FOOTNOTES:
[1] It is in the last six Books of Pliny, and those only, we regret to say, that we are enabled to avail ourselves of the new readings of the Bamberg MS., which has been so admirably collated by M. Ian. In a vast number of passages previously looked upon as hopelessly corrupt, or else not at all suspected of being in a mutilated state, this MS. supplies words and clauses, the existence of which in the original was hitherto unknown; indeed by its aid the indefatigable Sillig has been enabled, if we may be allowed the term, almost to rewrite the last six Books of Pliny. From a perusal of these new readings, as Dr. Smith has justly remarked, we have reason to infer “that the text of the earlier Books is still in a very defective state, and that much of the obscurity of Pliny may be traced to this cause.”
[2] The Echeneis remora of Linnæus. See B. ix. c. 41.
[3] He alludes to the “rostra,” or metal beaks, with which the prows of the ships of war were furnished.
[4] An absurd tradition, no doubt, invented, probably, to palliate the disgrace of his defeat.
[5] From the delay caused by the stoppage of the prætorian ship.
[6] Caligula.
[7] For Astura and Antium, see B. iii. c. 9.
[8] And well it might surprise him. If there was any foundation at all for the story, there can be little doubt that a trick was played for the purpose of imposing upon Caligula’s superstitious credulity, and that the rowers as well as the diving sailors were privy to it.
[9] “Limax.” A singular comparison, apparently.
[10] In B. ix. c. 41.
[11] See B. ix. c. 41, where he is speaking of a murex, a fish which bears no such affinity to the remora as to warrant our author’s expression, “Idem valere omnia ea genera.”
[12] Properly meaning “delay.” “Remora” is another reading, and perhaps a better one, as the word is found in Plautus.
[13] In B. ix. c. 41.
[14] From λύειν τὰς ὠδίνας, “to release from the pains of childbirth.”
[15] See B. ix. c. 67.
[16] Ajasson remarks that it was owing probably to this opinion that it was formerly the belief, that by holding the breath a person could render himself proof against the shock of the torpedo; a precaution recommended by Kæmpfer, in his “Amenitates Exoticæ,” p. 514. Ed. 1712.
[17] “Quâdam aurâ sui corporis adficiat membra” seems a preferable reading to “Quâdam aurâ corporis sui adficiat membra,” as given by the Bamberg MS., and adopted by Sillig.
[18] See B. ix. c. 72, and the Note.
[19] A fabulous story, Ajasson remarks, but one that was commonly believed in the 16th and 17th centuries. Gessner, however, a conscientious enquirer into the mysteries of Nature, asserts (de Aquatilibus, p. 563) that, to his own knowledge, the sight of this fish was productive of the symptoms here mentioned. Beckmann reckons the Aplysia depilans (with which the Sea-hare of the ancients is identified) in the number of the animal poisons, and remarks that (as we find stated by Cœlius Rhodiginus, B. xxvi. c. 30) the Emperor Titus was dispatched by the agency of this poison, administered to him by the direction of his brother Domitian. Hist. Inv. vol. I. p. 51. Bohn’s Ed.
[20] Athenæus says, B. viii., that the Scarus pursues it and devours it.
[21] “Quibus impactus est.” A curious expression; if indeed it is the correct reading.
[22] See B. ix. c. 72.
[23] Mituli. See B. ix. c. 74.
[24] “Cetos.”
[25] Ajasson remarks, in confutation of this story, that there are few rivers in Arabia of such a breadth.
[26] See B. xi. c. 34.
[27] Of this work, began by Ovid during his banishment in Pontus, and probably never completed, only a fragment of one hundred and thirty-two lines has come down to us. Pliny again makes reference to it, in the last Chapter of the present [Book].
[28] Or “Treatise on Fishes.”
[29] See B. ix. c. 69, and B. xi. c. 61.
[30] Quoted from the Halieuticon.
[31] The wolf fish. The Perca labrax of Linnæus. See B. ix. cc. 24, 28, 74, 79, and B. x. c. 89.
[32] From the Halieuticon of Ovid.
[33] See B. ix. cc. 14, 35, 39, 48, 74, 79, 81.
[34] From the Halieuticon.
[35] From the Halieuticon.
[36] See B. ix. cc. 21, 26, 67.
[37] From the Halieuticon.
[38] From the Halieuticon. See Note [31] above, if indeed the same fish is meant. See also B. xxxi. c. 44, and the Note.
[39] From the Halieuticon.
[40] See B. ix. c. 85.
[41] In B. ix. c. 39. Aristotle, however, as there stated, was not of the same opinion.
[42] See B. xx. c. 98.
[43] “Novacula piscis.” Pliny is the only ancient author that mentions this fish. There are numerous varieties of it, among which the best known are the Coryphæna novacula of Linnæus, the Rason of the Mediterranean, highly esteemed as an article of food, and the Coryphæna pentedactyle of Bloch, identical with the Hemiptéronote à cinq taches, of Lacépède.
[44] An absurdity, owing, no doubt, to its name.
[45] Or “globe-fish.” The Mola, orbis marinus, or sun-fish of modern Natural History, the Lune de mer, or poisson-lune of the French. Though the skin is harsh and tough, there is no firmness in its flesh, which is of a gluey consistency.
[46] In reality it has scales, but they are almost imperceptible, from their minuteness.
[47] Or rather, as Dalechamps observes, “all belly.”
[48] See B. ix. cc. 44, 45, and B. xviii. c. 87.
[49] See B. ix. cc. 1, 21 and c. [53] of the present Book. There are two varieties of it, the Xiphias gladius of Bloch and Lacépède, and the Xiphias machæra of Shaw.
[50] See B. v. c. 1.
[51] Martial, B. iv. Ep. 30, speaks of this being the case at the fishponds of Baiæ, where the Emperor’s fish were in the habit of making their appearance when called by name.
[52] A village of Caria, celebrated for its sanctuary of Zeus Stratios. Ælian, Hist. Anim. B. xii. c. 30, says that there was a spring of clear water, within the sanctuary, which contained fish with golden necklaces and rings.
[53] “Inaures.” He probably means ornaments suspended from the gills, a thing which, in the case of eels, might be done.
[54] “Senum delubrum.” Ælian speaks of tame fish in the Old Men’s Harbour (λιμὴν) at Chios.
[55] In B. xxxi. c. 22.
[56] The seat of the worship of the half-fish goddess Addirga, Atergatis, Astarte, or Derceto. See B. v. c. 19. The original names of Hierapolis (the Holy City) were Bambyce and Mabog.
[57] See B. iii. c. 9.
[58] A Greek name signifying “black-tails.” See c. [53] of this Book. Holland translates it “the black-tailed ruffe” or “sea-bream.”
[59] See B. v. c. 38.
[60] See B. v. c. 31, and B. xxxi. c. 43.
[61] See B. iii. c. 14.
[62] See B. v. cc. 3, 4.
[63] See B. iii. cc. 16, 26.
[64] Ajasson thinks that this may possibly be true to some small extent.
[65] Identical with the fish called “orbis,” already mentioned in c. [5] of this Book. Ajasson remarks that though these fish have been known to weigh as much as three hundred pounds, there are many others which grow to a larger size, the sturgeon, and the silurus, for instance.
[66] Ajasson thinks that this notion may possibly have been derived from the name, which not improbably was given to it from the spongy and oleaginous nature of the flesh.
[67] See B. iii. c. 16.
[68] Owing, perhaps, to the moisture of the atmosphere.
[69] We learn from Festus, that he prohibited the use also of the scarus, a fish with scales.
[70] “Ad pulvinaria.” Literally, “At the cushions;” in reference to the practice of placing the statues of the gods upon pillows at the Lectisternia, which were sacrifices in the nature of feasts, at which images of the gods were placed reclining on couches, with tables and food before them, as if they were really partaking of the things offered in sacrifice. Livy, B. v. c. 13. gives an account of a Lectisternium celebrated with great pomp, which he asserts to have been the first instance of the practice.
[71] In B. ix. c. 54.
[72] See B. iii. c. 11.
[73] Theophrastus reckons coral among the precious stones, and the Pseudo-Orpheus among the minerals. Pliny would seem to be at a loss whether to consider it as an animal or a vegetable. In reality it is the production of marine organized bodies of an arborescent habit, known as Corallina, with jointed stems, supported on a kind of root divided into branches, which are likewise jointed.
[74] Because κειρεῖται, it is “cut short” in the sea, a far-fetched derivation, apparently.
[75] Solinus informs us that Zoroaster attributed certain mysterious properties to coral.
[76] A practice still retained, though the original intention of it has been lost sight of. As to the form of the coral now used by infants, see Note 2171 to B. xxviii. c. 7.
[77] In reality, the Pastinaca or Sting-ray is not venomous; but the wounds inflicted by the sting in its tail are highly dangerous, from their tendency to gangrene.
