FOOTNOTES
[1] Cf. Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, pp. 31 ff.
[2] e.g. Bury, Roman Empire, Introd., p. vii; Freeman, Western Europe during the Fifth Century, p. 260.
[3] Cf. Lavisse, Histoire de France, I. ii. 325 and 326, ‘Chrétiens et païens s’accordaient pour reconnaître ‘en lui un sauveur’.
[4] Pacatus (Pan. Lat. ii. 28) celebrates his loyalty, while Prosper condemns it (Bury-Gibbon, iii. 138). Hodgkin, i. 380, accepts his fidelity.
[5] ‘An ego nunc receptas virtute tua Gallias, barbariam omnem subactam, pergam quasi nova et inaudita memorare? Quae in hac Romani imperii parte gloriosissima sint famae laude celebrata....’ Pan. Lat. iii. 3. Baehrens reads sint, though the indicative would seem more natural.
[6] Ibid., § 7.
[7] Ibid., § 4.
[8] ‘Tu, tu, inquam, maxime imperator ... extincta iam litterarum studia flammasti, tu philosophiam paulo ante suspectam ... non modo iudicio liberasti sed amictam purpura, auro gemmisque redimitam in regali solio conlocasti.’ Ibid., § 23.
[9] The phrase is Freeman’s. Syagrius fled to Toulouse after the battle of Soissons (486). But he was pursued by Alaric II, whose protégé he had been, and handed over in chains to the victorious Franks. Greg. Tur., Historia Frankorum, ii. 27.
[10] Jullian, ‘Les Premières Universités Françaises’, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[11] Freeman, Historical Essays, vii. 164.
[12] Ammianus, xv. 9. 7 (ed. Gardthausen). Cf. Plut. Solon, ii. 15; Pausan. x. 8. 6 (ed. Dübner). So Isidore of Seville, Migne, Patr. Lat. lxxxii. 537. Cf. Mela, ii. 77.
[13] Athen. xiii. 576a (ed. Kaibel).
[14] Lucan, Phars. ii. 298; v. 53 (Phocis), as against the majority, e.g. Strabo, iv. 1. 5 (Phocaea).
[15] Thuc. i. 13. 6; Seneca, Ad Hel. vii. 8; Silius Ital. xv. 168 ff.; Jerome, Praef. Lib. II, Ep. ad Galat., &c.
[16] Head, Historia Numorum (1911), p. 7.
[17] Pro Fonteio, 15. 34 ‘Urbs Massilia ... fortissimorum fidelissimorumque sociorum’. Cf. Phil. viii. 6. 18, 19 for a glowing tribute to Massilia’s friendship.
[18] Strabo, iv. 4. 5 τὴν πρὸς Ῥωμαίους φιλίαν, ἦς πολλὰ ἄν τις λάβοι σημεῖα.
[19] Ammianus, xv. 11. 14. Cf. Justinus (following Trogus), Hist. xliii. 4 ff. (ed. Benecke), on the traditional friendship of Massilia with Rome at the time of the battle of the Allia.
[20] Liv. xxi. 20, 25, 26; Polyb. iii. 95.
[21] Caesar, Bellum Civile, i. 34. Cf. Dio Cassius (ed. Boissevain), xli. 19; Paneg. Lat. (ed. G. Baehrens), vi. 19, 3; Orosius, vi. 15. 6, 7 (ed. Zangemeister).
[22] Caesar, Bell. Civ. ii. 22; Dio Cassius, l.c.
[23] Jullian, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 216, 217, 407.
[24] Justin, xliii. 5. 2; Thuc. i. 13. 6.
[25] Desjardins, Géograph. hist. de la Gaule Romaine, ii. 148.
[26] Strabo, iii. 2. 9 τὸν δὲ κασσίτερον ... καὶ ἐκ τῶν Βρεταννικῶν δὲ εἰς τὴν Μασσαλίαν κομίζεσθαι.
[27] ‘De Lapidibus’ in Bouquet’s Recueil des Hist., p. 654.
[28] Plin. Nat. Hist. xviii. 7. 12.
[29] Mela, iii. 2. 17.
[30] Pro L. Flacco, 26. 63 ‘Neque vero te, Massilia, praetereo ... cuius ego civitatis disciplinam atque gravitatem non solum Graeciae, sed haud scio an cunctis gentibus anteponendam iure dicam’. The Rhodians in Livy (xxxvii. 54) say that they have heard that the Romans respect and honour the Massilians as much as though they were the centre of Greek culture (umbilicum Graeciae).
[31] Cf. Strabo, iv. 1. 5.
[32] Strabo, iv. 1. 5. Cf. Jullian, ‘Les Premières Universités Françaises’ (Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement), 1893.
[33] ‘Sedem ac magistram studiorum ... habuit, locum Graeca comitate provinciali parsimonia mixtum ac bene compositum’, Tac. Agr. 4. Augustus sends L. Antonius, his sister’s grandson, to Massilia, ‘ubi specie studiorum nomen exilii tegeretur’, Tac. An. iv. 44.
[34] Casina, V. iv. 1.
[35] Val. Max. ii. 7.
[36] Strabo, iv. 1. 5.
[37] In later times it fell into effeminacy. Justin, xii. 523 c; Polyb. iii. 79; Liv. xxii. 2, xxxvii. 54.
[38] Livy, xxxvii. 54.
[39] Mela, ii. 77.
[40] Pol. 1321 a 37; Strabo, iv. 1. 5.
[41] Justin, xliii. 4. Cf. Macrob. Somn. Scip. ii. 10. 8.
[42] Strabo, iv. 1. 5 πάντες γὰρ οἱ χαρίεντες πρὸς τὸ λέγειν τρέπονται καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν, ὥσθ’ ἡ πόλις μικρὸν μὲν πρότερον τοϊς βαρβάροις ἀνεϊτο παιδευτήριον, καὶ φιλελληνας κατεσκεύαζε τοὺς Γαλάτας (Gauls), ῶστε καὶ τὰ συμβόλαια Ἑλληνιστὶ γράφειν.
[43] Ammianus, xv. 9.
[44] Justin, l.c.
[45] Livy, xxxviii. 17.
[46] Strabo, iv. 1. 5 σοφιστὰς γοῦν ὑποδέχονται τοὺς μὲν ἰδίᾳ, τοὺς δὲ κοινῇ μισθούμενοι καθάπερ καὶ ἰατρούς.
[47] Lucan, iii. 592.
[48] Cf. Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris. 19.
[49] Controvers. ii. 5. 13.
[50] Ibid. ii. 6. 12.
[51] Moralia, 897 (ed. Dübner).
[52] Gräfenhan, Gesch. der Philol. i. 276.
[53] Monnard, de Gallorum oratorio ingenio, p. 3; Wolf, Prolegom. 39, p. 174.
[54] Isidore, Etymolog. xi; Jerome, Prolog. in Lib. II, Ep. ad Galat., both of them quoting Varro.
[55] e.g. Neapolis (Napoule), Antipolis (Antibes), Athenopolis (Antea).
[56] Histoire littéraire de la France, i. 59, 60.
[57] ‘Compulit ut laicorum popularitas psalmos et hymnos pararet ... alii Graece alii Latine prosas antiphonasque cantarent’, Vita Caesarii, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1008.
[58] Jung, Romanische Landschaften, 210. Cf. also Inscriptions, Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, 60, 150, 326, 374, and L’Épigraphie chrétienne, p. 43.
[59] Justin, xliii. 3.
[60] Cf. Jullian, Hist. de la Gaule, iii. 33 ff.
[61] Suet. Tib. 4. Cf. C. I. L. xii. 689.
[62] Lavisee, Histoire de la France, I. ii. 210.
[63] Cf. Holmes, Christian Church in Gaul, 293, 381.
[64] Justin, xliii. 5. Cf. Strabo, i. 41.
[65] Recueil des Hist., Introd., xxv.
[66] Keil, Gram. Lat. i. 202.
[67] B. G. vi. 17. Cf. Minuc. Felix, vi. 1; xxx. 4.
[68] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 2606. Cf. further C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 2607, 2608, 2609, Chalon-sur-Saône; 2631, 2636, near Autun; 2830, N. of Prov. Lugdun.; 3011-13, Melun; 3020, Troyes; 3183 ff., Berthouville; 3250, Caleti.
[69] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 1125.
[70] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 2, passim.
[71] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 3100.
[72] That the Gallic Mercury resembled his Roman namesake in this respect is proved by the fact that one of the names of the Celtic Mercury was Visucius, which comes from the root VID = know (Robert and Cagnat, Épigraphie de la Moselle, p. 59). And Caesar noted as one of the characteristics of the Gallic Mercury that he was ‘omnium inventorem artium’ (Bell. Gall. vi. 17), though in later times he comes to be connected chiefly with commerce (cf. Caesar, l.c.). See Daremberg-Saglio.
[73] Polit. 1269 b 26, 1324 b 9.
[74] Var. Hist. xii. 23.
[75] Ἐμπειρίᾳ τῇ ἐς τὰ πολεμικὰ ἀπέδεον. They charge μετὰ οὐδενὸς λογισμοῦ αθάπερ τὰ θηρία, Pausan. x. 21.
[76] Strabo, iv. 4. 4.
[77] Ael. Var. Hist. xii. 23.
[78] Athenaeus (quoting Posidonius), vi. 46 (ed. Kaibel).
[79] v. 31.
[80] B. G. vi. 13. 4.
[81] Hist. Litt. i. 41, 42.
[82] ‘Disciplina in Britannia reperta atque inde in Galliam translata esse existimatur, et nunc qui diligentius eam rem cognoscere volunt plerumque illo discendi causa proficiscuntur’, Caesar, B. G. vi. 13. 11.
[83] Caesar, B. G. vi. 14.
[84] Desjardins, Géog. hist. de la Gaule, ii. 214, note.
[85] Caesar, l.c., and Diodor. v. 28.
[86] Caesar, l.c., and Diodor. v. 31.
[87] De Divin, i. 41 (90).
[88] iii. 2 (19).
Solis nosse Deos et caeli numina vobis
aut solis nescire datum: nemora alta remotis
incolitis lucis.—Phars. i. 452 ff.
[90] Hist. Litt. i. 41, 42.
[91] ‘Huius Gallorum philosophiae, quam Valerius Maximus (ii. 6. 11) “avaram et faeneratoriam” nuncupat, tenebras dissipavit lux e Graecia allata in Phoceensium coloniam, Massiliam’. De Gallorum Orat. Ingen. 2.
[92] Cambr. Mediaev. Hist. i. 185.
[93] Tac. Hist. iv. 54.
[94] Cf. Jung, De Scholis Rom. in Gall. Comata. 2.
[95] ‘Druidarum religionem apud Gallos dirae immanitatis, et tantum civibus sub Augusto interdictam, penitus abolevit (sc. Claudius)’, Suet. Claudius, xxv. 5.
[96] De Caes. iv.
[97] Nat. Hist. xxx. 1. 4 ‘Namque Tiberii Caesaris principatus sustulit Druidas’.
[98] Nat. Hist. xvi. 249; xxiv. 103; xxx. 13.
[99] Script. Hist. Aug. xxvi. 44 ‘Sciscitantem utrum apud eius posteros imperium permaneret’.
[100] Ibid. xxx. 14.
[101] Hist. de la Gaule mérid., i. 541.
[102] Lavisse, Hist. de la France, I. iii. 385.
[103] Caesar, B. G. vi. 14.
[104] iv. 1. 12.
[105] Migne, Patrologia Graeca, vii. 444.
[106] Script. Hist. Aug., Alex. Sev. 60.
[107] Auson. Prof. iv. 7; x. 27.
[108] Ausonius may be using ‘Belenus’ for ‘Apollo’ in a playful mood, as Mommsen thinks; but the name Belenus was exceedingly well known in Gaul, and indicates that Celtic civilization had left its mark. See Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.
[109] Technop. xiv.
[110] Ep. iii. 3. 2.
[111] His use of quia and quod instead of the infinitive construction; abstract for concrete nouns; the growing importance of prepositions; peculiar words like fatigatio (banter), eventilare (search through), humanitas (hospitality). See Dalton’s preface to his translation of Sidonius, and Baret’s introduction to his edition (pp. 106 ff.).
[112] Comment. in Ep. ad Galat. Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvi. 357.
[113] Historical Essays, Series III, pp. 74 ff.
[114] Hist. de la France, I. iii. 388.
[115] Revue celtique, 1870-2, p. 179.
[116] Gaule romaine, p. 129.
[117] Freeman, Western Europe in the Fifth Century, p. 143.
[118] e.g. lox (la ruche), hive; alauda, Fr. alouette; carrum, Fr. char; *cambitâ, Fr. jante (felly) (Körting, Lat.-roman. Wörterb., 1778); betullus, O.F. booul, M.F. bouleau (birch); braca, M.F. braie; camisia, M.F. chemise; landâ, Fr. lande (Körting, op. cit., 5419); probably jambe and javelot. See Schwan-Behrens, Grammaire de l’Ancien Français, p. 5. Paris, Fischbacher, 1913.
[119] C. I. L. xiii. 2638.
[120] Pirson, La Langue des Inscriptions lat. de la Gaule, p. 237.
[121] Romanische Landschaften, p. 272.
[122] Gröber, Grundriss der roman. Philol., i. 383.
[123] Lavisse, Histoire de France, ii. 1. 2, p. 59.
[124] Gothofredus, C. Th. ix. 23. 1, refers to a law by which ‘in Gallia vetita auri et argenti extra regnum exportatio’. So C. Th. vii. 16. 3 ‘Ne merces illicitae ad nationes barbaras deferantur’. ‘Merces illicitae’ are defined by Gothofredus as ‘vinum, oleum, liquamen (lye), ferrum, frumentum, sales, cos’ (mill-stone).
[125] Pan. Lat. vi. 6 ‘Ut in desertis Galliae regionibus collocatae (nationes) et pacem Romani imperii cultu (agriculture) iuvarent et arma dilectu’. Cf. viii. 9 ‘Arat ergo nunc mihi Chamavus et Frisius’.
[126] Gröber, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie, p. 383 (article by F. Kluge. A certain allowance must be made for nationalist bias).
[127] H. Paul, Grundriss der germanischen Philologie, i. 328 ff.
[128] De Bissula, iii.
[129] Cod. Theod. iii. 14. 1, ed. Mommsen and Meyer.
[130] Histoire de France, ii. 1. 2, p. 59. Cf. Süpfle, Gesch. des deutschen Cultureinflusses auf Frankreich, i. 1. 1.
[131] Oros. vii. 32, quoted Bury-Gibbon, iii. 350 n.
[132] Cf. Fauriel, i. 541.
[133] ‘Id tu Brute iam intelliges, quum in Galliam veneris: audies tu quidem etiam verba quaedam non trita Romae, sed haec mutari dediscique possunt’, Cic. Brutus, 171.
[134] ‘Tantum increbruit multitudo desidiosorum ut, nisi vel paucissimi quique meram linguae Latiaris proprietatem de trivialium barbarismarum robigine vindicaveritis, eam brevi abolitam defleamus interemptamque’, Sid. Ep. ii. 10. 1.
[135] Ep. iv. 17. 2.
[136] e.g. Franko (Fr. franc), Alaman (O.F. Aleman), &c.; sturm, O.F. estour; wahta, O.F. guaite (watch); helm, &c.; siniskalk, Fr. sénéchal; marahskalk, Fr. maréchal; alod, O.F. aleu (freehold); sparwâri, O.F. esparvier; haring, Fr. hareng; wald, O.F. gualt; *hapja, Fr. hache (hatchet); want, Fr. gant (glove); bald, O.F. balt; spëhon, O.F. espier, &c. Affre < Old Low Frank. aibhor (Körting, op. cit., 384); hâte (Eng. haste), Germ. *haist- (Körting, 4459); guise (Eng. wise), Germ. wīsa (Körting, 10403); orgueil, Germ. urgōlī (Körting, 9914). Schwan-Behrens, op. cit., p. 6. For the traces of Germanic in inscriptions see Pirson, op. cit., p. 236.
[137] Sidon. Ep. i. 2. 1.
[138] Ep. i. 2. 6.
[139] Ibid.
[140] Ep. ii. 1. 2.
[141] Ep. iv. 17.
[142] Ep. i. 2. 5 (§ 8).
[143] Ennod., Script. Eccles. Lat., p. 353.
[144] The acts and decrees of the Visigothic and Burgundian kings were in Latin, and they chose their secretaries from the Latin rhetoricians and poets. Sidonius speaks of documents drawn up by himself for the Gothic king (Ep. viii. 3). Thus the star of rhetoricians and grammarians rose high at the court of Theodoric.
[145] Cf. Camb. Mediaev. Hist., p. 291.
[146] Cf. Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule mérid., i. 466.
[147] Ep. ii. 5; viii. 1.
[148] Sid. Ep. v. 7.
[149] Paulin. Euchar., verse 304.
[150] Paulin. Euchar., verses 289, 290.
[151] Vide 306:
Cum iam in republica nostra
cernamus plures Gothico florere favore,
tristia quaeque tamen perpessis antea multis,
pars ego magna fui quorum....
and cf. 311 ff.
[152] Paulin de Pella, p. xxiii.
[153] Cf. Sidon. Ep. v. 14.
[154] Fauriel, op. cit., i. 559.
[155] ‘Ut ... populos Galliarum ... teneamus ex fide etsi non tenemus foedere’, Ep. vii. 6. 10.
[156] Gröber, Grundriss der röm. Phil., i. 387. In order to indicate the nature of the barbarous Gothic with which he is surrounded, the poet contemptuously quotes some Gothic that came into his mind. The interpretation is not certain. Massmann (Zeitsch. f. d. Altertum, i. 379 ff.) suggests ‘Hail! provide us with meat and drink’. In any case, their language is incompatible with Latin poetry.
