NOTES

Chapter 1

1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/Martin Rotsey/James Moginie/Peter Garrett/Peter Gifford. (c) Copyright 1982 Sprint Music. Administered for the World—Warner/ Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.

2. I have relied on numerous wire service reports, particularly those of UPI Science Reporter William Harwood, for many of my descriptions of Galileo and the launch.

3. William Harwood, `NASA Awaits Court Ruling on Shuttle Launch Plans', UPI, 10 October 1989.

4. William Harwood, `Atlantis "Go" for Tuesday Launch', UPI, 16 October 1989.

5. Ibid.

6. From NASA's World Wide Web site.

7. Thomas A. Longstaff and E. Eugene Schulz, `Analysis of the WANK and OILZ Worms', Computer and Security, vol. 12, no. 1, February 1993, p. 64.

8. Katie Haffner and John Markoff, Cyberpunk, Corgi, London 1994, p. 363.

9. The Age, 22 April 1996, reprinted from The New York Times.

10. DEC, Annual Report, 1989, listed in `SEC Online'.

11. GEMTOP was corrected to GEMPAK in a later advisory by CIAC.

12. `Officially' was spelled incorrectly in the original banner.

13. This advisory is printed with the permission of CIAC and Kevin Oberman. CIAC requires the publication of the following disclaimer:

This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government, nor the University of California, nor any of their employees makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favouring by the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes.

14. Michael Alexander and Maryfran Johnson, `Worm Eats Holes in NASA's Decnet', Computer World, 23 October 1989, p. 4.

15. Ibid.

16. William Harwood, `Shuttle Launch Rained Out', UPI, 17 October 1989.

17. Vincent Del Guidice, `Atlantis Set for Another Launch Try', UPI, 18 October 1989.

18. William Harwood, `Astronauts Fire Galileo on Flight to Jupiter', UPI, 18 October 1989.

Chapter 2

2. FIRST was initially called CERT System. It was an international version of CERT, the Computer Emergency Response Team, funded by the US Department of Defense and run out of Carnegie Mellon University.

3. OTC was later merged with Telecom to become Telstra.

4. Stuart Gill is described in some detail in Operation Iceberg;
Investigation of Leaked Confidential Police Information and Related
Matters, Ordered to be printed by the Legislative Assembly of
Victoria, October 1993.

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

2. The full text of the articles, used by permission News Ltd and Helen Meredith, is:

3. From Operation Iceberg; Investigations and Recommendations into
Allegations of Leaked Confidential Police Information, included as
Appendix 1 in the report of the Deputy Ombudsman, Operation Iceberg;
Investigation of Leaked Confidential Police Information and Related
Matters.

4. Ibid., pp. 26-7.

5. Michael Alexander, `International Hacker "Dave" Arrested', Computer World, 9 April 1990, p. 8.

6. Matthew May, `Hacker Tip-Off', The Times, 5 April 1990; Lou Dolinar, `Australia Arrests Three in Computer Break-Ins', Newsday, 3 April 1990.

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

2. Rupert Battcock, `The Computer Misuse Act Five years on—the Record since 1990', paper, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK.

3. For the British material in this chapter, I have relied on personal interviews, media reports (particularly for the Wandii case), journal articles, academic papers and commission reports.

4. Colin Randall, `Teenage Computer Hacker "Caused Worldwide Chaos"', Daily Telegraph, 23 February 1993.

5. The local phone company agreed to reduce the bill to [sterling]3000, EORTIC information systems manager Vincent Piedboeuf told the court.

6. Susan Watts, `Trial Haunted by Images of Life in the Twilight Zone', The Independent, 18 March 1993.

7. Toby Wolpe, `Hacker Worked on Barclay's Software', Computer Weekly, 4 March 1993.

8. David Millward, `Computer Hackers Will be Pursued, Vow Police', Daily Telegraph, 19 March 1993.

9. Chester Stern, `Hackers' Threat to Gulf War Triumph', Mail on Sunday, 21 March 1993.

10. `Crimes of the Intellect—Computer Hacking', editorial, The Times, 20 March 1993.

