die Papageien. Monographisch bearbeitet von Otto Finsch. 2 vols. Leiden, 1867, 1868.
[137] A. Tail longer than the wings; lores and cheeks naked; the latter with narrow lines of small feathers.
S. militaris. Green; forehead red; posterior portion of back, upper and under tail-coverts with quills and tip of tail, sky-blue; under side of tail dirty orange-yellow. Wing, 14.00; middle tail-feathers, 15.00; tarsus, 1.08. Hab. Northwestern Mexico to Bolivia.
Synonymy: Psittacus militaris, Linn. S. N. 1767, 139. Sittace militaris, Finsch, Die Papageien, I, 1867, 396.
B. Tail about equal to the wings; lores and cheeks feathered.
S. pachyrhyncha. Green; the forehead, edge of wings, and the tibiæ red; greater under wing-coverts yellow. Wing, 8.00 to 10.00; middle tail-feather, 6.50. Hab. Southern Mexico (Jalapa and Angangueo), given probably erroneously from the Rio Grande of Texas. Synonymy: Macrocercus pachyrhynchus, Sw. Syn. Birds Mex. in Philos. Mag. I, 1827, 439, No. 79. Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, Bon. Tableau des Perroquets, Rev. et Mag. de Zoöl. 1854, 149. Sittace pachyrhyncha, Finsch, Die Papageien, I, 1867, 428. Psittacus pascha, Wagler, Isis, 1831, 524. Psittacus strenuus, Licht. Preis-Verzeichiss, 1830.
INDEX TO PLATES OF LAND BIRDS.
| Ægiothus brewsteri, | I. | 501, | pl. 22, | fig. | 6 | |
| exilipes, | ♂ | “ | 498, | “ | “ | 2 |
| fuscescens, | ♂ | “ | 493, | “ | “ | 3 |
| “ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 | |
| Agelaius gubernator (shoulder), | ♂ | II. | pl. 33, | “ | [4] | |
| gubernator, | ♀ | “ | [163], | “ | “ | [8] |
| phœniceus, | ♂ | “ | [159], | “ | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| “ (shoulder), | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [3] |
| tricolor (shoulder), | ♂ | “ | [165], | “ | “ | [5] |
| “ | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [6] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [7] |
| Alauda arvensis, | “ | [136], | pl. 32, | “ | [3] | |
| Ammodromus caudacutus, | I. | 557, | pl. 25, | “ | 7 | |
| maritimus, | “ | 560, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| Ampelis cedrorum, | ♂ | “ | 401, | pl. 18, | “ | 2 |
| garrulus, | ♂ | “ | 396, | “ | “ | 1 |
| Antenor unicinctus, | III. | 250. | ||||
| Anthus ludovicianus, | I. | 171, | pl. 10, | “ | 3 | |
| pratensis, | “ | 173, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| Antrostomus carolinensis, | ♂ | II. | [410], | pl. 46, | “ | [1] |
| nuttalli, | ♂ | “ | [417], | “ | “ | [3] |
| vociferus, | ♂ | “ | [413], | “ | “ | [2] |
| Aquila canadensis, | III. | 314. | ||||
| Archibuteo ferrugineus, | “ | 300. | ||||
| sancti-johannis, | “ | 304. | ||||
| Astur atricapillus, | “ | 237. | ||||
| Asturina plagiata, | “ | 246. | ||||
| Atthis heloisa, | ♂ | II. | [465], | pl. 47, | “ | [6] |
| Auriparus flaviceps, | I. | pl. 7, | “ | 11 | ||
Bonasa sabinei, | III. | 454. | ||||
| umbelloides, | “ | 453, | pl. 61, | “ | 10 | |
| umbellus, | “ | 448, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| “ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 9 | |
| Bubo arcticus, | “ | 64. | ||||
| pacificus, | “ | 65. | ||||
| virginianus, | “ | 62. | ||||
| Budytes flava, | I. | 167, | pl. 10, | “ | 2 | |
| Buteo borealis, | III. | 281. | ||||
| calurus, | “ | 286. | ||||
| cooperi, | “ | 295. | ||||
| elegans, | “ | 277. | ||||
| harlani, | “ | 292. | ||||
| krideri, | “ | 284. | ||||
| lineatus, | “ | 275. | ||||
| lucasanus, | “ | 285. | ||||
| oxypterus, | “ | 266. | ||||
| pennsylvanicus, | “ | 259. | ||||
| swainsoni, | “ | 263. | ||||
| zonocercus, | “ | 272. | ||||
Calamospiza bicolor, | ♂ | II. | [61], | pl. 29, | “ | [2] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | [3] |
| Callipepla squamata, | ♂ | III. | 487, | pl. 63, | “ | 6 |
| Calypte anna, | ♂ | II. | [454], | pl. 47, | “ | [7] |
| costæ, | ♂ | “ | [457], | “ | “ | [8] |
| Campephilus principalis, | ♂ | “ | [496], | pl. 49, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| Campylorhynchus affinis, | I. | 133, | pl. 8, | “ | 6 | |
| brunneicapillus, | “ | 132, | “ | “ | 5 | |