Ex hoc barbaricis abacta plectris
spernit senipedem stilum Thalia
ex quo septipedes videt patronos.—Carm. xii.
[158] Ep. vii. 14. 10.
[159] Ep. ad Diversos, lvii (ed. Peiper).
[160] i. 44.
[161] Cf. Boissier, La Fin du Paganisme, ii. 59 ff.; Fauriel, Hist. i. 440.
[162] Tac. An. xi. 24; Dessau, Inscrip. Lat. Sel. i. 212.
[163] Ammian. xv. 11. 5 ‘Aquitani ... facile in dicionem venere Romanam’.
[164] Even the inscriptions give no help, for they are drawn up in formal phrases.
[165] Cf. Lavisse, Hist. de France, i. 3. 338.
[166] Tac. Hist. iv. 55-9.
[167] Historical Essays, iii. 80.
[168] iv. 4. 2.
[169] Trebellius, Script. Hist. Aug. xxiii. 4 ‘Galli ... quibus insitum est, leves ... et luxuriosos principes ferre non posse’.
[170] Ammian. xv. 6. 4.
[171] Script. Hist. Aug. xviii. 60. 6.
[172] Zos. vi. 5 ὁ Ἀρμόριχος ἅπας καὶ ἕτεραι Γαλατῶν ἐπαρχίαι ... ἐκβάλλουσαι μὲν τοὺς Ῥωμαίους ἄρχοντας, οἰκεῖον δὲ κατ’ ἐζουσίαν πολίτευμα καθιστᾶσαι....
[173] ‘Galliaque quae semper praesidet atque praesedit huic imperio ... se suasque vires non tradidit, sed opposuit Antonio’, Phil. v. 13. 37. Cf. iv. 4, and Ep. ad Fam. xii. 5 ‘totam Galliam tenebamus studiosissimam Reipublicae’.
[174] Nat. Hist. iii. 4.
[175] De Consul. Stilich. iii. 53.
[176] Carm. Min. 30. 61. Cf. In Eutrop. ii. 248.
[177] Pan. Lat. v. 2 ff.
[178] ‘Constituta enim et in perpetuum Roma fundata est, omnibus qui statum eius labefactare poterant cum stirpe deletis’, Pan. Lat. iv. 6 and 31.
[179] De Reditu, i. 19 ff.
[180] Bury-Gibbon, iii. 234.
[181] i. 51 ff.
[182] i. 95.
[183] De Consul. Stil. i. 192.
[184] Pan. Lat. v. 7.
[185] It must, however, be admitted that the local provenance of the marble at Martres Tolosanes is disputed by some authorities, e.g. Espérandieu, Les Bas-reliefs de la Gaule romaine, vol. ii, p. 29.
[186] Déchelette, Les Vases céramiques ornés de la Gaule romaine.
[187] Cf. Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 110 ff.
[188] Cf. Constantine’s treatment of the Franks, Pan. Lat. vi. 10. 12.
[189] ‘Terram Bataviam ... a diversis Francorum gentibus occupatam, omni hoste purgavit, nec contentus vicisse, ipsas in Romanas transtulit nationes, ut non solum arma, sed etiam feritatem ponere cogerentur’, Pan. Lat. vi. 5.
[190] Pan. Lat. vi. 6.
[191] Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 3.
[192] E. W. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Introd., ii.
[193] Ep. ix. 11. 2.
[194] Ep. viii. 6. 9 (Seeck).
[195] ‘Romanum denique eloquium non suis regionibus invenisti, et ibi te Tulliana lectio disertum reddidit ubi quondam Gallica lingua resonavit. Ubi sunt qui litteras Latinas Romae, non etiam alibi asserunt esse discendas? ... mittit et Liguria Tullios suos’, Variarum, viii. 12; Migne, Pan. Lat. lxix, p. 745.
[196] ‘Neque enim ignoro quanto inferiora nostra sint ingeniis Romanis. Siquidem Latine et diserte loqui illis ingeneratum est ... ex illo fonte et capite imitatio nostra derivat’, Pan. Lat. xii. 1. 2.
[197] As we gather from his references to the Rhine defences (§ 2).
[198] According to G. Baehrens.
[199] Cf. Freeman, Historical Essays, Ser. III, 119: ‘The panegyrist, at all events in addressing princes, some of whom were certainly very far from fools, is not likely to venture on much in the way of mere invention. He will leave out a great deal, he will exaggerate a great deal, he will pervert his own moral sense to praise a great deal that ought to be blamed: but the main facts which he asserts are pretty sure to have happened much as he states them. He is a fairly good authority for positive facts, bad for negative ones.’ Cf. Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 74.
[200] Suet. Gram. 3.
[201] Ritter has pointed out that Maternus was a Gaul in his 1848 edition of Dialog., ch. 10.
[202] Suet. Gram. 7.
[203] Suet. Gram. 11 ‘peridoneus praeceptor maxime ad poeticam tendentibus’.
[204] In the list of rhetors left by Suetonius, incorporated by Jerome in his translation of Eusebius’s Chronicle, which also includes Pacatus and Gabinianus who taught in the first century A.D. under Tiberius and Augustus at Massilia, Statius Ursulus of Toulouse, famous as a rhetor under Nero, and his contemporary Domitius Afer of Nîmes.
[205] Recueil des Hist., i, Intro., p. lxxvii.
[206] Cf. Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris. i. 19.
[207] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[208] Tac. An. xi. 24.
[209] Mart. Epigr. ix. 99. Cf. Auson. Parent. iii. 11; Prof. xix. 4; Sidon. Carm. vii. 437.
[210] Epigr. vii. 88:
Me legit omnis ibi, senior iuvenisque puerque,
et coram tetrico casta puella viro.
[211] Agric. 21. Cf. Juv. xv. 111 ‘Gallia causidicos docuit facunda Britannos’.
[212] i.e. ‘The Britons had a natural capacity superior to that of the Gauls ... they only needed the same training to make them better orators’ (Furneaux, ad loc.).
[213] Praef. Herac. 8.
[214] Noct. Att. xv. 1.
[215] ‘Quasi ex lingua prorsum eius capti prosequebamur,’ ibid. xvi. 3.
[216] Noct. Att. xviii. 5.
[217] Ibid. xvii. 5.
[218] Monnard, De Gallorum Oratorio Ingenio, 37.
[219] Monnard, l.c.
[220] Elegantiora studia ... novas quasi receperunt vires, et insignem recuperandam linguae promiserunt dignitatem, quod in eius (Latinae linguae) cultum et optimas litteras perpoliendas propagandasque cum veteribus magistris sanctioris doctrinae praesides conspirarent’, Funccius, De Vegeta Latinae Linguae Senectute.
[221] ‘Rhetoribus et philosophis per omnes provincias salaria et honores detulit’, Script. Hist. Aug. iii. 11. 3.
[222] C. Fronto, Reliquiae, ed. Niebuhr, 271.
[223] Histoire litt. de la France, i. 309.
[224] Ibid. 314.
[225] Script. Hist. Aug. xxviii. 30. 31.
[226] Ibid. 44. 4. He favoured the study of law in the provinces.
[227] Pan. Lat. ii. 4 ‘Florentissimas quondam antiquissimasque urbes barbari possidebant. Gallorum ita celebrata nobilitas aut ferro occiderat, aut immitibus addicta dominis serviebat. Porro aliae, quas a vastitate barbarica terrarum intervalla distulerant, iudicum nomine a nefariis latronibus obtinebantur.... Nemo ab iniuria liber, nemo intactus a contumelia.’
[228] ‘Ab arcanis sacrorum penetralium ad privata Musarum adyta’, Eum. Pro Instaurandis Scholis, Pan. Lat. ix, § 6 ff.
[229] An. iii. 43.
[230] Pro Inst. Schol. 4 ‘Latrocinio Bagaudicae rebellionis obsessa (civitas)‘.
[231] The origin of the name is doubtful. Bulaeus (Hist. Univ. Paris. i. 25) thinks that there may have been a founder Maenius, or that it may have been near the town wall (prope moenia). Lavisse favours moenianum in the sense of a portico on which were displayed maps of the Empire (Hist. de France, i. 3. 367). Lewis and Short give Maenianum, gallery, balcony (Cic. Suet.).
[232] Lipsius, quoted Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris, i. 25 ff.
[233] Ibid.
[234] Cf. Jullian, ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[235] Ibid.
[236] Antike Kunstprosa, ii. 631. Cf. Dill, Roman Society during Last Century of Western Empire, p. 406; Guizot, Hist. of Civilization (transl. Hazlitt), i. 349.
[237] The struggles of Julian, Valentinian I, and Gratian against the barbarians were confined to the North and did not affect the main centre of Gallic education—Aquitaine.
Factio me sibi non, non coniuratio iunxit:
sincero colui foedere amicitias.—Domest. iv. 21.
[239] Bissula, Praef.
[240] ‘Les Prem. Univ. Franç.’, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[241] Pan. Lat. iii. 20 ‘multi laboris et minimi usus negotium’.
[242] ‘Fuligine et aranearum telis omnia Romae templa cooperta sunt ... dii quondam nationum cum bubonibus et noctuis in solis culminibus remanserunt ... iam et Aegyptius Serapis factus est Christianus ... de India, Perside et Aethiopia monachorum cotidie turbas suscipimus; deposuit pharetras Armenius, Huni discunt psalterium, Scythia frigora fervent calore fidei ...’, Jer. Epist. cvii. 1, 2.
[243] Ibid.
[244] Cf. Speck, Quaestiones Ausonianae, pp. 3 ff.; Glover, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, pp. 109 ff.; and almost every writer on Ausonius.
[245] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 11 ‘Hoc ego salarium ... expensum referre patriae meae cupio, et ad restitutionem huius operis ... destinare’.
[246] Domes. iv.
[247] Parent. iv. 17-20.
[248] Parent. vi.
[249] Prof. xi.
[250] Parent. iii.
[251] Pan. de Quarto Consulatu Honorii, 582 (ed. Koch):
Inlustri te prole Tagus, te Gallia doctis
civibus et toto stipavit Roma senatu.
[252] Ep. vi. 34, ed. Seeck.
[253] Ep. ix. 88 ‘Gallicanae facundiae haustus requiro’.
[254] Chronicon (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvii. 687) ‘A.D. 358 Alcimus et Delphidius rhetores in Aquitania florentissime docent’, and in the same year ‘Minervius Burdigalensis rhetor Romae florentissime docet’.
[255] Ep. 125. 6.
[256] Ebert, Gesch. des Mittelalters, p. 365, ‘der offenbar mit vielem Erfolg die noch immer hervorragenden Schulen seiner Heimath besucht hatte’.
[257] Ep. v. 5. 1 (Oxford Trans. by O. M. Dalton).
[258] ‘Quae ille propositionibus aenigmata, sententiis schemata, versibus commata, digitis mechanemata fecit!’ Ep. i. 9. 1.
[259] Ep. i. 11. 11.
[260] Ep. ii. 1. 2.
[261] Ep. iii. 3. 2 ‘nunc etiam Camenalibus modis imbuebatur’.
[262] Cf. Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 407: ‘Dans ce siècle (5ᵉ) comme aux précédents, les Gallo-Romains cultivèrent toutes les branches du savoir et du génie romains.’
[263] Mayor, Latin Heptateuch, p. liv.
[264] Cf. Jerome, Ep. 83.
[265] Ep. ii. 8. 2; ii. 10. 3; iii. 12. 5, &c.
[266] Ep. iv. 8. 4.
[267] Ep. ii. 10. 5.
[268] The Monks of the West, v. 105. He quotes Mabillon, Traité, i. 13, 14.
[269] Ibid., p. 108. Montalembert adds Arabic, but this would be an anachronism for our period. He quotes Bede, Hist. Eccl. iv. 2 (sixth cent., but true of our period also) ‘Litteris sacris simul et saecularibus abundanter ambo erant instructi ... ita ut etiam metricae artis astronomiae et arithmeticae ecclesiasticae disciplinam inter sacrorum apicum (writings) volumina suis auditoribus contraderent.’
[270] Ep. 120 and 121.
[271] Ep. 107.
[272] Reg. ad Monachos, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1100, rule xiv.
[273] e.g. Augustine on Pelagianism, and Pomerius on the nature of the soul. Kaufmann, Rhetoren und Kloster-Schulen, p. 56.
[274] Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 773.
[275] Cf. Salonius’s exposition of the Proverbs to Veranius, and the letters of Jerome.
[276] Cf. Life of Martin, 1.
[277] Cf. Sulpic. Sever. Dial. i. 23.
[278] Cf. Meyer, Die Legende des heiligen Albanus, p. 5, on the hagiographical literature of the early Church: ‘Die glänzenden Gedanken und die glänzende Darstellung der Cecilialegende entspricht der feinen Kultur Roms im 5. Jahrhundert.’
[279] C. I. L. xii. 1921 (grammati probably = γραμματεῖ).
[280] C. I. L. xii. 2039.
[281] Boissieu, Inscrip. de Lyon, p. 548.
[282] Ep. v. 17.
[283] Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvii. 687.
[284] ‘Sed dum cogito me hominem Gallum inter Aquitanos verba facturum, vereor ne offendat vestras nimium urbanas aures sermo rusticior’, Dial. i. 27.
[285] De Gub. Dei, vii. 8 ‘Aquitanos ... medullam fere omnium Galliarum’.
[286] Ep. ix. 44 (ed. Seeck).
[287] Prof. xx.
[288] Ep. xi (Iculisma).
[289] Prof. x.
[290] Epigr. x.
[291] Parent. iii.
[292] Cf. Jullian, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, pp. 24 ff.
[293] Strabo, iv. 190.
[294] Jung, Roman. Landschaften, p. 231.
[295] Jullian, Hist. de Bordeaux, p. 42.
[296] Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893, pp. 25 ff.
[297] Cf. Jung, De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata, p. 5.
[298] Prof. xxv. 8.
[299] Praef. 2.
[300] Lavisse, Hist. de France, I. ii. 395.
[301] Pro Instaur. Schol. 5. Cf. 20 ‘antiqua litterarum sede’.
[302] Cf. Lavisse, Hist. de France, loc. cit.
[303] Mosella, 383.
[304] Misopogon, 342, ed. Hertlein: ἡ Κελτῶν ... ἀγροικία.
[305] Mis. 348 C, and compare 349 D.
[306] ὥσπερ τις κυνηγέτης ἀγρίοις ὁμιλῶν καὶ συμπλεκόμενος θηρίοις, ibid. 359 Β.
[307] Ibid. 350 D.
[308] Epigr. ix. 32.
[309] Mart. Epigr. v. 1. 10 ‘et tumidus Galla credulitate fruar’. Strabo, iv. 4. 2, speaks of the race as ἁπλοῦν (ingenio simplici).
[310] Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvi. 355.
[311] Jullian, Rev. intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893.
[312] Orat. iii. 124.
[313] B. G. vii. 22.
[314] Diodor. v. 31.
[315] Stromatum lib. i; Migne, Pat. Graeca, viii. 776, 777.
[316] Pan. de Quarto Consul. Honor. 392 ‘animosa tuas ut Galli a leges audiat’.
[317] Bell. Gall. iv. 5. Cf. vii. 42.
[318] Epigr. viii ff.
[319] Prof. x.
[320] Jung, De Scholis Roman., p. 15.
[321] Cf. Tac. Agric. 11; Strabo, iv. 4. 2.
[322] Liban. Orat., ed. Reiske, iii. 255 ff., and cf. Or. 32 πρὸς τὰς παιδαγωγοῦ βλασφημίας.
Et te de genetrice vagientem
tinxerunt (sc. Musae) vitrei vado Hippocrenes,
tunc hac mersus aqua loquacis undae
pro fluctu mage litteras bibisti.
Carm. xxiii. 206 (vitrei. He apparently regards ‘Hippocrene’ as masc. as in Carm. ix. 285).
[324] Ibid. 210-14.
[325] Ibid. 439.
[326] Ibid. 490.
[327] Ep. iv. 12. 1.
[328] Cf. verses 89 ff. and 121 ff.
Studiumque insigne parentum
permixtis semper docta exercere peritum
blanditiis, gnaramque apto moderamine curam
insinuare mihi morum instrumenta bonorum,
ingenioque rudi celerem conferre profectum.—(Eucharisticon, verse 60, ed. Brandes.)
[330] Euchar. 65.
[331] Probably his early teaching was in the hands of a household slave. Cf. Rocafort, Paulin de Pella, p. 32.
[332] Rocafort, Paulin de Pella, xi, thinks the reference is merely to ‘locutions inusitées’. ἀκοινονόητα is read by Brandes, though ἀκοινώνητα, except for metrical difficulties, would seem better.
[333] Verse 66.
[334] l.c. 79.
[335] Not eighteen, as Rocafort says.
[336] l.c. 117.
[337] Gilbert Murray, Religio Grammatici, pp. 10 ff.
[338] Protrepticon, 45 ff.
[339] Cf. Quintilian’s emphasis on starting with Homer (Inst. x. 1. 46). He is the poet par excellence: ‘omnibus eloquentiae partibus exemplum et ortum dedit’. Not to be able to read him is a mark of utter ignorance. Cf. viii. 5. 9; xii. 11. 21.
[340] Ibid. 46, 47.
[341] Verses 56-60.
[342] De Idol. 10. Cf. Aug. Confess. i. 14. 23.
[343] He had read Vergil ‘unum omnium maxime veterum auctorum atque haud scio an unicum’. Brandes, Corp. Scriptt. Lat. Eccl. Paul. Pell., p. 279.
