FOOTNOTES:
[152] See Harland and Wilkinson’s “Lancashire Folk-Lore,” 1867, pp. 116-121; “Notes and Queries,” 1st series, vol. viii. p. 224; “Penny Cyclopædia,” vol. vii. p. 206, article “Cirripeda.”
[153] Nares’s “Glossary,” 1872, vol. i. p. 56.
[154] See Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” 1871, pp. 246-257.
[155] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” 1871, p. 252.
[156] See “Philosophical Transactions” for 1835; Darwin’s “Monograph of the Cirrhipedia,” published by the Ray Society; a paper by Sir J. Emerson Tennent in “Notes and Queries,” 1st series, vol. viii. p. 223; Brand’s “Popular Antiquities,” 1849, vol. iii. pp. 361, 362; Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 14.
[157] See Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” 2d edition, vol. i. p. 218; “Dialect of Leeds,” 1862, p. 329. In “Hamlet” (iii. 2), some modern editions read “ouzle;” the old editions all have weasel, which is now adopted.
[158] Miss Baker’s “Northamptonshire Glossary,” 1854, vol. i. p. 94. See Nares’s “Glossary,” 1872, vol. i. p. 124; and “Richard III.,” i. 1.
[159] Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 144; Halliwell-Phillipps’s “Handbook Index to Shakespeare,” 1866, p. 187. The term finch, also, according to some, may mean either the bullfinch or goldfinch.
[160] See Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” 2d edition, vol. ii. p. 58.
[161] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 156; Singer’s “Shakespeare,” 1875, vol. v. p. 115; Dyce’s “Glossary,” 1876, p. 77.
[162] Mr. Dyce says that if Dr. Latham had been acquainted with the article “Chouette,” in Cotgrave, he would not probably have suggested that Shakespeare meant here the lapwing or pewit. Some consider the magpie is meant. See Halliwell-Phillipps’s “Handbook Index to Shakespeare,” 1866, p. 83. Professor Newton would read “russet-patted,” or “red-legged,” thinking that Shakespeare meant the chough.
[163] “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 162; Singer’s “Notes to Shakespeare,” 1875, vol. v. p. 42.
[164] Massinger’s Works, 1813, vol. i. p. 281.
[165] “Handbook Index to Shakespeare,” 1866, p. 86.
[166] Miss Baker’s “Northamptonshire Glossary,” 1854, vol. i. p. 116.
[167] “Coriolanus,” iv. 5; “Troilus and Cressida,” i. 2; “Much Ado About Nothing,” ii. 3; “Twelfth Night,” iii. 4; “Love’s Labour’s Lost,” v. 2, song; “1 Henry VI.” ii. 4.
[168] Swainson’s “Weather-Lore,” 1873, p. 240.
[169] Henderson’s “Folk-Lore of Northern Counties,” 1879, p. 48.
[170] See Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” p. 438.
[171] See Ibid.
[172] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. ii. pp. 51-57; Hampson’s “Medii Œvi Kalendarium,” vol. i. p. 84.
[173] 1st series, vol. iii. p. 404.
[174] “Medii Œvi Kalendarium,” vol. i. p. 85.
[175] Roberts’s “Social History of Southern Counties of England,” 1856, p. 421; see “British Popular Customs,” 1876, p. 65.
[176] Nares’s “Glossary,” 1872, vol. i. p. 203.
[177] Singer’s “Shakespeare,” 1875, vol. ix. p. 256; Halliwell-Phillipps’s “Handbook Index to Shakespeare,” p. 112.
[178] Dyce’s “Glossary to Shakespeare,” p. 85.
[179] “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 290.
[180] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 171.
[181] It is also an ale-house sign.
[182] See Dyce’s “Glossary to Shakespeare,” p. 85.
[183] See “Book of Days,” 1863, vol. i. p. 157.
[184] In “King Lear” (iv. 6), where Edgar says:
“Yond tall anchoring bark,
Diminish’d to her cock; her cock, a buoy
Almost too small for sight.”
the word “cock” is an abbreviation for cock-boat.
[185] For superstitions associated with this bird, see Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. p. 218.
[186] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 260.
[187] See “Folk-Lore Record,” 1879, vol. i. p. 52; Henderson’s “Folk-Lore of Northern Counties,” 1879, pp. 25, 126, 277.
[188] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 208.
[189] Cf. “Henry IV.,” iv. 2.
[190] Miss Baker’s “Northamptonshire Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 161; Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. p. 393.
[191] Cf. “Romeo and Juliet,” i. 5.
[192] “A cuckold being called from the cuckoo, the note of that bird was supposed to prognosticate that destiny.”—Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 212.