| Canace canadensis, | III. | [416], | pl. 61, | “ | 5 | |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | pl. 59, | “ | 6 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | 5 |
| franklini, | ♂ | “ | 419, | “ | “ | 3 |
| fuliginosus, | “ | 495. | ||||
| obscurus, | ♂ | “ | 422, | “ | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| richardsoni, | ♂ | “ | 427, | “ | “ | 4 |
| Cardinalis coccineus, | ♂ | II. | pl. 30, | “ | [8] | |
| igneus, | ♂ | “ | [103], | “ | “ | [10] |
| phœniceus, | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [9] | |
| virginianus, | ♀ | “ | [100], | “ | “ | [6] |
| “ | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [7] |
| Carpodacus californicus, | ♂ | I. | 465, | pl. 21, | “ | 10 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 11 |
| cassini, | ♂ | “ | 460, | “ | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| frontalis, | ♂ | “ | 465, | “ | “ | 3 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 6 |
| hœmorrhous, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 12 |
| rhodocolpus, | ♂ | “ | 468, | “ | “ | 9 |
| purpureus, | ♂ | “ | 462, | “ | “ | 7 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| Catharista atrata, | III. | 351. | ||||
| Catherpes mexicanus, | I. | 139, | pl. 8, | “ | 4 | |
| Centrocercus urophasianus, | ♂ | III. | pl. 60, | “ | 2 | |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | 4 | |
| “ | “ | 429, | pl. 61, | “ | 6 | |
| Centronyx bairdi, | I. | 531, | pl. 25, | “ | 3 | |
| Centurus aurifrons, | ♂ | II. | [557], | pl. 52, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [6] |
| carolinus, | ♂ | “ | [554], | “ | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| uropygialis, | ♂ | “ | [558], | “ | “ | [2] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| Certhia americana, | I. | 125, | pl. 8, | “ | 11 | |
| mexicana, | “ | 128. | ||||
| Certhiola bahamensis, | ♂ | “ | 428, | pl. 19, | “ | 5 |
| Ceryle alcyon, | ♂ | II. | [392], | pl. 45, | “ | [6] |
| cabanisi, | ♂ | “ | [396], | “ | “ | [9] |
| Chætura pelagica, | ♂ | “ | [432], | pl. 45, | “ | [7] |
| vauxi, | ♀ | “ | [435], | “ | “ | [8] |
| Chamæa fasciata, | I. | 84, | pl. 6, | “ | 8 | |
| Chamæpelia passerina, | ♂ | III. | 389, | pl. 58, | “ | 6 |
| Chondestes grammaca, | ♂ | II. | [562], | pl. 31, | “ | [1] |
| Chordeiles henryi, | ♂ | “ | [404], | pl. 46, | “ | [4] |
| popetue, | “ | [407]. | ||||
| texensis, | ♂ | “ | [406], | “ | “ | [5] |
| Chrysomitris lawrenci, | ♂ | I. | 478, | pl. 22, | “ | 14 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 15 |
| arizonæ, | ♂ | “ | 476, | “ | “ | 11 |
| mexicana, | “ | “ | “ | 12 | ||
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | 13 | |
| pinus, | ♂ | “ | 480, | “ | “ | 16 |
| psaltria, | ♂ | “ | 474, | “ | “ | 9 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 10 |
| tristis (summer), | ♂ | “ | 471, | “ | “ | 7 |
| “ (winter), | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| Cinclus mexicanus, | “ | 56, | pl. 5, | “ | 1 | |
| Circus hudsonius, | III. | 214. | ||||
| Cistothorus palustris, | I. | 161, | pl. 9, | “ | 6 | |
| stellaris, | “ | “ | “ | “ | 7 | |
| Coccygus americanus, | ♂ | II. | [477], | pl. 48, | “ | [3] |
| erythrophthalmus, | “ | [484], | “ | “ | [5] | |
| minor, | “ | [482], | “ | “ | [4] | |
| Colaptes auratus, | ♂ | “ | [575], | pl. 55, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| chrysoides, | ♂ | “ | [583], | pl. 54, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| hybridus, | ♂ | “ | [582], | “ | “ | [3] |
| mexicanus, | ♂ | “ | [578], | pl. 55, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| Collurio borealis, | ♂ | I. | 415, | pl. 19, | “ | 1 |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 | |
| excubitoroides, | ♂ | “ | 421, | “ | “ | 3 |
| ludovicianus, | ♂ | “ | 418, | “ | “ | 4 |
| robustus, | “ | 420. | ||||
| Columba fasciata, | ♂ | III. | 360, | pl. 57, | “ | 2 |
| flavirostris, | ♂ | “ | 366, | “ | “ | 3 |
| leucocephala, | ♂ | “ | 363, | “ | “ | 4 |
| Contopus borealis, | ♂ | II. | [353], | pl. 44, | “ | [1] |
| pertinax, | ♂ | “ | [356], | “ | “ | [2] |
| richardsonii, | ♂ | “ | [360], | “ | “ | [4] |