11. `Owners Must Act to Put End to Computer Hacker "Insanity"', South China Morning Post, 30 March 1993.

12. Nick Nuttall, `Hackers Stay Silent on Court Acquittal', The Times, 19 March 1993.

13. Melvyn Howe, Press Association Newsfile, Home News section, 21 May 1993.

Chapter 8

2. This is an edited version.

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

1. Words And Music by Rob Hirst/James Moginie/Martin Rotsey/Andrew
James. (c) Copyright 1978 Sprint Music. Administered for the
World—Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd and Andrew James. Used
By Permission.

Chapter 11

1. Words And Music by James Moginie (lyrics adapted from the book The Great Prawn War And Other Stories by Dennis Kevans). (c) Copyright 1984 Sprint Music. Administered for the World—Warner/Chappell Music Australia Pty Ltd. Used By Permission.

Afterword

1. Victorian Ombudsman, Operation Iceberg; Investigation of Leaked Confidential Police Information and Related Matters.

2. The police report was printed as an appendix in the Ombudsman's report. See Chapter 5, note 1, above.

3. Australian Federal Police, Annual Report, 1995-1996, p. 7.

Bibliography.

Australian Federal Police (AFP), Annual Report 1995-1996, Canberra, 1996.

——, Annual Report 1994-1995, Canberra, 1995.

——, Annual Report 1993-1994, Canberra, 1994.

Bourne, Philip E., `Internet security; System Security', DEC
Professional, vol. 11, June 1992.

Cerf, Vinton G., `Networks', Scientific American, vol. 265, September 1991.

Clyde, Robert A., `DECnet security', DEC Professional, vol. 10, April 1991.

Commonwealth Attorney-General's Department, Interim Report on Computer
Crime (The Gibbs Report), Canberra, 1988.

Commonwealth Director of Public Prosecutions (DDP), Annual Report 1993-1994, Canberra, 1994.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),
Annual Report 1994-1995, Canberra, 1995.

Davis, Andrew W., `DEC Pathworks the mainstay in Mac-to-VAX connectivity', MacWeek, vol. 6, 3 August 1992.

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Treaty Series 1993, no. 40, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1993.

Digital Equipment Corporation, Annual Report 1989, Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC) Online (USA) Inc., 1989.

——, Quarterly Report for period ending 12.31.89, SEC Online (USA).

Gezelter, Robert, `The DECnet TASK object; Tutorial', Digital Systems
Journal, vol. 16, July 1994.

Gianatasio, David, `Worm infestation hits 300 VAX/VMS systems worldwide via DECnet', Digital Review, vol. 6, 20 November 1989.

Haffner, Katie & Markoff, John, Cyberpunk, Corgi Books (Transworld),
Moorebank NSW, 1994.

Halbert, Debora, `The Potential for Modern Communication Technology to
Challenge Legal Discourses of Authorship and Property', Murdoch
University E-Law Journal, vol. 1, no. 2.

Kelman, Alistair, `Computer Crime in the 1990s: A Barrister's View',
Paper for the Twelfth International Symposium on Economic Crime,
September 1994.

Law Commission (UK) Working Paper, no. 110, 1988.

Lloyd, J. Ian & Simpson, Moira, Law on the Electronic Frontier, David
Hume Institute, Edinburgh, 1996.

Longstaff, Thomas A., & Schultz, E. Eugene, `Beyond preliminary analysis of the WANK and OILZ worms: a case study of malicious code', Computers & Security, vol. 12, February 1993.

Loundy, David J., `Information Systems Law and Operator Liability Revisited', Murdoch University E-Law Journal, vol. 1, no. 3, September 1994.

McMahon, John, `Practical DECnet security', Digital Systems Journal, vol. 14, November 1992.

Melford, Robert J., `Network security; computer networks', Internal
Auditor, Institute of Internal Auditors, vol. 50, February 1993.

Natalie, D. & Ball, W, EIS Coordinator, North Carolina Emergency Management, `How North Carolina Managed Hurricane Hugo', EIS News, vol. 3, no. 11, 1988.