[78] In B. ix. c. 72. As Ajasson remarks, it is quite possible that the sting of the Pastinaca might penetrate to the heart of a young tree, and so kill it; but that is no proof of its being poisonous. See also B. ix. cc. 40, 67.
[79] Or Mustela, the sea-weasel, mentioned in B. ix. c. 29, and in c. [37] of the present Book. See also Note 2407 to B. ix. c. 29. Ajasson is of opinion that under the names of “Galeos” and “Mustela,” the ancients confounded the Squalus galeus and the Squalus mustelus of Linnæus.
[80] See B. xix. c. 15, and B. xxii. c. 49.
[81] As water, and are consequently amphibious.
[82] The Castoreum of the ancients, the “castor” of our Materia Medica, is not in reality produced from the testes of the beaver, as was supposed by the ancients, but from two oval pouches situate near the anus of the animal of either sex. There are four of these pouches in all, two containing a species of fat, and two larger ones including in their membranous cells a viscous fetid substance, which forms the castor of medicine. It is considered to be an antispasmodic.
[83] “Folliculos.” A very appropriate term, as Ajasson remarks.
[84] See B. xii. c. 49, and B. xxxiv. c. [14].
[85] See B. xxv. c. 70.
[86] Castor is still given to females to inhale, when suffering from hysteria.
[87] See B. xx. c. 54.
[88] See B. xxiv. c. 38.
[89] See B. viii. c. 41, B. x. c. 95, and B. xi. cc. 24, 28.
[90] See B. xxix. c. 32.
[91] See B. viii. c. 35, and B. xvi. c. 80.
[92] See B. xx. c. 81; B. xxii. c. 13; B. xxiii. c. 23, and B. xxiv. c. 73.
[93] See B. xii. c. 57.
[94] Or Mistletoe; see B, xvi. c. 92.
[95] As to the identity of the “nitrum” of the ancients, see B. xxxi. c. 46 and the Notes.
[96] See B. xx. c. 76.
[97] Under the head of “testudines,” he includes the tortoises, terrapenes, and turtles, which form an order of reptiles, known in Natural History as Chelonia, and characterised by the body being enclosed between a double shield or shell, out of which protrude the head, tail, and four extremities.
[98] See B. ix. cc. 11, 12.
[99] Our tortoises so called.
[100] Our Chelonides, or turtles.
[101] The Emydes and Trionyches of Modern Natural History.
[102] Or turtle.
[103] See B. x. c. 86.
[104] To make it of a yellow or golden colour, Dalechamps says.
[105] Identified by Ajasson with the Emys lutaria of Modern Natural History.
[106] Our Houseleek. See B. xxv. c. 102.
[107] Because it is then powerless, and can make no effort to rise.
[108] An absurd story, founded, no doubt, on the extremely slow pace of the tortoise. Ajasson remarks that it is the fresh-water tortoise, more particularly, that is so slow in its movements.
[109] In B. xxi. c. 44.
[110] Or Gilt-head. “Aurata.” See B. ix. c. 25.
[111] In B. viii. c. 38. See also B. xxviii. c. 30.
[112] Among others, in B. vii. c. 13, and B. xxviii. c. 23.
[113] In B. xxviii. c. 23.
[114] As to this point, see c. [12] of this Book, and the Notes.
[115] He must mean the Sea-dragon, mentioned in B. ix. c. 43, and in c. [53] of the present Book; for he has already stated in B. xxix. c. 20, that the serpent called “draco” is destitute of venom. See also B. viii. cc. 13, 14, 22, 41, and B. x. cc. 5, 92, 95, 96.
[116] See B. viii. c. 41, B. x. c. 95, and B. xi. cc. 24, 28, 29.
[117] See B. ix. cc. 71, 86, and c. [53] of the present Book.
[119] Rondelet asserts, B. vi. c. 19, that he himself had cured the sting of the sea-dragon by an application of the liver of that fish.
[120] See B. xxix. c. 32.
[121] See B. viii. c. 35, B. xi. c. 43, and B. xvi. c. 80.
[122] See B. xxiii. c. 29.
[123] Nicander, in his Theriaca, classes the Elops among the innocuous serpents. In B. ix. c. 27, we are informed that one name given to the Acipenser was “Elops.” But see the remark made in c. [54] of this Book.
[124] See B. xxiii. c. 80.
[125] From c. [53] of the present Book, we learn that the Sarda was a kind of Pelamis, or young tunny, which was pickled, like our Anchovy.
[127] Tunny cut into slices, and pickled. See B. ix. c. 18.
[128] See B. ix. cc. 40, 67, 74, 83.
[129] See B. viii. c. 48, B. xi. cc. 19, 76, 116, B. xxv. c. 76.
[130] See B. x. c. 86.
[131] Under the name “magi,” he is probably speaking here, not of the ordinary magicians, but the Magi of the East, from whom Democritus largely borrowed.
[132] A piece of wit on the part of our author, in which he seldom indulges.
[133] See B. xi. c. 76.
[134] From “rubus,” a “bramble.”
[135] In B. viii. c. 48. It is not improbable that the “rubetæ” of the ancients were toads.
[136] Projections of the bones in which the eyes are set, as Dalechamps remarks.
[137] “Plenæ veneficiorum.” It was long a matter of doubt whether the toad is really poisonous, but it has been recently ascertained that the pustules on the skin contain a most active poison.
[138] “Solium” and “oleum” are the readings here, but we adopt the conjecture of M. Ian, and substitute “ollam.”
[139] “Averting dogs.”
[140] The Enhydris, probably. See B. xxx. c. 8.
[141] See B. xxvi. c. 33.
[142] “Cancri fluviatiles.” Our crawfish, the Potamobios of Leach.
[143] See B. xix. cc. 31, 36, 44, and B. xx. c. 48.
[144] It is difficult to say whether he means the shrew-mouse here, the bite of which was supposed to be poisonous, or the serpent called Scytale, mentioned by Lucan, B. ix. l. 717.
[146] The Crab. This is giving the serpent credit for too much wisdom; an acquaintance, in fact, with the fantastic names which mankind have bestowed upon the signs of the Zodiac.
[147] See B. ix. c. 32.
[148] The same as the Orbis or Orthagoriscus of Chapters [5] and [9] of this Book, the Mola or sun-fish of the Mediterranean. See B. ix. c. 17.
[149] Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 72.
[150] There is considerable truth in this observation.
[151] The sea-horse, the Syngnathus hippocampus of Linnæus. See B. ix. c. 1.
[152] See B. xxi. c. 105.
[153] The same, probably, as the “opocarpathon” of B. xxviii. c. 45, a substance which does not appear to have been identified with any degree of certainty. See also c. [31] of the present Book.
[154] B. ix. c. 79.
[155] Ajasson remarks that these statements are consistent with fact.
[156] “Deep-sea” oysters.
[157] In Asia Minor. See B. v. c. 32, where it is called “Grynia.”
[158] In Lemnos. See B. iv. c. 23, and B. v. c. 32.
[159] This is an error: the statement is made, not in B. ix., but in B. ii. c. 109.
[160] See B. ix. c. 74. It is at the spawning season that this milky liquid is found in the oyster; a period at which the meat of the fish is considered unwholesome as food. We have a saying that the oyster should never be eaten in the months without an r; that the same, too, was the opinion in the middle ages is proved by the Leonine line:
“Mensibus erratis vos ostrea manducatis.”
“In the r’d months you may your oysters eat.”
[161] See B. iii. c. 9. Horace speaks of the oysters of Circeii, B. ii. Sat. 4. l. 33.
[162] There has been considerable discussion among the commentators as to the meaning of the word “spondylus” here. We are inclined to adopt the opinion of Venette, and to think that it means the so-called “meat” of the oyster. It must be short, and consequently plump and comparatively destitute of beard, and it must not be fleshy, as that would imply a degree of toughness not desirable in an oyster. The words “nec fibris laciniata ac tota in alvo,” only seem to be an amplification of the preceding ones, “spondylo brevi et non carnoso.”
[163] Literally, “Having beautiful eyebrows.”
[164] See B. ix. c. 79.
[165] See B. v. c. 40.
[166] See B. iii. c. 9.
[167] “Dulciora.”
[168] Those of Rutupæ, the present Richborough in Kent, were highly esteemed by the Romans. See Juvenal, Sat. 4. l. 141.
[169] “Suaviora.”
[170] The district in the vicinity of Bordeaux, now called Medoc. The oysters of Medulæ are mentioned in terms of praise by Ausonius, Epist. vii. and Epist. cxliii.
[171] “Acriora.”
[172] See B. iii. c. 4.
[173] See B. v. c. 32.
[174] See B. iii. c. 23.
[175] See B. iii. c. 9.
[176] They probably gave the name of “oyster” to some other shell-fish of large size. In Cook’s Voyages we read of cockles in the Pacific, which two men were unable to carry.
[177] From τρὶς, “thrice,” and δάκνω, “to bite.”
[178] Ajasson remarks that many persons are unable to digest oysters, in an uncooked state.
