| CHAPTER I |
| | PAGE |
| State of Chemistry in the Middle of the Nineteenth Century | [1] |
| Introductory. Some Founders of Modern Chemistry: Liebig, Wöhler, Dumas. Rapid Extension of Organic Chemistry after 1850: Laurent and Gerhardt, Hofmann. Development of theory in Organic Chemistry. Other representative men of the middle period of the Nineteenth Century: Graham, Williamson, Bunsen. Modern Chemistry in relation to the Atomic Theory. |
| CHAPTER II |
| The Chemical Elements Discovered since 1850 | [26] |
| Nomenclature and Classification of Elements. Numerical relationships. Modes of discovery. The Spectroscope. Cæsium, rubidium, thallium, indium, gallium, scandium, germanium. The rare earth elements. Industrial applications of rare elements. |
| CHAPTER III |
| The Inactive Elements: Radium and Radio-Activity | [43] |
| Argon, helium, krypton, neon, and xenon. Radium. Disintegration theory of Rutherford and Soddy. Actinium and polonium. The emanations. |
| CHAPTER IV |
| Atoms and Molecules: Atomic Weights and Equivalents | [61] |
| Hypothesis of Avogadro. Stanislao Cannizzaro. Determination of molecular weights. Applicability of law of Dulong and Petit. Relations of molecular weight to osmotic pressures. Determination of atomic weights. Hypothesis of Prout, Dumas, Stas, Lord Rayleigh, Leduc, Morley, Guye, Theodore Richards. Validity of law of conservation of mass: Landolt. |
| CHAPTER V |
| The Molecular Theory of Gases | [79] |
| Interdependence of the gaseous laws. Kinetic theory of gases: Bernoulli, Waterston, Clausius, Maxwell, Boltzmann, Schmidt, Graham. Gaseous diffusion. Van der Waals’s equation. Ratio of specific heats: Kundt and Warburg. Liquefaction of gases. Critical temperatures and pressures: Andrews, Pictet and Cailletet, Wroblewski, Olszewki, Dewar, Kammerlingh Onnes. Liquefaction of air on the large scale. Research at low temperatures. |
| CHAPTER VI |
| The Periodic Law | [101] |
| Prout, Thomson, Döbereiner, Newlands, De Chancourtois. Statement of the Periodic Law by Mendeléeff and Lothar Meyer. Its importance as a system of classification. |
| CHAPTER VII |
| Valency | [112] |
| Origin of conception of Valency: Williamson, Gerhardt, Frankland, Couper, Kekulé. Tetravalency of carbon and linkage of atoms. Rational and constitutional formulæ. Dynamical theories of valency. |
| CHAPTER VIII |
| The Chemistry of Aromatic Compounds | [119] |
| Peculiarities of aromatic compounds. Kekulé’s benzene theory. Its applications. The essential oils. Terpenes. Camphor. Synthesis of perfumes. Alkaloids. |
| CHAPTER IX |
| Stereo-Isomerism: Stereo-Chemistry | [138] |
| Opticity: Biot, Mitscherlich, Pasteur, Wislicenus, Van ’t Hoff, Le Bel. Asymmetry. Racemisation. Multirotation. Geometrical isomerism. Geometrical inversion. Stereo-isomerism among nitrogen, sulphur, selenium, tin, and silicon compounds. Tautomerism. Steric hindrance. |
| CHAPTER X |
| Organic Synthesis: Condensation: Synthesis of Vital Products | [152] |
| Use of specific condensing reagents. Carbon suboxide. Artificial preparation of naturally occurring substances. Synthetic medicines. The ptomaines. Artificial alizarin. Indigo. The sugars and proteins: Emil Fischer. The doctrine of “vital force.” |
| CHAPTER XI |
| On the Development of Physical Chemistry Since 1850 | [171] |
| Molecular volumes of liquids. Nature of solution. Van ’t Hoff’s application of the gas laws to phenomena of solution. Osmosis and osmotic pressure. Traube. Pfeffer. Semi-permeable membranes. Measurement of osmotic pressure. Arrhenius. Doctrine of ionisation. Its applicability to the explanation of chemical phenomena. Thermo-chemistry. Mass action. Nature of reversible reactions. Thermal and Electrolytic dissociation. Relation between chemical nature and opticity, magnetic rotation and viscosity. Theory of phases. Catalysis. Enzyme action. Relations between valency and volume. Photochemistry. |
| Bibliography | [187] |
| Index | [191] |