INDEX AND NOTES
ABBOTABAD, A frontier station garrisoned by a mobile force of Gurkhas and Royal Artillery, whence any descent from the Black Mountain or Chilas country can be checked. Named after Lieutenant Abbot, who reduced the neighbourhood to order in 1845-48.
Aden, Occupying a warm corner just outside the straits of Babol-Mandeb; was the first addition made to the British dominions in the reign of Queen Victoria, having been taken from the Arabs in 1839.
Agates,
Agra, Rose to importance under the Moguls, becoming their seat of government after Akbar quitted the city he had built, Fatehpur-Sighri, until Aurungzeb removed the seat of government to Delhi.
Akbar, The third, and in many ways the greatest, of the six “Great Mogul” Emperors of India. A warrior first, he consolidated his conquests with the genius of an enlightened statesman.
Alsu, A small village on the north-west shore of the Wular Lake.
Amar Singh (General Raja Sir Amar Singh, K.C.S.I.), Brother of His Highness Sir Pratab Singh, G.C.S.I., Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir; is Vice-President of the States Council and owner of much land in Kashmir, the prosperity of which he has done much to promote.
Ambér, The ancient capital of Jaipur; was built in the eleventh century, its Rajput rulers being the powerful allies of Chitor during her struggles against the Mohammedan invasion. The Palace was built by Raja Maun, circa 1600, in the days of Akbar, whose cousin he was by marriage ( comp. ). Ambér was deserted in 1728 by Jey Singh for his new city of Jaipur.
Amethyst, This stone should be much worn in Scotland, particularly on New Year’s Day, it having been (according to the Greek derivation of the name) an antidote to drunkenness!
Amira Kadal, The highest of the seven bridges at Srinagar; a fine modern structure, replacing that built by Amir Khan Jawan Sher, the Pathan, who also built Sher Garhi.
Anda, Egg.
Anna, the sixteenth part of a rupee, value one penny.
Apharwat, One of the Pir Panjal range, which rises above Gulmarg, height 14,500 feet.
Aru, A small village, beautifully situated about seven miles above Pahlgam.
Asti, “Go slow.”
Astor, A district on the main route from Kashmir to Gilgit, the village is about ninety-two miles from Bandipur. Two passes (the Rajdiangan, or Tragbal, 11,800 feet, and the Boorzil, 13,500 feet) have to be crossed. About ten passes are issued each season to sportsmen, markhor and ibex being the game.
Atchibal, A village seven miles from Islamabad, where many springs burst out from the rocks. Atchibal was a favourite pleasure-garden of the Mogul Emperors, the remains of which still exist.
Aurungzeb, The last of the six “Great Moguls”; deposed and imprisoned his predecessor Shah Jehan in 1658, and reigned until 1707. Bigoted and intolerant, he shares with Sikander the odium of having destroyed many of the ancient Hindu temples of Kashmir.
Avantipura, The modern village is near the extensive ruins named after King Avanti Verma, which formed once the capital of Kashmir.
Bahamarishi, (_Baba-pam-Rishi=_Father Smoothbeard.) A village some three miles below Gulmarg; the ziarat is named after a rishi, or ascetic, of the sixteenth century.
Baloo, (Kashmiri, Harpat) “Rara avis in terras, nigroque similima cignis.” Anglicè, a bear.
Bandipur, An important village on the north shore of the Wular Lake, the starting-point for Gilgit, &c. Oddly enough, Bandipur is not marked on the Ordnance Map.
Bandobast, A bargain or arrangement.
Bappa, An eighth-century Rajput hero, and ancestor of the present chiefs of Mewar; appears to have had strong Mormon proclivities.
Baramula, The third town in Kashmir, having some 900 houses, is built on the Jhelum at its outflow from the Kashmir Valley: it is also built on the west focus of seismic disturbance in Kashmir, and was destroyed by an earthquake in 1885, when 3000 Baramulans were killed. We were unaware of these interesting facts on the morning of April 4! The “Palms of Baramoule,” which Moore sang of, are like snakes in Iceland—they do not exist.