[193] Engel’s “Musical Myths and Facts,” 1876, vol. i. p. 9.
[194] See Kelly’s “Indo-European Folk-Lore,” 1863, p. 99; “English Folk-Lore,” 1879, pp. 55-62.
[195] See Mary Howitt’s “Pictorial Calendar of the Seasons,” p. 155; Knight’s “Pictorial Shakespeare,” vol. i. pp. 225, 226.
[196] Chambers’s “Book of Days,” vol. i. p. 531.
[197] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. ii. p. 201.
[198] “Asinaria,” v. 1.
[199] Nares, in his “Glossary” (vol. i. p. 212), says: “Cuckold, perhaps, quasi cuckoo’d, i. e., one served; i. e., forced to bring up a brood that is not his own.”
[200] Singer’s “Shakespeare,” 1875, vol. ix. p. 294.
[201] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” pp. 190, 191.
[202] Sir W. Raleigh’s “History of the World,” bk. i. pt. i. ch. 6.
[203] Strutt’s “Sports and Pastimes,” 1876, p. 329.
[204] There is an allusion to the proverbial saying, “Brag is a good dog, but Hold-fast is a better.”
[205] In the same scene we are told,
“A lover’s eyes will gaze an eagle blind.”
Cf. “Romeo and Juliet,” iii. 5; “Richard II.,” iii. 3.
[206] Quoted by Harting, in “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 24.
[207] Kelly’s “Indo-European Folk-Lore,” pp. 75, 79.
[208] Cf. “Antony and Cleopatra,” ii. 2: “This was but as a fly by an eagle.”
[209] Josephus, “De Bello Judico,” iii. 5.
[210] Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 33.
[211] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 378.
[212] “Execration against Vulcan,” 1640, p. 37.
[213] Singer’s “Notes,” 1875, vol. i. p. 283.
[214] See “Archæologia,” vol. iii. p. 33.
[215] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 693. Some think that the bullfinch is meant.
[216] Singer’s “Notes,” 1875, vol. v. p. 82; see Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 433.
[217] Some doubt exists as to the derivation of gull. Nares says it is from the old French guiller. Tooke holds that gull, guile, wile, and guilt are all from the Anglo-Saxon “wiglian, gewiglian,” that by which any one is deceived. Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 267.
[218] See D’Israeli’s “Curiosities of Literature,” vol. iii. p. 84.
[219] See Thornbury’s “Shakespeare’s England,” vol. i. pp. 311-322.
[220] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 394.
[221] Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 269.
[222] Aldis Wright’s “Notes to ‘The Tempest’,” 1875, pp. 120, 121.
[223] See Dyce’s “Shakespeare,” vol. i. p. 245.
[224] See Strutt’s “Sports and Pastimes,” 1876, pp. 60-97, and “Book of Days,” 1863, vol. ii. pp. 211-213; Smith’s “Festivals, Games, and Amusements,” 1831, p. 174.
[225] “A hawk full-fed was untractable, and refused the lure—the lure being a thing stuffed to look like the game the hawk was to pursue; its lure was to tempt him back after he had flown.”
[226] In the same play (iv. 2) Hortensio describes Bianca as “this proud disdainful haggard.” See Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 197; Cotgrave’s “French and English Dictionary,” sub. “Hagard;” and Latham’s “Falconry,” etc., 1658.
[227] “To whistle off,” or dismiss by a whistle; a hawk seems to have been usually sent off in this way against the wind when sent in pursuit of prey.
[228] Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 77; see “Twelfth Night,” ii. 5.
[229] The use of the word is not quite the same here, because the voyage was Hamlet’s “proper game,” which he abandons. “Notes to Hamlet,” Clark and Wright, 1876, p. 205.
[230] See Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 456; Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 39; Tuberville’s “Booke of Falconrie,” 1611, p. 53.
[231] Also in i. 2 we read:
“And fortune, on his damned quarrel smiling,
Show’d like a rebel’s whore.”
Some read “quarry;” see “Notes to Macbeth.” Clark and Wright, p. 77. It denotes the square-headed bolt of a cross-bow; see Douce’s “Illustrations,” 1839, p. 227; Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 206.
[232] See Spenser’s “Fairy Queen,” book i. canto xi. l. 18:
“Low stooping with unwieldy sway.”
[233] Ed. Dyce, 1857, p. 5.
[234] See “3 Henry VI.” i. 1.
[235] A quibble is perhaps intended between bate, the term of falconry, and abate, i. e., fall off, dwindle. “Bate is a term in falconry, to flutter the wings as preparing for flight, particularly at the sight of prey.” In ‘1 Henry IV.’ (iv. 1):
“‘All plumed like estridges, that with the wind
Bated, like eagles having lately bathed.’”
—Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 60.
[236] “Unmann’d” was applied to a hawk not tamed.
[237] See Singer’s “Notes to Shakespeare,” 1875, vol. x. p. 86; Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 448.
[238] See passage in “Taming of the Shrew,” iv. 1, already referred to, p. 122.
[239] Also in same play, i. 3.
[240] Turbervile, in his “Booke of Falconrie,” 1575, gives some curious directions as “how to seele a hawke;” we may compare similar expressions in “Antony and Cleopatra,” iii. 13; v. 2.
[241] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. pp. 777, 778; cf. Beaumont and Fletcher, “Philaster,” v. 1.
[242] Imp, from Anglo-Saxon, impan, to graft. Turbervile has a whole chapter on “The way and manner how to ympe a hawke’s feather, howsoever it be broken or bruised.”
[243] Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakspeare,” p. 72.
[244] The reading of the folios here is stallion; but the word wing, and the falconer’s term checks, prove that the bird must be meant. See Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 832.
[245] See [kestrel] and [sparrow-hawk].
[246] “Notes to Hamlet,” Clark and Wright, 1876, p. 159.
[247] Ray’s “Proverbs,” 1768, p. 196.
[248] Quoted in “Notes to Hamlet,” by Clark and Wright, p. 159; see Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. i. p. 416.
[249] That is, made by art: the creature not of nature, but of painting; cf. “Taming of the Shrew,” iv. 3; “The Tempest,” ii. 2.
[250] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 482.
[251] Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 74.
[252] “Notes,” vol. iii. pp. 357, 358.
[253] “Description of England,” vol. i. p. 162.
[254] “Glossary to Shakespeare,” p. 88.
[255] Sir Thomas Browne’s “Vulgar Errors,” bk. iii. chap. 10.
[256] Also to the buzzard, which see, p. 100.
[257] Singer’s “Shakespeare,” vol. iv. p. 67.
[258] “Glossary,” p. 243.
[259] “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 495; see Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” 2d edition, vol. ii. p. 482.
[260] Ray’s “Proverbs,” 1768, p. 199.
[261] Cf. “Midsummer-Night’s Dream” (iv. 1). “the morning lark;” “Romeo and Juliet” (iii. 5), “the lark, the herald of the morn.”
[262] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 886; Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 217.
[263] Chambers’s “Popular Rhymes of Scotland,” 1870, p. 192.
[264] See “English Folk-Lore,” p. 81.
[265] Henderson’s “Folk-Lore of Northern Counties,” p. 127.
[266] Thorpe’s “Northern Mythology,” vol. ii. p. 34; Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, pp. 215, 216; see also Harland and Wilkinson’s “Lancashire Folk-Lore,” 1867, pp. 143, 145.
[267] “Atmospherical Researches,” 1823, p. 262.
[268] Sir Thomas Browne’s Works, 1852, vol. i. p. 378.
[269] See “Book of Days,” vol. i. p. 515.
[270] Southey’s “Commonplace Book.” 5th series. 1851, p. 305.
[271] Ovid’s “Metamorphoses,” bk. vi. ll. 455-676; “Titus Andronicus,” iv. 1.
[272] Cf. “Lucrece,” ll. 1079, 1127.
[273] See Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” 1856, vol. i. p. 30; Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 620; also Pennant’s “British Zoology;” see Peele’s Play of the “Battle of Alcazar” (ii. 3), 1861, p. 28.
[274] Called estridge in “1 Henry IV.” iv. 1.
[275] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. p. 365.
[276] “Animal Kingdom,” 1829, vol. viii. p. 427.
[277] See Sir Thomas Browne’s Works, 1852, vol. i. pp. 334-337.
[278] “Æneid,” bk. iv. l. 462.
[279] “Metamorphoses,” bk. v. l. 550; bk. vi. l. 432; bk. x. l. 453; bk. xv. l. 791.
[280] “2 Henry VI.” iii. 2; iv. 1.
[281] “Titus Andronicus,” ii. 3.
[282] Cf. “Lucrece,” l. 165; see Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” vol. i. p. 122.
[283] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. p. 209.
[284] The spelling of the folios is “howlets.” In Holland’s translation of Pliny (chap. xvii. book x.), we read “of owlls or howlets.” Cotgrave gives “Hulotte.”
[285] Halliwell-Phillipps’s, “Handbook Index,” 1866, p. 354.
[286] See Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 302.
[287] See Singer’s “Notes to The Tempest,” 1875, vol. i. p. 82.
[288] See Gentleman’s Magazine, November, 1804, pp. 1083, 1084. Grimm’s “Deutsche Mythologie.”