[344] Ep. i. 9. 8; ii. 2. 2; iii. 13. 1; iv. 12. 1; Carm. xxiii. 147; xiii. 36.
[345] Ep. i. 11. 1; Carm. ix. 225; xxiii. 452.
[346] Ep. i. 9. 8; Carm. xxiii. 149.
[347] Ep. iv. 12. 1; Carm. ix. 213; xxiii. 130.
[348] Protrep. 61 ff.
[349] Prof. xxvi.
[350] Rocafort, De Paul. Pell. Vita et Carmine, 33.
[351] Prof. xxvi, Platonicum Dogma.
[352] The traditional Roman order is here assumed. The relation of (1) and (2) in Gaul will be discussed later.
[353] Prof. i. 2.
[354] Mosella, 403.
[355] Ep. 125 (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 1079) ‘post Quintiliani acumina’.
[356] ‘Num quid fas est adversus Quintilianum nisi pro veritate dicere?’ Dictio, xxi.
[357] Carm. ix. 314. Cf. Carm. ii. 191; Ep. v. 10. 3.
[358] Ep. 70 (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 668).
[359] Instit. i. 1. 27.
[360] Cf. Seneca, Ep. 94. 54.
[361] Mart. iv. 86. 11.
[362] Juv. x. 117.
Afranio clari lib. Graphico
doctori. librario. lusori
latrunculorum etc.—C. I. L. xiii. 1. 444.
[364] Das Privatleben der Römer, p. 151.
[365] Cf. Blümner, Röm. Privatalterthümer, 321. He quotes Bücheler, Carm. Epigr. 219
Puer ... iam doctus in compendio
tot litterarum et nominum
notare currente stilo
quot lingua dicens diceret.
[366] Ephem. 7 ‘puer, notarum praepetum sollers minister’.
[367] Sid. Ep. v. 17. 10.
[368] Instit. i. 1. 24.
[369] Migne, Pat. Lat. xc. 686. He does not set out to write specially for dumb people, as one might think from the title, but ‘ut cum maximam computandi facilitatem dederimus tum paratiore legentium ingenio ad investigandam ... computando seriem temporum veniamus’, Praef. Cf. Macrob. vii. 13. 10, and Quintil. Inst. i. 10. 35. Pliny (N. H. xxxiv. 7) tells of a statue of Janus ‘digitis ita figuratis ut CCCLXV dierum nota per significationem anni, temporis et aevi esse deum indicent’.
[370] Auson. Prof. xxii.
[371] Cf. e.g. Diocletian’s Edict, A.D. 301 (Mommsen, Berichte der ... Sächs. Gesellschaft, iii. 56).
[372] Cf. Macrob. i. 24. 5 ‘videris enim mihi (says Symmachus to Evangelus, whom he accuses of shallowness in a Vergilian discussion) ita adhuc Vergilianos habere versus, qualiter eos pueri magistris praelegentibus canebamus’; and Suet. Gram. 16.
[373] Cf. Quintil. i. 8. 1.
[374] Rutherford, History of Annotation, p. 12, quoted Murray, Religio Grammatici, p. 16.
[375] Ibid.
Tu flexu et acumine vocis
innumeros numeros doctis accentibus effer
adfectusque impone legens. Distinctio sensum
auget, et ignavis dant intervalla vigorem.’—Protrep. 47 ff.
[377] Quint. i. 8. 13; Aug. Confess. i. 14. 23.
[378] Hor. Ep. ii. 1. 71.
[379] Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Century, i. 202.
[380] Walde, Lat. etymol. Wörterb., 1910, derives it from tendo.
[381] Cf. Murray, Religio Grammatici, pp. 16 ff., for Dionysius’s six departments of Grammatikê.
[382] Aen. i. 45.
[383] Aul. Gell. xiii. 21. 10-11, 16.
[384] Aen. x. 18.
[385] Aen. i.
[386] Cf. Keil, Gram. Lat. iv, Praef. xxxvi.
[387] Hier. Chron., An. 358; Migne, Pat. Lat. xxvii. 687.
[388] Keil, Grammatici Latini, iv. 353 ff. Cf. Quintil. i. 8. 14.
[389] Ozanam, op. cit., i. 203.
[390] Ep. v. 16. 3. He may be the same as the Argicius or Agricius of Auson. Prof. xvi. 6.
[391] Keil, Gram. Lat., Supplement, p. 187.
[392] Keil, op. cit., vii. 376 ff. Krumbacher speaks of its text as ‘durch den Schulgebrauch jedenfalls vielfach abgeschliffen’, Rhein. Mus. xxxix, p. 352.
[393] Migne, Pat. Lat. xxiii. 952 ‘Legamus Varronis de Antiquitatibus libros et Si(se)nnii Capitonis ... caeterosque eruditissimos viros’. Capito was probably a junior contemporary of Varro. See Hertz, Sinnius Capito, pp. 6-13.
[394] Funaioli, Gram. Rom. Frag. (1907), p. 457. Cf. Gell. v. 21. 6.
[395] Funaioli, op. cit., p. 461.
[396] Op. cit., p. 459; Keil, Gram. Lat. v. 110.
[397] Funaioli, op. cit.
[398] Op. cit. 462 ‘Hoc versu Lucili significari ait Sinnius Capito’, &c.
[399] Op. cit. 464.
[400] Op. cit. 460.
[401] Op. cit. 465.
[402] Op. cit. 462.
[403] See Teuffel-Schwabe, transl. Warr, pp. 538 ff.
[404] Cf. Keil, Gram. Lat. vii. 49, 51, 80, 266.
[405] Gram. 19.
[406] Privatalterthümer, p. 328.
[407] Grundriss der röm. Litt., p. 721.
[408] De Re Rustica, i. 2. 1.
[409] ‘Cogor et e tabula pictos ediscere mundos’, v. 3. 37.
[410] Nat. Hist. ii. 75.
[411] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Paris. i. 19.
[412] So Agrippa made a map of the world (Plin. N. H. iii. 2) which was put up in the Porticus Vipsania ‘tempore Augusti’, and it is thought that he wrote geographical commentaries which became the basis of Pliny’s remarks on the subject. See Cantor, Die röm. Agrimensoren, p. 84.
[413] ‘Videat praeterea in illis porticibus iuventus et cotidie spectet omnes terras et cuncta maria et quidquid invictissimi principes urbium, gentium, nationum, aut restituunt aut virtute devincunt aut terrore devinciunt’, Pan. Lat. xi. 20.
[414] Cf. Seneca, Ep. i. 6.
[415] Pan. Lat. xi. 20. Cf. 21 ‘Orbem spectare depictum’.
[416] Ch. 2.
[417] Voyage dans le Midi de la France, i. 340.
[418] Parent. iv. 17.
[419] Sid. Ep. iv. 3. 5.
[420] Carm. xxii, Intro.
[421] ‘Cuius collegio vir praefectus non modo musicos quosque, verum etiam geometras arithmeticos et astrologos disserendi arte supervenit, si quidem nullum hoc exactius compertum habere censuerim quid sidera zodiaci obliqua, quid planetarum vaga ... praevaleant’, Carm. xxii, Intro.
[422] Quintil. i. 4. 4 ‘nec si rationem siderum ignoret poetas intelligat’.
[423] Jullian, Rev. internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893, p. 43.
[424] Cf. Auson. Prof. xxvi ‘poeticus stylus’, and the productions of the Panegyrici Latini. The Grammatici Latini, on the other hand, amply illustrate the prosiness of the grammarian.
[425] Cf. Denk, Gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesen, p. 133.
[426] Confess. i. 17.
[427] Dictiones, xxviii.
[428] Ibid. xxvi.
[429] Ennodius, Dict. xx.
[430] ‘Titianus et Calvus ... qui themata omnia de Vergilio elicuerunt et deformarunt ad dicendi usum, in exemplo controversiarum has duas posuerunt adlocutiones, dicentes Venerem agere statu absolutivo, cum dicit Iunoni “causa fuisti periculorum his quibus Italiam fata concesserant”; Iunonem vero niti statu relativo, per quem ostendit Troianos non sua causa laborare sed Veneris’, Verg. x. 18.
[431] Artis Rhetoricae lib. iii.
[432] Institutiones Oratoriae.
[433] ‘Contuli in ordinem ea quae fere de oratoria arte traduntur, secundum institutum magistrorum meorum ... ita tamen ut ex arbitrio meo aliqua praeterirem, pleraque ordine immutato referrem, non nulla ex aliis quae necessaria videbantur insererem’, Pref. (Teuffel-Schwabe, ii, § 427. 6).
[434] Cf. the Suasoriae with the Dictiones of Ennodius.
[435] e.g. Liban. Ep. 1313, ed. Reiske.
[436] Philostrat. Via Soph., p. 8, ed. Kayser.
[437] Seeck’s ed. of the Letters, p. 309.
[438] I owe the suggestion that the Rhetores Graeci might serve as illustrations of the rhetorical methods of the time to Prof. J. A. Smith of Magdalen.
[439] Quintil. i. 9.
[440] Blümner, Privatalterthümer, 327.
[441] Quintil. i. 10. 1.
[442] Theon. Prog. i. Cf. Quintil, i. 9 ‘Adiciamus eorum (i.e. Grammaticorum) curae quaedam dicendi primordia, quibus aetates nondum rhetorem capientes instituant’.
[443] Ep. 985.
[444] De Theone Hermogene Aphthonioque Progymnasmatum Scriptoribus, p. 14.
[445] Ibid., p. 34.
[446] Ibid., p. 24.
[447] Pauly-Wissowa, s.v. Aphthonius.
[448] Rhetores Graeci, vol. ii, ed. Spengel.
[449] Instit. ii. 4.
[450] Strange. Perhaps the meaning is bright like flowers, brilliant, pointed. But more likely, as Prof. Murray has pointed out to me, the author is thinking of embroidery. The boy’s composition must be rich like a gold-embroidered cloth, but also compact like a pattern.
[451] Conringius, De Antiquis Academiis, i. 17; Gothofredus, Ad Rescriptum Gratiani Anni 376; Ritter, Ad Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[452] Scriptt. Hist. Aug. iii, ch. 11, ed. Peter.
[453] Euchar. 67.
[454] Prof. xxvi.
[455] Prof. xv.
Hinc etiam placidis schola consona disciplinis
dogmaticas agitat placido certamine lites,
hinc omnis certat dialectica turba sophorum.—Eclog. iv. 15.
[457] Ep. ix. 9. 15.
[458] Carm. xv. 41.—Cf. ii. 156 ff.
[459] Ep. iv. 1. 2.
[460] ‘Voluptuosissimum reputans si forte oborta quarumpiam quaestionum insolubilitate labyrinthica scientiae suae thesauri eventilarentur’, Ep. iv. 11.
[461] Ep. iv. 9. 1. Cf. iii. 6. 2 ‘Vos consectanei vestri Plotini dogmatibus inhaerentes ad profundum intempestivae quietis otium Platonicorum palaestra rapuisset’. Carm. xiv, Intro. ‘tibi et complatonicis tuis nota sunt’.
[462] Ep. ix. 9. 13.
[463] Hist. de la France mérid. i. 410.
[464] Carm. xiv, Intro.
[465] E. W. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, p. iv (Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers).
[466] Ibid.
[467] Tac. Agr. 4.
[468] Puech, De Paulini Nolani Ausoniique Epistolarum Commercio.
[469] Eclog. ii.
[470] e.g. Prof. xxiii. 13 ‘sensus si manibus ullus’; xxvi. 7 ‘si qua functis cura viventum placet’.
[471] Carm. xiv, Intro., ‘Igitur, quoniam tui amoris studio inductus, homo Gallus scholae sophisticae intromisi materiam, vel te potissimum facti mei deprecatorem requiro’.
[472] ‘Lecturus es hic etiam novum verbum id est, essentiam; sed scias hoc ipsum dixisse Ciceronem’, Ibid.
[473] Jung, De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, Paris, 1855, pp. 8 ff.
[474] Sat. vii. 147 and xv. 111.
[475] Toxaris, 24.
[476] Prof. xxvi.
Exesas tineis opicasque evolvere chartas
maior quam promptis cura tibi in studiis.—Prof. xxii.
[478] Hist. de la Gaule, i. 407. Of the state of Roman law in the fifth century and its relation to Christianity, Ozanam gives a fine but biased account, History of Civilization in the Fifth Century, i. 152 ff.
Quo bis sex tabulas docente iuris
ultro Claudius Appius lateret
claro obscurior in decemviratu.—Carm. xxiii. 447.
[480] Ibid. 465.
[481] Sidon. Ep. ii. 5; v. 1; viii. 1.
[482] Ep. viii. 69. Cf. v. 14 ‘Lectissimorum iuvenum Titiani atque Helpidi praeceptor adseruit ... esse in illis scientiam iuris idoneam nimis in omnes usus iudiciarii et forensis officii’.
[483] Ep. i. 6. 2.
[484] De Reditu, i. 77.
[485] Cf. De Reditu, ii. 55, 59 ‘Hic (Stilicho) immortalem, mortalem perculit ille (Nero)’.
[486] De Reditu, i. 134 ‘Solaque fatales non vereare colos’.
[487] Cf. i. 157 ‘Regerem cum iura Quirini’.
[488] De Reditu, i. 209. Cf. Aug. Confess. vi. 8 ‘Romam praecesserat ut ius disceret’.
[489] ‘Atque ut in eum perfectio literarum plena conflueret, post auditoria Gallicana intra urbem Romam iuris scientiam plenitudini perfectionis adiecit’, Vita S. Germani, Bolland, July, vii, p. 202. Cf. Cassiodor. Var. x. 7.
[490] Cf. Ritter, Comment. on Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[491] His name is generally given as Mamertinus. He was probably a Gaul like the other panegyrists, for Gaul was the usual residence of Maximian at the time. § 9 shows that the orator is speaking in a northern province.
[492] Pan. Lat. xi. 9.
[493] De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, p. 8.
[494] Cf. Fauriel, op. cit., i. 407.
[495] ‘Summa itaque ope et alacri studio has leges nostras accipite et vosmet ipsos sic eruditos ostendite ut spes vos pulcherrima foveat, toto legitimo opere perfecto, posse etiam nostram rempublicam in partibus eius vobis credendis gubernare’, Proem. Iustin. Instit., ed. Krueger, vol. i. Cf. Inst. ii. 7. 20 ff. Imperial titles reserved for advocates when they cease to practise, &c. For an account of the teaching of law see Modderman, Handboek voor het Romeinsch Recht (3rd ed.), i. 42, 60.
[496] Bury-Gibbon, ii. 172.
[497] Antecessor, used in late Latin in the sense of ‘teacher’. Cf. Tertull. Adv. Marcionem, i. 20 ‘ab illo certe Paulo qui ... tunc primum cum antecessoribus apostolis conferebat’ (Corp. Script. Eccl. Lat. xlvii, p. 315).
[498] Cf. Aul. Gell. N. A. xiii. 10.
[499] Justin. Digest. I. ii.
[500] Justinian, Corpus Iuris Civilis, vol. ii, ed. Krueger, ii. 7. 11.
[501] Corp. Iur. Civ., l.c., 23 ff.
[502] xxx. 4. 8 ff.
[503] Ibid.
[504] Ep. ii. 1. 2.
[505] Ep. vi. 3.
[506] Gesch. des gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesens, p. 78.
[507] The Schola Medicorum on the Esquiline (C. I. L. vi. 5. 978) is rejected by Reinach, Dict. des Antiquités, s.v. Medicus.
[508] Prof. xxvi.
[509] ‘Crinas quidam, Nerone Claudio imperatore, primus, ut creditur, medicinae scientiam atque usum in schola Massiliensi provexit: et ita in eo studio profecit ut si cum aliis eiusdem artis professoribus conferatur longe omnes superasse videatur’, Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Parisiensis, i. 19. See also Pliny, Nat. Hist. xxix. 1. 5, where he also mentions Charmis, another Massilian. Cf. Galen, viii. 727, xiii. 855, for the Massilian oculist Demosthenes.
[510] Galen, vol. xiv, p. 177 (ed. Kühn), περὶ ἀντιδότων. Cf. περὶ συνθέσεως φαρμάκων, vol. xiii, p. 71.
[511] ‘Nec solum veteres medicinae artis auctores ... cui rei operam uterque Plinius et Apuleius ... aliique non nulli, etiam proximo tempore illustres nonoribus viri, cives ac maiores nostri Siburius, Eutropius atque Ausonius commodarunt, lectione scrutatus sum ...’, Marcellus, De Medicamentis, ed. Helmreich. For the power which these doctors had at the imperial court v. Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 49.
[512] Cf. Galen, vol. xiv, p. 459 (ed. Kühn).
[513] See Geyer on ‘Traces of Gallic Latin in Marcellus’, Archiv für lat. Lexicographie, viii. 4, p. 419.
[514] Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 52.
[515] Parent. vi.
[516] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Medicus.
[517] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 3.
[518] See p. 87, supra, n. 3.
[519] Nat. Hist. xxix. 1. 8.
[520] Ep. ad Traian. v, ed. Kukula.
[521] Ael. Spart. Vita Hadr. 25.
[522] ‘Medicinae autem ... ita studia augentur in dies ut, licet opus ipsum refellat, pro omni tamen experimento sufficiat medico ad commendandam artis auctoritatem, si Alexandriae se dixerit eruditum’, Ammian. xxii. 16. 18.
[523] Quoted Denk, op. cit., p. 139.
[524] Cf. Martial, v. 9, to the doctor after treatment: ‘non habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo’.
[525] Cantor, Die röm. Agrimensoren, p. 139.