Bara singh, The Kashmir stag.
Bawan,
Beera,
Bejbehara, The ancient Vijayasvara, a picturesque village and bridge about four miles below Islamabad.
Bernier, F., a Frenchman attached to the court of Aurungzeb as medical adviser; wrote Voyage à Kachemire.
Bhanyar,
Bheostie, The Indian Aquarius—the water-bearer.
Bhils,
Birch, (Kashmiri, Burza) The bark used in making the paper for which Kashmir was noted, also for roofing, it being strong and impervious to water.
Blue pine, Pinus Excelsa, (Kashmiri, Yar.)
Bombay,
Books on Kashmir:(1) Bernier, Voyage à Kachemire (Utrecht, 1724); (2) Forster’s (G) Journey from Bengal to England (London, 1798); (3) Moorcroft, Travels in Kashmir, &c. edited by Wilson, 1841; (4) Jacquomont (V), Voyage dans l’Inde (Paris, 1841); (5) Vigne (G. T.), Travels in Kashmir, &c., 1844; (6) Hugel’s Travels, 1845; (7) Drew, Jummoo and, Ktishmir Territories; and (8) Lawrence’s Valley of Kashmir 1895.
Budmash, A scoundrel.
Bund, An embankment or dyke to bank a river.
Burra, Big, or great.
Carnelian, “Flesh-stone”—for origin read Marryat’s Pacha of Many Tales
Chakhoti,
Chandni Chowk,
Chaplies,
Chappar, Paddle with heart-shaped blade.
Chatris, The cenotaphs of the Maharanas of Mewar; they stand in a walled enclosure between Udaipur and the railway station.
Chenar, Plaianus Orientals or Oriental plane. This magnificent tree is supposed to have been introduced into Kashmir by the Mogul Emperors. It grows to a great size, one measured by Lawrence being sixty-three feet five inches in circumference at five feet above the ground! There is a very fair specimen in Kew Gardens, between the pond and the “herbaceous border.”
Chilas,
Chit, A note or letter, and also a character or recommendation, Every man collects something, from pictures to tram tickets—the native collects “chits.” Like other collectors he will beg, borrow, or steal to improve his store, and life is made a burden by the perpetual writing and reading of these mendacious documents.
Chitor,
Chittagul Nullah, The next nullah to the south-west of the Wangat. The village of Wangat is wrongly placed in it, according to the Ordnance Map.
Chondawats, A Rajput clan.
Chota, Little, Chota Hazri = petit dejeúner or early breakfast.
Chowkidar, A functionary whose principal duty seems to be to snore in the verandah at night and scare other robbers away.
Chupatty, A flabby sort of scone.
Chuprassie,
Cockburn’s Agency, The nearest approach to “Whiteley’s” in Kashmir.
Dâk, Post. Dâk Bungalow = posting station.
Dal Lake, Dal means lake (in a plain), while nag is a mountain tarn.
Dandy, A sort of enclosed chair with four projecting arms, wherein pretty ladies are carried when it doesn’t suit them to walk.
Degchies, Cooking utensils—best made of aluminium, owing to the unclean ways of native scullions.
Dekho, See, look! Delhi, The capital of the Mogul Emperors, dating from 1638, when Shah Jehan commenced to build the great fort. The ancient city lies some miles to the south. Delhi was taken by General Lake in 1803.
Deodar, (Kashmiri, Diár.) Cedrus Lebani, var. Deodara. The most valuable tree in Kashmir, where it was formerly abundant. It is now chiefly found in the north-west districts, and it is carefully cherished by the “Jungly Sahib” and his myrmidons.
Dobie, The thing that ruins all your shirts and causes you to shatter the Third Commandment.
Domel, Village with Dâk Bungalow, at the confluence of the Jhelum and the Kishenganga.
Doolie,
Doras,
Dounga, “The boats of Kashmir are very long and narrow, and are rowed with paddles from the stern, which is a little elevated, to the centre; a tilt of mats is extended for the shelter of passengers or merchandize” (Forster); the mats are made of “pits” (reed mace), a swamp plant.