| vireus, | ♂ | “ | [357], | “ | “ | [3] |
| Conurus carolinensis, (Ad.) | “ | [587], | pl. 56, | “ | [1] | |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] | |
| Corvus americanus, | ♂ | “ | [243], | pl. 37, | “ | [5] |
| carnivorus, | ♀ | “ | [234], | “ | “ | [6] |
| caurinus, | ♂ | “ | [248], | “ | “ | [3] |
| cryptoleucus, | “ | [242], | “ | “ | [8] | |
| floridanus, | “ | [247], | “ | “ | [9] | |
| mexicanus, | ♂ | “ | [233], | “ | “ | [4] |
| ossifragus, | “ | [251], | “ | “ | [7] | |
| Coturniculus henslowi, | ♀ | I. | 553, | pl. 25, | “ | 5 |
| leconti, | ♀ | “ | 552, | “ | “ | 6 |
| ochrocephalus, | II. | pl. 46, | “ | [6] | ||
| passerinus, | I. | 553, | pl. 25, | “ | 4 | |
| perpallidus, | “ | 556. | ||||
| Cotyle riparia, | ♂ | “ | 353, | pl. 16, | “ | 14 |
| Crotophaga ani, | ♀ | II. | [488], | pl. 48, | “ | [2] |
| Cupidonia cupido, | III. | 440, | pl. 61, | “ | 1 | |
| “ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 7 | |
| pallidicincta, | “ | 446. | ||||
| Cyanocitta arizonæ, | II. | [292], | pl. 41, | “ | [2] | |
| californica, | ♂ | “ | [288], | pl. 40, | “ | [1] |
| couchi, | “ | [293]. | ||||
| floridana, | ♂ | “ | [285], | “ | “ | [4] |
| sordida, | “ | [292], | pl. 41, | “ | [1] | |
| sumichrasti, | ♂ | “ | pl. 40, | “ | [2] | |
| woodhousei, | ♂ | “ | [291], | “ | “ | [3] |
| Cyanospiza amœna, | ♂ | “ | [84], | pl. 29, | “ | [11] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [12] |
| ciris, | ♂ | “ | [87], | “ | “ | [7] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [8] |
| cyanea, | ♂ | “ | [82], | “ | “ | [13] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | [14] |
| parellina, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | [6] | |
| versicolor, | ♂ | “ | [86], | “ | “ | [9] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [10] |
| Cyanura coronata, | ♂ | “ | pl. 39, | “ | [4] | |
| cristata, | ♂ | “ | [273], | pl. 42, | “ | [3] |
| frontalis, | ♂ | “ | [279], | pl. 39, | “ | [2] |
| macrolopha, | ♂ | “ | [281], | “ | “ | [3] |
| stelleri, | ♂ | “ | [277], | “ | “ | [1] |
| Cyrtonyx massena, | III. | 492, | pl. 61, | “ | 2 | |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | pl. 64, | “ | 3 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 6 |
Dendroica æstiva, | I. | 222, | pl. 14, | “ | 1 | |
| albilora, | ♂ | “ | 240, | “ | “ | 7 |
| auduboni, | “ | 229, | pl. 13, | “ | 1 | |
| blackburniæ, | ♂ | “ | 237, | “ | “ | 2 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 3 |
| cærulea, | ♂ | “ | 235, | “ | “ | 10 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 11 |
| cærulescens, | ♂ | “ | 254, | pl. 12, | “ | 10 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 11 |
| castanea, | ♂ | “ | 251, | pl. 13, | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| chrysopareia, | ♂ | “ | 260, | pl. 12, | “ | 6 |
| coronata, | ♂ | “ | 227, | “ | “ | 9 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 12 |
| discolor, | ♂ | “ | 276, | pl. 14, | “ | 9 |
| dominica, | ♂ | “ | 240, | “ | “ | 5 |
| graciæ, | ♂ | “ | 243, | “ | “ | 10 |
| kirtlandi, | ♂ | “ | 272, | “ | “ | 5 |
| maculosa, | ♂ | “ | 232, | “ | “ | 2 |
| montana, | “ | 271, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| nigrescens, | ♂ | “ | 258, | pl. 12, | “ | 8 |
| occidentalis, | ♂ | “ | 266, | “ | “ | 5 |
| olivacea, | ♂ | “ | pl. 14, | “ | 4 | |
| palmarum, | ♂ | “ | 273, | “ | “ | 8 |
| pennsylvanica, | ♂ | “ | 245, | pl. 13, | “ | 7 |
| “ (Juv.) | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| pinus, | ♂ | “ | 268, | “ | “ | 6 |
| striata, | ♂ | “ | 248, | “ | “ | 9 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 12 |
| townsendi, | ♂ | “ | 265, | pl. 12, | “ | 7 |
| virens, | ♂ | “ | 261, | “ | “ | 4 |
| Dolichonyx orizyvorus, | ♂ | II. | [149], | pl. 32, | “ | [4] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
Ectopistes migratoria, | ♂ | III. | 368, | pl. 57, | “ | 5 |
| Elanus leucurus, | “ | 198. | ||||
| Embernagra rufivirgata, | II. | [47], | pl. 28, | “ | [3] | |
| Empidonax acadicus, | ♂ | “ | [374], | pl. 44, | “ | [11] |
| difficilis, | “ | [380]. | ||||
| flaviventris, | ♂ | “ | [378], | “ | “ | [12] |
