Parallel Paths: A Study in Biology, Ethics, and Art

by T. W. Rolleston

INDEX

When a subject is treated on more than one consecutive page, reference is usually made to the first page only.

• Action and Reaction, [264]
• Adaptability, [13], [63]
• Adaptation, in nature, how regarded by Paley, [3];
  • argument from imperfect adaptations, [4], [14], [136], [143], [152];
  • how conceived by evolution theory, 10, 1[2];
  • Lamarck’s theory of, [68];
  • Weismann’s theory, [93] sqq.;
  • Darwin’s explanation, [72];
  • directive theory, [115] sqq.;
  • effects of new environment, [123] sqq.
  • See Co-adaptation
• Æschylus, [159]
• Amblystoma, 40 (illustration facing), 1[25]
• Amœba, [30], [47], [143]
• Amphimixis, [39], [98]
• Anabæna, [141]
• Anableps, [100], [112]
• Ants, [78], [85], [89], [111], [154]
• Apperception and Free-will, [172]
• Arch, effect of, in architecture, [258]
• Aristotle, [247] note
• Art, 1[58];
  • and Beauty, [237], [251];
  • origin of, [239];
  • question of subject in, [244], [268];
  • an expression of life, [246], [250];
  • Greek and Hottentot ideals of, [253];
  • classification of the arts, [254];
  • art in structure, [256];
  • in ornament, [259];
  • artistic effect of use and service, [260].
  • See Music, Dancing, Literature, etc.
• Asceticism, [214] sqq., [218] note
• Axolotl, [125]
• Azolla fern, [141]
  
• Bacon, F., [6]
• Becoming, the universe a, [20], [186];
  • Deity conceived as ‘becoming,’ [5]
• Beddard, F. E., [24] note, [58], [106]
• Bentham, J., [200]
• Berkeley, Bp., [165] note, [176] note
• Bifocal eyes in fish, [99]
• Bisexuality, significance of, in Mollusca, [101]
• Bose, J. C., [21] note
• Brain-structure and Will, [178], [184]
• Brown-Séquard, [78]
• Butler, Bp., [241]
• Bütschli, O., [30]
• Butterflies, protective colouring of, [15], [83], [98], [106], [113], [127]
  
• Catullus, [222]
• Cave-animals, [71], [72] note, [78]
• Cell, the, [29], [38];
  • division of, [40] sqq.;
  • germ and sperm
  • cells, [45], [51];
  • fusion of, in reproduction, [53]
• Chaffinch, case of hermaphrodite, [58]
• Chlorophyll, [24];
  • in animals, [26]
• Christ, [205];
  • martyrdom of, [232]
• Chromatin, [39] sqq.
• Cleanthes, [247]
• Co-adaptation, [70], [80], [98], [138]
• Competition, [58], [105]
• Conjugation, [47]
• Conscience, [211]
• Co-operation among animals, [104], Appendix [B];
  • among species, [138]
• Crabs, hermit, [141];
  • Molucca, [280]
• Crystallization, [22] note, [156]
  
• Dancing, [270]
• Darwin, Erasmus, [6], [281]
• Darwin, Francis, [7], [33], [72], [87], [138]
• Death, significance of, for the spirit, [190], [235]
• Deity, the end, not beginning of nature, [5];
  • personality of, [14], [17];
  • immanent or transcendent? [155];
  • defined by Æschylus, [159];
  • an infinite, not related to phenomena, [162];
  • how approached by man, [159], [162], Appendix [A]
• Determinants, [44];
  • competition among, [98];
  • significance of, in evolution, [68], [96]
• Determinism, doctrine of, [163] sqq.
• Development contrasted with growth, [32]
• Dice, of nature loaded, [92], [102]
• Dominants. See Reinke
• Drama, [272]
• Dualism, [195]
• Duty, sense of, not created by pleasures and pains, [203];
  • effects of, compared with those of self-indulgence, [212]
    
• Ego, the, [157], [207], Appendix [A]
• Eimer, G., [77] note, [110], [113] note, [137], [143], [152]
• Elk, the Irish, [70]
• Energy, how obtained by plants, [25];
  • developed by synthesis, [27], [147];
  • vital and mechanical, how distinguished, [144], [146], [148];
  • supposed effects of the equal distribution of, [222]
• Epictetus, [218], [226]
• Ethics, how affected by determinism, 162-[3];
  • ethical development a condition of Free-will, [171];
  • the problem of evil, [199], [207];
  • utilitarian systems of, [201];
  • goal of ethical action, [203] sqq.;
  • sanction of ethical action, [234];
  • ethics epitomized, [234];
  • ethics of sex relations, Appendix [E]
• Evolution, change in point of view produced by, [7], [8], [16], [17];
  • produced competition, [104];
  • unknown factors in, [149];
  • evolution and involution, [186], [228].
  • See Adaptation, species
    