[179] Ajasson remarks that calcined oyster-shells formed an ingredient in the famous lithontriptic of Mrs. Stephens, a so-called remedy which obtained for her a considerable reward, voted by the English Parliament in the middle of last century.
[180] A statement purely imaginary, Ajasson thinks; the liquid of this class of shell-fish containing no element whatever to fit it for an antidote.
[181] Or antidote.
[182] In B. xxvi. c. 66.
[183] Many varieties of sea-weed are now known, Ajasson says, to possess this property, and are still used by savage nations for colouring the body. In Europe, the use of indigo, madder, and other tinctorial plants of a more decided character, has caused them to be entirely neglected for dyeing purposes.
[184] Probably the Syngnathus hippocampus of Linnæus. See B. ix. c. 1.
[185] As to the Nitrum of the ancients, see B. xxxi. c. 46.
[186] Or Cuttlefish. See B. ix. c. 44.
[187] See B. ix. c. 35.
[188] See c. [17] of the present Book.
[189] This seems to be the meaning of “conchyliorum” here, though in most instances Pliny uses it as synonymous with the purple. See B. ix. cc. 60, 61, 64.
[190] See B. xxv. c. 70.
[191] This assertion reminds us of the healing effects of the fish with which Tobit cured his father’s blindness. See Tobit, c. xi. v. 13.
[192] See c. [13] of this Book.
[193] Identified by Ajasson with the white Rascasse of the Mediterranean. Hardouin combats the notion that this was the fish, the gall of which was employed by Tobit for the cure of his father, and is inclined to think that the Silurus was in reality the fish; a notion no better founded than the other, Ajasson thinks.
[194] In his “Messenia,” for instance. The fragment has been preserved by Ælian, Hist. Anim. B. xiii. c. 4. Ajasson remarks that the ancients clearly mistook the swimming bladder of the fish for the gall.
[195] Or “heaven-gazer.”
[196] The original has “ab oculo quem,”—but we have adopted the reading suggested by Dalechamps, “Ab oculis quos in superiore capite.” Ajasson says that the white rascasse has the eyes so disposed on the upper part of the head as to have the appearance of gazing upwards at the heavens. Hence it is that at Genoa, the fish is commonly known as the prête or “priest.”
[197] See B. ix. c. 32.
[198] See Chapter [17] of the present Book.
[199] “Albugines.”
[200] Meaning, literally, “Fallen from Jupiter,” in reference to their supposed descent from heaven in showers of rain.
[201] Cortex.
[202] See B. xxxiv. cc. [22], [23].
[203] “Ossiculo.”
[204] Literally, “fish-glue.” We can hardly believe Pliny that any fish was known by this name. Hardouin takes the fish here spoken of to be identical with that mentioned in B. ix. c. 17, as being caught in the Borysthene, and destitute of bones. It is most probable, however, that the “ichthyocolla” of the ancients, or “fish-glue,” was the same as our isinglass, and that it was prepared from the entrails of various fish, the sturgeon more particularly, the Acipenser huso of Linnæus.
[205] The best isinglass still comes from Russia.
[206] “Nativi coloris.” See B. viii. c. 23. Beckmann says, in reference to the present passage: “We manufacture the wool of our brown sheep in its natural colour, and this was done also by the ancients.”—Hist. Inv. vol. ii. p. 110, Bohn’s Ed.
[207] The “calamites” above mentioned, so called from “calamus,” a reed.
[208] The Bryonia Cretica of Linnæus; see B. xxiii. c. 16.
[209] An eminent surgeon, born at Sidon in Phœnicia, who practised at Rome, probably in the first century B.C.
[210] “Mutis,” “silent,” or “voiceless” frogs, as suggested by Gessner, Hist. Anim. B. ii., would almost seem to be a preferable reading here to “multis,” “many.”
[211] Another reading is “tænia,” a fish mentioned by Epicharmus, Athenæus informs us, and considered by Ajasson to be probably identical with the Cepola rubescens, or Cepola tænia of Linnæus.
[212] The same as the Batis of the Greeks, Hardouin thinks, the Raia batis, a kind of skate.
[213] See B. ix. c. 28.
[214] See the preceding [Chapter].
[215] See c. [13] of the present Book.
[216] See B. ix. c. 71.
[217] As to “nitrum,” see B. xxxi. c. 46.
[218] See B. xxxi. c. 43.
[219] See Note [189] to Chapter 23 of this Book.
[220] “Canicula.” See B. ix. cc. 11, 70.
[221] Or sting-ray.
[222] Tunny cut in slices. See B. ix. c. 18.
[223] See end of B. xxxi.
[224] For the purpose, probably, of assuaging the pain of tooth-ache by their coolness.
[225] See B. ix. cc. 40, 67.
[226] “Cetum.” See B. ix. cc. 40, 74.
[227] Ajasson is of opinion that here and in c. 19 Pliny has mistaken the otter for a serpent, the mammiferæ only having eye or canine teeth. Aristotle, Hist. Anim. B. i. c. i., calls the otter by the name of “Enhydris.” See B. xxx. c. 8, where Pliny speaks of the “Enhydris” as a “male white serpent.”
[228] Or seal. See B. ix. c. 15.
[229] See B. ix. c. 42. Holland calls the mæna the “cackerel.”
[230] Or sting-ray.
[231] See B. ix. c. 1.
[232] Much like the cod-liver oil, held in such high repute at the present day.
[233] “Icthyocolla.” See Chapter [24] of the present Book.
[234] Of course this assertion as to the nest of the kingfisher is altogether fabulous, and the sea-productions here described by Pliny were long considered, though destitute of leaves, flowers, and fruit, to belong to the vegetable kingdom. Peyssonnel, however, made the discovery that they belong to the animal kingdom, and that they owe their origin to a species of polyp.
[235] Or kingfisher. See B. x. c. 47.
[236] “Oculorum cicatrices.”
[237] See end of B. xx.
[238] See end of B. viii.
[239] See B. ix. c. 42.
[240] See B. ix. cc. 40, 67. The Bamberg MS. has here “rhine,” (the fish again mentioned in Chapter [53] of this Book) instead of “rana;” a reading which Sillig rejects. Hardouin conjectures that “raia” is the correct reading, the sea-frog having no sting or stickle in the tail.
[241] See B. ix. c. 67.
[242] Or sea-lizard, a fish again mentioned in Chapter [53] of this Book. Ælian also speaks of it, Hist. Nat. B. xii. c. 25; but it has not been hitherto identified.
[243] See c. [25] of this Book.
[244] See c. [13] of this Book.
[245] See B. xxxi. c. 43.
[246] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[247] It is not clear whether he means the gum ammoniac of B. xii. c. 49, and B. xxiv. c. 14, or the sal ammoniac of B. xxxi. c. 39.
[248] “Saliva.” See the recipe of Sallustius Dionysius in Chapter [26] of this Book.
[249] The Dryophites of Rondelet, Dalechamps says.
[250] Identical with the Strombus of cc. [39], [46], and [53] of this Book.
[251] See B. ix. c. 1.
[252] Littré remarks that Pliny here seems to speak of the “Tethea” as a mollusk; whereas in c. 31, from his expression “Fungorum verius generis quam piscium,” he would appear to be describing a zoophyte.
[253] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[254] See B. ix. cc. 24, 48, 67, 74, 75.
[255] See B. xx. c. 38.
[256] A rock fish, according to Athenæus, B. vii. Rondelet, B. vi. c. 7, identifies it with the fish called girello by the people of Liguria, the donzella of other districts.
[257] Sliced tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.
[258] A genus which comprises the “myes,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 56, according to Dalechamps.
[259] See B. ix. c. 60.
[260] See B. xxi. c. 105.
[261] See B. xxviii. c. 45, and Chapter [20] of the present Book.
[262] Identical with our mussel, probably.
[263] Holland identifies this with the cockle, but it is probably a smaller kind of mussel.
[265] We learn from Chapter [53] of this Book, that one class of the “Chamæ,” or gaping cockles, was known as “Pelorides.” Horace also mentions them.
[266] See B. xxxi. c. 46.
[267] See Note [251] above. Sillig would here read “tetheum,” apparently, in the singular.
[268] Described in B. xxvii. c. 29.
[269] A city not far from the Canopic branch of the Nile.
[270] “Dantur” seems a preferable reading to “datur.”
[271] See B. ix c. 42.
[272] Our crawfish, the Astacus potamobios of Leach.
[273] See Chapter [13] of this Book.
[274] See B. xix. c. 27, and B, xxv. c. 64.
[275] See B. ix. cc. 23, 77.
[276] See end of B. xxxi.
[277] See B. ix. cc. 20, 24, 36.
[278] See B. ix. cc. 24, 48, 67, 74, 75.
[279] “Rhombus.” See B. ix. cc. 20, 36, 67, 79.
[280] See Chapters [23], [34], [30] and [53] of this Book.