| hammondii, | ♂ | “ | [383], | “ | “ | [7] |
| minimus, | ♂ | “ | [372], | “ | “ | [10] |
| obscurus, | ♂ | “ | [381], | “ | “ | [6] |
| pusillus, | ♂ | “ | [366], | “ | “ | [9] |
| traillii, | ♂ | “ | [369], | “ | “ | [8] |
| Eremophila cornuta, | ♂ | “ | [141], | pl. 32, | “ | [1] |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] | |
| Euspiza americana, | ♂ | “ | [65], | pl. 28, | “ | [11] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [12] |
| townsendi, | ♀ | “ | [68], | “ | “ | [13] |
Falco anatum, | III. | 132. | ||||
| candicans, | “ | 111. | ||||
| columbarius, | “ | 144. | ||||
| femoralis, | “ | 155. | ||||
| isabellinus, | “ | 171. | ||||
| islandicus, | “ | 113. | ||||
| labradora, | “ | 117. | ||||
| pealei, | “ | 137. | ||||
| polyagrus, | “ | 123. | ||||
| richardsoni, | “ | 148. | ||||
| sacer, | “ | 115. | ||||
| sparverius, | “ | 169. | ||||
| suckleyi, | “ | 147. | ||||
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, | I. | 52, | pl. 3, | “ | 5 | |
| Geococcyx californianus, | ♂ | II. | [492], | pl. 48, | “ | [1] |
| Geothlypis macgillivrayi, | ♂ | I. | 303, | pl. 15, | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| philadelphia, | ♂ | “ | 301, | “ | “ | 6 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 9 |
| trichas, | ♂ | “ | 297, | “ | “ | 7 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| Glaucidium californicum, | III. | 81. | ||||
| ferrugineum, | “ | 85. | ||||
| Guiraca cærulea, | ♂ | II. | [77], | pl. 29, | “ | [4] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| Gymnokitta cyanocephala, | ♂ | “ | [260], | pl. 38, | “ | [2] |
Haliaëtus albicilla, | III. | 324. | ||||
| leucocephalus, | “ | 326. | ||||
| Harporhynchus cinereus, | I. | 40, | pl. 4, | “ | 2 | |
| crissalis, | “ | 47, | “ | “ | 1 | |
| curvirostris, | “ | 41, | pl. 3, | “ | 3 | |
| lecontei, | “ | 44, | pl. 4, | “ | 3 | |
| longirostris, | “ | 39, | pl. 3, | “ | 2 | |
| palmeri, | “ | 43. | ||||
| redivivus, | “ | 45, | pl. 4, | “ | 4 | |
| rufus, | “ | 37, | pl. 3, | “ | 1 | |
| Hedymeles ludovicianus, | ♂ | II. | [70], | pl. 30, | “ | [4] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| melanocephalus, | ♂ | “ | [73], | “ | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| Heliopædica xantusi, | ♂ | “ | [467], | pl. 47, | “ | [3] |
| Helminthophaga bachmani, | ♂ | I. | 194, | pl. 11, | “ | 3 |
| celata (var. Cape Lucas), | “ | 204, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| “ (var. Florida), | “ | “ | “ | 6 | ||
| “ (var. Rocky Mts.), | “ | 202, | “ | “ | 5 | |
| chrysoptera, | ♂ | “ | 192, | “ | “ | 2 |
| luciæ, | “ | 200, | “ | “ | 9 | |
| peregrina (in spring), | “ | 205, | “ | “ | 10 | |
| “ (in autumn), | “ | “ | “ | “ | 11 | |
| pinus, | ♂ | “ | 195, | “ | “ | 1 |
| ruficapilla, | “ | 196, | “ | “ | 7 | |
| “ (var. Calif.), | “ | “ | “ | 8 | ||
| virginiæ, | “ | 199, | “ | “ | 12 | |
| Helmitherus swainsoni, | “ | 190, | pl. 10, | “ | 9 | |
| vermivorus, | “ | 187, | “ | “ | 10 | |
| Hesperiphona montana, | “ | 449, | pl. 22, | “ | 4 | |
| vespertina, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 1 |
| Hirundo horreorum, | ♂ | “ | 339, | pl. 16, | “ | 9 |
| Hylotomus pileatus, | ♀ | II. | [550], | pl. 56, | “ | [4] |
| “ | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
Icteria longicauda, | I. | 309. | ||||
| virens, | ♂ | “ | 307, | pl. 15, | “ | 12 |
| Icterus auduboni, | ♂ | II. | [186], | pl. 35, | “ | [1] |
| baltimore, | ♂ | “ | [195], | “ | “ | [5] |
| bullocki, | ♂ | “ | [199], | pl. 34, | “ | [3] |
| bullocki, | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [7] |
| cucullatus, | ♂ | “ | [193], | pl. 35, | “ | [6] |
| parisorum, | ♂ | “ | [188], | “ | “ | [7] |
| spurius, | ♂ | “ | [190], | pl. 34, | “ | [4] |
| “ (Juv.) | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [6] |
| wagleri, | ♂ | “ | pl. 35, | “ | [2] | |
| Ictinia mississippiensis, | III. | 203. | ||||
Junco aikeni, | ♂ | I. | 584, | pl. 26, | “ | 6 |
| caniceps, | ♂ | “ | 587, | “ | “ | 3 |
| hyemalis, | ♂ | “ | 580, | “ | “ | 5 |
| oregonus, | ♂ | “ | 584, | “ | “ | 2 |
Lagopus albus, | III. | 457, | pl. 61, | “ | 8 | |