Drogmulla,
Dubgam, A village at junction of the Pohru with the Jhelum, about seven miles above Baramula.
EARTHQUAKE, An upsetting event of too frequent occurrence in Kashmir. Particularly severe visitations occurred in 1827 and 1885 (see Baramula).
Echo Lake, A small tarn on the top of Apharwat.
Ek, One. (Ek dam=immediately.)
Ekka,
Embroidery,
Erin Nullah,
Eshmakam, =Eysh Makám(“the delightful halting-place”) Above the village stands the shrine of Zyn-u-din, one of the four disciples of the Kashmir patron saint, Shah Nur-u-din.
FATERPUR-SIGHRI,
Ferozepore Nullah,
Floating Gardens,
GANESBAL, The boulder, red-stained and extremely sacred, which lies in the middle of the Lidar; bears some fancied likeness to Ganésh (the elephant-headed god).
Gangabal, A sacred lake, lying under the north glaciers of Haramok at the elevation of 12,000 feet. It is said to be a source of the Ganges(!) and is an object of pilgrimage.
Ghari,
Ghari Habibullah,
Ghari Wallah, The Jehu of these parts.
Ghât,
Gold mohur,
Golf,
Gram,
Grass shoes,
Gujar, Is not a Kashmiri, being a member of the semi-nomad tribes which graze buffaloes and goats upon the hills. He speaks Parímu or Hindki.
Gulmarg, (The Rose Marg.) The most frequented resort of the English in Kashmir during July and August; stands some 8500 feet above the sea, wherefore some people find the air too rarefied. Gulmarg was first mentioned by Yusaf Khan in 1580.
Gunderbal, A village placed where the Sind River debouches into the plain. The starting-point for Leh and Thibet.
Gupkar, Town of Gopaditya(?). A wine-manufacturing suburb of Srinagar, overlooking the Dal.
Gurais, A large village on the Bandipur-Gilgit route, lying on the right bank of the Kishenganga, about forty-two miles from Bandipur.
HARAMOK, The predominating mountain (16,903 feet) of the valley, from almost every part of which his square-headed bulk is visible; hence the name, which means “all faces” or “all mouths.” A legend holds that a vein of emerald lies near the summit, and that within view of this gem no snake can live
Harbagwan,
Hari Parbat, (“The Green Hill”) So named on account of the gardens and vineyards which clothed its sides. Became the residence of Akbar, who built the wall round foot of hill in 1597. The fort on top was the work of the Pathan, Atta Mohamad Khan.
Haripur,
Harwan,
Hasrat Bal Mosque, (The Prophet’s Hair.) Various fairs and festivals are held here, the principal one being held upon the day that the Prophet rode up to Heaven on his mule Al Barak (the Thunderer). This mule, by-the-bye, is one of the five favoured beasts which the Mohammedans believe destined to immortality; the others are (1) Abraham’s Ram, (2) Balaam’s Ass, (3) the one upon which Christ rode on Palm Sunday, and (4) the dog which guarded the seven sleepers.
Hassanabad Mosque, Built by Nur Jehan Begum (Nourmahal), and destroyed by the Sikhs.
Hassan Abdal, (_Abdal=_fanatic).
Hoopoe, Un-natural history of.
INSECTS, Of benign insects such as butterflies there are singularly few. Both mosquitoes and flies are very troublesome during the hot weather in the valley. Visits to native huts will probably lead to an introduction to other insects. In India ants become a nuisance: I met with a foraging party of extremely large and well-nourished ones as I entered my bath place one morning. I recognised them for the descendants—decadent somewhat—of the famous fellows who played Alberich to the Gold of Hindostan and regarding which Herodotus (commonly known as the Father of History, or of Lies, I forget which) asserted that they were of the bigness of foxes and ran with incredible swiftness. He evidently got this yarn from Pliny—
“Indicae Formicae. Aurum ex cavernus egerunt terrae Ipsis autem color Fehum magnitudo Aegypti Luporum” (Lib. xi. ch. 31)—
and passed it on to Sir J. Maundevil, who swallowed it greedily. “Theise pissmyres ben grete as houndes; so that no man dar come to the hilles, for the pissmyres wolde assaylen hem and devouren hem” (ch. xxx) For the wily method of catching the ants napping, together with other contes drolatiques, read Maundevil’s Travels.
