FOOTNOTES
[1] Hogarth’s Penetration of Arabia, p. 7.
[2] Koran, sura xci.
[3] Sura vi. 59-60.
[4] Sura xl. 1.
[5] Sura vi. 95.
[6] Sura xxix. 44.
[7] See The Spirit of Islâm (Pop. Ed.), p. 145.
[8] The Spirit of Islâm (Pop. Ed.), p. 144.
[9] These terms are still in use among non-Arab Moslems to describe the Arabian Jinnat (‘garden’) and Jehannum (‘hell’).
[10] Paradise itself seems to be the hellenised ‘firdous’ of the Zoroastrians.
[11] See The Spirit of Islâm, chapter on the ‘Idea of Future Life.’
[12] Sura xiii. 20-24.
[13] Sura xxxi.
[14] That is, in the Koran.
[15] The Masnawi of Jalâl-ud-dîn of Rûm; see The Spirit of Islâm, p. 393.
[16] Sura xxxix. 54.
[17] Sura xi. 92.
[18] Sura xi. 62.
[19] See The Spirit of Islâm, p. 236.
[20] An interesting pamphlet called The Agreement between Science and Religion, by Orlando J. Smith (New York: Farrell).
[21] Sura iv. 36.
[22] Sura xvii. 36.
[23] Sura ii. 257, delivered at Medîna.
[24] See The Spirit of Islâm, chapter on ‘Slavery.’
[25] See The Spirit of Islâm, chapter on the ‘Literary and Scientific Spirit of Islâm.’
[26] 29th August 570 A.C.
[27] Like Balâl, the first muezzin of Islâm, originally a negro slave.
[28] See The Spirit of Islâm, p. 24.
[29] About Mohammed’s marriages after the death of Khadîja, see The Spirit of Islâm, pp. 193-198.
[30] See The Spirit of Islâm, p. 52.
[31] In the annals of Islâm the pre-Islâmite period is called by this name.
[32] See Short History of the Saracens, pp. 27-34.
[33] Jews and Christians.
[34] Koran, sura cx.
[35] The Mishkât.
[36] 1 Sam. xv. 3. Neither the lapse of ages nor the influence of Christianity in the West has made much difference in the nature of the ordinary man, since the Prophet of Israel gave this ferocious command to his people. The passion for vengeance, the desire to strike fear, are as strong as ever. The demands of rage, the dictates of expediency still stifle the voice of pity, the claims of justice. Rapine and slaughter, havoc and destruction, are still the gospel of the strong.
[37] Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. vi. chap. i. p. 298.
[38] Short History of the Saracens, p. 39.
[39] Nöldeke, Sketches from Eastern History, p. 76.
[40] At the battle of Yermuk the army of Heraclius numbered 240,000, whilst the Saracens were only 40,000 all told. At Kâdessia 30,000 Arabs were opposed to 100,000 Persians. At the battle of Medîna Sidonia, which won Spain to the Caliphate, Târik had only 12,000 men against Roderick’s host, at least five times as large.
[41] Nöldeke.
[42] The family of Hâshim and the family of Ommeya, distantly connected with each other, were two of the most prominent in Mecca; and for a long time there had existed among the latter a bitter feeling of hatred and jealousy towards the Hâshimides on account of their pre-eminence and worth. Mohammed belonged to the family of Hâshim; and the bulk of the Ommeyades were amongst his foremost persecutors. Osmân was one of the few among them who had accepted Islâm before the Hegira.
[43] For an account of this tragedy, see Gibbon, vol. vi. p. 279, and Short History of the Saracens, pp. 83-87. Hussain was married to a daughter of Yezdjard the last King of Persia. The life of the lad, saved by the indomitable Arab courage of Zainab, the sister of Hussain, gave to Islâm its nobility, for in him was united the blood of the Prophet with that of the Sassanide monarchs of Persia.
[44] See Short History of the Saracens, chap. xxix.
[45] Cairo (al-Kâhira) was founded by one of the generals of al-Muiz the contemporary and rival of an-Nâsir the Ommeyade Caliph of Cordova; see Short History of the Saracens.
[46] See The Spirit of Islâm.
[47] See Short History of the Saracens, p. 348.
[48] See Short History of the Saracens.
[49] See The Spirit of Islâm.
[50] The Duo-decemian. So called as it recognises the spiritual headship of the twelve Apostles of the House of Mohammed.
[51] For a full elucidation of their doctrines, see The Spirit of Islâm.