| “ (summer), | ♂ | “ | “ | pl. 62, | “ | 1 |
| “ (winter), | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 3 |
| “ (summer), | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| leucurus (summer), | ♂ | “ | 464, | “ | “ | 6 |
| rupestris (winter), | ♂ | “ | 462, | “ | “ | 4 |
| “ (summer), | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| Lanivireo cassini, | ♂ | I. | 376, | pl. 17, | “ | 9 |
| flavifrons, | ♂ | “ | 379, | “ | “ | 5 |
| plumbea, | ♂ | “ | 377, | “ | “ | 10 |
| solitaria, | ♂ | “ | 373, | “ | “ | 8 |
| Leucosticte arctous, | “ | pl. 23, | “ | 10 | ||
| australis, | “ | “ | “ | 9 | ||
| campestris, | “ | 507, | “ | “ | 7 | |
| griseinucha, | ♂ | “ | 508, | “ | “ | 5 |
| littoralis, | “ | 507, | “ | “ | 6 | |
| tephrocotis, | “ | 504, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| Lophophanes atricristatus, | “ | 90, | pl. 6, | “ | 2 | |
| bicolor, | “ | 87, | “ | “ | 1 | |
| inornatus, | “ | 91, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| wollweberi, | “ | 93, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| Lophortyx californicus, | III. | 479, | pl. 61, | “ | 4 | |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | pl. 64, | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| gambeli, | ♂ | “ | 482, | “ | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| Loxia americana, | ♂ | I. | 484, | pl. 23, | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 4 |
| leucoptera, | ♂ | “ | 488, | “ | “ | 2 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 3 |
| mexicana, | “ | “ | ||||
Melanerpes angustifrons, | ♂ | II. | [573], | pl. 53, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| erythrocephalus, | ♂ | “ | [564], | pl. 54, | “ | [4] |
| formicivorus, | ♂ | “ | [566], | pl. 53, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| torquatus, | ♂ | “ | [561], | pl. 54, | “ | [5] |
| Meleagris gallopavo, | III. | 404. | ||||
| mexicana, | “ | 410. | ||||
| Melopeleia leucoptera, | ♂ | “ | 376, | pl. 58, | “ | 4 |
| Melospiza fallax, | ♀ | II. | [22], | pl. 27, | “ | [10] |
| guttata, | “ | [27], | “ | “ | [12] | |
| heermanni, | ♂ | “ | [24], | “ | “ | [9] |
| insignis, | “ | [30], | “ | “ | [8] | |
| lincolni, | “ | [31], | “ | “ | [13] | |
| melodia, | “ | [19], | “ | “ | [6] | |
| palustris, | ♂ | “ | [34], | pl. 28, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| rufina, | “ | [29], | pl. 27, | “ | [11] | |
| samuelis, | “ | [26], | “ | “ | [7] | |
| Micrathene whitneyi, | III. | 87. | ||||
| Milvulus forficatus, | ♂ | II. | [311], | pl. 43, | “ | [1] |
| tyrannus, | “ | [309]. | ||||
| Mimus polyglottus, | I. | 49, | pl. 3, | “ | 4 | |
| Mitrephorus pallescens, | ♂ | II. | [386], | pl. 44, | “ | [13] |
| Mniotilta varia, | ♂ | I. | 180, | pl. 10, | “ | 6 |
| Molothrus pecoris, | ♀ | II. | [154], | pl. 32, | “ | [6] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [7] |
| obscurus, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | [8] | |
| Motacilla alba, | I. | 165, | pl. 10, | “ | 1 | |
| Myiadestes townsendi, | ♂ | “ | 409, | pl. 18, | “ | 5 |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | “ | “ | “ | 6 | |
| Myiarchus cinerascens, | ♂ | II. | [337], | pl. 43, | “ | [8] |
| crinitus, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | [7] | |
| lawrencii, | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | [9] | |
| Myiodioctes canadensis, | ♂ | I. | 320, | pl. 16, | “ | 6 |
| minutus, | “ | 316, | “ | “ | 2 | |
| mitratus, | ♂ | “ | 314, | pl. 15, | “ | 10 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | 11 | |
| pileolatus, | “ | 319. | ||||
| pusillus, | ♂ | “ | 317, | pl. 16, | “ | 3 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 4 |
Nauclerus forficatus, | III. | 192. | ||||
| Neocorys spraguei, | ♀ | I. | 175, | pl. 10, | “ | 5 |
| Nephœcetes niger, | ♀ | II. | [429], | pl. 45, | “ | [4] |
| Nisus cooperi, | III. | 230. | ||||
| fuscus, | “ | 224. | ||||
| mexicanus, | “ | 231. | ||||
| Nyctale richardsoni, | “ | 40. | ||||
| acadica, | “ | 43. | ||||
| Nyctea scandiaca, | “ | 70. | ||||
Onychotes gruberi, | “ | 254. | ||||