[281] Rondelet, B. vi. c. 19, suggests “capite”—“in the head”—but the present reading is supported by the text of Plinius Valerianus, B. ii. c. 39, and of Marcus Empiricus, c. 28.
[282] As to the identity of the Enhydris, see Chapters [19] and [26] of the present Book: also B. xxx. c. 8.
[283] Probably the Βλεννὸς of Oppian, B. i. c. 108. Dalechamps identifies it with the mullet called “myxon,” apparently the same fish as the “bacchus” mentioned in Chapter [25] of this Book. Rondelet appears to identify it with some other sea-fish, small, and extremely rare. On the other hand, the fish mentioned by Oppian is thought by Littré to be the “gobius” of the Latins, (“gobio” or “cobio,” mentioned by Pliny in B. ix. c. 83, and in c. [53] of the present Book), which is generally considered the same as our gudgeon, and was a worthless fish, “vilis piscis,” as Juvenal says. One of the Linnæan orders of fishes is called “Blennius,” the blenny.
[284] See B. ix. c. 28.
[285] See B. ix. c. 68.
[286] Or sea-lungs. See B. ix. c. 71, and B. xviii. c. 85.
[287] Or crawfish.
[288] “Pectines.” See B. ix. cc. 51, 52, 68, 74, 112.
[289] Athenæus adds a fourth name, “solen;” and a fifth was “dactylus,” see B. ix. c. 87. According to Dalechamps, the name “donax” was given to one kind of scallop, from its fancied resemblance to a thick, hollow, river-reed, and that of “onyx” from the resemblance of its colour to that of the finger-nails.
[290] It is not improbable that he may mean the same animal that has been mentioned in cc. [19] and [26] of this Book, the Enhydris. See also B. xxx. c. 8.
[291] See B. xxix. c. 22.
[292] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[293] See B. ix. c. 42, and Chapter [27] of this Book.
[294] See B. ix. cc. 18, 19, and Chapter [53] of this Book.
[295] Salted tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.
[296] See B. ix. cc. 24, 48, 74, 75.
[297] Our crawfish.
[298] See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.
[299] See B. ix. c. 24.
[300] See Chapters [23], [24], [30], [32], and [53] of the present Book. Also B. xx. c. 53.
[301] See B. ix. c. 42.
[302] “Perca.” See B. ix. c. 24.
[304] See B. ix. c. 14.
[305] In B. ix. c. 14.
[306] Ajasson remarks that many writers have identified the Smaris with the Sardine or the Anchovy. In his opinion, however, it is neither; but he thinks that under this head were included seven or eight varieties of the Pickerel, the principal of which are, the Sparus smaris of Linnæus and Lacépède, the Sparus mana of Linnæus, or Sparus mendola of Lacépède, and the Sparus haffara of Lacépède and Linnæus.
[307] See Chapter [22] of the present Book.
[308] See B. ix. c. 1.
[309] Literally, the “little serpent.” Some think that it is the Ophidium barbatum of Linnæus. Rondelet identifies it, B. xiv. c. 2, with the small fish called donzella by the people of Montpellier. See c. 31, Note [256].
[310] See B. xxx. c. 22.
[311] See B. xiv. c. 8.
[312] “Rubetæ.” See c. [18] of this Book; also B. viii. c. 48; B. xi. cc. 19, 76, 116, and B. xxv. c. 76.
[313] See B. ix. c. 72; B. xxv. c. 77, and Chapter [3] of this Book.
[314] Or seal-skin. See B. viii. c. 49, and B. ix. c. 15.
[315] In B. xxvii. c. 33.
[316] In B. xxvi. c. 66.
[317] Or “sea-lungs.” See B. ix. c. 71, B. xviii. c. 5, and Chapters [32], [46], and [52] of the present Book. Ajasson remarks that this is still the common name of many kinds of Medusæ.
[318] Our crawfish.
[319] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[320] “Mituli.” See Chapter [31] of the present Book.
[321] In B. viii. c. 49.
[323] See Chapter [13] of the present Book.
[324] See B. ix. c. 29.
[325] See B. ix. cc. 35, 76.
[326] See B. ix. c. 1.
[327] See B. ix. c. 28.
[328] See B. ix. c. 24.
[329] “Ablatis unguibus.”
[330] “Rubeta.”
[331] Our crawfish.
[332] Because the nightingale sings at night, instead of sleeping.
[333] See B. ix. cc. 2, 5, 6, 7, 15.
[334] Or seal.
[335] “Spondylus.”
[336] See Chapter [29] of this Book.
[337] See Chapters [30] and [31] of the present Book.
[338] See B. xviii. c. 19.
[339] “Crebriore anhelitu.”
[340] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[341] Or sting-ray. See B. ix. cc. 37, 40, 67, 72.
[342] Ichthyocolla. See Chapter [24] of this Book.
[343] See Chapter [13] of this Book.
[344] See B. ix. c. 30.
[345] See B. ix. c. 46.
[346] This seems to be the meaning of “naturâ dissidente,” if it is the correct reading. That, however, suggested by Dalechamps would seem to be preferable, “naturâ retinente,”—“it being the nature of its flesh to cling to the knife.”
[347] See Chapter [24] of this Book.
[348] “Calami.”
[349] “Bloodsuckers.”
[350] “Cucurbitæ medicinales.”
[351] This does not appear to be considered the case at the present day.
[352] A method still employed.
[353] See B. x. c. 27.
[354] “Invehunt virus remedio verso.” The reading is probably corrupt, but the meaning is pretty evident.
[355] See B. xxix. c. 17, and c. [47] of this Book.
[356] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25, 75.
[357] See B. ix. c. 17. Ajasson says that it is also found of enormous size, in the Danube and in the Theisse.
[359] See B. ix. c. 42.
[361] “Cunila capitata.” See B. xx. c. 65.
[363] Tunny sliced and salted; see B. ix. c. 18.
[364] See B. xxxi. c. 44.
[365] See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.
[366] See B. ix. c. 30.
[367] See B. ix. c. 67.
[369] “Thymia.”
[370] Ajasson thinks that the ancients knew but one kind of sea-scorpion, but in different states, the Cottus scorpius, probably, of Linnæus.
[371] See Chapter [34] of this Book.
[374] This fish has not been identified. It is possible, however, that it may be the same as the “glaucus” mentioned in B ix. c. 25.
[376] See B. xxvi. c. 92.
[377] See B. ix. cc. 14, 40, 67.
[378] An asserted remedy, founded, as Ajasson remarks, upon nothing but a pun, the resemblance between δελφὶς, a “dolphin,” and δελφὺς, the “womb.”
[379] See Chapters [29] and [39] of this Book.
[380] See B. ix. c. 42.
[381] See B. xx. c. 65.
[382] In other words, seal-oil.
[383] Or sea-lungs. See Chapter [36] of this Book.
[384] Or crawfish.
[385] See B. ix. c. 17; also Chapter [43] of this Book.
[386] Meaning Egypt, probably; see the passages referred to in the preceding note.
[387] De Morb. Mulier. I. 128.
[388] We would adopt the suggestion of M. Ian, and read “quinis cum,” in preference to “cum quinis;” “fire crabs with roots of lapathum and rue.”
[389] See B. xx. c. 85.
[390] See Chapter [13] of the present Book.
[391] See B. xii. c. 57.
[392] See B. ix. cc. 24, 48, 74, 75.
[393] Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 72.
[394] The callosity is here meant, Hardouin supposes, which covers the purple in the shell. See Chapter [41] of this Book.
[395] “Salis flore.” See B. xxxi. c. 42.
[396] “Cedrium.” See B. xvi. c. 21, and B. xxiv. c. 11.
[397] See end of B. xxviii.
[398] Or “sea-lungs.” See Chapter [36] of this Book.
[399] See B. ix. c. 67.
[400] See B. ix. c. 68.
[402] In Chapter [24] of this Book.
[403] See the preceding Note.
[404] See Chapter [42] of this Book.
[405] In the case of infants, probably.
[406] “Canicula.” See B. ix. cc. 11, 70.
[407] Or “crawfish.”
[408] “Crebro humefacto” seems a preferable reading to “cerebro humefacto” though supported by the Bamberg MS.
[409] See B. xxii. c. 29, and B. xxx. c. 47.
[410] See B. ix. c. 30.
[411] Identified with the “erythinus” of B. ix. c. 23, and mentioned in the next Chapter.
[412] See B. ix. c. 1.
[413] Or Remora. See B. ix. c. 41.
[414] See B. viii. c. 39.
[416] See B. ix. c. 23.
[417] See Chapter [24] of this Book.
[418] See B. ix. c. 1.
[419] “Rubeta.” See B. viii. c. 48, B. xi. cc. 19, 76, 116, B. xxv. c. 76, and c. [18] of this Book.
[420] See B. xv. c. 36, and B. xx. c. 22.
[421] “Remedies for lassitude.” See B. xxiii. cc. 45, 80; B. xxvii. c. 13, and B. xxix. cc. 13, 37.