[289] See Dasent’s “Tales of the Norse,” 1859, p. 230.
[290] “Hudibras,” pt. i. ch. i.
[291] In “Much Ado About Nothing” (i. 1), Benedick likens Beatrice to a “parrot-teacher,” from her talkative powers.
[292] This is the reading adopted by Singer.
[293] “Notes to Hamlet,” Clark and Wright, 1876, pp. 179, 180.
[294] See Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 645; Singer’s “Notes,” vol. ix. p. 228.
[295] Cf. “Troilus and Cressida,” iii. 3.
[296] Cf. “Richard II.” i. 1.
[297] Mr. Harting, in his “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” quotes an interesting correspondence from “Land and Water” (1869), on the subject.
[298] See Sir Thomas Browne’s Works, 1852, vol. ii. pp. 1-4.
[299] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. pp. 366, 367.
[300] Cf. “The Tempest,” iii. 3; “All’s Well that Ends Well,” i. 1; “Antony and Cleopatra,” iii. 2; “Cymbeline,” i. 6.
[301] Works, 1852, vol. i. pp. 277-284.
[302] See Aldis Wright’s “Notes to The Tempest,” 1875, p. 129.
[303] Daily Telegraph, January 31, 1880; see Southey’s “Commonplace Book,” 1849, 2d series, p. 447.
[304] See Dove, pp. 114, 115.
[305] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 704; Halliwell-Phillipps’s “Handbook Index to Shakespeare,” 1866, p. 398; Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 345; Singer’s “Shakespeare,” vol. vii. p. 264.
[306] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 218.
[307] Strutt’s “Sports and Pastimes,” 1876, pp. 19, 97, 677; Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. ii. pp. 59, 60.
[308] Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 367.
[309] Marsden’s “History of Sumatra,” 1811, p. 276.
[310] Cf. “2 Henry VI.” iii. 2; “Troilus and Cressida,” v. 2.
[311] See Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. pp. 211, 212.
[312] “English Folk-lore,” 1878, p. 78.
[313] See Hunt’s “Popular Romances of West of England,” 1881, p. 380.
[314] Dyce’s “Glossary,” 1876, p. 288.
[315] See Harting’s “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” pp. 101, 102; Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” vol. ii. p. 581.
[316] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 107.
[317] Cf. “Midsummer-Night’s Dream,” ii. 2; “Twelfth Night,” v. 1.
[318] “English Folk-Lore,” pp. 62-64; Brand’s “Pop. Antiq.,” 1849, vol. iii. p. 191; Singer’s “Shakespeare,” vol. x. p. 424; Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 380.
[319] Cf. Spenser’s “Epithalamium,” v. 8:
“The thrush replies, the mavis descant plays,
The ouzell shrills, the ruddock warbles soft.”
[320] Standard, January 26, 1877.
[321] “English Folk-Lore,” p. 76.
[322] Henderson’s “Folk-Lore of Northern Counties,” 1879, p. 122.
[323] “Ornithology of Shakespeare,” p. 121.
[324] “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 36; the term “bully-rook” occurs several times in Shadwell’s “Sullen Lovers;” see Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 58.
[325] In Northamptonshire the word denotes an icicle, from its resemblance to the long bill of the bird so-called.—Baker’s “Northamptonshire Glossary,” 1854, vol. ii. p. 260.
[326] See Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 653; Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 320.
[327] Derived from the French mouschet, of the same meaning.
[328] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 593: Douce’s “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 46. Turbervile tells us “the first name and terme that they bestowe on a falcon is an eyesse, and this name doth laste as long as she is an eyrie and for that she is taken from the eyrie.”
[329] “Illustrations of Shakespeare,” 1839, p. 161.
[330] Works, 1852, vol. i. p. 357.
[331] “Musical Myths and Facts,” 1876, vol. i. p. 89.
[332] “Instructions to Young Sportsmen,” 11th ed., p. 269.
[333] See Baring-Gould’s “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages,” 1877, p. 561; Thorpe’s “Northern Mythology,” 1852, vol. iii. pp. 302-328.
[334] Properly “tiercel gentle,” French, tiercelet; cf. “Troilus and Cressida,” iii. 2, “the falcon as the tercel.”
[335] “Gentleman’s Recreation,” p. 19, quoted in Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 867.
[336] Dyce’s “Glossary,” p. 508.
[337] Nares’s “Glossary,” vol. ii. p. 971.
[338] See Willughby’s “Ornithology,” iii. section 1.
[339] Minsheu’s “Guide into Tongues,” ed. 1617.
[340] See Yarrell’s “History of British Birds,” vol. ii. p. 178.