| Oporornis agilis, | ♂ | I. | 290, | pl. 15, | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| formosa, | ♂ | “ | 293, | “ | “ | 3 |
| Oreopeleia martinica, | ♂ | III. | 393, | pl. 58, | “ | 1 |
| Oreortyx pictus, | ♂ | “ | 475, | pl. 63, | “ | 5 |
| Oreoscoptes montanus, | I. | 32, | pl. 3, | “ | 6 | |
| Ortalida macalli, | III. | 398, | pl. 57, | “ | 1 | |
| Ortyx texanus, | ♀ | “ | 474, | pl. 63, | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 3 |
| virginianus, | ♂ | “ | 468, | “ | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| Otus brachyotus, | “ | 22. | ||||
| wilsonianus, | “ | 18. | ||||
Pandion carolinensis, | “ | 184. | ||||
| Panyptila melanoleuca, | ♂ | II. | [424], | pl. 45, | “ | [5] |
| Parula americana, | ♂ | I. | 208, | pl. 10, | “ | 7 |
| Parus atricapillus, | “ | 96, | pl. 7, | “ | 1 | |
| carolinensis, | “ | 102, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| hudsonicus, | “ | 105, | “ | “ | 7 | |
| montanus, | “ | 95, | “ | “ | 5 | |
| occidentalis, | “ | 101, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| rufescens, | “ | 104, | “ | “ | 6 | |
| septentrionalis, | “ | 99, | “ | “ | 2 | |
| Passerculus alaudinus, | “ | 537, | pl. 24, | “ | 11 | |
| anthinus, | “ | 539, | “ | “ | 10 | |
| caboti, | II. | pl. 46, | “ | [9] | ||
| guttatus, | I. | 544, | pl. 25, | “ | 1 | |
| princeps, | “ | 540, | “ | “ | 2 | |
| rostratus, | “ | 542, | pl. 24, | “ | 12 | |
| sandwichensis, | “ | 538, | “ | “ | 9 | |
| savanna, | “ | 534, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| Passerella iliaca, | II. | [50], | pl. 28, | “ | [7] | |
| megarrhyncha, | “ | [57], | “ | “ | [10] | |
| schistacea, | “ | [56]. | ||||
| townsendi, | ♀ | “ | [53], | “ | “ | [8] |
| Pediœcetes columbianus, | III. | 434, | pl. 60, | “ | 1 | |
| phasianellus, | “ | 436, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| Perisoreus canadensis, | ♂ | II. | [299], | pl. 41, | “ | [3] |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | pl. 42, | “ | [4] | ||
| capitalis, | ♂ | “ | [302], | pl. 41, | “ | [4] |
| obscurus, | “ | [“] | ||||
| Perissoglossa carbonata, | I. | 214, | pl. 12, | “ | 3 | |
| tigrina, | ♂ | “ | 212, | “ | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| Petrochelidon lunifrons, | ♂ | “ | 334, | pl. 16, | “ | 13 |
| Peucæa æstivalis, | II. | [39], | pl. 28, | “ | [4] | |
| arizonæ, | “ | [41]. | ||||
| carpalis, | “ | pl. 46, | “ | [8] | ||
| cassini, | “ | [42], | pl. 28, | “ | [5] | |
| ruficeps, | “ | [45], | “ | “ | [6] | |
| Phainopepla nitens, | ♂ | I. | 405, | pl. 18, | “ | 3 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | 4 | |
| Phonipara zena, | ♂ | II. | [93], | pl. 29, | “ | [15] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [16] |
| Phyllopneuste borealis, | I. | pl. 5, | “ | 5 | ||
| Pica hudsonica, | ♂ | II. | [266], | pl. 38, | “ | [1] |
| nuttalli, | ♂ | “ | [270], | “ | “ | [3] |
| Picicorvus columbianus, | “ | [255], | “ | “ | [4] | |
| Picoides americanus, | ♂ | “ | [532], | pl. 50, | “ | [2] |
| arcticus, | ♂ | “ | [530], | “ | “ | [1] |
| Picus albolarvatus, | ♂ | “ | [526], | “ | “ | [7] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [8] |
| borealis, | ♂ | “ | [524], | pl. 49, | “ | [8] |
| gairdneri, | “ | [512]. | ||||
| harrisi, | “ | [507]. | ||||
| lucasanus, | “ | [519]. | ||||
| nuttalli, | ♂ | “ | [521], | pl. 50, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [6] |
| pubescens, | ♂ | “ | [509], | pl. 49, | “ | [6] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [7] |
| scalaris, | ♂ | “ | [515], | pl. 50, | “ | [4] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| villosus, | ♂ | “ | [503], | pl. 49, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| “ (Juv.) | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [5] |
| Pinicola enucleator, | ♂ | I. | 453, | pl. 21, | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| Pipilo aberti, | ♂ | II. | [128], | pl. 31, | “ | [7] |
| albigula, | ♂ | “ | [127], | “ | “ | [11] |
| alleni, | “ | [112]. | ||||
| arcticus, | ♂ | “ | [119], | “ | “ | [5] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [6] |
| chlorura, | ♂ | “ | [131], | “ | “ | [4] |