[526] Cod. Theod. ii. 26. 1 (A.D. 330); ii. 26. 4 (A.D. 385).
[527] Cod. Theod. vi. 34 (A.D. 405).
[528] Mommsen, in Die Schriften der röm. Feldmesser, ii. 174.
[529] Ibid. i. 50. So Aggenus Urbicus, who probably lived in the fourth century.
[530] Ibid. i. 29. Gaul is frequently mentioned in the writings of these agrimensores, e.g. i. 29, 136, 307, 353, 368, &c.
[531] Ecl. x. Cf. another version, Ecl. xi.
[532] Ecl. xiii.
[533] Ecl. xiv.
[534] Ecl. xv.
[535] Ecl. xix.
[536] Ecl. xx, xxi.
[537] Ecl. xxv.
[538] Ecl. ii. 184 (ed. Peiper).
[539] Ecl. iii, ibid.
[540] Ecl. iv, ibid.
[541] De Orat. ii. 86.
[542] Instit. xi. 2. 1.
[543] De Orat. ii. 87.
[544] e.g. Carm. ix. 260 ff.
[545] Cf. Denk, op. cit., p. 134.
[546] Protrep., p. 261.
[547] Instit. xi. 2. 34.
[548] Instit. xi. 2. 21.
[549] Instit. xi. 2. 18 ff.
[550] Prof. i. 21-30.
[551] Prof. xvi. 13.
[552] Cf. Newman, Idea of a University, p. 127, ‘Memory is the first developed of the mental faculties’, and ff.
[553] Ep. 1119. Cf. Orat. iii, p. 436 (ed. Reiske). It is interesting to compare in this connexion Athenian school records of the classical period, in which there is no evidence that children were beaten, with the mime of Herondas, in which the flogging of a boy is elaborately described.
[554] Confess. i. 8 ff.
[555] Ch. 12.
[556] Cf. also Confess. i. 16, 17.
[557] Cf. Mosella, 85 ff.
Ergo notas scripto, tolerasti, Pergame, vultu,
et quas neglexit dextera, frons patitur.—Epigr. xxxvi, p. 325.
[559] Protrep. 5.
[560] Protrep. 9.
[561] This is the accepted reading, though the ‘o’ of Chiron should of course be long. There is a varia lectio ‘Achillea Chiron’. Glover remarks that Ausonius was prone to metrical blunders.
[562] Sat. vii. 210 ‘metuens virgae iam grandis Achilles’.
Tu quoque ne metuas, quamvis schola verbere multo
increpet et truculenta senex gerat ora magister ...
... nec te clamor plagaeque sonantes
nec matutinis agitet formido sub horis.—Protrep. 24.
[564] Protrep. 33. The flogging tradition persisted in the schools of Europe more or less unaltered at least thirteen centuries after Ausonius.
[565] Ep. ii. 10, v. 5.
[566] Ep. iv. 1. 3.
[567] Or. i, p. 171 (Reiske).
[568] Aug. Confess. i. 17.
[569] Libanius complains of the conduct of his students, Or. i. 199. The lecture was often interrupted by cries, i. 63. Cf. Ep. 348 ἐγένετο θόρυβος καὶ κρότος.
[570] Sievers, Das Leben des Libanios, p. 36, quoting Greg. Naz. Or. xx.
[571] Protrep. 70.
[572] Eucharisticon, 55 ff.
[573] Auson. Ep. xxx. 30 ff.
[574] Ibid. 39. Cf. the rest of the poem.
[575] Carm. ix. 312.
[576] Ep. iii. 1. 1.
[577] See Grasberger, Erziehung und Unterricht im klass. Alterthum, i. 28-163.
[578] Confess. i. 19.
[579] Euchar. 145.
[580] Confess. i. 9.
[581] Saint Augustin, transl., p. 39.
[582] Bertrand, op. cit., p. 42.
[583] Confess, i. 10.
[584] Confess. ii. 9.
[585] Ep. i. 2.
[586] Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[587] Ep. iii. 2. 3.
[588] Euchar. 122-34.
[589] Ep. i. 2. 5.
[590] viii. 6. 12.
[591] Ep. iii. 3. 2.
[592] Ep. ii. 2. 12; ii. 12. 1.
[593] Carm. xxi.
[594] Ep. ii. 2. 19.
[595] Ep. ii. 2. 15.
[596] Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[597] Ep. v. 17. 7.
[598] On the various forms of ball games, as far as they are known, see Grasberger, op. cit., i. 89-96.
[599] C. I. L. xii. 4501.
[600] Sid. Ep. i. 11. 10.
[601] ‘(Ex quorum usur)is omnibus annis ... (ludi) athletar(um) aut circen(ses ederen)tur’, C. I. L. xii. 670.
[602] C. I. L. xii. 1585.
[603] C. I. L. xii. 410.
[604] Ep. iv. 22.
[605] Cic. Tusc. iv. 33 (70).
[606] Rep. iv. 4. Cf. Plutarch, Cato, xx. 7.
[607] Ep. lxxxviii. 18 ‘luctatores et totam oleo ac luto constantem scientiam expello ex his studiis liberalibus’.
[608] Instit. i. 11. 15.
[609] Pliny, Pan. 13.
[610] Gallo-fränk. ... Bildungswesen, p. 93.
[611] Hist. Univ. Par. i. 29.
[612] Ibid. p. 25. He says of Autun before the Romans came: ‘Ibi etiam nobiles adulescentes cum schola coniunctam palaestram habebant’.
[613] Ann. iii. 43.
[614] Ep. ii. 2. 6.
[615] Ep. viii. 7. 2.
[616] Instit. i. 11. 15 ff.
[617] Ep. i. 5. 10, i. 6. 2.
[618] Gesch. der Erziehung, i. 481.
[619] ‘Spectavit assidue exercentes ephebos, quorum aliqua adhuc copia ex vetere instituto Capreis erat’, Suet. Aug. 98.
[620] Cf. Cramer, l.c.
[621] Eumen. Pro Instaur. Scholis, 7. For a detailed discussion of the site see Bulaeus’s Hist. Univ. Par. i. 33. Cf. Denk, Gallo-fränk. Unterricht, p. 91.
[622] Wissowa, Röm. Mittheilungen, v. 1890; i. p. 3.
[623] Eumen., op. cit., 21.
[624] Sen. Ep. i. 6.
[625] Blümner, Röm. Privatalterthümer, p. 320. Cf. Hettner, Führer durch d. Provincialmuseum zu Trier, p. 21.
[626] Euchar. 65 ff.
[627] Ep. v. 4.
[628] Jullian, op. cit., p. 30. Cf. Cod. Theod., passim.
[629] Scriptt. Hist. Aug. iv. 2.
[630] Prima creterra litteratoris rudimento excitat, secunda grammatici doctrina instruit, tertia rhetoris eloquentia armat. Hactenus a plerisque potatur’, Florida, 20 (ed. Helm).
[631] Confess. i. 13.
[632] verses 63 ff.
[633] Prof. x.
[634] Cf. Prof. x. 5-10.
[635] Cf. Glover, Life and Letters in Fourth Century, 106, who quotes Suet. Gram. 4; Gell. xvi. 6; Macrob. Sat. v. 19, 31.
[636] Prof. xxii. Cf. Cic. ad Fam. ix. 18 ‘Sella tibi erit in ludo tamquam hypodidascalo proxima’. Aug. Confess. viii. 6 ‘Nebridius autem amicitiae nostrae cesserat ut ... verecundo ... grammatico subdoceret’.
[637] Prof. xxii. 17.
[638] Prof. i.
[639] Revue intern. de l’Enseignement, 1893, pp. 31 ff.
[640] Euchar. 72.
[641] Protrep., l.c., ‘lactantibus annis’.
[642] Euchar. 121.
[643] MSS. have invitus, impurius. Cole (Later Roman Education, 1909) conjectures imperitus, which certainly gives much better sense.
[644] Cod. Theod., ed. Mommsen and Meyer, xiv. 9. 1.
[645] Ritter, ad Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[646] Prof. xvii.
[647] ‘Grammaticus circa curam sermonis versatur, et, si latius evagari vult, circa historias, iam ut longissime fines suos proferat, circa carmina (i.e. metrical studies: “Versuum lex ac modificatio”)’, Sen. Ep. xiii. 3. 3.
Quot commissa viris Romana Albanaque fata,
quotque doces horis quotque domi resides.—Ep. xviii. 9. 10.
[649] ‘Jeder trieb was er wollte, wie er wollte, in vielen oder wenigen Stunden’, op. cit., p. 122.
[650] Sievers, Libanios, p. 23.
[651] ‘Antemeridianas horas discipuli occupant’, Confess. vi. 11.
[652] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[653] Sidon. Ep. ii. 2.
[654] Confess. i. 16.
[655] Liban. Ep. 304.
[656] Ep. iv. 11. 1.
[657] Protrep. 1 ff.
[658] Ep. ii. 2.
[659] Eclog. xxiv.
[660] De Spectac. 7.
[661] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 41 ff.
[662] Sid. Ep. viii. 6. 5.
[663] Ep. v. 17. 6.
[664] Daremberg-Saglio, s.v. Feriae.
[665] Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 1.
[666] Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 18.
[667] ‘Illos tantum manere feriarum dies fas erit quos geminis mensibus ad requiem laboris indulgentior annus accepit, aestivis fervoribus mitigandis aut autumnis fetibus decerpendis. Kalendarum quoque Ianuariarum consuetos dies otio mancipamus. His adicimus natalicios dies urbium maximarum Romae atque Constantinopolis....’, Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 19.
[668] Cod. Theod. ii. 18. 20. Cf. Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 23, 25 (A.D. 409).
[669] Cod. Theod. ii. 2. 21; ii. 18. 19.
[670] Cf. the Christian Calendar 448, C. I. L. i, p. 335. Dedicated by Polemius Silvius to Eucherius. It shows nineteen pagan festivals.
[671] Cf. Aug. Confess. vi. 2. Monnica still practises pagan rites.
[672] Cf. the marks ‘N’ (nefastus), ‘NP’ (= N. F. P., Nefas, feriae publicae), put opposite the festival days in the calendar.
[673] Aug. Confess. ix. 2. Jullian includes the Vindemia in his calendar for the fourth century. Gothofredus (ad Cod. Theod. ii. 8. 18) notes that these holidays were movable. ‘Statae hae feriae non fuerunt verum ex consuetudine cuiusque loci praesides provinciarum has ferias statuebant.’
[674] Martial, x. 62.
[675] Liban. Or. i. 199; Ep. 382.
[676] Liban. Ep. 394; Sievers, op. cit., pp. 26 ff.
[677] Liban. Or. ii. 277. It was regarded as part of the boy’s education to learn how to behave at funerals.
[678] Liban. Or. ii. 271.
[679] Sidon. Ep. i. 5. 10.
[680] Ep. i. 9. 1.
[681] Aul. Gell. N. A. i. 9. 12. Bulaeus’s reference to a law of Charondas in this connexion rests on a false interpretation of Diodor. xii. 13.
[682] Rhetor. 6.
[683] ‘Nullius boni sine socio iucunda possessio est ... plus ... tibi et viva vox et convictus quam oratio proderit.... Zenonem Cleanthes non expressisset si tantummodo audisset: vitae eius interfuit, secreta perspexit, observavit illum, an ex formula sua viveret’, Ep. i. 6. 4.
[684] Gell. N. A. iii. 19.
[685] ‘Sicuti nuperrime aput mensam cum legerentur utraque simul Bucolica Theocriti et Vergilii, animadvertimus reliquisse Vergilium quod Graecum quidem mire quam suave est, verti autem neque debuit neque potuit’, Gell. ib. ix. 9.
[686] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 77.
[687] Suet. Gram. 17.
[688] Epigr. v. 56.
[689] Strabo, iv. 181. Cf. Jung, De Scholis Romanis in Gallia Comata, p. 20.
[690] ‘Oratoribus viginti quattuor annonarum e fisco emolumenta donentur, grammaticis Latino vel Graeco duodecim annonarum, deductior paulo numerus ex more, praestetur, ut singulis urbibus quae metropoles nuncupantur nobilium professorum electio celebretur, nec vero iudicamus liberum ut sit cuique civitati suos doctores et magistros placito sibi iuvare compendio’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[691] Annona, a day’s ration, ἡμερήσιον. A common way of reckoning salaries. Cf. Ammian. xxii. 4 ‘Tonsor quidam interrogans quid haberet in arte compendii, vicenas diurnas respondit annonas’.
[692] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[693] These are treated together here because they always appear together in the Theodosian Code.
[694] Ep. i. 79, v. 35 (Seeck) ‘Romanae iuventutis magistris subsidia detracta’, Cassiodor. Var. ix. 21.
[695] Op. cit., p. 122.
[696] Cf. Cassiodor. Var. ix. 21 ‘Cognovimus ... aliquorum nundinatione fieri ut scholarum magistris deputata summa videatur imminui’.
[697] Prof. xviii.
[698] Prof. xix.
[699] Prof. xvii.
[700] Pro Instaur. Schol. 11.
[701] Prof. xvii. 7.
[702] Cf. the Strenae to Ursulus, supra.
[703] iii. 2. 18. Referred to by Bulaeus, op. cit., i. 72.
[704] vii. 165.
[705] Op. cit., i. 72.
[706] Prof. xvii:
Pueros grandi mercede docendi
formasti rhetor.
[707] Liban. Or. ii, p. 279.
[708] Ibid. i. 199; Sievers, Liban., p. 26.
[709] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3.
[710] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[711] ‘Dagegen findet man nirgends eine Spur von einem Schuldirektor unter dessen Leitung die Lehrer ein bestimmtes Ziel in gemeinsamer Arbeit verfolgt hätten’, op. cit., p. 122.
[712] Caesar, B. G. vi. 13 ‘His autem omnibus Druidibus praeest unus’.
[713] Op. cit., p. 43.
[714] Prof. x. 11.
[715] Prof. viii. 10.
[716] Parent. iii. 9, 10. Cf. verse 19 ‘postquam primis placui tibi traditus annis’.
[717] Parent. iii. 15; Prof. xvi. 15, 17.
[718] Prof. i. 11, 25, 38.
[719] Prof. iii. 1.
[720] Prof. ii. 28 ‘amoris hoc crimen tui est’.
[721] Prof. v. 3.
[722] Prof. xx. 5.
[723] Except his tutor Arborius.
[724] Prof. vii-xiii, xviii, xxi, xxii, xxiv.
[725] Prof. xv.
[726] Prof. x. 51 ‘gloriolam exilem ... perdidit in senio’.
[727] Op. cit.
[728] Cf. Prof. xxiv. 6 ‘meque dehinc facto rhetore,’ etc.
[729] Op. cit., p. 122.
[730] Trans. Hazlitt, i. 291.
[731] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 30.
[732] As the Notitia Imperii Romani shows.
[733] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 48.
[734] Prof. i.
[735] For instances see Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 396.
[736] Guizot, op. cit., i. 301 ff. Cf. Denk, op. cit., p. 164.
[737] Cf. the frequent flight of curiales, and the laws in the Cod. Theod. about it. Also the harsh personal restrictions. A curial could not sell slaves or land except by permission of the governor of the province, Cod. Theod. xii. 3. 1. He could not bequeath his fortune to a man in another curia except by payment of a heavy duty to his original curia, Cod. Theod. xii. 1. 107. Emperors condemn miscreants, e.g. men who have rendered themselves unfit for military service by chopping off their thumbs, to enrolment in a curia, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 555.
[738] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 547; cf. p. 51, ‘Egress from inherited membership was inhibited by the Government except in rare instances’.
[739] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 70.
[740] Cf. the description of Seronatus who descends on the pale country folk ‘ceu draco e specu’, Sidon. Ep. v. 13. Even the rich have officials and taxes on the brain. At the feast of St. Just it is specially mentioned as a blessing (beatissimum) that there was no talk ‘de potestatibus aut de tributis’, Sid. Ep. v. 17. 5.
[741] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 51.
[742] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[743] Guizot, op. cit., i. 315. Cf. Vinogradoff in Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 567.
[744] ‘Singulis quibusque dignitatibus certum locum meritumque praescribsit (sic). Si quis igitur indebitum sibi locum usurpaverit, nulla se ignoratione defendat, sitque plane sacrilegii reus, qui divina praecepta neglexerit’, Cod. Theod. vi. 5. 2.
[745] Leges Visigothorum, ed. Zeumer, e.g. v. 4. 11, 7. 10, 7. 17.
[746] Jullian, op. cit., pp. 33 ff.
[747] ‘Toutes les classes se retrouvaient égales quand il s’agissait d’apprendre ou d’enseigner; les rangs se nivelaient à l’école’, ibid.
[748] Denk, Gallo-fränk. Unterrichts- u. Bildungswesen, p. 165.
[749] Röm. Gesch. i. 892.
[750] Hist. de France, i. 3. 391.
[751] Aus. Ep. xiv. 95.
[752] Protrep. 40.
[753] l.c. The students at Autun are ‘frequentia honestissimae iuventutis’, Pro Instaur. Schol. 5.
[754] ‘Libertinae condicionis homines, numquam ad honores vel palatinam adspirare militiam permittemus’, Cod. Theod. iv. 10. 3.
[755] e.g. Cod. Theod. xii. 19. 3. The heads of the classes (ordines) are warned not to let fugitives from the ‘curiae’ or ‘collegia’ hang about.
[756] Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1.
[757] Cod. Theod. iv. 6. 3, A.D. 336. For an illustration of these marriage laws in practice see the instance in Sidon. Ep. v. 19. The most heinous offence, of course, was the marriage between a slave and his mistress, the penalty being death (Cod. Theod. ix. 9. 1). Cf. the marriage laws in the Southern States of America.