• Fisher, M., [270]
• Francis of Assisi, [215], Appendix [D]
• Free-will, position stated, [164] sqq.;
  • reason in action, [166];
  • Spencer on, [166] note;
  • conditions of, [169];
  • moral bias of, [169] sqq.;
  • limitations of, [171] sqq.;
  • how evolved, [174];
  • can it be reconciled with Monism? [175];
  • will and brain, [177] sqq.
    
• Germinal Selection, [93], [96]
• Goethe, [6], [31], [185], [267]
• Goodyear, W. H., [258] note
• Gravity, action of, on plants, [62], [145]
• Guinan, Rev. J., [218] note
• Günther, C., [142], [152]
  
• Haeckel, E., 3[9] note, [124], [126], [196], [239]
• Henslow, G., [123]
• Heracleitus, [146] note, [278]
• Hermaphroditism, [58], [101]
• Hugo, V., [273]
• Hume, D., [6] note
• Hydra, [26]
  
• Ids, [44]
• Immortality, [189], [225], [283]
• Imperfections in nature, [4], [14], [143], [152]
• Impressionist school, [266]
• Intelligence in nature, [14], [16], [130], [157]
• Irish, the, in the U.S.A., [212] note
• Isabella and Claudio, problem of, Appendix [E]
  
• James, W., on Free-will, [176]
  
• Kakasu Okakura, [250] note
• Kallima paralecta, [83], [129]
• Kellogg, V. L., [144] note, [149]
• Keyserling, H. v., [13] note, [17]
• Knight, W., [239]
• Kramskoy, [243]
• Kropotkin, P., [104], Appendix [B]
  
• Lamarck, J. B., [6], [68];
  • arguments against his theory, [75], [112], [202];
  • Lamarckism the only alternative to ‘metaphysics,’ [91]
• Language, evolution of, [133]
• Lankester, Ray, [24] note
• Le Bon, G., [223]
• Le Dantec, F., [22], [222]
• Lepus Huxleyi, [126]
• Life, universality of, [21];
  • characteristics of organic, [23];
  • mechanical conception of, [35], [92], [97];
  • continually being produced, [37];
  • innate capabilities of, [109];
  • final cause of, [206], [208];
  • the individual and the cosmic, [226];
  • the goal of nature, [114], [246];
  • polarity of, [253]
• Literature, [271]
• Lodge, O., [147] note
• Lotze, H., [185], [196]
  
• Maeterlinck, M., [290]
• Manet, E., [266] note
• Man, the growing-point of life, [154]
• Martyrdoms, significance of, for ethics, [230], [233];
  • of Socrates, [230];
  • of Christ, [232]
• Matter, its nature unknown, [178];
  • transmitter of consciousness, [188];
  • relation with consciousness not fortuitous, [192];
  • known only through life, [224]
• Mauclair, C., [266] note
• Mendel, Abbott, [58] note
• Metabolism, [27]
• Metaphysics, physics rooted in, [110]
• Miers, H. A., [22]
• Mill, J. S., [164], [177], [201]
• Mind, 137, 167.
  • See Spirit, Intelligence
• Mitosis, [42] note
• Monism, [17] sqq.;
  • compatible with Free-will, [176];
  • dualism and, [195]
• Moorhead, T. G., [83]
• Morlon, [243]
• Movement, in music, [262], [264];
  • in literature, [272]
• Music, [261] sqq., [272]
• Mysticism, [150]
  
• Nägeli, C. v., 39, 110, 140, 149
  
• Natural Selection, a ‘superseded formula,’ [7] note;
  • meaning of, [72];
  • originates nothing, [75];
  • a pillar of Weismann’s theory, [103];
  • effect, not cause, of evolution, [104];
  • a real though not the main force, [105], [109];
  • in relation to mimetic markings, [106] sqq.;
  • and to mutual aid among species, [138]
• Neuter insects. See Ants
• Noctiluca, [47]
• Nucleus, of cell, [30], [39]
  
• Ojetti, Fr., [210] note
• Oken, L., [110], [137]
• Oldfield, J., 2[13] note
• Osborn, H. F., [149] note
• ‘Ought,’ Bentham on the word, [201];
  • contents of the word, [209]
• Oysters, bisexuality in, [101]
  