Iris, (Kashmiri, Krishm) Succeeds the tulip and precedes the rose as typical of Kashmirian Flora, is used as fodder, and the fibre makes ropes, which are, however, not durable.
Islamabad, (Or Anant Nag, the “Place of Countless Springs.”) Is the second city in Kashmir, having about 9000 inhabitants; stands at the head of the navigable Jhelum, fifty miles by water and thirty-two by land above Srinagar.
Jade,
Jagganath,
Jain, A small sect founded by Mahavera, a contemporary of Gautama. The Jains were great temple-builders.
Jehangir,
Jeimal, With Putta, one of the national heroes of the Rajputs. They fell, while mere boys, in the heroic defence of Chitor against Akbar.
Jey Singh, (Sowar Jey Singh.) Succeeded to the throne of Ambér in 1699, founded Jaipur in 1728. He wrote the following, which I had not read when I visited his observatory at Jaipur “Let us devote ourselves at the altar of the King of Kings, hallowed be his name! In the book of the register of whose power the lofty orbs of Heaven are but a few leaves, and the stars, and that heavenly courser the sun, small pieces of money in the treasury of the Most High.”
Jheel, A small lake, or pond.
Jhelum, (Kashmiri, Veth, Hindu, Vetasta, the ancient Hydaspes.) Rises at Vernag, becomes navigable at Kanbal, and is so for 120 miles, when it forms rapids below Baramula. Average breadth at Srinagar in December 210 feet, average depth 9 feet.
Johur,
Kaj-nag,
Kali, (“The Terrible.”) Wife of Shiva or Mahadeva.
Kanbal,
Karachi,
Karewas, “Where the mountains cease to be steep, fan-like projections, with flat, arid tops, and bare of trees, run out towards the valley” (Lawrence)
Kashmir=Kashuf-mir (the country of Kashuf). Was ruled by Tartar princes from about 150-100 B.C. for several centuries; conquered after a year’s struggle by Mahmoud of Guznee (1014-1015 A.D.). Invaded by Baber and Humayun, and finally conquered by latter in 1543, and formally annexed by Akbar in 1588. After the fall of Delhi (Nadir Shah) in 1739, Kashmir fell into the hands of Amirs of Cabul in 1753. It was captured by the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh in 1819, and, after the defeat of the Sikhs at the hands of the British, was handed over to Gulab Singh of Jammu for twenty-five lacs of rupees “Kailasa is the best place in the three worlds, Himalaya the best part of Kailasa, and Kashmir the best place in Himalaya” (Rajatarangini Kulan).
Kastoora, Merula Boulboul (the grey-winged ousel). Jane bought “Freddie” one day in Srinagar, and he has been our friend and companion ever since—being at this present (August 1907) in rude health.
Khansamah, A Cook.
Khubbar, News—usually untrustworthy.
Khud, A steep slope or precipice.
Khudstick, An alpenstock made of tough wood, usually of Cotoneaster baccillaris (lun); should be well tested before purchase, as life may depend on its strength.
Killanmarg, A wide sloping marg above Gulmarg, just above the pine forest on the slopes of Apharwat.
Kilta, Creel made of the pliant withes of the Wych Hazel, Parrotia Jacquemontiana (Chob-i-poh).
Kishenganga, A large affluent of the Jhelum which drains the Tilail Valley, passes Gurais, and joins the Jhelum below Muzafferabad.
Kitardaji, Forest house in the Machipura.
Kitmaghar, Bearer.
