Japan and the California Problem

by T. Iyenaga; Kennosuke Sato

INDEX

Adaptability, Japanese disposition of, [20]
Æsthetic temperament of Japanese, [13]
Age distribution of Japanese in California, [112]
Agreement, Root-Takahira, [34]
Agriculture, Japanese, in California, [120-147];
causes of Japanese progress in, [123-126]
Ainu, [14]
American-born Japanese, [174-177]
American disposition, [9]
Americanization, criterion of, [151-154]
Ancestors, Japanese, [16]
Anti-Alien Land Laws, [138-142];
effect of, [145];
Appendixes [C], [D]
Anti-Japanese Agitation, causes of, [75-89]
Asiatic policy, Japan’s, [33-45]
Assimilation, [137]; [148-177];
and nationalism, [148-159];
meaning of, [151-154];
biological, [155-162];
of Japanese immigrants, [168-174]
Australia, Japanese emigration to, [64-67]
Birth-rate of Japanese in California, [109-119]
Boas, Professor, quoted, [163]
Bolsheviki, [38]
Buddhism, [25]
Bushido, [15], [21]
California, causes of Anti-Japanese agitation in, [75];
causes of Japanese influx to, [50-63];
Christianity among Japanese in, [169-170];
competition in, [133-135];
congestion of Japanese in, [87-89];
cultural assimilation of Japanese in, [166-168];
genesis of hostility towards Japanese in, [71];
population of, [93];
problem, [7]
Canada, Japanese emigration to, [67-69]
Capitalism, [29]
Castle, Professor, quoted, [159]
Chiba, T., quoted, [129]
China, Japan’s coöperation with, [42-45]
Chinese, [23], [95]
Chivalry, proletarian, [21]
Christianity, [28]
Colonization, Japanese policy of, [18]
Confucianism, [25], [27]
Congressional sub-Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, [176]
Constitution, Japanese, [11]
Democracy, industrial, [31]
Democratic institutions, Japanese training in, [172]
Den Do Dan, [169-170]
Despotism, Japanese, [22]
Dewey, Professor John, [29]
Dispersal of Japanese in California, [189]
Disposition, Japanese, [20]
Dual nationality, [191]
East and West, [4], [195-196]

Economic status of Japanese in California, [171]
Education, system of, [31]
Emotional nature, of Japanese, [9]
English, Japanese ability to command, [170]
Eta, [18]
Eurasiatic relationship, [6]
Expatriation Law of Japan, Appendix [K]
Farmers, Japanese, in California, [132-138]
Fishberg, Dr., quoted, [164]
“Gentlemen’s Agreement,” [100-106]
German, influence on Japan, [30];
idealism, [32]
Gikyoshin, [21]
Group consciousness of Japanese, [16]
Gulick, Dr. Sydney L., quoted, [157]
Hara kiri, [12]
Hearn, Lafcadio, [44]
Hedonism, Japanese, [15]
Hideyoshi, [10]
History of Japanese, [10], [20]
Humanism, [32]
Immigration to
Australia, [64-67]
Canada, [67-69]
South America, [69]
United States, [69-75]
Industrial democracy, [31]
Intelligence of Japanese in California, [170]
Intermarriage, [155-162]
Japan, topographical conditions of, [13];
Nature of, [14]
Japan’s, Asiatic Policy, [33];
land area, [52];
agriculture, [52-55];
industry, [57-62];
population, [55-57];
social conditions, [62-63]
Japanese, ability to speak English, [170];
age distribution of, in California, [112];
agriculture in California, [120-147];
ancestors, [16];
assimilability of, [148-177];
birth rate in California, [109-119];
civilization of, [14];
Constitution, [11];
death rate of, in California, [117];
descendants in California, [164-166], [174-177];
economic status of, in California, [171];
farm labor, [126-131];
farmers in California, [132-138];
immigration to America, [97-107];
Land Laws, [142-145];
morality of, in California, [168-169];
nationality, [85-86];
number of, in California, [91];
philosophy, [24];
sex distribution of, in California, [112];
social system, [30];
susceptibility of, [12];
training in civics, [172]
Jesuit Fathers, [10]
Jones and East, quoted, [159]
Kikotsu, [21]
Kipling, quoted, [4]
Kojiki, [16]
Korea, amalgamation of, [34];
local self-government in, [36];
situation in, [35-37]
Koreans, [18]
Kusama, Shiko, note, [170]
Labor, [30]
Land, amount held by Japanese in California, [135-137]
Land Laws, Anti-Alien, [138-142];
Appendixes [C] and [D]
League of Nations, [19]
Lippman, Walter, note, [86]
Manchuria, [37]
Mankind, [6]
Marriage, Japanese, [11]
Millis, Professor H. A., quoted, [157]
Morality of Japanese in California, [168-169]
Morris, Roland, [186]
Myth, [17]