[758] Special privileges are given to those who remain thirty years without a break in one place. ‘Eum, qui curiae vel collegio vel burgis ceterisque corporibus per triginta annos sine interpellatione servierit res dominica (imperial) vel intentio privata non inquietabit ... sed in curia vel corpore in quo servierit remaneat’, Justin. xi. 66. 6. Cod. Theod. xii. 19. 2, to the prefect of the Gauls, A.D. 400. Cf. xii. 19. 3, also to the prefect of the Gauls. For the ‘coloni’ see Cod. Theod. v. 17 and 18.
[759] Vinogradoff in Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 553.
[760] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1 ‘his dumtaxat exceptis qui corporatorum sunt oneribus adiuncti’.
[761] ‘Si quis originarius intra hos triginta annos (i.e. within a period of thirty years before the passing of the law) de possessione discessit, sive per fugam labsus seu sponte seu sollicitatione transductus, ... eum, contradictione submota, loco cui natus est cum origine (family) iubemus sine dilatione restitui’, Cod. Theod. v. 18. 1.
[762] ‘Ipsos etiam colonos qui fugam meditantur, in servilem condicionem ferro ligari conveniet, ut officia quae liberis congruunt merito servilis condemnationis compellantur implere’, Cod. Theod. v. 17. 1.
[763] Cod. Theod. vi. 20.
[764] Sidon. Ep. v. 17 ‘Cum passim varia ordinum corpora dispergerentur’.
[765] Pro Instaur. Scholis. 15 (ad fin.) and 16.
[766] Ep. i. 6. 4.
[767] Cf. the studious Hesperius, who, from his friends, must have been a nobleman, and is contrasted with the ‘turba imperitorum’, Ep. ii. 10. 6.
[768] ‘Plebeiam numeros docere pulpam’, Ep. xiv. 95. Cf. Introd. of Griphus dedicated to Symmachus. The author omits all antiquarian treatment of his subject ‘et quidquid profanum vulgus ignorat’.
[769] Ep. viii. 2. 2.
[770] Op. cit., p. 48.
[771] Cf. the instance of the workman at Silchester who scratched the word ‘satis’ on his work at the end of the day. ‘Casual scratchings on tiles or pots, which can often be assigned to the lower classes, prove that Latin was both read and spoken easily in Silchester and Caerwent’ (fourth century). Haverfield, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 375.
[772] Large, but hardly disproportionate. In England to-day the number of elementary teachers compared with post-elementary is about ten to one.
[773] Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3. Eight ‘rhetores’ and twenty ‘grammatici’. This, however, was at Constantinople. At Trèves the numbers were about equal, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[774] Sievers, Liban., p. 39.
[775] Italorum Epigram. xv.
[776] Prof. ii. 15.
Comis convivis, nunquam inclamare clientes,
ad famulos nunquam tristia verba loqui.—Prof. iii. 11.
[778] Prof. i. 31.
Nullo felle tibi mens livida, tum sale multo
lingua dicax blandis et sine lite iocis.—Prof. i. 31.
Patera is ‘Salibus modestus felle nullo perlitis’, Prof. iv. 19.
Facete comis animo iuvenali senex
cui felle nullo, melle multo mens madens.—Prof. xv. 1.
[781] Prof. vii.
[782] Prof. ix.
[783] Pro Instaur. Schol. 14 ‘gratitatem morum’.
[784] Prof. xxi. 7 ‘creditus olim fervere mero’.
[785] p. 198 (ed. Peiper).
[786] Ep. vi.
[787] Ep. xvi.
[788] ‘Quem locupletavit coniunx Hispana latentem’, Prof. xxiii. 5.
[789] Ibid.
[790] Prof. vi. 35 ‘connubium nobile’.
[791] Prof. xiii.
[792] Cod. Theod. vi. 21. 1 ‘si laudabilem in se probis moribus vitam esse monstraverint, si docendi peritiam ... se habere patefecerint, hi quoque cum ad viginti annos observatione iugi ac sedulo docendi labore pervenerint, iisdem ... dignitatibus perfruantur’.
[793] Prof. ix:
Et te, quem cathedram temere usurpasse locuntur
nomen grammatici nec meruisse putant.
[794] Prof. vii. 9.
[795] Prof. x. 35 ff., 42 ff., ‘doctrina exiguus’, ‘tenuem ... grammaticum’.
[796] Epigram. vi.
[797] Ibid. viii ff.
[798] Ibid. vii.
[799] De Scholis Romanis, p. 16.
[800] Like Glabrio, Prof. xxiv; Alcimus, Prof. ii; Delphidius, &c.
[801] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[802] Cf. Jullian, op. cit., p. 36.
[803] Pro Instaur. Scholis. 14.
[804] Cf. Tac. Agr. 4.
[805] Suet. Rhet. 1.
[806] Cf. Lucius Apuleius, Apologia iv ‘accusamus apud te philosophum formosum et tam graece quam latine—pro nefas—disertissimum’.
[807] Lampridius, Life of Alex. Sever. xliv. 4. Cf. Scriptt. Hist. Aug. i. 16. 8, on Hadrian’s patronage of professors.
[808] Pan. Lat. ix; Pro Instaur. Scholis, 14.
[809] Ibid. 3.
[810] Ibid. 4 ff.
[811] Ibid. 18. 3 ‘ad conspectum Romanae lucis emersit’.
[812] Ibid. 19.
[813] ‘Per omnem dioecesim commissam magnificentiae tuae, frequentissimis in civitatibus, quae pollent et eminent claritudine, praeceptorum optimi quique erudiendae praesideant iuventuti: rhetores loquimur et grammaticos Atticae Romanaeque doctrinae’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[814] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 6.
[815] Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 1.
[816] ‘Magistros studiorum doctoresque excellere oportet moribus primum, deinde facundia. Sed quia singulis civitatibus adesse ipse non possum, iubeo, quisque docere vult, non repente nec temere prosiliat ad hoc munus, sed iudicio ordinis probatus, decretum curialium mereatur, optimorum conspirante consensu. Hoc enim decretum ad me tractandum referetur, ut altiore quodam honore nostro iudicio studiis civitatum accedant’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[817] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 6.
[818] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 77.
[819] Suet. Aug. 46. Cf. C. I. L. x. 50, 56.
[820] Aurel. Victor, Ep. 12.
[821] C. I. L. ix. 1455; xi. 1147.
[822] Ael. Spart. Hadrian, § 7. Cf. Plin. Pan. 26-8; Ep. vii. 18.
[823] Pertinax could not pay all the ‘alimenta’ standing over from the reign of Commodus, Scriptt. Hist. Aug. Pertin. 9. 3.
[824] Cod. Theod. xi. 27. 1, A.D. 315.
[825] Cod. Theod. xi. 27. 2.
[826] Pro Instaur. Schol. 6. 4. ‘divina illa mens Caesaris, quae tanto studio praeceptorem huic conventui iuventutis elegit’.
[827] Liban. Or. i. 54. 120.
[828] e.g. Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[829] ‘Litterarum quoque habuere dilectum, neque aliter quam si equestri turmae vel cohorti praetoriae consulendum foret, quem fortissimum praeficerent, sui arbitrii esse duxerunt ...’, Pro Instaur. Scholis. 5.
[830] Pan. Lat. vi. 23. Cf. Symmachus, Ep. i. 20 ‘Iter ad capessendos magistratus saepe litteris promovetur.’
[831] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 5. 4 ‘ne ... veluti repentino nubilo ... deprehensi incerta dicendi signa sequerentur’.
[832] Prof. xvii. 4.
[833] Prof. ii. 13.
[834] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 1.
[835] ‘Ne autem litteraturae, quae omnium virtutum maxima est, praemia denegentur, eum qui studiis et eloquio dignus primo loco videbitur honestiore faciet nostra provisio sublimitate’, Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1. Cf. Napoleon’s scheme of education for the service of the State.
[836] Heynius. Opusc. Acad. vi. 91.
‘Sive panegyricis placeat contendere libris,
in Panathenaicis tu memorandus erit.’—Prof. i. 13.
[838] Pan. Lat. vi. 23.
[839] Ep. ix. 16; Carm. viii. 8.
[840] Ep. i. 9. 8.
[841] ‘In ius etiam vocari vel pati iniuriam prohibemus, ita ut, si quis eos vexaverit, centum milia nummorum aerario inferat, a magistratibus vel quinquennalibus exactus, ne ipsi hanc poenam sustineant: servus eis si iniuriam fecerit, flagellis debeat a suo domino verberari ...’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 1.
[842] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 3. Cf. xiii. 3. 7.
[843] ‘Grammaticos, oratores adque philosophiae praeceptores, nec non etiam medicos, praeter haec quae retro latarum sanctionum auctoritate consecuti sunt privilegia immunitatesque, frui hac praerogativa praecipimus, ut universi qui in sacro palatio inter archiatros militarunt cum comitiva primi ordinis vel secundi, nulla municipali, nulla curialium conlatione, nulla senatoria vel glebali describtione vexentur, ... sint ab omni functione omnibusque muneribus publicis immunes, nec eorum domus ubicumque positae militem seu iudicem suscipiant hospitandum. Quae omnia filiis etiam eorum et coniugibus inlibata praecipimus custodiri, ita ut nec ad militiam liberi memoratorum trahantur inviti. Haec autem et professoribus memoratis eorumque liberis deferenda mandamus’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 16. Confirmed by xiii. 3. 18.
[844] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 18. Cf. Pan. Lat. iv. 38 ‘Omnia foris placida, domi prospera annonae ubertate ... exornatae mirandum in modum ac prope de integro conditae urbes’, &c., &c.
[845] Pan. Lat. v. 5 ff.
[846] Ibid. § 9.
[847] Ibid. § 11.
[848] xxviii. 1.
[849] ‘At Valentinianus, magna animo concipiens et utilia, Rhenum omnem a Rhaetiarum exordio ad usque fretalem Oceanum magnis molibus communiebat, castra extollens altius et castella turresque adsiduas per habiles locos et opportunos, qua Galliarum extenditur longitudo: nonnunquam etiam ultra flumen aedificiis positis subradens barbaros fines’, ibid. 2.
[850] Ὠιήθη δεῖν καὶ τῆς εἰς τὸ μελλον ἀσφαλείας τῶν Κελτικῶν ἐθνῶν ποιήσασθαι προνοίαν, iv. 12 (ed. Mendelssohn).
[851] Ibid. vi. 3.
[852] Pan. Lat. xi. 19. He was probably a Gaul, § 9. Maximian, to whom the speech was addressed, frequently stayed there.
[853] Cf. Pichon, Études sur l’Hist. de la Litt. lat. dans les Gaules, i. 123, ‘L’Empire romain ... souffre d’une hypertrophie de l’organe central’, and ‘la cour absorbe tout sans rien distribuer’.
[854] Cf. esp. Mamertinus, Grat. Act. Iuliano.
[855] Grat. Act. Iuliano, i. ‘non minus exitialibus quam pudendis praesidentum rapinis’.
[856] Pottier in Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquités, s.v. Education.
[857] ‘Universos, qui usurpantes sibi nomina magistrorum in publicis magistrationibus cellulisque collectos undecumque discipulos circumferre consuerunt, ab ostentatione vulgari praecipimus amoveri, ita ut, si qui eorum post emissos divinae sanctionis adfatus, quae prohibemus adque damnamus iterum forte temptaverit, non solum eius quam meretur infamiae notam subeat, verum etiam pellendum se ex ipsa ubi versatur inlicite urbe cognoscat. Illos vero, qui intra plurimorum domus eadem exercere privatim studia consuerunt, si ipsis tantum modo discipulis vacare maluerint, quos intra parietes domesticos docent, nulla huiusmodi interminatione prohibemus. Sin autem ex eorum numero fuerint, qui videntur intra Capitolii auditorium constituti, ii omnibus modis privatorum aedium studia sibi interdicta esse cognoscant, scituri quod, si adversum caelestia statuta facientes fuerint deprehensi, nihil penitus ex illis privilegiis consequentur, quae his, qui in Capitolio tantum docere praecepti sunt, merito deferuntur’, Cod. Theod. xiv. 9. 3.
[858] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 5.
[859] e.g. Pan. Lat. xii. 19, 20, 25, 26. Cf. the scene in heaven, vi. 7. Cf. Pro Instaur. Scholis, 6. 2. ‘caelestia verba et divina sensa principum’, &c.
[860] Pan. Lat. ii, ad fin. Cf. xi. 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, &c.
Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores
quam cunctos alios, Marone dempto.—Dedication of the Eclogues.
[862] Prof. xiv.
[863] Pan. Lat. iv. 5.
Non habeo ingenium: Caesar sed iussit: habebo.
...
Non tutum renuisse deo.—Praefat. iv. 11.
[865] Grat. Act. iii.
Diligo Burdigalam, Romam colo....
... cunae hic, ibi sella curulis.—Ordo urb. nob. xx. 39.
[867] Euchar. 37.
[868] Ibid. 70, 145.
[869] Ibid. 424.
[870] Ibid. 44.
[871] ‘Reddatur unusquisque patriae suae, qui habitum philosophiae indebite et insolenter usurpare cognoscitur ... turpe enim est ut patriae functiones ferre non possit, qui etiam fortunae vim se ferre profitetur’, Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 7.
[872] Cf. Ammianus, xiv. 9. 5 ‘Epigonus ... amictu tenus philosophus’. Symm. Ep. i. 28 mentions his contemporary Barachus among those ‘qui philosophiam fastu et habitu metiuntur’.
[873] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 16. Cf. ‘Equidem ipsos patriae deos testor, tanto me civitatis istius amore flagrare, ut quocunque oculos circumtuli, ad restitutionem operum singulorum ita gaudio ferar ut spiritum identidem meum pro illorum salute devoveam, quorum iussu opibusque reparantur’. There is more than rhetoric in his words.
[874] Source book of the Hist. of Education, p. 395.
[875] Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 1. 1.
[876] De Scholis Roman., p. 13.
[877] Epigr. xv.
[878] Cf. Guizot, Hist. of Civilization, i. 320 ff.; Montalembert, Monks of the West, i. 187 ff.
[879] Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 4 ‘Habeat unus quisque licentiam sanctissimo catholicae (sc. ecclesiae) venerabilique concilio decedens bonorum quod optavit relinquere’. So in 434 Theodosius and Valentinian enacted that the intestate property of a Church official should go to his church or monastery, Cod. Theod. v. 3. 1.
[880] ‘Qui religiosa mente in ecclesiae gremio servulis suis meritam concesserint libertatem, eandem eodem iure donasse videantur quo civitas Romana solemnitatibus decursis dari consuevit’, Cod. Theod. iv. 7. 1, A.D. 321.
[881] ‘Qui divino cultui ministeria religionis impendunt ... ab omnibus omnino muneribus excusentur’, Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 2 et passim.
[882] Cod. Theod. xvi. 2. 41.
[883] Ambrose and Augustine complain of their heavy judicial duties; cf. Camb. Med. Hist. i. 566.
[884] Sidon. Ep. vii. 7; so Lupus had successfully negotiated with Attila for Troyes; see Lavisse, Hist. de Gaule, ii. 1. 1, pp. 21 ff., L’Épiscopat en Gaule au IVᵉ et au Vᵉ Siècle. Cf. Rambaud, Histoire de la civilisation française, i. 74, and the whole of Bk. I, chap. iv (Gaule chrétienne) for a useful summary of the activities and relations of the Gallic Church at this time.
[885] Cf. St. Martin’s opposition to Avitianus and Valentinian. Hilary of Arles declared the prefect unworthy of the sacrament, and he had to retire.
[886] e.g. Epictetus and the Stoics, who taught the equality of mankind.
[887] Cod. Theod. iv. 8. 5.
[888] Cod. Theod. iv. 8. 6; iv. 8. 9; iv. 9. 1.
[889] Cod. Theod. ii. 25. 1.
[890] Cappadocia was practically the only place where slaves were still bred for export to Rome.
[891] Cod. Theod. xv. 5 ‘de spectaculis’, A.D. 425.
[892] Cod. Theod. xv. 5. 7.
[893] Cod. Theod. xv. 7. 4, A.D. 380.
[894] ‘Scaenici et scaenicae, qui in ultimo vitae ac necessitate cogente interitus imminentis, ad dei summi sacramenta properarunt ... nulla posthac in theatralis spectaculi conventione revocentur’, Cod. Theod. xv. 7. 1, A.D. 371.
[895] Cod. Theod. xv. 12. 1.
[896] Cod. Theod. xv. 12. 2, A.D. 357.
[897] Cod. Theod. ix. 40. 8, A.D. 365.
[898] Theodoret, Hist. Eccles. v. 26.
[899] Glover, Life and Letters, p. 161. Cf. Sym. Ep. iv. 12, ix. 126.
[900] Cf. Sidon. Ep. vi. 12. 1, 5.
[901] Cod. Iust. xi. 26. Cf. Cod. Theod. xiv. 18. 1.
[902] It is true that pagan philosophers like Epicurus had women among their intimates, but their recognition was as much of an anomaly in the ancient world as they themselves were. With Christianity the recognition claimed a more general acceptance, though the claim was subsequently disregarded and never fully admitted.
[903] Cf. Camb. Med. Hist. i. 168.
[904] ‘Indecens visum. Repudiatis fiscalibus, propriis cum sumptibus vivere maluerunt’, Sulpic. Sever. Chron. ii. 41.
[905] Sid. Ep. vi. 1, viii. 11, ix. 11.
[906] Sid. Ep. iv. 17.
[907] Ep. iv. 17. 3 ‘Lupus ... Auspicius quorum doctrinae abundanti eventilandae nec consultatio tua sufficit’.