Kobala,
Kohinar,
Kolahoi, or Gwash Brari, 17,800 ft. The loftiest peak in Kashmir proper. It has not yet been ascended.
Koolan,
Kralpura,
Kulan, A peak of the Pir Panjal, at the head of the Ferozepore Nullah.
Kulgam, or Kuligam.
Kunis,
Kurnavati,
Kutab Minar,
Lacquer,
Lahore, Capital of the Punjab. An ancient and interesting city, which (like Agra and Delhi) only attained its zenith of prosperity in the days of Akbar.
Lakri, A stick (at Gulmarg also a golf-club).
Lalpura, A charming village in the Lolab.
Larch,
Lidar, Liddar, or Lambodri, Drains the Kolahoi district, and forms the first substantial affluent of the Jhelum, which it joins below Islamabad.
Lidarwat, A small Grujar village fifteen miles above Pahlgam, on the left bank of the river, about 10,000 ft. above sea-level.
Logue or Log, Folk.
Lumbadhar, The headman of a village.
Machipura, “The Place of Fish”—why, I cannot imagine! The district lying along the east foothills of the Kaj-nag.
Mahadeo, (Mahadeva or Shiva) A sacred mountain and object of pilgrimage, north of Srinagar, 13,500 feet high.
Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, H.H. Sir Pratab Singh, G.C.S.I., succeeded his father Ranbir Singh (who was third son of Gulah Singh) in 1885. The family is of the Rajput Dogras. “His kindness to all classes has won him the affection of his people” (Lawrence).
Maharana, H.H. the Maharana Dhiraj Sir Fateh Singh, G.C.S.I., of Udaipur, is head of the Rajput princes in point of blood, being descended from the Suryabansi, or Children of the Sun.
Mahseer,
Malingam,
Manji or Hanji, A Kashmiri water-thief or boatman.
Manserah,
Mar (snake) Canal. A dirty but most picturesque waterway between the Dal and the Anchar Lakes.
Marg,(Margh?) Persian for a garden abounding in plants.
Margam,
Martand, The principal temple in Kashmir—stands on a high karewa some few miles from Islamabad.
Metal-work,
Mewar,
Mogul, The Moguls were a warlike people of Central Asia, who, under Timur (Tamerlane) their chief, sacked Delhi in 1398. At the great battle of Panipat, in 1524, Baber the Mogul (direct descendant of Timur) defeated the Sultans of Delhi. He was the first of the six “Great” Moguls (the others being Humayun, Akbar, Jehangir, Shah Jehan, and Aurungzeb), who ruled India with unparalleled magnificence for 150 years.
Mulberry, (Morus sp. Kashmiri Tul) A very precious tree in Kashmir, on account of the silk industry. It grows to a great size, attaining a girth of 25 feet.
Murghi, A fowl.
Murree, A hill station and sanatorium, 37 miles from Rawal Pindi, on a hill 7500 feet above the sea. Its importance dates from 1850. Forster speaks of it as a small village in 1786.
Musafferabad, (“The Place of Victory”) Built by Masufer Khan, Rajah of Chikri.
Mussick, Water-skin.
NAG, A mountain lake or tarn.
Nagas, Human-bodied, snake-tailed gods.
Nagmarg,
Nanga Parbat, A great mountain in the Chilas country, 26,620 feet high (the fourth in point of height in the world), Mommery and two guides were destroyed in 1895, probably by an avalanche, while attempting the ascent.
Nassim Bagh, (“The Garden of Delicious Breezes”) A favourite spot in the days of the Mogul Emperors. Akbar planted 1200 chenars.
Neem tree.
Neve, Dr. A. He and his brother are surgeons to the Kashmir Medical Mission, where for many years they have carried on the somewhat thankless task of benefiting the natives.
Nishat Bagh, (“The Garden of Drink”)
Nopura, A village on the Pohru.
Nourmahal, (“Light of the Palace”), or, more properly, Nur Jehan Begum (“Light of the World”), was the wife of Jehaugir, celebrated in Mooree’s Lalla Rookh. Her life story was very curious. See Forster’s Journey from Bengal to England, London, 1798.