| crissalis, | ♂ | “ | [122], | “ | “ | [8] |
| erythrophthalmus, | ♂ | “ | [109], | “ | “ | [2] |
| “ | ♂ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [3] |
| megalonyx, | ♀ | “ | [113], | “ | “ | [9] |
| mesoleucus, | ♂ | “ | [125], | “ | “ | [10] |
| oregonus, | ♀ | “ | [116], | “ | “ | [12] |
| Plectrophanes lapponicus, | ♂ | I. | 515, | pl. 24, | “ | 7 |
| maccowni, | ♂ | “ | 523, | “ | “ | 1 |
| melanomus, | ♂ | “ | 521, | “ | “ | 6 |
| nivalis, | ♂ | “ | 512, | “ | “ | 2 |
| ornatus, | ♂ | “ | 520, | “ | “ | 3 |
| pictus, | ♂ | “ | 518, | “ | “ | 4 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| Polioptila cærulea, | “ | 78, | pl. 6, | “ | 5 | |
| melanura, | “ | 81, | “ | “ | 7 | |
| plumbea, | “ | 80, | “ | “ | 6 | |
| Polyborus auduboni, | III. | 178. | ||||
| Poocætes gramineus, | II. | [545], | pl. 29, | “ | [1] | |
| Poospiza belli, | I. | 593, | pl. 26, | “ | 9 | |
| bilineata, | ♂ | “ | 590, | “ | “ | 8 |
| nevadensis, | “ | 594. | ||||
| Progne cryptoleuca, | “ | 332. | ||||
| subis, | ♀ | “ | 329, | pl. 16, | “ | 7 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 10 |
| Protonotaria citrea, | “ | 184, | pl. 10, | “ | 8 | |
| Psaltriparus melanotis, | I. | 108, | pl. 7, | “ | 8 | |
| minimus, | “ | 109, | “ | “ | 9 | |
| plumbeus, | “ | 110, | “ | “ | 10 | |
| Pseudogryphus californianus, | III. | 338. | ||||
| Psilorhinus morio, | ♀ | II. | [304], | pl. 42, | “ | [2] |
| Pyranga æstiva, | ♂ | I. | 441, | pl. 20, | “ | 5 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 6 |
| cooperi, | ♂ | “ | 444, | “ | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| hepatica, | ♂ | “ | 440, | “ | “ | 9 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 10 |
| ludoviciana, | ♂ | “ | 437, | “ | “ | 3 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 4 |
| rubra, | ♂ | “ | 435, | “ | “ | 7 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| Pyrgita domestica, | “ | 525, | pl. 23, | “ | 12 | |
| Pyrocephalus mexicanus, | ♂ | II. | [387], | pl. 44, | “ | [5] |
| Pyrrhula cassini, | ♂ | I. | 457, | pl. 23, | “ | 11 |
| Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, | ♂ | II. | [95], | pl. 30, | “ | [3] |
Quiscalus æneus, | “ | [218]. | ||||
| aglæus, | ♂ | “ | [221], | pl. 37, | “ | [2] |
| macrourus, | ♂ | “ | [225], | pl. 36, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| major, | ♂ | “ | [222], | “ | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| purpureus, | ♂ | “ | [214], | pl. 37, | “ | [1] |
Regulus calendula, | I. | 75, | pl. 5, | “ | 9 | |
| cuvieri, | “ | “ | “ | “ | 7 | |
| satrapa, | “ | 73, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| Rhinogryphus aura, | III. | 344. | ||||
| Rostrhamus sociabilis, | “ | 209. | ||||
Salpinctes obsoletus, | I. | 135, | pl. 8, | “ | 3 | |
| Saxicola œnanthe, | “ | 60, | pl. 5, | “ | 6 | |
| Sayornis fuscus, | ♂ | II. | [343], | pl. 45, | “ | [2] |
| nigricans, | ♂ | “ | [340], | “ | “ | [1] |
| sayus, | ♂ | “ | [347], | “ | “ | [3] |
| Scardafella inca, | ♂ | III. | 387, | pl. 58, | “ | 7 |
| Scolecephalus cyanocephalus, | ♀ | II. | [206], | pl. 35, | “ | [3] |
| ferrugineus, | ♂ | “ | [203], | “ | “ | [4] |
| Scops asio, | III. | 49. | ||||
| flammeola, | “ | 58. | ||||
| floridana, | “ | 57. | ||||
| kennicotti, | “ | 53. | ||||
| maccalli, | “ | 52. | ||||
| Seiurus aurocapillus, | I. | 280, | pl. 14, | “ | 11 | |
| ludovicianus, | ♂ | “ | 287, | “ | “ | 13 |
| noveboracensis, | ♂ | “ | 283, | “ | “ | 12 |
| Selasphorus platycercus, | ♂ | II. | [462], | pl. 47, | “ | [5] |
| rufus, | ♂ | “ | [459], | “ | “ | [4] |
| Setophaga picta, | ♂ | “ | pl. 46, | “ | [7] | |
| “ | ♂ | “ | pl. 56, | “ | [3] | |
| ruticilla, | ♂ | I. | 322, | pl. 16, | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 5 |
| Sialia arctica, | “ | 67, | pl. 5, | “ | 4 | |
| mexicana, | “ | 65, | “ | “ | 2 | |
| sialis, | “ | 62, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| Sitta aculeata, | “ | 117. | ||||
| canadensis, | ♂ | “ | 118, | pl. 8, | “ | 7 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 8 |
| carolinensis, | ♂ | “ | 114, | “ | “ | 1 |
| “ | ♀ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 2 |