Nationalism, [148]
Native-born Japanese, [174]
Nevada, [23]
Newlands, U. S. Senator, [23]
Nihongi, [16]
Nitobé, Dr., [22]
Number of Japanese in California, [91]
Oakesmith, John, quoted, [176]
Occidental learning, [26]
Occidentalism, ultra, [19]
Otokodate, [21]
Pacific Coast, [193-194]
Passports, [103]
Patriotism of Japanese, [17]
Perry, Commodore, [3]
Philosophy, Japanese, [24]
Picture brides, [113]
Political rights of Japanese, [31]
Politics as a cause of agitation, [80-82]
Population of Japanese in California, [90-97]
Positivism, English, [28]
Pragmatism, [29], [32]
Pride of Japanese, [11], [19]
Propaganda, [83]
Race war, [7]
Racial difference, [83-85]
Radicals, Japanese, [20]
Relationship, American Japanese, [7]
Roosevelt, Theodore, [33]
Root-Takahira Agreement, [34]
Russo-Japanese war, [18]
Sakura, Sogoro, [22]
Samurai, [12], [15]
San Francisco Chamber of Commerce, [187]
Santayana, [29]
Science, lack of, in Japan, [15]
Sex distribution of Japanese in California, [113]
Shantung, [39]
Shibusawa, Viscount, [186]
Smuggling of Japanese to United States, [107-109]
Social, force, [23];
milieu as affecting man, [165];
reorganization, [29]
South America, Japanese emigration to, [69]
State Board of Control of California, [96]
Stephens, Governor, quoted, [5], [23], [122]
Suicide in Japan, [12]
Thought, Japanese, [29]
Tokugawa régime, [22]
Traits, Japanese, [9]
Treaty, American-Japanese, [187], Appendix [B]
United States, the, Japanese immigration to, [69-74]
Unity, national, [17]
Utilitarians, [29]
Vanderlip, Frank, [187]
Wang Yang Ming, [26]
White and yellow races, [5]
Wilson, Woodrow, quoted, [154]
Women, status of Japanese, [31]
Yamato race, [14]
“Yellow peril,” [82]
Young Japan, [14]

---

Footnotes:

[1] The System of Samurai Ethics and Obligations of Honor.

[2] See “The New Chino-Japanese Treaties and Their Import,” by T. Iyenaga, in The American Review of Reviews, September, 1915.

[3] According to the result of the census taken on October 1, 1920, the Japanese population of South Manchuria stands at 154,998 souls. Of this total, those living at Dairen number 63,745; Fushun, 12,659; Mukden, 12,268; Port Arthur, 9379; Antung, 7057, and Anshan, 6678, while those resident in the jurisdiction of Kwantung Province number 74,893.

[4] One dollar U. S. currency is approximately two yen.

[5] For a complete tabulation of Japanese immigration see [Appendix F].

[6] Tokyo Emigration Co., Toyo Emigration Co., were the most conspicuous.

[7] Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the methods by which Oriental laborers were induced to come to Canada in 1909.

[8] Report as cited, p. 54.

[9] Those who voted in the negative for the initiative bill were 222,086 against 668,483 in the affirmative.

[10] Stakes of Diplomacy, by Walter Lippman, p. 40.