[908] Ep. vi. 12; ii. 10. 2; iv. 25. 5.
[909] Ep. ix. 3.
[910] Ep. vii. 1; iv. 9. 6; v. 14. 2.
[911] Ep. vi. 8; vii. 2. 7, 11; ix. 4.
[912] Ep. vii. 9; iv. 18.
[913] Montalembert, Monks of the West (transl.), i. 205.
[914] Antidosis, 231. See Hubbell, The Influence of Isocrates on Cicero, Dionysius, and Aristides.
[915] Ibid. 276. The subjects must be καλὰς καὶ φιλανθρώπους καὶ περὶ τῶν κοινῶν πραγμάτων.
[916] Pichon, Études sur l’histoire de la litt. lat. i. 42, is too severe on Isocrates’ theoretical and unpractical judgement.
[917] Gilbert Murray, Ancient Greek Literature, p. 344.
[918] Ὅσῳ περ ἄν τις ἐρρωμενεστέρως ἐπιθνμῇ πείθειν τοὺς ἀκούοντας, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀσκήσει καλὸς κἀγαθὸς εἶναι, καὶ παρὰ τοῖς πολίταις εὐδοκιμεῖν, Antidosis, 278 (ed. Blass).
[919] Antidosis, 253.
[920] ‘Illa vis autem eloquentiae tanta est, ut omnium rerum virtutum officiorum omnisque naturae quae mores hominum, quae animos quae vitam continet, originem vim mutationesque teneat, eadem mores leges iura describat, rem publicam regat, omniaque ad quamcumque rem pertineant ornate copioseque dicat’, De Oratore, iii. 20. 76.
[921] Ibid. iii. 15. 57. In Homeric days ‘neque diiuncti doctores, sed idem erant vivendi praeceptores atque dicendi’. Cf. 59 ‘ancipitem quae non potest esse seiuncta, faciendi dicendique sapientiam’.
[922] Ibid. i. 6. 20.
[923] Ibid. iii. 23. 87, 89.
[924] Boissier, in blaming Quintilian for this change in rhetoric, seems somewhat unfair (La fin du paganisme, i. 219 ff.). He says Quintilian regarded the grammarian as an intruder, but Quintilian is merely protesting against the assumption of the rhetor’s duties by the grammarian (ii. 1. 2-6) and is quite willing to give him his due (ii. 1. 13). However, he does seem to attach an exaggerated importance to rhetoric (e.g. ii. 20) as opposed to general knowledge.
[925] § 3 ἕλκει ἐκ τῶν ὤτων ἄπαντας δεδεμένους.
[926] ‘Neque ego unquam facundiam exercui, et populus Romanus virtutem armis adfirmavit: sed quoniam apud vos verba plurimum valent....’, Tac. Hist. iv. 73. Cf. the commentator Pithoeus, In Quintil. Declam., p. 415, ‘etiam infelicissimis temporibus superfuisse Galliae oratores suos, cum urbi ipsi deessent’.
[927] Comment. on Ep. to Galatians, ii; Migne, xxvi. 355.
[928] C. I. L. xii. 1941. Cf. ibid. 1949, 2039, 2058; xiii. 1. 1. 128 (a fifth-century stone with twenty-four lines of poetry); xiii. 1. 1. 2395, 2397.
[929] Jerome, Ep. 125. 6; Migne, xxii. 1075 ‘ubertatem Gallici nitoremque sermonis’.
[930] Ep. 372 (ed. J. C. Wolf, Amsterdam, 1738).
[931] Ibid.
[932] Ep. iv. 17. 1.
[933] ‘Heiden von hervorragender Stellung werden seit 450 in Gallien nicht mehr erwähnt, und unter den Christen gewann die strenge Mönchspartei einen immer grössern Einfluss und verdammte die Studien der Rhetoren’, Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, p. 31.
[934] De Idol. x.
[935] Ep. 21; Migne, xxii. 386.
[936] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi. 406) ‘ante scipiones et trabeas est pomposa recitatio’.
[937] Ibid.; Euchar., p. 395.
[938] ‘Ego illa quae vel commuto si sunt facta vel facio: quantisvis actionum tenebris involuto lux sufficit, quam legendo contulero. Ego sum per quam expectant homines reatum de turbida et innocentiam de serena ... ad meum compendium ubicumque est Romanus invigilat: fasces divitias honores si non ornamus, abiecta sunt: nos regna regimus’, ibid. ‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 407.
[939] Antidosis, 253.
[940] Ibid. 255 τοὺς κακοὺς ἐξελέγχομεν καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἐγκωμιάζομεν.
[941] De Orat. ii. 9. 35 ‘vituperare improbos ... laudare bonos’.
[942] ‘Quid quod declamationum nostrarum oblectatio vincit universa quae sapiunt, et opinionem quam conciliamus (perhaps a Vergilian reminiscence of urbem quam statuo) aeterna est?... De virorum fortium factis quod volumus creditur; actum nemo aestimat quod silemus. Poetica, iuris peritia, dialectica, arithmetica, cum me utantur quasi genetrice, me tamen adserente sunt pretio’, Ennod. l.c. Cf. Dictio XII. Rhetoric is the mainspring of literature.
[943] ‘Istae (virtutes) tamen prae foribus quasi nutricem ceterarum anteponunt Grammaticen, quae adulescentium mentes sapore artificis et planae locutionis inliciat, et ad Tullianum calorem scintillis praefigurati vaporis adducat’, ibid., p. 405.
[944] Ibid., p. 401.
[945] Ibid., p. 305.
[946] Euchar., p. 395. Cf. p. 396 ‘Sic dum me concinnationis superfluae in rhetoricis et poeticis campis lepos agitaret, a vera sapientia mentitam secutus abscesseram, nihil cupiens nisi auris vanae laudationis adsurgere’.
[947] Migne, x. 577.
[948] Cf. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Intro. xxviii (Nicene and post-Nicene Fathers).
[949] Cf. Constant. 11 ‘At nunc fructus operum tuorum, lupe rapax, audi ... Levius te putas, sceleste, Iudaeorum impietate peccasse?’ § 25 ‘O tu sceleste, qui ludibrium de Ecclesia facis’, &c.
[950] Cf. e.g. § 12 de Seleuciae Synodo.
[951] Vita Hilarii (by Honoratus), Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 1231.
[952] Ibid. ‘non doctrinam, non eloquentiam, sed nescio quid super homines consecutum’.
[953] Chronologia Lerinensis, i. 33.
[954] Hom. I.
[955] Hom. XX.
[956] Hom. XIII.
[957] Hom. XIII.
[958] Hom. XIV.
[959] de Idol. x.
[960] Matt. xii. 34-7; Mark xiii. 11. Cf. Glover, The Jesus of History, p. 83.
[961] 1 Cor. i. 17.
[962] Cf. Salvian, De Gubern. Dei, praef. 3 ‘rerum magis quam verborum amatores’. Cassian, Instit., praef. 3 ‘me quoque elinguem et pauperem sermone et scientia ... quamvis imperito digeram stilo’. Vita Caesar., praef. 2 ‘quod stylus noster videtur pompa verborum et cautela artis grammaticae destitutus’.
[963] Ep. vii. 2. 1.
[964] Ep. viii. 16. 3.
[965] Cf. Sym. Ep. vii. 9 ‘ingeniorum varietas in familiaribus scriptis neglegentiam quandam debet imitari’.
[966] Institut. Divin. i. 1. 10.
[967] e.g. Ep. ii. 8; vii. 17. Cf. Le Blant, Nouveau recueil, No. 311 (fifth cent.) and 441.
[968] Le Blant, Inscrip. chrét. de la Gaule, No. 215. Cf. No. 256.
[969] ‘Sanctus Hilarius Gallico cothurno attollitur et quum Graeciae floribus adornetur longis interdum periodis involvitur, et lectione simplicium fratrum procul est’, Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 585; Ep. 58. Cf. ibid. 395 ‘Nulla est in hoc libello adulatio ... nulla erit rhetorici pompa sermonis’; and ibid. 459 ‘Sint alii diserti ... mihi sufficit sic loqui ut intelligar’.
[970] De vita contempl. xxiii.
[971] Ep. 52. 8; Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 534.
[972] Dialog. i. 27.
[973] Appendix, Augustine, Serm. 10; Migne, xxxix. Cf. Aug. in Psalm. 36. Serm. 3. 6 ‘melius in barbarismo nostro vos intellegitis quam in nostra disertitudine vos diserti estis’.
[974] Cf. Sid. Ep. iv. 16; v. 15; Carm. xi.
[975] Ruric. i. 4.
[976] ii. 18.
[977] ii. 38.
[978] Jerome, Ep. xxii (Migne, Pat. Lat. xxii. 416) ‘Si quando ... prophetas legere coepissem, sermo horrebat incultus’.
[979] Vita Martini, i.
[980] Ibid.
[981] Cf. Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization, i. 88 ff.
[982] Ep. 22, § 30 ‘Quae enim communicatio lucis ad tenebras? Quid facit cum psalterio Horatius? Cum Evangeliis Maro? Cum Apostolis Cicero?’ His struggles with his passionate love for pagan letters, and the story of the angel in his dream who told him he was a Ciceronian and not a Christian (Migne, xxii. 416) are well known.
[983] Hilar. Pict., Migne, ix. 502.
[984] Aug. Confess. i. 16; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 685.
Non vitium nostrum est? Paulo et Salamone relicto
quod Maro cantatur Phoenissae et Naso Corinnae,
quod plausum accipiunt lyra Flacci aut scena Terenti?
nos horum, nos causa sumus: nos turpiter istis
nutrimenta damus flammis.—Migne, lxi. 970.
Nunc alia mentem vis agit, maior deus
...
vacare vanis, otio aut negotio,
et fabulosis litteris
vetat....—Ep. xxxi. 29 ff.
[987] Ibid. 37 ff.
[988] See Ozanam, op. cit., i. 87 ff.
[989] Pacatus, Pan. on Theod., § 42, A.D. 389.
[990] Cf. vii. 13; vi. 3, 9; v. 13; ix. 10, 16, 20, &c.
[991] Pro Saltatoribus, 18, Libanius, ed. Foerster.
[992] Cf. Keil, Gram. Lat., passim. The authority, not the truth, of a dogma is the main point to the grammarian.
[993] e.g. Macrobius’s Saturnalia is an example of what a youth’s education should be. All kinds of subjects are treated, but Christianity is not once mentioned. Symmachus and Capella, both representative of culture in their day, are silent about Christianity. There was always the suspicion, even between two contending Christians, that the other might not have had the rhetorical or philosophical training necessary for argument. Cf. Jerome to Vigilantius: ‘Scilicet et gloriari cupis ... me non potuisse respondere eloquentiae tuae et acumen in te Chrysippi formidasse’ (Migne, xxii. 604).
[994] De Reditu, i. 440.
[995] Ibid. 443.
[996] Ibid. 521.
[997] Ep. lxi. 3; Ep. 1. 2.
[998] Ep. lii. 9. Cf. Ep. lvii. 12 ‘qui sermone se dicit imitari apostolos, prius imitetur in vita’.
[999] ‘Sancta rusticitas solum sibi prodest et, quantum aedificat ex vitae merito ecclesiam Christi, tantum nocet si destruentibus non resistat’, Ep. liii. 3.
[1000] Rocafort, De Paul. Pell. vita et carm., p. 75. Cf. Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization in Fifth Cent., i. 233.
[1001] Sedul. Carm. Pasch., Dedicatio, Migne, xix. 538.
[1002] Socrates, Hist. Eccles. iii. 16; Migne, Pat. Graeca, lxvii. 418; Sozomen, v. 18; Migne, Pat. Graeca, lxvii. 1270.
[1003] De Gallorum oratorio ingenio, 93.
[1004] Ep. xxxi. 22 ff.
[1005] ‘Cumque in primis partibus vincas alios, in penultimis te ipsum superas ... et cum Tulliana luceat (sc. genus eloquii) puritate, crebrum est in sententiis’, Ep. lviii, Migne xxii. 584.
[1006] e.g. Jerome made his monks copy Cicero.
[1007] Ozanam, op. cit., i. 27. Cf. his plea for using the pagan writings, Ep. lxx, Migne xxii. 665 ‘Quis enim ignorat et in Moyse et in Prophetarum voluminibus quaedam assumpta de Gentilium libris’.
[1008] Cf. the fifth-century compilation ‘collatio legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum’.
[1009] Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, p. 54.
[1010] Maxima Bibliotheca Patrum, vol. viii, p. 840. Homiliae, 20 ‘negociatores, qui cum litteras non noverint, requirunt sibi mercenarios litteratos’.
[1011] Sid. Ep. iv. 25.
[1012] Ep. vii. 9.
[1013] Ep. vi. 12.
[1014] Euseb. Hist. Eccl. v. 10. (Migne, Pat. Gr. xx. 456.)
[1015] Acts xix. 9. The school of Tyrannus.
[1016] Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. i. 3.
[1017] Suidas, s.v. Λουκιανὸς ὁ μάρτυς.
[1018] Cf. Ozanam, op. cit., i. 30, ‘Gaul—the peculiar land for the cenobitic life’.
[1019] Gennad. Vir. ill. xix.
[1020] Ep. vii. 16.
[1021] e.g. Jerome against Vigilantius.
[1022] Sulpic. Sev. Dial. i. 23. Cf. Jerome’s constant answers to inquirers on theological questions (the women of Gaul, Ep. 120, 121) and Eucherius’s answers to his son.
[1023] Vita Hilarii, Migne, li. 1229.
[1024] Vita Caes. i. 5, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1020 ‘In disserendis autem Scripturis’, &c.
[1025] Vita Caes., Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1004.
[1026] Cf. Ennod. Ep. ii. 6.
[1027] Hist. litt. de la France, ii. 245.
[1028] Cf. Paulin. Pell. Euchar. 521.
[1029] Cassian, Instit. ix. 18.
[1030] Gennad. de Script. Eccles. 65.
[1031] Cf. Sidon. Ep. ix. 9.
[1032] Sid. Ep. vi. 1.
[1033] Hist. mérid. de la Gaule, i. 403.
[1034] ‘(Deus) per orbem uberes palmites ampliavit, multiplicatisque eius tentoriis, fecit suos funiculos prae caeteris monasteriis longiores’, i. 22.
[1035] Carm. xvi. 109 ff. ‘quantos illa insula plana miserit in caelum montes’. Cf. Ep. vii. 7. 3; viii. 14. 2; ix. 3. 4.
[1036] Guizot, Histoire de la civilisation en France, i. 93.
[1037] ii. 130.
[1038] Salvian, Ep. i.
[1039] Bolland, Acta Sanctorum, Jan. 6, i. 328, § 2. Cf. Kaufmann, Kloster- u. Rhetorenschulen, 75.
[1040] Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1109 ‘Omnes litteras discant: omni tempore duabus horis lectioni vacent’. A brother of Sidonius was educated by Faustus (Carm. xvi. 72), but whether at Lérins or afterwards at Riez is doubtful.
[1041] Migne, Pat. Lat. l. 773 eloquentia and sapientia are mentioned among the subjects.
[1042] Chron. Ler. i. 321.
[1043] Denk, op. cit., p. 187.
[1044] For a full treatment see Seidl, Die Gottverlobung der Kinder oder de pueris oblatis.
[1045] Ennodius, Vita Epiphan., Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat., p. 332.
[1046] Ep. iv. 25.
[1047] Caesarius, Regula ad Virgines, Migne, Pat. Lat. lxvii. 1107.
[1048] Bulaeus, Hist. Univ. Par. i. 82.
[1049] ‘Quicunque in clero puberes aut adulescentes existunt omnes in uno conclavi atrii commorentur ut ... in disciplinis ecclesiasticis agant, deputati probatissimo seniori, quem et magistrum doctrinae et testem vitae habeant’, Hefele, Conciliengesch. iii. 82.
[1050] Remig. Ep. 4; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxv. 969.
[1051] Cf. C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 2385.
[1052] Theodoret, Hist. Eccl. iv. 15; Migne, Pat. Gr. lxxxii. 1157.
[1053] ‘Fiant ei litterae vel buxeae vel eburneae et suis nominibus appellentur: ludat in eis, ut et lusus eius eruditio est’, Ep. cvii. 4.
[1054] Inst. i. 1-26.
[1055] Ep. i. 6.
[1056] Cf. Eumen. Pro Instaur. Schol. 20, § 3.
[1057] Ep. cxxviii. 1.
[1058] Inst. i. 1. 30. He protests against a hurried introduction of reading or writing.
[1059] ‘Qui autem ad huiusmodi provehitur gradum, iste erit doctrina et libris imbutus, sensuumque ac verborum scientia perornatus’, De Eccl. Offic. ii. 11. 2; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 791.
[1060] ‘Lector cum ordinatur, faciat de illo verbum episcopus ad plebem, indicans eius fidem ac vitam atque ingenium. Post haec, spectante plebe, tradat ei codicem de quo lecturus est, dicens ad eum: Accipe, et esto verbi Dei relator, habiturus, si fideliter et utiliter impleveris officium, partem cum eis qui verbum Dei ministraverunt’, Migne, op. cit. lxxxiv. 201.
[1061] De Felice, iv. 108.
[1062] Boissieu, Inscrip. de Lyon, p. 584.
[1063] Instit. i. 1. 27.
[1064] Ep. cvii. 4.
[1065] Denk, op. cit., quotes Mabillon, An. i. 352.
[1066] Life of Martin, x.
[1067] Ibid.
[1068] Regula ad Virgines, Migne, lxvii. 1109.
[1069] Bolland, Acta Sanctorum, August. 11, p. 657.