[422] See B. xvi. c. 66, and B. xxiv. c. 50.
[423] See B. xvi. c. 66, and B. xxiv. c. 50.
[424] See B. xxiv. c. 50.
[425] See B. ix. cc. 20, 44, 74, 78.
[426] “Ablato priore lumine.” Hardouin justly ridicules this assertion. This ink, as Ajasson remarks, is intensely black.
[427] See B. ix. c. 71, and Chapter [36] of this Book.
[428] This seems to be the meaning of “adeo ut baculum ita præluceat.”
[429] Some MSS. have here “164,” the Bamberg MS. and others “144.” Owing to the corrupt state of the text in many parts of this Chapter, it is impossible to say which reading is correct.
[430] “Invenire non potuimus” seems a preferable reading to “invenire potuimus.”
[431] Modern Ceylon. See B. vi. cc. 23, 24, B. vii. c. 2, and B. ix. c. 54.
[432] “Quæ nascuntur certa sunt.” A bold assertion. The various fishes now known amount to many thousands; and there are still vast numbers, no doubt, with which science has not hitherto become acquainted.
[433] “Belluæ.”
[434] He may possibly allude to the plants mentioned in B. xiii. cc. 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52; though Hardouin seems to think it impossible to discover what he means, seeing that he is speaking of sea-monsters, beings with animal life. See also B. ix. c. 3.
[435] See B. ix. c. 3.
[436] See B. ix. cc. 2, 5.
[437] See B. ix. c. 3; probably the same as the “pristis” of B. ix. c. 2.
[438] See B. ix. c. 4.
[439] See B. ix. c. 4.
[440] See B. ix. c. 4.
[441] “Homines marini.” See B. ix. c. 4.
[442] See B. ix. c. 3.
[443] See B. ix. c. 5.
[444] See B. ix. c. 4.
[445] See B. ix. c. 88, and B. xi. c. 62.
[446] See B. ix. c. 67.
[447] See B. ix. c. 7.
[448] See B. ix. c. 15.
[449] Odyssey, B. iv. l. 436.
[450] Turtles. See B. ix. c. 13.
[451] See Chapter [13] of this Book.
[452] See B. viii. c. 47; also Chapters [26] and [32] of this Book.
[453] See B. ix. c. 70.
[454] The name of a fish unknown. Sillig conjectures that Pliny may have had in view the fish called “dromades” by Aristotle. “Dromones” is another reading, a sort of small crab.
[455] Littré translates this “horned ray.”
[456] “Gladii.” See B. ix. cc. 1, 21; the same, probably as the “xiphias” mentioned at the end of this Chapter.
[457] See B. ix. c. 1.
[458] See B. viii. c. 39.
[459] See B. viii. c. 37.
[460] See B. ix. c. 18, 20. Holland says, “Some take ‘thynni’ for the milters and ‘thynnides’ for the spawners.” In this translation, however, he identifies the “thynnides” with the “pelamides,” or young tunnies, mentioned in this Chapter and in B. ix. c. 18.
[461] See B. ix. cc. 17, 25.
[462] See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.
[463] “Percæ.” See B. ix. c. 24.
[464] See B. ix. c. 27.
[465] “Aurata.” See B. ix. c. 25.
[466] See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
[467] Considered by some to be the whiting. Littré identifies it with the Perca labrax of Linnæus.
[468] See B. ix. c. 74; where it is called “apua.”
[469] The “sea-fox.” See B. ix. c. 67.
[470] “Anguilla.” See B. ix. cc. 2, 37, 38.
[471] Or sea-spider. See B. ix. c. 72.
[472] The same as the bogue of the coasts of Narbonne, according to Rondelet, B. v. c. 11.
[473] See Chapter [25] of the present Book.
[474] See B. ix. c. 28.
[475] Or frog-fish. See B. ix. c. 40.
[476] “Sea-needles.” Identified by some with the horn-fish, horn-back, or needle-fish.
[477] “Needle-fish.”
[478] “Acorn-fish.” A shell-fish, according to Rondelet, B. i. c. 30, which frequents the clefts of rocks.
[479] “Sea-raven.” According to some authorities, identical with the Trigla hirundo of Linnæus. Hardouin says that it is the fish called capone by the people of Rome.
[480] See B. ix. c. 71.
[481] The same, probably, as the “gobio,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 83.
[482] See B. ix. c. 28.
[483] See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
[484] Thought by some to be a kind of mackerel, by others to be a tunny. Rondelet says, B. viii. c. 8, that it is a fish still called coguiol by the people of Marseilles.
[485] In the Hellespont.
[486] Or Sexis, according to Pintianus.
[487] Or “sea-lizards.”
[488] See B. ix. c. 18. He surely does not intend to include this among his “one hundred and seventy-six different kinds of aquatic animals”!
[489] Or young tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.
[490] See B. ix. c. 18.
[491] Rondelet says, B. v. c. 4, that it is a fish still known (in his time) as cantheno, by the people of Narbonne. Ovid, in his Halieuticon, l. 103, speaks of the unpleasant flavour of its juices.
[492] See Chapter [24] of the present Book.
[493] Of course, as Hardouin says, he does not include the shell-fishes in this assertion. The fish with this uncomplimentary name has not been identified.
[494] “Urtica.” See B. ix. c. 68.
[495] See B. ix. c. 51.
[496] Or “chamæ;” different varieties of gaping cockles.
[497] Or “monster” cockles.
[498] Or “sweet” cockles.
[499] See Chapter [27] of this Book.
[500] See B. ix. c. 54.
[501] Or “cochli.” As to the various kinds of cochleæ, see B. ix. c. 51.
[502] “Five-fingered.” So called from some peculiarity in their shape.
[503] Considered by some to be the striated mussel, the Pecten of Linnæus.
[504] “Radii.”
[505] This is not improbably the meaning of the very elliptical sentence, “Quibus radii cantant.”
[506] See B. ix. c. 1.
[507] The “dog’s-face,” literally. This fish has not been identified: indeed the reading is doubtful.
[508] A kind of crab or crayfish. See B. xxvii. c. 2.
[509] Literally, the “dog’s right hand.” This fish has not been identified: Hardouin suggests that it may have been a zoöphyte.
[510] See B. ix. c. 43, and Chapters [17] and [26] of this Book.
[511] Or “little dragon.”
[512] The sea-scorpion, probably.
[513] See B. ix. c. 23; also Chapters [31] and [50] of this Book.
[514] Or Remora. See B. ix. c. 41; also Chapter [1] of this Book.
[515] See B. ix. cc. 14, 74.
[516] See B. ix. c. 32.
[517] See Chapter [46] of the present Book.
[518] See B. ix. c. 67.
[519] Possibly the same as the “Conger” of B. ix. c. 24.
[520] A fish similar, most probably, to the “gerricula” previously mentioned. Holland calls it a “pilchard” or “herring.”
[521] A kind of squalus. See B. ix. c. 70.
[522] See B. xxxi. c. 43.
[523] Or “horse.” The crab, probably, mentioned in B. ix. c. 51.
[524] See B. ix. c. 24.
[525] Or sea-swallow. See B. ix. c. 43.
[526] “Lungs of the sea.” The same as the Pulmones, or sea-lungs mentioned in B. ix. c. 71, and in Chapter 36 of this Book.
[527] See B. ix. c. 1.
[528] Or “sea-liver.” A sort of rock-fish, according to Athenæus.
[529] The same as the “milvus” or “sea-kite,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 43.
[530] See Chapter [31] of this Book. Instead of this fish and the preceding one, most of the editions mention the “elacatenes,” a cetaceous fish, according to Athenæus, much used for salting.
[531] “Sea-lizards.”
[532] See B. ix. c. 45.
[533] “Locusta.” See B. ix. c. 50.
[534] “Lucerna.” See B. ix. c. 43.
[535] Neither this fish nor the “larinus” has been identified.
[536] See B. ix. c. 72, and Chapter [3] of this Book.
[537] See B. ix. c. 51.
[538] See B. ix. c. 30.
[539] See B. ix. c. 20.
[540] See B. ix. c. 26.
[541] See Chapter [8] of this Book. Holland translates this—“The blacke taile perch, (which some take for a ruffe, others for a sea-breame).”
[542] See B. ix. c. 42.
[543] A fish of the Nile, according to Ælian. “Meryx” is another reading, a kind of Scarus, it is thought.
[544] See B. ix. c. 23.
[545] A shell-fish. See B. ix. c. 56.
[546] See Chapter [31] of this Book.
[547] See Chapter [31] of this Book.
[548] See B. ix. c. 61.
[549] The “eye-fish.” A kind of lamprey has been suggested.
[550] See Chapter [35] of this Book.
[551] See B. ix. c. 21.
[552] “Sea-ears.” A kind of oyster, Holland says.
[553] See B. ix. c. 20.
[554] He speaks of it as a kind of Pelamis, a little further on.