NorTel Australia Pty Ltd, Discovering Tomorrow's Telecommunications
Solutions, Chatswood, NSW (n.d.).

Northern Telecom, Annual Report 1993, Ontario, 1993.

Slatalla, Michelle & Quittner, Joshua, Masters of Deception,
HarperCollins, New York, 1995.

Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, Report of the
Inquiry into the Death of the Woman Who Died at Ceduna, Australian
Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1990.

Scottish Law Commission's Report on Computer Crime, no. 174, 1987.

SPAN Management Office, `Security guidelines to be followed in the latest worm attack', an Intranetwork Memorandum released by the SPAN Management Office, NASA, 30 October 1989.

Sterling, Bruce, The Hacker Crackdown, Penguin Books, Melbourne, 1994.

Stoll, Clifford, The Cuckoo's Egg, Pan Books, London, 1991.

Tencati, Ron, `Information regarding the DECNET worm and protection measures', an Intranetwork Memorandum released by the SPAN Management Office, NASA, 19 October 1989.

——, `Network Security Suplemental Information—Protecting the DECNET
Account', security advisory, released by SPAN, NASA/Goddard Space
Flight Center, 1989.

The Victorian Ombudsman, Operation Iceberg: Investigation of Leaked
Confidential Police Information and Related Matters, Report of the
Deputy Ombudsman (Police Complaints), L.V. North Government Printer,
Melbourne, 1993.

`USA proposes international virus team', Computer Fraud & Security
Bulletin (Elsevier Advanced Technology Publications), August 1991.

Victoria Police, Operation Iceberg—Investigation and Recommendations into Allegations of Leaked Confidential Police Information, 1 June, Memorandum from Victoria Police Commander Bowles to Chief Commissioner Comrie (also available as Appendix 1 in the Victorian Ombudsman's Operation Iceberg Report, tabled in Victorian Parliament, October 1993), 1993.

Vietor, Richard, Contrived Competition: Regulation and Deregulation in
America, BelKnap/Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1994.

Yallop, David, To the Ends of the Earth, Corgi Books (Transworld),
Moorebank, NSW, 1994.

Acts:

Computer Misuse Act 1990 (UK)

Crimes Act 1914 (no. 5) (Cwlth)

Crimes Legislation Amendment Act 1989, no. 108

Computer Fraud and Abuse Act 1986 (US), 18 USC 1030

Computer Misuse Crimes Legislation Amendment Bill 1989 (AUS),
Explanatory Memo Clause 7

Crimes (Computers) Act, no. 36 of 1988 (VIC)

Other publications and databases:

American Bar Association Journal

Associated Press

Attorney General's Information Service (Australia)

Australian Accountant

Australian Computer Commentary

Aviation Week and Space Technology (USA)

Banking Technology

Business Week

Cable News Network (CNN)

Card News (USA)

CERT Advisories (The Computer Emergency Response Team at Carnegie
Mellon University)

Chicago Daily Law Bulletin

CommunicationsWeek

CommunicationsWeek International

Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC)

Computer Law and Practice (Australia)

Computer Law and Security Report (Australia)

Computer Weekly

Computergram

Computerworld

Computing

Corporate EFT Report (USA)

Daily Mail (UK)

Daily Telegraph (Sydney)

Daily Telegraph (UK)

Data Communications

Datalink

Evening Standard (UK)

Export Control News (USA)

FinTech Electronic Office (The Financial Times)

Gannett News Service

Government Computer News (USA)

InfoWorld

Intellectual Property Journal (Australia)

Intelligence Newsletter (Indigo Publications)

Journal of Commerce (The New York Times)

Journal of the Law Society of Scotland

Korea Economic Daily

Law Institute Journal (Melbourne)

Law Society's Gazette (UK)

Law Society's Guardian Gazette (UK)

Legal Times (USA)

Lexis-Nexis (Reed Elsevier)

Lloyds List

Mail on Sunday (UK)

Media Week

MIS Week

Mortgage Finance Gazette

Network World

New Law Journal (UK)

New York Law Journal

Newsday

PC Week (USA)

Press Association Newsfile

Reuter

Reuter News Service—United Kingdom Science

South China Morning Post

St Louis Post-Dispatch

St Petersburg Times

Sunday Telegraph (Sydney)

Sunday Telegraph (UK)

Sunday Times (UK)

Telecommunications (Horizon House Publications Inc.)

