CHAPTER IV.

POLITICAL RETROGRESSION and NATIONAL PROGRESS.
1248-58.Characteristics of the history of these ten years.[69]
Decay of Henry's power in Gascony.[69]
1248-52.Simon de Montfort, seneschal of Gascony.[70]
Aug., 1253.Henry III. in Gascony.[72]
1254.Marriage and establishment of Edward the king's son.[73]
Edward's position in Gascony.[73]
Edward's position in Cheshire.[74]
1254.Llewelyn ap Griffith sole Prince of North Wales.[75]
Edward in the four cantreds and in West Wales.[76]
1257.Welsh campaign of Henry and Edward.[76]
Revival of the baronial opposition.[77]
1255.Candidature of Edmund, the king's son, for Sicily.[78]
1257.Richard of Cornwall elected and crowned King of the Romans.[80]
Leicester as leader of the opposition.[81]
Progress in the age of Henry III.[81]
The cosmopolitan and the national ideals.[82]
French influence.[83]
The coming of the friars.[84]
1221.Gilbert of Freynet and the first Dominicans in England.[84]
1224.Arrival of Agnellus of Pisa and the first Franciscans in England.[84]
Other mendicant orders in England.[85]
The influence of the friars.[86]
The universities.[88]
Prominent English schoolmen.[89]
Paris and Oxford.[90]
The mendicants at Oxford.[91]
Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus.[92]
Academic influence in public life.[92]
Beginnings of colleges.[93]
Intellectual characteristics of thirteenth century.[93]
Literature in Latin and French.[94]
Literature in English.[95]
Art.[90]
Gothic architecture.[90]
The towns and trade.[90]