[555] The sun-fish. See Chapter [5] of this Book.
[556] The same, probably, as the “orbis.” See Chapters [5] and [9] of the present Book.
[557] Or phagrus. See B. ix. c. 24.
[558] See B. ix. c. 42.
[559] A young tunny. See B. ix. c. 20.
[560] A “choice bit.” See B. ix. c. 20.
[561] See B. ix. c. 17.
[562] This fish has not been identified.
[563] See B. ix. c. 36.
[564] Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 40.
[565] See B. ix. c. 48.
[566] See B. ix. c. 51.
[567] See B. v. c. 39.
[568] Probably the place of that name in Sicily, mentioned in B. ii. c. 94, and B. iii. c. 14.
[569] See B. iii. c. 26.
[570] See B. iii. c. 22.
[571] “Pectunculus.” See Note [566] above.
[572] See B. ix. c. 60.
[573] An unknown fish. The reading is doubtful.
[574] See B. ix. c. 66.
[575] See B. ix. c. 66.
[576] See B. ix. c. 40.
[577] “Rhombus.” See B. ix. c. 36.
[578] See B. ix. c. 29.
[579] See B. ix. c. 36.
[580] See B. ix. c. 30.
[581] The same, perhaps, as the “pinnotheres” of B. ix. c. 66, a kind of shrimp.
[582] See Chapter [17] of this Book.
[583] See B. ix. c. 18.
[584] See B. ix. c. 19.
[585] See B. ix. c. 32.
[586] Considered by Sillig to be the same as the “Saurus” of Chapter [28] of this Book; the “sea-lizard,” apparently.
[587] It does not seem to have been identified; though Rondelet says that it is the same as the Rascasse of the Mediterranean.
[588] See B. xx. c. 53, and Chapters [23], [30], [32], [34], and [35] of this Book.
[589] This fish has not been identified; indeed the reading is very doubtful.
[590] See B. ix. c. 24.
[591] A fish similar to the preceding one, probably; some kind of ombre, Littré thinks.
[592] See B. ix. c. 67.
[593] Probably the same as the “Myrus” of B. ix. c. 39.
[594] See B. ix. c. 45.
[595] See Chapter [30] of this Book.
[596] See Chapter [32] of this Book.
[597] A sort of mollusk, Littré thinks. There is a shell-fish known as the Spondylus gæderopus of Linnæus.
[598] See Chapters [34], [45], and [46], of this Book.
[599] See B. ix. c. 86.
[600] See B. ix. c. 69.
[601] See B. ix. c. 20.
[602] A sort of tunny, probably.
[603] See Chapter [6] of this Book. Probably the same as the “gladius” of this Chapter, and of B. ix. cc. 1, 21.
[604] Considered by Littré to be the Shad.
[605] See B. ix. c. 67.
[606] See Chapter [30] of this Book.
[607] See B. ix. c. 18.
[608] See B. ix. c. 18.
[609] See B. ix. c. 52, and Chapter [1] of this Book.
[610] See B. ix. c. 1, and c. [49] of this Book.
[612] The Halieuticon, already mentioned in Chapter [5] of this Book.
[613] At the town of Tomi, whither he was banished by Augustus Cæsar.
[614] See B. ix. c. 24.
[615] See B. ix. cc. 23, 77, and Chapters [31], [50], of this Book.
[616] The same, probably, as the “iulis” mentioned in the preceding [Chapter].
[617] The “golden brow.” The same as the “Aurata” or “dorade” of B. ix. c. 25, and Chapters [16] and [53] of this Book.
[618] An unknown fish; the reading is doubtful.
[619] The “goat-fish.” It does not appear to have been identified.
[620] Literally, the “black tail.” See the preceding [Chapter].
[621] According to Rondelet, a fish resembling the Coracinus.
[622] See B. ix. c. 23.
[623] See B. ix. c. 25.
[624] See B. ix. c. 47.
[625] See B. ix. c. 42.
[626] See B. ix. c. 27. Ajasson is of opinion that the “helops” is the Russian sturgeon, the “acipenser,” the common sturgeon.
[627] Resembling a “stake” in appearance. It bee been suggested that this is the Esox sphyræna.
[628] “Perna.” Hardouin says that from the diminutive of this, “pernula,” the modern word “pearl” is derived.
[629] A sort of “tursio,” Dalechamps says. See B. ix. c. 11.
[630] See B. iii. c. 12.
[631] See end of B. xix.
[632] See end of B. viii.
[633] See end of B. xii.
[634] See end of B. xviii.
[635] See end of B. xii.
[636] See end of B. ix.
[637] According to Suetonius, Fescennius Iacchus was a grammarian who taught in Cisalpine Gaul. See also B. xxxvii. c. [54].
[638] See end of B. xxxi.
[639] See end of B. v.
[640] See end of B. xx.
[641] See end of B. xxviii.
[642] See end of B. xxx.
[643] See end of B. xxxi.
[644] See end of B. xxviii.
[645] See end of B. ii.
[646] See end of B. viii.
[647] We now enter upon the Sixth division of Pliny’s work, containing an account of mineral substances of all descriptions.—Dr. Bostock.
[648] “Ipsæ opes.” The metals were looked upon by the ancients as the only true riches. It is in this sense that Ovid says, Metam. B. i.: “Effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum.” Pliny applies the term “pretia rerum” to metals, as forming the unit of value.
[649] Electrum is described in c. 23, as gold mixed with a certain quantity of silver. The word “electrum” is also used to signify amber, as in B. iii. c. 30.—B.
[650] “Æs;” by “æs” is here probably meant copper, as the author is speaking of what is dug out of the earth; it is more fully described in the first two Chapters of the [next] Book. According to the analysis of Klaproth, the æs of the ancients, when employed in works of art, cutting instruments, statues, vases, &c., was the “bronze” of the moderns, a mixture of copper and tin, in which the proportion of tin varied, from a little more than 2 to 1.14 per cent, according as the object was to procure a flexible or a hard substance. Agricola speaks of “æs” as synonymous with “cuprum,” and Pliny will be found several times in the present Book, speaking of “æs Cyprium,” meaning probably the finest kind of copper, and that without alloy.—B.
[651] Pliny has already referred to this topic in B. ii. c. 63.—B.
[652] Or shades below.
[653] “Illa quæ non nascuntur repente.”
[654] “Chrysocolla” is fully described in Chapter [26] of this Book.—B.
[655] Meaning “gold glue,” or “gold solder.”
[656] There is considerable variation in the text of this passage, as found in the different editions. In that of Dalechamps, the Variorum, and those of De Laet and Sillig, the sentence concludes with the words “nomen ex auro custodiens;” while in those of Valpy, Lemaire, Poinsinet, Ajasson, and others, we find substituted for them the words. “Non natura,” “Nomen natura,” “Nomine natura,” or “Nomen naturam.”—B. The first reading is warranted by the Bamberg MS.
[657] “Auri sanies.” More properly speaking, “the corrupt matter discharged by gold.” See Chapter [26].
[658] “Minium” is treated of in Chapter [36] of this Book.—B.
[659] “Pretia rerum.” The value of the raw material.
[660] Pliny here refers both to the art of producing figures in relief on drinking vessels made of the precious metals, and also of giving them particular forms. A well-known line of Juvenal, Sat. ii. l. 96, affords a striking illustration of the depraved taste which existed in his time.—B. Lampridius also speaks of vessels of silver “defiled with representations of a most libidinous character;” and Capitolinus speaks of “phallovitroboli,” glass drinking vessels shaped like a phallus.
[661] “Murrhina” or “myrrhina.” are described in B. xxxvii. c. 8; they were, perhaps, onyxes or opals, though possibly the term was not strictly confined to these substances, but signified any transparent minerals, that exhibited a variety of colours. Salmasius, however, ridicules the idea of their being onyxes, and is of opinion that these vessels were made of porcelain; Exer. Plin. p. 144.—B.
[663] He alludes to the cups known as “chrysendeta,” adorned with circlets of gold, exquisite chasings, and groups of precious stones. See Juvenal, Sat. v. l. 42.
[664] The “Smaragdus” is described in B. xxxvii. c. 13.
[665] “Et aurum jam accessio est.”
[666] “Sacrum famæ.” This is the reading given by the Bamberg MS. in substitution for “aurum, sacra fames” and other readings of a similar nature, in which Pliny was thought by the commentators to allude to the famous lines of Virgil—
“Quid non mortalia pectora cogis,
Auri sacra fames!”
Had he alluded to the passage of Virgil, it is not probable that he would have used the expression in the plural, “celeberrimi auctores.”
[667] Il. B. vii. ll. 472-5.—B.
[668] Il. B. vi. l. 236.
[669] We may infer that this was the reason why the figure of an ox or other animal was impressed on the earliest Roman coins.—B.
[670] As Hardouin remarks, “This story is told by others, of Gyges, and not of Midas.” He refers to Cicero, De Off. B. iii. c. 9, in confirmation of his assertion.—B. Both Gyges and Midas were noted for their wealth.