The Age

The Australian

The Australian Financial Review

The Bulletin

The Computer Lawyer (USA)

The Connecticut Law Tribune

The Daily Record (USA)

The Engineer (UK)

The Gazette (Montreal)

The Guardian

The Herald (Glasgow)

The Herald (Melbourne)

The Herald Sun (Melbourne)

The Independent

The Irish Times

The Legal Intelligencer (USA)

The Los Angeles Times

The Nation

The National Law Journal (USA)

The New York Times

The Recorder (USA)

The Reuter European Community Report

The Reuter Library Report

The Scotsman

The Sun (Melbourne)

The Sunday Age

The Sydney Morning Herald

The Times

The Washington Post

The Washington Times

The Weekend Australian

Time Magazine

United Nations Chronicle

United Press International

USA Today

Transcripts:

Hearing of the Transportation, Aviation and Materials Subcommittee of the House Science, Space and Technology Committee transcript: witness Clifford Stoll, 10 July 1990

`Larry King Live' transcript, interview with Clifford Stoll, 23 March 1990

The World Uranium Hearing, Salzburg 1992, witness transcripts

US Government Accounting Office Hearing (computer security) witness transcripts, 1996

Judgments:

Chris Goggans, Robert Cupps and Scott Chasin, Appellants v. Boyd &
Fraser Publishing Co., a Division of South-Western Publishing Co.,
Appellee No. 01-95-00331-Cv 1995 Tex. App.

Gerald Gold v. Australian Federal Police, no. V93/1140

Gerald Gold v. National Crime Authority, no. V93/1141 AAT No. 9940
Freedom of Information (1994) 37 ALD 168

Henry John Tasman Rook v. Lucas Richard Maynard (no. 2) no. LCA 52/1994 ; judgment no. A64/1994

Pedro Juan Cubillo v. Commonwealth Of Australia, no. NG 571 of 1991
FED no. 1006/95 Tort—Negligence

R v. Gold and another, House of Lords (UK), [1988] 1 AC 1063, [1988] 2
All ER 186, [1988] 2 WLR 984, 87 Cr App Rep 257, 152 JP 445, [1988]
Crim LR 437

Steve Jackson Games Incorporated, et al., Plaintiffs, v. United States
Secret Service, United States Of America, et al., Defendants no. A 91
CA 346 Ss 816 F. Supp. 432; 1993 U.S. Dist.

United States of America v. Julio Fernandez, et al. 92 Cr. 563 (RO)

United States of America, Plaintiff, v. Robert J. Riggs, also known as
Robert Johnson, also known as Prophet, and Craig Neidorf, also known
as Knight Lightning, Defendants No. 90 CR 0070 743 F. Supp. 556; 1990
U.S. Dist.

United States of America, Appellee, v. Robert Tappan Morris,
Defendant-Appellant No. 90-1336 928 F.2d 504; 1991 U.S. App.

Wesley Thomas Dingwall v. Commonwealth of Australia no. NG575 of 1991
Fed no. 296/94 Torts

William Thomas Bartlett v. Claire Patricia Weir, Henry J T Rook, Noel E. Aikman, Philip Edwards and Michael B McKay no. TG7 of 1992; FED no. 345/94

Additional court records:

(Court documents of most cases described in this book)

Memos and reports to/from:

Bureau of Criminal Intelligence, Victoria Police

Internal Security Unit, Victoria Police

The NASA SPAN office relating to the WANK worm

Office of the District Attorney, Monterey, California

Overseas Telecommunications Commission (Australia)

Police Department, City of Del Rey Oaks, California

Police Department, City of Salinas, California

Stuart Gill

The United States Secret Service

US Attorney's Office, New York

Numerous Internet sites, including those of NASA, Sydney University,
Greenpeace, the Australian Legal Information Institute, and the Legal
Aspects of Computer Crime Archives.

End of book.