2.—BORDERING.
To whatever use you may destine the tubes which you cut, they ought, almost always, to be bordered. If you merely desire that the edges shall not be sharp, you can smoothen them with the file, or, what is better, you can expose them to the flame of the lamp until they are rounded. If you fear the sinking in of the edges when they are in a softened state, you can hinder this by working in the interior of the tube a round rod of iron, such as [pl. 1], fig. 5. The rod of iron should be one-sixth of an inch thick; one end of it should be filed to a conical point, and the other end be inserted into a thin, round, wooden handle. You will find it convenient to have a similar rod with a slight bend in the middle.
When you desire to make the edges of the tube project, bring the end to a soft state, then insert in it a metallic rod, and move it about in such a manner as to widen a little the opening. While the end of the tube is still soft, place it suddenly upon a horizontal surface, or press it by means of a very flat metallic plate. The object of this operation is to make the end of the tube flat and uniform. The metallic rod which you employ may be the same as we have described in the preceding paragraph. Instead of agitating the rod in the tube, you may hold it in a fixed oblique position, and turn the tube round with the other hand, taking care to press it continually and regularly against the rod. See [pl. 1], fig. 6. Very small tubes can be bordered by approaching their extremities to a flame not acted upon by the blowpipe; particularly the flame of a spirit-lamp.
When the edges of a tube are to be rendered capable of suffering considerable pressure, you can very considerably augment their strength by soldering a rib or string of glass all round the end of the tube—see [pl. 1], fig. 12. Holding the tube in the left hand, and the string of glass in the right, you expose them both at once to the flame. When their extremities are sufficiently softened, you attach the end of the rib of glass to the tube at a very short distance from its extremity; you then continue gradually to turn the tube, so as to cause the rib of glass to adhere to it, in proportion as it becomes softened. When the rib has made the entire circumference of the tube, you separate the surplus by suddenly darting a strong jet of fire upon the point where it should be divided; and you continue to expose the tube to the flame, always turning it round, until the ring of glass is fully incorporated with the glass it was applied to. You then remove the instrument from the flame, taking care to anneal it in so doing. During this operation you must take care to prevent the sinking together of the sides of the tube, by now and then turning the iron rod in its interior. It is a red heat, or a brownish red heat, that is best adapted to this operation.