Nullah, A valley or ravine.
Numdah,
ONTALA,
Oodi Singh,
PADMANI, “The Lotus-lovely Lady.”
Pagdandy, A short cut.
Pahlgam, “The Shepherd’s Village,” A Kashmiri summer resort for those who like quiet. It is 27 miles from Islamabad up the Lidar Valley, and is somewhat over 7000 feet above the sea.
Pampur, (Padma-pur, city of Vishnu, or Padmun-pur, “the place of beauty”), principally noted now for its Pampur roti or bread, a speciality of the place.
Pandrettan, or Pandrenthan, =Puranadhisthana, “the old capital.” Was built in the time of Partha by his Prime Minister, Meru.
Parana Chauni,
Patan. “The City” or “Ferry,” the ancient Sankarapura, Sankaravarma having built two temples there at the end of the eighth century.
Peechy, Afterwards, later, by-and-bye
Peri Mahal, “The Abode of the Fairies.” Built on the hill above Gupkar by Prince Dara Shikoh, probably for astronomical purposes
Piasse, The onion.
Pice, See Rupee.
Pichola Lake,
Pir Panjab, Pir=Dogri for peak Pantzal, Kashmiri for ditto Pir also meant a saint, particularly one who lived in the pass in the days of Shah Jehan and Aurungzeb and who was interviewed by Bernier. The Pir Panjal was the route followed by the Moguls when coming to Kashmir, and, rough as it is, they sent elephants along it. The highest peak of the Pir Panjal is Tatakuti, 15,500 feet.
Pohru,
Poonch, A native state lying south-west of Kashmir, to which it is tributary. The Raja Buldeo Singh is cousin to the Maharajah of Kashmir.
Poplar. There are two varieties of Poplar in Kashmir, the Italian or Black Poplar, and the White, the latter attains a great size, one near Gurais measuring 127 feet in height and 14-1/2 feet in girth.
Porcelain,
Port Saïd,
Puttoo, Native cloth.
RAINAWARI,
Rajput, The brave and chivalrous inhabitants of Rajputana. Bernier, probably influenced by Mogul opinion, attributes much of their valour to opium, as the following curious extract shows “Ils sont grands preneurs d’opium, et je me suis quelque fois etonné de la quantité que je leur en voiois prendre; aussi ils s’y accoutûmerent dès la jeunesse; le jour d’une bataille ils ne s’oublient pas de doubler la dose; cette drogue les anime ou plutot les enyvre, et les rend insensibles an danger, de sorte quils se jettant dans le combat comma des bêtes furieuses, ne sachant ce que c’est de fuir … c’est un plaisir de les voir ainsi avec leur fumée d’opium dans la tête s’entre embrasser quand on est prêt de combattre et se dire adieu les uns aux autres, comme gens qui sont resolus de mourir.”—Vol. i. p. 54.
Ramble-tamble egg, Scrambled eggs.
Ram chikor, The great snow partridge (Tetragallus Himalayensis).
Rampur. A small village in the Jhelum Valley, and a village on the way into the Lolab viâ Kunis.
Rawal Pindi,
Rassad, “Field Allowance” or extra rations given to coolies when doing any mountain work or away from supplies.
Resai,
Roorkhee chair, An extremely comfortable and portable chair made by the R.E. at Roorkhee.
Rope bridge,
Rupee=one fifteenth of a sovereign, or 1s. and 4d. 12 pice (or pies)= 4 paisa = 1 anna = 1 penny 16 annas = 1 rupee.
SAAF kuro, “Make clean.”
Saktawats, A Rapjut clan.
Sari, A woman’s garment, usually brilliant in colour, blood-red and dark blue being favoured.
Sekwas,
Sellar,
Serow, Nemorhaidus bubalerius.
Sesodia, The ruling family of Udaipur, formerly known as Gehlote.
Shadipur, “The Place of Marriage”—probably with reference to the junction of the Sind and Jhelum rivers.