[11] Report published on October 5, 1920, by the Bureau of Commercial Affairs, Foreign Office, Tokyo, Japan.

[12] California and the Oriental, State Board of Control of California, 1920, p. 30.

[13] California and the Oriental, p. 27.

[14] For detailed comparison of geographical distribution of Chinese and Japanese see [Appendix I].

[15] See [Appendix G].

[16] California and the Oriental, p. 31.

[17] Total number of Japanese born in California so far is approximately 30,000, of which about 5000 have either died or live in Japan.

[18] Annual Report of Commissioner-General of Immigration.

[19] Immigration Laws—Rules of November 15, 1911, published by U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Immigration, March 10, 1913.

[20] Japan Year Book, 1920, p. 34.

[21] Pacific Review, vol. i., No. 3, p. 363; “The Japanese in California,” by David S. Jordan.

[22] Bulletin 127, 1914, p. 8.

[23] The following data are reported by the Bureau of Census, Washington, in preliminary publication of 1920 census:

The Japanese population by sex in 1920 is male 44,364, female 25,832; for 1910, male 35,116, female 6,240; and for 1900, male 9,598, female 553. The per cent. distribution by sex of the Japanese in 1920 is male 63.2 per cent., female 36.8 per cent.; for 1910 male 84.9 per cent., female 15.1 per cent.; and for 1900, male 94.6 per cent., female 5.4 per cent.

[24] Gulick, S. L., Japan and the Gentlemen’s Agreement, 1920, p. 7.

[25] World Almanac 1921, p. 476-9.

[26] World Almanac 1920, p. 487.

[27] The birth rate of immigration population in Massachusetts was 49.1 in 1910.

[28] Senate Document, vol. lxv., 61st Congress.

[29] Senate Document, vol. lxv., 61st Congress.

[30] Of the forty-one answers to the questionnaires sent to the County Farm Commissioners in California by the Board of Control asking them to give pertinent facts concerning the methods used by these races (Orientals) in securing land leases, twenty-five stated: “The Japanese pay more rent in cash or shares”; ten said: “Japanese pay ordinary rent” or “use ordinary means in obtaining lease.” California and the Oriental, pp. 56-61.

[31] The Japanese Problem in the United States, pp. 148-49.

[32] California and the Oriental, pp. 56-61.

[33] Ibid., p. 221.

[34] California and the Oriental, p. 58.

[35] Immigration Commission Reports, vol. xxiii., chap. iv.

[36] Japanese-American Year Book, 1918, p. 10.

[37] The Japanese Problem in the United States, p. 123.

[38] For detailed comparison of crops raised by white and Japanese farmers see [Appendix E].

[39] Figures taken from California and the Oriental, p. 47.

[40] See [Appendix B].

[41] For full texts of land laws 1913 and 1920 see Appendixes [C] and [D].

[42] California and the Oriental, p. 104.

[43] Mr. Newman in the hearings held at Sacramento, California, in 1913.

[44] Millis’ The Japanese Problem in the United States, p. 275.

[45] Gulick, S. L., The American Japanese Problem, p. 153.

[46] Jones and East, Inbreeding and Outbreeding—Their Genetic and Sociological Significance, p. 255.

[47] W. E. Castle, Genetics and Eugenics, pp. 233-38.

[48] California and the Oriental, p. 15.

[49] “Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants.” Senate Document No. 208, pp. 7-54.

[50] The Jews: A Study of Race and Environment.

[51] See [Appendix A].

[52] The Forum, January, 1921, p. 3.

[53] For this as well as other information the authors are indebted to Mr. S. Kusama, who furnished us with the materials which were carefully prepared by him from first-hand research in California.

[54] Bureau of Census Bulletin 127, p. 12.

[55] Race and Nationality, Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York, 1919.

[56] See example of testimony in [Appendix L].

See also [Appendix M] in which the subject of comparative standing of intelligence and behaviour of native-born Japanese children and American children is discussed by several principals of elementary schools in Southern California.

[57] For text of this law see [Appendix K].