[671] “Sinistræ.” The play here upon the word “sinister” cannot be so well transferred into the English language; but it bears reference to the double meaning of the word, “on the left hand,” and “unlucky,” “ill-omened,” or, as we say “sinister.” We may remark, that rings were very generally employed by the Romans, not merely as ornaments, but as indications of office and rank.—B.
[672] From Corinth, it was said: Damaratus of Corinth being the father of the first Tarquin. See B. xxxv. c. [5].
[673] On the subject of “Bullæ,” golden balls, worn by the children of the nobles, see Dr. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. p. 168.—B.
[674] As to the “Toga prætexta,” see B. viii. c. 74.
[675] “Lorum.” This word literally signifies a leather strap or thong, and Pliny is supposed by Hardouin to mean simply, that, in this latter case the strap was worn without the bulla, which was in other cases attached to it. Juvenal, Sat. v. l. 164, speaks of the “lorum” of the children of the poor.—B.
[676] Δακτύλιον, from δάκτυλος, a “finger.”
[677] Festus says that this was the Oscan name for a ring. It would appear to be allied to the word “unguis,” which means a nail of the finger or toe, and would perhaps signify a “nail ornament.”
[678] As meaning a seal or signet, for which purpose, as we shall find explained in the sequel, the ring was used.
[679] This seems to be the meaning of “Vulgoque sic triumphabant.”
[680] As to these crowns, see B. xxi. c. 4.
[681] As to some other particulars connected with this usage, see the end of B. xxviii. c. 7.
[682] And yet, as Hardouin remarks, before his time, when Scipio was besieging Carthage, the bodies of the Roman tribunes, when selected for burial by Hasdrubal, were distinguished by their rings of gold. The object of Marius, no doubt, was to ingratiate himself with the upper classes.
[683] A.U.C. 651.
[684] Known as the “anulus pronubus,” or “engaged ring,” according to Dalechamps.
[685] “Codicillos.” Il. B. vi. l. 168.
[686] See B. xiii. c. 21.
[687] Od. B. viii. ll. 424, 443, 447.
[688] See the Iliad, B. iii. and B. vii. l. 175, et seq.
[689] His meaning is, that although κληρὸι were used, lots or balls made of earth, we do not read that the impressions on them were made by the aid of signet-rings.
[690] “Fabricæ deûm.” He alludes to the forge of Vulcan, described in the Eighteenth Book of the Iliad, l. 400, et seq.
[691] This seems to be the meaning of “In primordio factitâsse.”
[692] The “fibulæ” were the brooches of the ancients, consisting of a pin, and of a curved portion furnished with a hook. See Dr. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. p. 417.
[693] As the meaning of this passage has been the subject of much discussion with commentators, we give it in full, as found in the Edition of Sillig. “Et quisquis primus instituit, cunctanter id fecit, lævis manibus latentibusque induit, cum, si honos securus fuisset, dextrâ fuerit ostentandus. Quodsi impedimentum potuit in eo aliquod intelligi, etiam serior is usus argumentum est, et majus in lævâ fuisset, quâ scutum capitur.” Sillig is of opinion that Pliny is here alluding to the reason given by Ateius Capito (quoted in Macrobius, Saturn. B. vii. c. 13), for wearing the ring on the left hand. It was so worn, he says, from an apprehension that the precious stone with which it was set, might receive injury from the continual use made of the right hand.
[694] Under the folds of the toga.
[695] Il. B. xvii. l. 52.
[696] The reading in most MSS. is the “fourth consulship.” This, however, is an error which has been rectified by the Bamberg and some other MSS. Pompey was but thrice consul. M. Crassus was the person generally accused of the act of robbery here alluded to.
[697] Who took the golden torc (torques) from the Gaul whom he slew; whence his name.
[698] “Cum auro pugnare solitos.”
[699] “Quod equidem in augurio intellectum est, cum Capitolinus duplum reddidisset.” The meaning of this passage is obscure, and cannot with certainty be ascertained. Holland renders it, “To the light and knowledge whereof we come by means of revelation from Augurie, which gave us to understand, that Jupiter Capitolinus had rendered again the foresaid summe in duple proportion.” Littré gives a similar translation. Ajasson translates it, “This, at least, is what we may presume, from the fact of there being discovered double the amount expected;” following the explanation given by Hardouin.
[700] The “ædituus,” or “temple keeper.” See B. xxxvi. [4].
[701] Beneath which there was poison concealed, Hardouin says. Hannibal killed himself in a similar manner; also Demosthenes, as mentioned in the next Chapter.
[702] The adopted son of the great Marius. This event happened in his consulship, B.C. 82. After his defeat by Sylla at Sacriportus, he retired into the fortified town of Præneste, where he had deposited the treasures of the Capitoline temple. The temple, after this conflagration, was rebuilt by order of Sylla.
[703] Called the “Fasti;” probably because this was the first word of the title.
[704] “Dies fasti.” These were the days on which the courts sat, and the Prætor, who was the chief judge, gave his decisions. The word “fasti” is derived from the ancient Latin “for,” or from the old Greek word φάω, both signifying “to speak:” consequently the “dies fasti” were “the speaking days,” and the “dies nefasti” the “non-speaking days,” in allusion to the restrictions put upon the judgments of the Prætor.
[705] This complex state of the Roman Calendar long remained one of the sources from which the priesthood and the patrician order derived their power and influence over the plebeians. Having no other method of ascertaining what days were “fasti,” and what were “nefasti,” the lower classes were obliged either to apply to the priests and nobles for information, or to await the proclamation by the priests of the various festivals about to take place.
[706] Appius Claudius Cæcus, the Censor and jurisconsult, who constructed the Appian Way.
[707] A.U.C. 440, or B.C. 314.
[708] In the war, probably, with the twelve nations of Etruria, who were conquered by the Consul Fabius A.U.C. 444. See Livy, B. ix.
[709] The father of the former C. Pœtilius Libo, was Consul A.U.C. 428: the father of the latter, Cneius Domitius Calvinus, was Consul A.U.C. 432.
[710] “Anulos abjectos.”
[711] The “phaleræ” were bosses of metal, often gold, attached to the harness of the horse. See B. vii. c. 29.
[712] He would probably imply hereby that, as he states subsequently, at this period gold rings were not as yet worn by all the members of the senate.
[713] A.U.C. 449.
[714] “Ædiculam æream”—of brass or bronze.
[715] For the explanation of this term, see B. vii. c. 60.
[716] See B. x. c. 2. Livy tells us that this shrine or temple was built in the area or place of Vulcan.
[717] Livy, B. xxiii. speaks of one modius as being the real quantity. Florus, B. ii. c. 16, says two modii: but Saint Augustin, De Civit. Dei. B. iii. c. 19, and most other writers, mention three modii.
[718] Q. Servilius Cæpio. He and M. Livins Drusus had been most intimate friends, and each had married the other’s sister. The assassination of Drusus was supposed by some to have been committed at the instigation of Cæpio. The latter lost his life in an ambush, B.C. 90.
[719] See B. xxviii. c. 41.
[720] See B. ii. c. 85.
[721] M. Calpurnius Flamma. See B. xxii. c. 6.
[722] A patrician family; branches of which were the Cincinnati, the Capitolini, the Crispini, and the Flaminini.
[723] This is an erroneous assertion, both as to the East, and as to Egypt. See instances to the contrary in Genesis, c. xli. v. 42; and in Esther, c. iii. verses 10, 12, and c. viii. verses 2, 8, 10.
[724] “Literis contenta solis.”
[725] [The Thirty-seventh Book]. See also his remarks in B. ii. c. 63: “We tear out earth’s entrails in order to extract the gems with which we may load our fingers. How many hands are worn down that one little joint may be ornamented!” Martial, Epigr. B. v. Ep. 11, speaks of his friend Stella as wearing on the joint of one finger sardonyxes, emeralds, and jaspers.
[726] “Violari.” See B. xxxvii. c. [1].
[727] A fashion much followed at the present day.
[728] This also is a not uncommon fashion at the present day.
[729] From the “Trinummus” of Plautus, A. iv. s. 4, we learn that the ring worn by slaves was called “condalium.” From the “Truculentus” of Plautus we learn also that these rings were sometimes made of bronze. The “jus anuli,” or right of wearing a gold ring, was never conceded to slaves.
[730] See B. iv. c. 23. In the Origines of Isidorus Hispalensis, B. xix. c. 32, we find mention made of “A Samothracian gold ring, with an iron bezil, so called from the place of its invention.” Pliny has already made allusion to the luxurious habits of the slaves, in B. xiii. c. 4; and B. xviii. c. 2; a subject upon which Juvenal enlarges in his Third Satire.
[731] The reasons are mentioned by Ateius Capita, as quoted by Macrobius, Saturnal. B. vii. c. 13: also by Apion the Grammarian, as quoted by Aulus Gellius, B. x. c. 10.