Shah Jehan, The greatest builder of the Mogul Emperors. Ruled from 1627 to 1658, when he was deposed and imprisoned by Aurungzeb.
Shalimar,
Shalimar Bagh,
Shambrywa, One of the peaks of the Kaj-nag.
Shiah, A Mohammedan sect, usually much at variance with those of Sunni persuasion.
Shikara, A light sort of canoe.
Shikari, A necessary joint in the “fighting tail” of the sportive visitor to Kashmir. Usually a fraud, but, if not too proud, makes quite a good golf caddy.
Shisha Nag, “The Glassy or Leaden Lake.”
Silver fir, Abies Webbiana (Kashmiri, Sungal). Grows to a great height, being known 110 feet high and 16 feet in girth.
Sind Desert,
Sind Valley,
Singhara, Meaning “horned nut,” the water chestnut (Trapa bispinosa). An article of diet much prized by the Kashmiri.
Sogul,
Sonamarg, “The Golden Marg.” A summer station high up the Sind Valley on the route to Leh and Ladak.
Sopor, =Sonapur, or the Golden City. A somewhat unclean little town of some 600 houses on the Jhelum, about eight miles by road and twelve by water above Baramula.
Spill Canal, Cut in 1904, after the Great Flood of 1903, to carry some of the river clear of Srinagar and ease the pressure on the bund.
Spruce, Picca, Morunda. (Kashmiri, Kachal.)
Srinagar, Surga Nagur, City of the Sun. Has a population of 120,000. Became capital in 960 A.D., when the ancient city of Pandrettan was burnt in the reign of Abimanyu. The city was called Kashmir until recently, Martand being called Sringar by Jacquemont.
Sultanpur,
Sumbal, Said to be the site of the ancient city Jayapura.
Sunt-i-kul = “Apple-tree Canal.”
TAJ MAHAL, The magnificent tomb of Mumtez Mahal, favourite wife of Shah Jehan.
Takht-i-Suleiman, A steep isolated hill rising nearly 1000 feet above Srinagar, crowned by a temple which is built on the ruins of a very ancient edifice. The Takht or Throne of Solomon is, according to the legend, the place which Solomon occupied during his mythical visit to Kashmir.
Tangmarg, “The Open Marg”. Is the village about 1500 foot below Gulmarg, which is the nearest point to Gulmarg attainable by wheeled conveyance.
Tattoo, A pony.
Tehsildhar, The functionary who has jurisdiction over a tehsil.
Temples, For full description read Lawrence (Valley of Kashmir, chap. vi.) Their ruined state is partly due to earthquakes, but probably still more to the iconoclastic activity of Sikandar (d. 1416) and Aurungzeb.
Tilail,
Tonga,
Topaz, Name derived from the Greek “to conjecture”—because no one knew whence they came!
Tower of Fame,
Tower of Victory,
Tragbal,
Tragam, A large village south-west of the Lolab, whence a route leads to Musafferabad.
Tret, A station at the foot of the Murree hills on the road to Rawal Pindi.
Trieste,
Tronkol,
Turquoise,
UDAIPUR, The capital of the ancient and powerful Rajput State of Mewar, founded by Oodi Singh after the fall of Chitor. Uri,
VERNABOUG,
Vernag,
WALNUT, A valuable tree in Kashmir, where its fruit and timber are both greatly esteemed; grows to a very large size, one in the Lolab having a girth of 18 feet 10 inches.
Wangat,
Wardwan, The mountainous district on the east of Kashmir.
Water buffalo, An ungainly and “sneevish” beast beloved of Gujars and nobody else.
Weights 2 lbs. (English)=1 seer. 40 seers = 1 maund.
Wood carving,
Wular, Means “cave”. The largest lake in India, being 12-1/2 x 5 miles in average extent. In floods it covers much extra space.
Wych hazel, See Kilta.
YAKDAN,
ZIARAT, A Mohammedan shrine. Zoji La, The pass at the head of the Sind Valley which is crossed on going to Leh, height 11,300 feet.