[1070] These acta were originally acta proconsularia, i.e. the official record of proceedings at the trials of Christian martyrs. Sometimes the Christians themselves would make notes on the trial, sometimes they would purchase from the clerks copies of the official report. Having obtained an account in either of these ways they usually embroidered the facts with mystic and visionary embellishments. For two examples of the original official protocols see Hardy, Studies in Roman History, p. 151.
[1071] Cf. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, Intro. xl. Origen is a case in point.
[1072] Adopting the emendation of Salinas.
[1073] Vita Hilarii, Migne, l. 1232.
[1074] ‘Apposito notario, cogebat (sc. me Ausonius) loqui quae velociter edita velox consequeretur manus ...’, Ep. cxviii.
[1075] Ep. cxviii.
[1076] Peristeph. Hymn. ix. 21-4; Migne, lx. 434.
[1077] Ep. v. 15.
[1078] Ep. ix. 7. 1.
[1079] Cassian, Inst. iv. 17; Caesarius, ad Monachos 49, ad Virgines 16.
[1080] ‘De loquela per gestum digitorum et temporum ratione’. Cf. p. 59.
[1081] De artibus Donati, 4.
[1082] Cantor, Ueber die Gesch. der Mathematik, i. 450.
[1083] Alcuin, Ep. 103, De comparatione numerorum Veteris et Novi Testamenti; Migne, Pat. Lat. c. 476. An example of the strained way in which the comparison was worked out is the following: ‘Quatuor eunt elementa quibus mundi ornatus maxime constat. Quatuor sunt virtutes quibus minor mundus, id est, homo ornari debet.’
[1084] Cf., besides the case already quoted, ii. 135, ‘viguit in Grammaticae artis disciplinis rationalibus ac dialecticorum praedicamentorum argumentis exilibus et Aristotelicis definitionibus, nec non Rhetoricorum protelationibus’, and ii. 328. Aygulpus is instructed at Blesium in ‘Grammatica, Rhetorica, Dialectica omniumque scientiarum genere’.
[1085] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne en Gaule, p. 73.
[1086] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 331.
[1087] Aus. Epist. xxxi.
[1088] Ep. cxviii ad fin. (Migne, xxii. 966).
[1089] For a discussion of his date see Pauly-Wissowa, s.v.
[1090] They were prescribed by the statutes of all the leading mediaeval schools in England, and among their numerous editors were Brinsley (1612) and Hoole (1659). They dealt with Stoic morals, enmity and friendship, adversity and prosperity, avarice and adulation, &c., and were obviously unsuited to young children. Watson, English Grammar Schools to 1660, p. 122, quotes the following as a favourable specimen:
Cum te quis laudet, iudex tuus esse memento;
plus aliis de te, quam tu tibi, credere noli.
officium alterius multis narrare memento;
atqui aliis cum tu benefeceris, ipse sileto.
[1091] Ep. x. 3 ‘Eius scripta summam quandam litterarum Gallicarum eo saeculo continent’. He may be the same as the Agricius or Argicius of Ausonius, Prof. xvi. 6.
[1092] e.g. in Cassian’s Instituta divin. et secular. litterarum and Isidore of Seville’s Etymologiae.
[1093] Migne, lxxi. 572.
[1094] ‘Die Zeitgenossen sprechen von dem Kloster als einer schola; von den Mönchen als den discipuli; sie bezeichnen damit die religiös-sittliche Erziehung’, op. cit., p. 62.
[1095] Migne, Liber Instructionum, l. 728.
[1096] Cf. Migne, l.c., l. 775 ff. and 730 ff.
[1097] Migne, l. 775 ff.
[1098] ‘Properantes ad se de disciplinis saecularibus salutis opifex non refutat, sed ire ad illas quemquam de suo nitore non patitur. Iam si eum mundo subtraxeras, mundi in eo schemata non requiras: erubesco ecclesiastica profitentem ornamentis saecularibus expolire’, Ep. ix. 9. (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. vi. 234.)
[1099] Ad Salonium Prolog. Migne, l. 773.
[1100] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne, p. 70.
[1101] Harnack says that it was introduced into the West under the cloak of church-doctrine and through the medium of Augustine, Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 568.
[1102] Cod. Theod. ix. 16. 7 (A.D. 364); 16. 8 ‘cesset mathematicorum tractatus’. Learning and teaching the subject are forbidden on pain of death (370). As late as 409 we find such a law (16. 12).
[1103] Praef. Formulae.
[1104] Ep. xiv. l. 17.
[1105] Hist. of Civilization, i. 402.
[1106] Cf. ‘quin hoc idem senserint scriptoque prodiderint Arcippus ... et omnes Pythagorae posteri, quorum videlicet nominum ne dicam sententiarum multitudine, si eadem prodita velim, volumen efficerem’. He had evidently made a special study of the Pythagoreans.
[1107] Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 412.
[1108] ‘Anima inditur corpori per numerum et immortalem eandemque incorporalem convenientiam’, De Statu animae, ii. 7.
[1109] Ep. iv. 11.
[1110] Ep. ix. 9. 13.
[1111] Cf. Ep. iv. 1. 3 ‘inter Aristotelicas categorias’; and Ep. iv. 3. 6; ix. 9. 14; Carm. ii. 174.
Cum pusillis et iocamur inter ipsa dogmata
nam iubet rigor magister ne per omne terreas,
‘Ambrosio et Beato’, p. 406, Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi.
[1113] Ep. iv. The authorship of this letter has been questioned.
[1114] Ep. xxxii. 33 ‘Ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus et saepe manum ferulae subduximus’. Cf. c. Rufin. iii. 6 ‘Nec tibi, ut dicis, ferulas adhibeo neque athenogeronta (Senem discipulum) meum scutica et plagis litteras docere contendo’.
[1115] Sidon. Ep. vi. 1.
[1116] ‘Bene in omnibus causis timor obtemperat disciplinae: qui pro hoc ipso, quod imminentes periculorum causas aut iras iudicum cavere novit, potestatem conservandae salutis obtinuit.... Omnia sub metu disciplinae vitia iacent’, Hom. I, La Bigne, Patrologia Patrum, vol. viii.
[1117] Acta SS. Ordin. Benedict., Praef., lix. ff.
[1118] Isidor. Regula, 6; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxxiii. 874.
[1119] Vita Caesarii, i. 9; Migne, lxvii. 1003.
[1120] Instit. x. 14.
[1121] Ibid. 17, 18; Ephesians iv. 28.
[1122] Cassian, Instit. 21; Proverbs xxviii. 19.
[1123] Cassian, Instit. 22.
[1124] Ibid. 24.
[1125] Migne, l. 718.
[1126] De Statu animae, ii. 9. Erasmus praised the purity of his style in his dedicatory letter to the works of Eucherius (1531).
[1127] Gen., ch. 70, ed. Herdingius.
[1128] Ch. 65. Cf. Ebert, Gesch. der christ. lat. Literatur, iii. 18.
[1129] Op. cit., p. 85.
[1130] ‘Alpina corpora umente caelo educata habent quiddam simile nivibus suis’, Florus, Epitome de Tito Livio, i. 20, ed. Halm; Caesar, B. G. iii. 19. Cf. Dio Cass. Excerpta, τῆς Γαλατίας τὸ κοῦφον καὶ τὸ δειλὸν καὶ τὸ θρασύ, and Livy vii. 12. 11.
[1131] ‘Ad militandum omnis aetas aptissima, et pari pectoris robore senex ad procinctum ducitur et adultus, gelu duratis artubus et labore assiduo multa contemptura et formidanda’, xv. 12.
[1132] xv. 11. 5.
[1133] De Gub. Dei, vii. 12.
[1134] Ibid. vi. 3.
[1135] Ibid.
[1136] Histoire de la Gaule, i. 438.
[1137] The laws against rape are many and severe. A man who abused a girl was delivered over to her as a slave with all his goods after receiving two hundred blows, Cod. Vis. iii. 3. 1. If a woman marries her paramour both are put to death, iii. 3. 2. An instance of their sense of honesty is the Goth who sent Paulinus, living in poverty and banishment at Marseilles, the price for his captured property, Euchar. 570 ff.
[1138] Cod. Theod. ix. 7. 1 (A.D. 326).
[1139] ‘Deportatione plectatur adque universae eius facultates fisci viribus vindicentur’, Cod. Theod. ix. 8. 1.
[1140] Ibid. ix. 9. 1.
[1141] ‘Denegata audientia patibulo adfigatur’, ibid. ix. 5 (A.D. 314).
[1142] Ibid. ix. 6. 3 (A.D. 397).
[1143] ‘Iudices qui se furtis et sceleribus fuerint maculasse convicti, ablatis codicillorum insignibus et honore exuti inter pessimos quosque et plebeios habeantur’, ix. 27. 1.
[1144] Cf. ix. 19. 1. A Curial is to lose his social status as a punishment.
[1145] Euchar. 87.
[1146] Hist. de France, i. 3. 421.
[1147] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1, 1862, 2200, 2205; xii. 2039, &c.
[1148] Cf. those of Sidonius and Ausonius.
[1149] Ep. 88.
[1150] Ep. 88 ‘Quid mihi prodest scire agellum dividere ... simus hoc titulo rusticiore contenti: O virum bonum’.
[1151] Cf. the modern controversy about religious education, and the criticism that the dry facts are brought out in scriptural teaching rather than the spirit of the Bible.
[1152] Pro Instaur. Scholis, 14.
[1153] ‘Credo igitur, tali Caesar ... instinctu, tanto studium litterarum favore prosequitur, ut non minus ad providentiam numinis sui existimet pertinere bene dicendi quam recte faciendi disciplinas, et pro divina illa intelligentia mentis aeternae, sentiat litteras omnium fundamenta esse virtutum, utpote continentiae, modestiae, vigilantiae, patientiae magistras’, Pro Instaur. Scholis, 8. Cicero’s actual words in de Orat. iii. 15. 57 ‘illa doctrina ... et recte faciendi et bene dicendi magistra’.
[1154] Cf. Horace, Ars Poet. 310 ff.
[1155] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1. 393.
[1156] ‘Fabricatum Martius Campus militem suscipit, quem simulacrum mentitae dimicationis animavit nec pedem retorquet a classicis cui bucinarum clangor et ministeria belli inter pacis blandimenta crepuerunt. Usu enim virtus nutrita grandescit et de institutione nascitur periculorum tolerantia’, Ennodius, ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. vi. 405).
[1157] Confess. i. 16.
[1158] Ibid. i. 18.
[1159] Ep. 88, § 20.
[1160] Ep. ii. 2. 6.
[1161] Ep. iii. 13. 1.
[1162] Op. cit., p. 35.
[1163] Liv. iii. 44.
[1164] Epigr. viii. 3.
[1165] Trist. ii. 369.
[1166] Protrep. 33.
[1167] Parent. vi.
[1168] De nuptiis Honor. 232.
[1169] Victor, rhetorician at Marseilles towards the end of the fifth century. De perversis aetatis moribus ad Salmonem epistola, Migne, lxi. 970.
[1170] So he says, Carm. xxiv. 95.
[1171] Ep. ii. 10. 5.
[1172] Ep. ii. 2. 9 ‘frons triclinii matronalis’. Carm. xv. 144 ‘Hoc opus (of a work of embroidery) virgineae posuere manus’.
[1173] Sidonius mentions the place set apart for the women in the library, Ep. ii. 9. 4.
[1174] Ep. 127.
[1175] Mon. Germ. Hist. vi. 2, p. 173, Canon 36.
[1176] Ibid., p. 182.
[1177] Aug. de Mor. Eccles. Cath. i. 70.
[1178] e.g. in the second Preface to his translation of the Psalms, Migne, xxix. 118.
[1179] Daniel, the twelve Minor Prophets, Isaiah, Psalms, Esther, Samuel and Kings, and to Eustochium alone (after Paula’s death) Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.
[1180] Ozanam, Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century, i. 246. Cf. for Jerome’s connexion with Gaul, Ep. v. 2; Ep. 117, 120, 121. Adv. Iovianum, ii. 7 (acquaintance with Hilary). For Augustine, Holmes, Christian Church in Gaul, pp. 383 ff. For Ambrose, E. W. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, p. xi.
[1181] Migne, xix. 542.
[1182] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. vi. 409).
[1183] De Ord. i. 11; Migne. xxxii. 992.
[1184] Ars Amat. ii. 281.
[1185] Wilamowitz, On Greek Historical Writing (trans. G. Murray), p. 16, ‘The Greeks and Romans had no education in history’; p. 18, ‘No man in antiquity ever gave lectures on history’. Chassang remarks that there was no separate ‘chair’ for history, Le Roman dans l’antiquité, p. 98. Glover, Life and Letters, p. 106.
[1186] Röm. Privatalt., p. 328, note 3.
[1187] Aus. Prof. xxvi. 3:
Historia si quos vel poeticus stylus,
Forumve fecit nobiles.
This seems to indicate that history was conceived of as a separate subject.
[1188] Protrep. 61.
[1189] Prof. xx. 8 ‘Historiam callens Livii et Herodoti’.
[1190] Aus. Ep. x. 32. 22.
[1191] Tech. x.
[1192] Instit. x. l. 31 ‘Historia est proxima poetis et quodam modo carmen solutum’. Cf. Wilamowitz’ Oxford lecture on Greek historical writing (trans. G. Murray, p. 4). ‘The ancients were even further from a genuine science of history than from a genuine science of nature.... The method of historical research which we regard as an imperative duty is scarcely a century old.... And yet ... the first thing is to recognise that all our historical writing rests on foundations laid by the Greeks, as absolutely as does all our natural science.’
[1193] Ep. xx. (title).
[1194] Prof. xvi. 11.
[1195] Carm. ix. 240 ff.
[1196] Prof. xx. 9.
Memor, celer, ignoratis
adsidue in libris, nec nisi operta legens,
exesas tineisque opicasque evolvere chartas
maior quam promptis cura tibi in studiis.—Prof. xxii. 1.
[1198] Prof. xxii. 14.
[1199] Ibid. 3, 4.
[1200] De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine, p. 33.
[1201] Cf. Dill, Rom. Soc., p. 424.
[1202] De Ordine, ii. 12; Migne, xxxii. 1012 ‘huic disciplinae (Grammaticae) accessit historia ... non tam ipsis historicis quam grammaticis laboriosa’.
[1203] Pan. Lat. viii. 1.
[1204] Libri de Fastis, iii. 3 (p. 194, Peiper’s ed.).
[1205] Ibid. i. 8.
[1206] Ibid. iv. 3.
[1207] Puech. De Paulini ... Ausoniique epistolarum commercio, p. 11.
[1208] Antike Kunstprosa, p. 81.
[1209] ‘Concessum est rhetoribus ementiri in historiis, ut aliquid dicere possint argutius’, Brut. 42.
[1210] De leg. i. 5 (quoted Norden).
[1211] Inst. x. 2. 21.
[1212] e.g. Pan. Lat. xi. 10.
[1213] Ibid. xii. 5.
[1214] Pro Instaur. Schol. 10.
[1215] ‘Ibi (in the school), fortissimorum imperatorum pulcherrimae res gestae per diversa regionum argumenta, recolantur, dum calentibus semperque venientibus victoriarum nuntiis, revisuntur gemina Persidos flumina et Libyae arva sitientia, et convexa Rheni cornua et Nili ora multifida, dumque sibi ad haec singula intuentium animus adfingit, aut sub tua, Diocletiane Auguste, clementia, Aegyptum, furore posito, quiescentem, aut te Maximiane invicte, perculsa Maurorum agmina fulminantem.... Nunc enim, nunc demum, iuvat orbem spectare depictum, cum in illo nihil videmus alienum’, Ibid. 21.
[1216] Ep. iv. 22. 5.
[1217] Ibid.
[1218] Symm. Ep. iv. 32. Cf. iv. 18; Symmachus refuses the request that he should write a history.
[1219] Ep. viii. 15. 1.
[1220] De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, p. 29.
[1221] See Woodward, Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire, p. 5. Cf. the saying of Donatus ‘quid est imperatori cum ecclesia?’
[1222] Cf. Woodward, Christianity and Nationalism in the later Roman Empire (1916).
[1223] Ibid., p. 5.
[1224] Orosius, v. 2. 1 (quoted Dill, op. cit., p. 315).
[1225] Strabo, iv. 4.
[1226] See p. 9. Lucian in the second century found a Gallic philosopher, ἀκριβῶς Ἑλλάδα φωνὴν ἀφιείς, Herak. iv.
[1227] Cf. Fauriel, Hist. de la Gaule, i. 432.
[1228] Jullian, Revue internat. de l’Enseignement, p. 37 (1893). Cf. Jullian, Histoire de Bordeaux, pp. 27, 28.
[1229] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 150. Cf. No. 326 (Narbonne) νιψάμενος προσεύχου and the Christian signs; the labarum, with α and ω.
[1230] Ibid., No. 374.
[1231] Cf. Jerome, Ep. 130 ‘negotiatoribus et avidissimis mortalium Syris’, and Eumen. Pro Instaur. Schol. 12 ‘Syrus mercator’.
[1232] Le Blant, Épigraphie chrétienne, p. 43.
[1233] Pro Instaur. Schol. 7.
[1234] ‘Genitor ille deorum oceanus’ = Iliad Ξ 201 of which 178 appears in ‘Iovi et Iunoni recubantibus novos flores terra submisit’. Cf. Brandt, Eumenios von Augustodunum, 20.
Cecropiae commune decus Latiaeque camenae
solus qui Chium miscet et Ammineum.—Ep. xxxi. 31.
[1236] Cod. Theod. xiii. 3. 11.