| pusilla, | “ | 122, | “ | “ | 9 | |
| pygmæa, | “ | 120, | “ | “ | 10 | |
| Spheotyto hypogæa, | III. | 90. | ||||
| Spermophila moreleti, | ♂ | II. | [91], | pl. 29, | “ | [17] |
| Sphyropicus nuchalis, | ♂ | “ | [542], | pl. 51, | “ | [3] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [4] |
| ruber, | ♂ | “ | [544], | “ | “ | [6] |
| thyroideus, | ♂ | “ | [547], | pl. 56, | “ | [6] |
| varius, | ♂ | “ | [539], | pl. 51, | “ | [1] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | “ | “ | [2] |
| williamsoni, | ♀ | “ | [545], | “ | “ | [5] |
| Spizella arizonæ, | “ | [11]. | ||||
| atrigularis, | ♂ | I. | 15, | pl. 26, | “ | 11 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 12 |
| breweri, | II. | [13], | pl. 27, | “ | [4] | |
| monticola, | “ | [3], | “ | “ | [5] | |
| pallida, | “ | [11], | “ | “ | [3] | |
| pusilla, | ♀ | “ | [5], | “ | “ | [2] |
| socialis, | “ | [7], | “ | “ | [1] | |
| Starnœnas cyanocephala, | ♂ | III. | 395, | pl. 58, | “ | 5 |
| Stelgidopteryx serripennis, | ♂ | I. | 350, | pl. 16, | “ | 12 |
| Stellula calliope, | ♂ | II. | [445], | pl. 47, | “ | [9] |
| Strix pratincola, | III. | 13. | ||||
| Sturnella magna, | ♂ | II. | [174], | pl. 34, | “ | [2] |
| neglecta, | ♂ | “ | [176], | “ | “ | [1] |
| Sturnus vulgaris, | ♂ | “ | [229], | pl. 35, | “ | [8] |
| Surnia ulula, | III. | 75. | ||||
| Syrnium cinereum, | “ | 30. | ||||
| nebulosum, | “ | 34. | ||||
| occidentale, | “ | 38. | ||||
Tachycineta bicolor, | ♂ | I. | 344, | pl. 16, | “ | 8 |
| thalassina, | ♂ | “ | 347, | “ | “ | 11 |
| Thaumatias linnæi, | II. | [468]. | ||||
| Thryothorus berlandieri, | I. | 144, | pl. 9, | “ | 2 | |
| bewicki, | ♂ | “ | 145, | “ | “ | 3 |
| “ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 4 | |
| leucogaster, | “ | 147. | ||||
| ludovicianus, | “ | 142, | “ | “ | 1 | |
| spilurus, | “ | 147. | ||||
| Trochilus alexandri, | ♂ | II. | [450], | pl. 47, | “ | [1] |
| colubris, | ♂ | “ | [448], | “ | “ | [2] |
| Troglodytes ædon, | I. | 149, | pl. 9, | “ | 5 | |
| alascensis, | “ | 157, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| hyemalis, | “ | 155, | “ | “ | 9 | |
| pacificus, | “ | “ | “ | 10 | ||
| parkmanni, | “ | 153. | ||||
| Turdus aliciæ, | “ | 11, | pl. 1, | “ | 3 | |
| auduboni, | “ | 21, | “ | “ | 8 | |
| confinis, | “ | 27, | pl. 2, | “ | 1 | |
| fuscescens, | “ | 9, | pl. 1, | “ | 5 | |
| iliacus, | “ | 23, | pl. 2, | “ | 4 | |
| migratorius, | “ | 25, | “ | “ | 3 | |
| mustelinus, | “ | 7, | pl. 1, | “ | 1 | |
| nævius, | “ | 29, | pl. 2, | “ | 2 | |
| nanus, | “ | 20, | pl. 1, | “ | 7 | |
| pallasi, | “ | 18, | “ | “ | 6 | |
| swainsoni, | “ | 14, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| ustulatus, | “ | “ | “ | 2 | ||
| Tyrannus carolinensis, | ♂ | II. | [316], | pl. 43, | “ | [2] |
| couchi, | ♂ | “ | [329], | “ | “ | [6] |
| dominicensis, | ♂ | “ | [319], | “ | “ | [3] |
| verticalis, | ♂ | “ | [324], | “ | “ | [4] |
| vociferans, | ♂ | “ | [327], | “ | “ | [5] |
Vireo atricapillus, | ♂ | I. | 383, | pl. 17, | “ | 6 |
| belli, | ♂ | “ | 389, | “ | “ | 13 |
| huttoni, | ♂ | “ | 387, | “ | “ | 12 |
| noveboracensis, | ♂ | “ | 385, | “ | “ | 11 |
| pusillus, | ♂ | “ | 391, | “ | “ | 14 |
| vicinior, | ♂ | “ | 393, | “ | “ | 7 |
| Vireosylvia barbatula, | ♂ | “ | 360, | “ | “ | 1 |
| flavoriridis, | “ | 366. | ||||
| gilva, | ♂ | “ | 368, | “ | “ | 3 |
| olivacea, | ♂ | “ | 363, | “ | “ | 2 |
| philadelphica, | “ | 367, | “ | “ | 4 | |
| swainsoni, | “ | 371. | ||||
Xanthocephalus icterocephalus, | ♂ | II. | [167], | pl. 32, | “ | [9] |
| “ | ♀ | “ | [“] | pl. 33, | “ | [9] |
| Xanthoura luxuosa, | “ | [295], | pl. 42, | “ | [1] | |
Zenaida amabilis, | ♂ | III. | 379, | pl. 58, | “ | 3 |
| Zenaidura carolinensis, | ♂ | “ | 383, | “ | “ | 2 |
| Zonotrichia albicollis, | ♂ | I. | 574, | pl. 26, | “ | 10 |
| coronata, | ♂ | “ | 573, | “ | “ | 1 |
| gambeli, | ♂ | “ | 569, | pl. 25, | “ | 11 |
| “ (Juv.) | “ | “ | “ | “ | 12 | |
| leucophrys, (Juv.) | ♂ | “ | 566, | “ | “ | 9 |
| “ | ♂ | “ | “ | “ | “ | 10 |
| querula, (Ad.) | ♂ | “ | 577, | pl. 26, | “ | 4 |
| “ (autumn) | “ | “ | “ | “ | 7 | |