SUMMARY
1. Argument is that form of discourse which attempts to prove the truth of a proposition.
2. Inductive reasoning is that process by which from many individual cases we establish the probable truth of a general proposition.
3. The establishing of a general truth by induction requires—
a. That there be a large number of facts, circumstances, or specific
instances supporting it.
b. That these facts be true.
c. That they be pertinent.
d. That there be no facts proving the truth of the contrary
proposition.
4. Deductive reasoning is that process which attempts to prove the truth of a specific proposition by showing that a general theory applies to it.
5. The establishing of the truth of a specific proposition by deductive
reasoning requires—
a. A major premise that makes an affirmation about all the members
of a class.
b. A minor premise that states that the individual under consideration
belongs to the class named.
c. A conclusion that states that the affirmation made about the class
applies to the individual. These three statements constitute a
syllogism.
6. An enthymeme is a syllogism with but one premise expressed.
7. Errors of deduction arise—
a. If terms are not used throughout with the same meaning.
b. If the major premise does not make a statement about every member
of the class denoted by the middle term.
c. If either premise is false.
8. Belief in a specific proposition may arise—
a. Because of the presentation of evidence which is true and
pertinent.
b. Because of a belief in some general principle or theory which
applies to it.
In arguing therefore we—
a. Present true and pertinent facts, or evidence; or
b. Appeal directly to general theories, or by means of facts, maxims,
allusions, inferences, or the quoting of authorities, seek to call
up such theories.
9. Classes of arguments:— a. Arguments from cause. b. Arguments from sign and attendant circumstances. c. Arguments from example and analogy.
10. Arrangement.
a. Arguments from cause should precede arguments from sign, and
arguments from sign should precede arguments from example.
b. Inductive arguments usually precede deductive arguments.
c. Arguments should be arranged with reference to climax.
d. Arguments should be arranged, when possible, in a coherent order.
11. In making a brief the above principles of arrangement should be observed. Attention should be given to unity so that the trivial and false may be excluded.
12. Persuasion is argument that aims to establish the wisdom of a course of action.
13. Persuasion appeals largely to the feelings.
a. Those feelings of satisfaction resulting from approval,
commendation, or praise, or the desire to avoid blame, disaster,
or loss of self-esteem.
b. Those feelings resulting from the proper and legitimate use of
one's powers.
c. Those feelings which arise from possession, either actual or
anticipated.
14. Persuasion is concerned with— a. Questions of right. b. Questions of expediency.