[1237] e.g. Misopogon, 342 (see Hertlein). One of the boasts of Favorinus of Arles (second century) was that, though a Gaul, he could write and speak Greek, Philostratus, Vita Soph. i. 206 (ed. Kayser).
[1238] Pro Instaur. Schol. 17.
[1239] Domest. iv. 9.
[1240] Prof. viii:
Obstitit nostrae, quia, credo, mentis
tardior sensus, neque disciplinis
adpulit Graecis puerilis aevi
noxius error.
The credo seems to be ironical, and more a criticism of the masters than of himself.
[1241] Stahl, De Ausonianis studiis poetarum Graecorum, ad init.
[1242] e.g. Ep. viii ‘πολύ cantica τέκνα’, etc.; ‘nunquam ipse torquet αὔλακα’ Ep. vi. 10.
[1243] e.g.
οἱ πλεῖστοι κακοί
quod est Latinum: plures hominum sunt mali.
Sedulum cunctis studium docendi,
fructus exilis tenuisque sermo.—Prof. viii. 5.
Esset Aristarchi tibi gloria Zenodotique
Graiorum, antiquus si sequeretur honos.—Prof. xiii. 3.
[1246] Bolland, i, Jan., p. 50, vita Eugendi ‘Lectioni namque se in tantum die noctuque ... dedit et intendit ut praeter Latinis voluminibus etiam Graeca facundia redderetur instructus’.
[1247] i. 13. Cf. Contra Petilianum, i. 91 ‘Graecae linguae perperam assecutus sum et proprie nihil’.
[1248] Confess., l.c.
[1249] Ibid. 14.
[1250] De Paul. Pell. vita et carmine, p. 34.
[1251] Ibid. 35.
[1252] Euchar. 77.
[1253] Cf. Auson. to Drepanius, Eclog. i. 11:
Quem pluris faciunt novem sorores,
quam cunctos alios Marone dempto.
[1254] Saint Augustin, p. 57 (transl.).
Quae doctrina duplex (i.e. the study of the two languages) sicut est potioribus apta
ingeniis, geminoque ornat splendore peritos,
sic sterilis nimium nostri, ut modo sentio, cordis
exilem facile exhausit divisio (of the languages) venam.—Euchar. 81.
Cf. 117 ‘Argolico pariter Latioque instante magistro’.
[1256] Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. xvi. 1. 277.
[1257] Euchar. 119-21.
[1258] Ibid. 115-18.
[1259] Confess. i. 14.
[1260] Cf. Frank, Roman Imperialism, 186 ff., also 149, 191, 220.
[1261] Cf. Giles, Roman Civilization, p. 11.
[1262] Aemil. Paul. 6, 7. Cf. Ussing, Erziehung bei den Griechen und Römern, p. 123.
[1263] De Fin. i. 3, ‘hoc tam insolens domesticarum rerum fastidium’. Cf. Tusc. ii. 15; iii. 5, 8, 10; Pro Caecina, 18; Sen. Ep. 58. Cicero’s repeated and emphatic protests show how strong the hellenizing tendency was in his day.
[1264] Plin. Ep. iv. 18.
[1265] Seneca, Ep. lvii. 1.
[1266] e.g. De Fin. i. 6.
[1267] De Rhet., § 2.
[1268] Glover, Life and Letters in the Fourth Century, p. 188.
[1269] ‘Sic in foro pueros a centumviralibus causis auspicari ut ab Homero in scholis’, Ep. ii. 14.
[1270] ‘Initium quoque eius (Grammaticae) mediocre exstitit, siquidem antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poetae et semigraeci erant ... nihil amplius quam Graecos interpretabantur aut si quid ipsi Latine composuissent praelegebant’, De Grammaticis, § 1.
[1271] Scriptt. Hist. Aug. xix. 27 (2).
[1272] Satyr. 5.
[1273] Instit. x. 1. 46.
[1274] Prof. xxi; Jung, De Scholis Rom. in Gallia Comata, p. 25.
[1275] Euchar. 72.
[1276] Protrep. 45.
[1277] Ep. cvii. 9.
[1278] Revue internat. de l’Enseignement, 1893, p. 38.
[1279] Op. cit., p. 24.
[1280] B. G. lv. 5.
[1281] Epigr. lxvii and the eight following epigrams.
[1282] Epigr. lxxi. It must be remembered, however, that such enthusiasm was very often conventional. The work was very famous in literature (cf. Pliny, N. H. xxxiv. 57 ‘Myronem ... bucula maxime nobilitavit celebratis versibus laudata’) and Ausonius’s appreciation may be worth little more than that of the thirty-six epigrams on Myron’s heifer preserved in the Greek Anthology. That the appreciation of an epigram, however, need not necessarily be artificial is proved, e.g. by iv. 54 of the Anthology of Planudes.
[1283] p. 433, Peiper’s ed. Cf. Petron. 88 ‘Myron, qui paene hominum animas ferarumque aere comprehenderat’.
Habet sepulcrum non id intus mortuum,
habet nec ipse mortuus bustum super;
sibi sed est ipse hic sepulcrum et mortuus.
(Carmina a Thaddaeo Ugoleto Ausoni Epigrammaton libro inserta.)
[1285] Ep. viii. 6. 10 ‘cultor aliquis e primis architectusque’. Cf. Ep. vi. 12. 3.
[1286] Claudianus und Sidonius; Dalton, Introd. to Sidonius, p. 101.
[1287] Carm. xxii.
[1288] Ep. ix. 14.
[1289] Ep. ii. 10.
[1290] Ep. iv. 18.
[1291] Ibid.
[1292] Dehio, Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes, i. 21; Dalton, ii. 233.
[1293] See for example Reinach’s collection of sculptures.
[1294] Cf., however, p. 31, note. The excellence of the Gauls in pottery has been referred to, ibid.
[1295] Histoire de France, i. 3. 407.
[1296] e.g. Pan. Lat. vi. 21.
[1297] Hist. of Civilization in the Fifth Century, i. 70 ff.
[1298] Variarum lib. vii. 15 ‘Formula ad praefectum urbis de architecto publicorum’.
[1299] Vita S. Martini, 10.
[1300] ‘Ut et facta veterum, exclusis defectibus, innovemus et nova vetustatis gloria vestiamus’, Var. vii. 15.
[1301] Ep. xxxii. 24.
[1302] Le Blant, Nouveau Recueil, No. 87.
[1303] Cf. Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 604 ff.
[1304] Ep. xxxii. 2 (Corp. Scriptt. Eccl. Lat. xxix. 257 ff.).
[1305] Ibid., § 10:
Pleno coruscat Trinitas mysterio;
stat Christus agno, vox patris caelo tonat
et per columbam Spiritus Sanctus fluit.
[1306] Ibid., § 17 ff.
[1307] ‘Totum vero extra concham basilicae spatium alto et lacunato culmine geminis utrimque porticibus dilatatur, quibus duplex per singulos arcus columnarum ordo dirigitur. Cubicula intra porticus quaterna longis basilicae lateribus inserta, secretis orantium ... accommodatos ad pacis aeternae requiem locos praebent. Omne cubiculum binis per liminium frontibus versibus praenotatur ..., ibid., § 12.
[1308] Ibid., § 17.
[1309] C. I. L. xii. 1923.
[1310] C. I. L. xii. 3344.
[1311] Ep. i. 2. 9.
[1312] Confess. ix. 6.
[1313] ‘In mari rubro transisse iustos, et Pharaonem cum suo exercitu demersum, etiam in scholis cantant parvuli’, Migne, xxiii; Adv. Iovianum, ii. 22.
[1314] Sid. Ep. iv. 11. 6.
[1315] ‘Alternante mulcedine monachi clericique psalmicines’, Ep. v. 17. 3.
[1316] Regula, Migne, lxxx. 213.
[1317] Comm. in Ep. ad Galat. ii, praef.
[1318] Vir. Illust., ch. 100. The common reference to this passage to prove that Hilary was the first to introduce hymns into Gaul is therefore not quite correct.
[1319] Vide Dreves, Lat. Hymnendichter des Mittelalters, p. 3.
[1320] Hilary, Homily on Psalms, 65, § 1; cf. Watson, Hilary of Poitiers, p. xlvi.
[1321] Hist. Univ. Par. i. 64. He was a teacher of boys. ‘Studebat ut omnes pueros ... statim litteras doceret ac psalmis imbueret’, Greg. Tur. Vitae Patrum, 8. 2; Migne, Pat. Lat. lxxi, 1042.
[1322] April 2, p. 95.
[1323] Ep. v. 17. 3.
[1324] Prof. xvii. 10.
[1325] Prof. i. 4.
[1326] Prof. xvi. 14 ff.
[1327] Prof. xix. 11.
[1328] Prof. xxii. 19.
[1329] Prof. xxiii. 6.
[1330] Prof. xiii.
[1331] Cod. Theod. xiii. 9. 1.
[1332] Ritter, Comment. on Cod. Theod. xiii. 9. 1.
[1333] xiv. 6: xxviii. 4.
[1334] Cf. Confess. v. 8 (14) ‘Apud Carthaginem foeda est et intemperans licentia scholasticorum: inrumpunt inpudenter et prope furiosa fronte perturbant ordinem, quem quisque discipulis ad proficiendum instituerit. Multai niuriosa faciunt mira hebetudine et punienda legibus....’ He complains that Carthage is much worse than Rome. The tradition of colonial rowdiness seems to have lasted to our own time.
[1335] C. I. L. xiii. 1. 1. 2040.
[1336] I owe this suggestion to the late Mr. H. J. Cunningham of Worcester College.
[1337] ‘Paucae domus studiorum seriis cultibus antea celebratae, nunc ludibriis ignaviae torpentis exundant, vocali sonu, perflabili tinnitu fidium resultantes. Denique pro philosopho cantor, et in locum oratoris doctor artium ludicrarum accitur’, xiv. 6. 18.
[1338] Ep. ii. 10; iv. 18; viii. 2.
Quarum iamdudum nullus vigeat licet usus
disciplinarum, vitiato scilicet aevo.—Euchar. 68.
[1340] Epist. posterior doctissimo viro Sapaudo (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. x. 203).
[1341] ‘Video enim os Romanum non modo neglegentiae sed pudori esse Romanis’, ibid.
[1342] Cf. the criticisms of education in Juvenal and Seneca (Ep. Mor. xv. 3. 23; Ep. lxxvi. 4; Ep. cviii. 6). To rant about education has been a temptation in all ages.
[1343] Cambridge Mediaeval History, i. 296.
[1344] Ibid. 392.
[1345] De Reditu, i. 21.
[1346] Ibid. i. 29 ff.
[1347] Carmen de Providentia Dei, 13; Migne, Pat. Lat. li. 618.
[1348] Ibid. 27.
[1349] Migne, li. 611, vs. 25.
[1350] Ibid., vs. 37 ff.
[1351] Commonitorii ii. 165 (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat. xvi. 234).
[1352] e.g. by Maximin towards the end of the third century, Pan. Lat. iii. 5.
[1353] Ammianus, xxviii. 2, 10.
[1354] Zosimus, vi. 2.
[1355] Salvian, De Gub. v. 6, 24.
[1356] Ep. vi. 4. 1, A.D. 472.
[1357] Ep. vi. 6. 1, A.D. 472. Cf. Ep. vii. 10. 2, A.D. 474 ‘Si commeandi libertas pace revocetur’, and Ep. vii. 11. 1.
[1358] Ep. vi. 10. 1, A.D. 473.
[1359] Ep. ix. 3. 2. Cf. Ep. ix. 5. 1.
[1360] Ep. vii. 1.
[1361] ‘Nam idcirco tantum incommodis calamitatum circumecribendis potius quam sanandis pax quaedam videtur adludere, ut mentes fallaci securitate laxatas, instaurato gravius metu succiduus gemitus adficiat’, Ep. ad Diversos, xxxvii, ed. Peiper.
[1362] Hist. of Europe in the Fifth Century, p. 27.
[1363] Ad Uxorem, 7; Migne, li. 611.
[1364] De Prov. Dei, Migne, li. 618.
[1365] Ibid.
[1366] Guizot, Hist. of Civilization (trans. Hazlitt), i. 439.
[1367] De Reditu, ii. 49.
[1368] Salvian, De Gub. v. 24 ‘De Bagaudis nunc mihi sermo est qui per malos iudices et cruentos spoliati afflicti necati, postquam ius Romanae libertatis omiserant, etiam honorem Romani nominis perdiderunt ... vocamus rebelles, vocamus perditos quos esse compulimus criminosos’. Salvian was a preacher and loved vividness. But, as Hodgkin remarks (I. i. 2, pp. 920 ff.), he was a truthful man, and had an enthusiasm for justice, and as such he saw that there was much to be said on the anti-Roman side. Cf. ‘... inciperent esse quasi barbari, quia non permittebantur esse Romani’.
[1369] Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. i. 55.
[1370] Sidon. Ep. ii. 10. 1; iv. 17. 2.
[1371] Letter to Philip, 5, 10; Murray, Religio Grammatici, p. 18.
[1372] ‘Der Endzweck der Wissenschaften ist Wahrheit. Wahrheit ist der Seele nothwendig, und es wird Tyrannei, ihr in Befriedigung dieses wesentlichen Bedürfnisses den geringsten Zwang anzuthun.’
[1373] ‘Et ideo ego adolescentulos existimo in scholis stultissimos fieri, quia nihil ex iis quae in usu habemus aut audiunt aut vident’, Satyr. i. 1 and 2.
[1374] Aphthon. Progym. 4. 10.
[1375] Ibid. 7.
[1376] Ibid. 12.
[1377] Ep. xxii.
[1378] Ep. xiii. 6 ff.
[1379] Ep. xv. 24 ff. Cf. his trifling with Greek words, Ep. viii.
[1380] Ep. viii. 11. 5.
[1381] Ep. ix. 14. 4.
[1382] Ep. ix. 7. 2.
[1383] Professores, Epitaphia, Ludus, Caesares, Periochae, &c.
[1384] Eclogae, Cupido, Technopaegnion, Griphus, Cento, &c.
[1385] Cf. Sid. Ep. iv. 22. 2 ‘et ego Plinio discipulus assurgo’.
[1386] Ep. i. 1. 2.
[1387] Cf. Baret’s ed., p. 115.
[1388] Ep. iv. 3. 3.
[1389] Ep. iv. 22. 6.
[1390] ‘Quisquis enim recentiorum aliquid dignum memoria scriptitavit, non et ipse novitios legit. Illi ergo reventilandi memoriaeque mandandi sunt de quibus isti potuere proficere quos miramur’, Ep. Posterior (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat., vol. x, p. 206).
[1391] See especially Brandt, Eumenius von Augustodunum, pp. 18, 19. Cf. Pichon, Études sur la Litt. lat. i. 36 ff.
[1392] It must be remembered, however, that the ‘litterati’ of the day very often posed as familiar with authors whom they only knew from extracts or anthologies. The rarer authors here prescribed were known, probably, only in this superficial way.
[1393] Cf. Wackernagel in Kultur der Gegenwart, i. 8. 389.
[1394] Jer. Ep. 125. 6.
[1395] Sidonius gives as the special mark of the grammarian his love of rule (regulare), Ep. iv. 1. 2.
[1396] ‘Ambrosio et Beato’ (Corp. Scriptt. Eccles. Lat., vol. vi, p. 408).
[1397] Cf. Aulus Gellius, N. A. i. 6. 4 ‘Rhetori concessum est sententiis uti falsis, audacibus, versutis, subdolis, captiosis, si veri modo similes sint....’
[1398] Ozanam, Hist. of Civil. in the Fifth Century, i. 3.
[1399] Cf. Rocafort, Paulin de Pella, p. xl; Ebert, Geschichte der Litteratur des Mittelalters, p. 409.
[1400] Praef. § 1 ‘me scilicet totam vitam meam deo debere’; Euchar. 590 ff. ‘hoc unum ipse bonum statuens, hoc esse tenendum conscius, hoc toto cupiens adquirere corde.... Te praefando loqui, Te meminisse silendo’.
[1401] De Prov. 935; Migne, li. 618.
[1402] Ibid. 941.
[1403] Ibid. 958.
[1404] Migne, li. 611.
[1405] Ep. vii. 13.
[1406] Ep. 60; Migne, xxii. 600 ‘Orbis Romanus ruit et tamen cervix nostra erecta non flectitur’.
[1407] De Doctrina.
[1408] Ibid. iv. 2.
[1409] Confess. iii. 6.
[1410] ‘Ne ulterius pueri meditantes ... insanias mendaces et bella forensia mercarentur ex ore meo arma furori suo’, ibid. ix. 2.
[1411] Prin. Rhet. i.; Migne, xxxii. 1439 ‘Oratoris officium est ... primum ipsam (quaestionem) intellegere’. Cf. De Ordine, ii. 17, talking of barbarisms and solecisms of which he confesses he himself may be guilty, he says to his mother: ‘sed tu, contemptis istis vel puerilibus rebus vel ad te non pertinentibus, ita grammaticae divinam fere vim naturamque cognoscis ut eius animam tenuisse, corpus reliquisse disertis videaris’.
[1412] Ibid., ch. 2. Cf. Isidore of Seville, Etymol. ii. 1 ‘Rhetorica est scientia ... ad persuadenda iusta et bona’. Migne, lxxxii. 125.
[1413] ‘Hic est ordo studiorum sapientiae per quem fit quisque idoneus ad intelligendum ordinem rerum, id est, ad dignoscendos duos mundos et ipsum parentem Universitatis’, De Ord. ii. 18. Cf. i. 9; ii. 16.
[1414] De Schol. Rom., p. 43.
[1415] Chron. Ler. ii. 57; Migne, l. 718.
[1416] Phaedo, 66 C.