• Paley, W., his analogy of the watch, [1] sqq.;
  • on the annular ligament, [8];
  • his conception of an ‘Esperanto’ universe, [136]
• Pandorina, [49], [61], [156]
• Papilio meriones, [107]
• Parthenogenesis, [55]
• Penrose, F. C., [257] note
• Perrier, E., [72] note, [91]
• Personality, [157], [166], [207], [211], Appendix [A]
• Pianola, analogy of, [183]
• ‘Pig-philosophy,’ [221]
• Plato, [6], [170], [182] note, [185], [195], [227], [244], [246]
• Poetry, 158.
  • See Literature
• Porto Santo rabbit, [126]
• Potato, response to mutilation, [117]
• Poulton, E. B., [107]
• Proteid, [23], [28]
• Protoplasm, the substance of life, [27];
  • structure of, [30];
  • distinguished from minerals, [37];
  • response in, [61], [112], [113], [117], [119] note, [144];
  • a synthesis of molecules, [147]
    
• Reinke, J., on the X factor in life, [1], [63], [117];
  • his theory of dominants, [120], [175]
• Religion, [159], [212], [277]
• Reproduction, [39], [46];
  • in multicellular organisms, [48];
  • sexual, [51]
• Response, 61, 112, 115.
  • See, Life, Protoplasm
• Rhythm, [254], [262]
• Right-handedness, [81]
• Rolleston, Geo., [54]
• Ruskin, J., [258] note
  
• Saleeby, C. W., [288]
• Sanction, ethical, [214], [220], [226] sqq., [234]
• Santayana, G., [181], [204]
• Schopenhauer, A., [110], [196], [265]
• Selection. See Natural Selection, Germinal Selection
• Sex, determination of, [57];
  • ethical problems connected with, Appendix [E]
• Sigerson, G., [81] note
• Sins, mortal and venial, [210] note
• Slater, Fr., [210] note
• Sloth, green fur of, [24] note
• Snails, bisexuality in, [101]
• Species, fixity of, [43], [66];
  • mutability of, [67];
  • origin of, not modification of structure by use, ch. IV.;
  • not chance variations, ch. V.;
  • due to directive or psychic factor, ch. VI.;
  • species an organic whole, 49, [138], [147]
  • See Adaptation, Evolution
• Spencer, H., controversy with Weismann, [87], [149] note;
  • on social institutions, [131];
  • on Free-will, [166] note;
  • his ethical system, [202], App. C & E
• Spinoza, B., [196]
• Spirit, the human, how accounted for, [151], [175];
  • relations to Matter, [178];
  • death not a disintegration of, [190]
• Socrates, [227], [230]
• Stoicism, ethical formula of, [194];
  • conception of Asceticism, [217];
  • what Stoicism lacked, [227]
• Strasburger, E., [11], [54], [109]
• Synthesis, principle of, in nature, [119] note, [137], [142], [146], [157]
  
• Tennyson, A., [170], [219]
• Thomson, W. H., [184]
• Tolstoy, L., on Art, [236] sqq.
• Tree, response of roots and shoots to mutilation in, [119]
  
• Uexküll, J. v., [13]
• Unity of nature, [17], [157]
• Useless structures, [103] note
• Utilitarian school of ethics, [200], [229], Appendices C & E
  
• Variations, in reproduction cells, [73], [75];
  • do chance variations afford basis for selection? [92], [94] sqq.
• Verworn, Max, [27] note, [148]
• Viola, [140]
• Virchow, R., [45] note
• Viré, A., [72] note
• Volvox, [49]
  
• Wagner, R., [272]
• Wallace, A. R., [105], [125] note, [175]
• Watch, Paley’s analogy of, [1] sqq.
• Weed, in New Zealand, destroyed by willows, [105]
• Weismann, A., [7] note, [34], [48], [61], [63];
  • controversy with Spencer, [87];
  • his alternative to Lamarckism, [93];
  • his determinants equivalent to Reinke’s dominants, [122]
• Whale, evolution of, [67]
• Whitman, Walt, [160], [196], [237], [250] note
• Whole, the, its demands on the individual, [220];
  • what it gives to the individual, [225];
  • the universe a, [17];
  • a whole more than the sum of its parts, [119] note;
  • consciousness, etc., of the, [157]
• Wilson, E. B., [33], [38] notes, [41], [50], [55], [119] note
• Wöhler, [24]
• Wordsworth, W., [249]
  
• X factor in life, [1];
  • directive character of, 63, 113, [116], [128]
  • See Adaptation, Intelligence, Language
    
• Zola, E., [248]

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