[732] The ring of each finger had its own appropriate name.
[733] The “dactyliotheca,” or “ring-box.”
[734] Juvenal, Sat. i. l. 26, et seq., speaks of the summer rings of the Roman fops, and their fingers sweating beneath the weight.
[735] Martial, Epigr. B. xiv., speaks of the numerous accidents to which a weighty ring was liable.
[736] Hannibal, too, for instance, as mentioned in Note [701] to the preceding Chapter.
[737] He alludes, probably, to forgeries perpetrated through the agency of false signets.
[738] Plautus, Cicero, Horace, and Martial, each in his own age, bears testimony to the truth of this statement.
[739] Or remembrancer; a slave whose duty it was to remind his master of the name of each member of his household; see B. xxix. c. 8. Athenæus, B. vi., speaks of as many as twenty thousand slaves belonging to one household. Demetrius, the freedman of Pompey, mentioned in B. xxxv. c. 58, had a retinue of slaves equal to an army in amount.
[740] Meaning “Marci puer,” or “Luci puer”—“Marcius’ boy,” or “Lucius’ boy.”
[741] Suetonius says, c. 73, that Tiberius, in his last illness, awoke after a long lethargy, and demanded his signet-ring, which his son-in-law, Caligula, had removed from his finger, under the supposition that he was dead. Macro, to avoid any unpleasant results in the way of punishment, caused the emperor to be smothered with the pillows and bedclothes.
[742] This famous and somewhat improbable story of the ring of Polycrates is told by Valerius Maximus, B. vi. c. 9; Herodotus, B. iii.; and Cicero, De Finibus, B. iv. Pliny again mentions it in B. xxxvii. cc. [2], [4].
[743] He was crucified by Oroetes, the Persian satrap of Sardis.
[744] “Anulo exsiliente.”
[745] In Chapter [13] of this Book.
[746] The laticlave tunic. See B. viii. c. 73, and B. ix. c. 63.
[747] “Præcones.”
[748] See the list of writers at the end of B. ix.
[749] “Equus militaris.”
[750] See B. xxix. c. 8. The “Decuriæ” of “judices,” or “judges,” were so called, probably, from ten (decem) having been originally chosen from each tribe. As to the Decuriæ of the judices, see Smith’s Dict. Antiq. pp. 531-2. The account given by Pliny is confused in the extreme.
[751] “Turmæ.” Squadrons of thirty “equites” or horsemen; ten of which squadrons were attached to each legion.
[752] Before the time of Augustus, there were but three decuries.
[753] A law introduced by Aurelius Cotta, B.C. 70, enacted that the Judices should be chosen from the three classes—of Senators, Equites, and Tribuni ærarii, or Tribunes of the treasury, these last being taken from the body of the people, and being persons possessed of some property.
[754] Members selected by lot.
[755] “Nongenti.”
[756] Tacitus says that this took place the year before, in the consulship of C. Sulpicius, and D. Haterius. See the Annales, B. iii. c. 86.
[757] Brother of the Emperor Galba.
[758] “Aucupatus.”
[759] Suetonius says that Tiberius instructed the ædiles to prohibit stews and eating-houses: from which we may conclude, Hardouin says, that C. Sulpicius Galba was an ædile.
[760] Or, in other words, belonging to the equestrian order. The Roman equites often followed the pursuits of bankers, and farmers of the public revenues.
[761] A law passed in the time of Julius Cæsar, B.C. 69, which permitted Roman equites, in case they or their parents had ever had a Census equestris, to sit in the fourteen rows fixed by the Lex Roscia Theatralis.
[762] Caligula.
[763] Conjointly with L. Vitellius.
[764] Or farmers of the public revenues; the “publicans” of Scripture. In reality, they were mostly members of the equestrian order, and the words “equites” and “publicani” are often used as synonymous.
[765] “This passage seems to be the addition of some ignorant copyist. It is indeed a remarkable fact, that we have no inscription in which we see the Equites named after the people as well as the Senate.”—Laboulaye, Essai sur les lois Criminelles des Romains: Paris, 1845, p. 224.
[766] According to Livy, B. i. c. 15, the Celeres were three hundred Roman knights whom Romulus established as a body-guard. Their name, probably, was derived from the Greek κέλης, a “war-horse,” or “charger,” and the body consisted, no doubt, of the patricians in general, or such of them as could keep horses. Another origin assigned to the appellation is “Celer,” the name of a chieftain, who was a favourite of Romulus. The adjective “celer,” “swift,” owes its origin, probably, to the title of these horsemen.
[767] A title derived, possibly, as Delafosse suggests, “a flectendis habenis,” from “managing the reins.”
[768] Called “Trossum” or “Trossulum,” it is supposed. The remains of a town are still to be seen at Trosso, two miles from Montefiascone in Tuscany. The Greek word τρωξαλλὶς, a “cricket,” and the Latin “torosulus,” “muscular,” have been suggested as the origin of this name. Ajasson suggests the Latin verb “truso,” to “push on,” as its origin.
[769] See the [end] of this Book.
[770] From the ambiguous nature of the name, it being in later times an expression of contempt, like our word “fop,” or “beau.” In this latter sense, Salmasius derives it from the Greek τρυσσὸς, “effeminate.”
[771] This concluding passage is omitted in most editions.
[772] See B. vii. c. 29.
[773] Dionysius of Halicarnassus is therefore probably wrong in his assertion that torcs of gold were given to Siccius Dentatus, a Roman citizen, as the reward of valour.
[774] See B. vii, c. 29.
[775] On this subject, see B. xvi. c. 3, and B. xxi. c. i.
[776] A.U.C. 323, or 431 B.C.
[777] Situate about fourteen miles from Rome, and on the road to the town called La Colonna.
[778] A.U.C. 479, and B.C. 275. In the following year Merenda himself was consul, with Manius Curius Dentatus.
[779] “Testamento prælegavit.” Properly speaking, “prælegare” was “to bequeath a thing to be given before the inheritance was divided.” The crown thus left by Piso was to be three pounds in weight.
[780] Oxen, namely. The smaller victims had the head encircled with chaplets.
[781] The clasps by which the “sagum” or military cloak was fastened on the shoulders.
[782] See the beginning of Chapter [4] of the present Book.
[783] Isidorus Hispalensis, Orig. B. xix. c. 30, says that bracelets were formerly so called from the circumstance of being conferred on warriors as the reward of bravery—“ob virtutem.” Scævola, Ulpian, and others speak of “viriolæ” as ornaments worn by females.
[785] In allusion to the use of gold as an ornament for the shoes and sandal-ties.
[786] A dress worn over the tunic, and which came as low as the ankles or feet. The stola was the characteristic dress of the Roman matrons of rank; other females being restricted to the use of the toga, which did not reach so low.
[787] Between the matrons of rank whose feet were not to be seen at all, and the plebeian females, whose feet were seen, but comparatively unadorned.
[788] In the same way that the gold ring was the distinguishing mark of the Equites, so would the gold ankle-jewels be the characteristic of this new order of females. In the use of the word “Equestrem,” Ajasson absolutely detects an indelicate allusion, and rallies our author on thus retaining “the aroma of the camp!”
[789] “Pædagogiis.” The origin of our word “page.” The pages of the Romans were decorated with gold ankle-jewels and other ornaments for the legs.
[790] Or Horus, the god of silence. Ajasson is of opinion that this impression on the seal was symbolical of the secrecy which ought to be preserved as to written communications.
[791] To the Emperor’s presence.
[792] The first crime having been committed by him who introduced the use of gold rings. See the beginning of c. [4] of this Book.
[793] The golden denarius was known also as the “aureus” or “gold coin.” It was worth 25 silver denarii. As to the modern value of the money used by the ancients, see the Introduction to Vol. III. The golden denarius is mentioned also in B. xxxiv. c. [17], and in B. xxxvii. c. [3].
[794] A.U.C. 479.
[795] Meaning, literally, the “little pound,” in reference to the diminished weight of the “as.”
[796] Meaning “two pounds,” or in other words, “two asses.” See B. xxxiv. c. [2]. As to the weight of the “libra,” or pound, see the Introduction to Vol. III.
[797] “Brasse bullion, or in masse.”—Holland.
[798] “Money weighed out,” i.e. “expenses.”
[799] “Money weighed out for the payment of interest.”
[800] “To weigh out money for payment,” i.e. “to pay.”
[801] “A weight of money.”
[802] “Weighers-out;” meaning “keepers of accounts,” or “paymasters.”
[803] “Weighers-out” of the soldiers’ wages; i.e. “paymasters.”
[804] From “pecus,” a sheep. See B. xviii. c. 3.
[805] “Pounds” or “asses.”
[806] The third of an “as.”
[807] The fourth of an “as.”
[808] Or ounces; being one-fourth of the “as,” of one “libra” in weight. See Introduction to Vol. III.
[809] A.U.C. 663.
[810] The same as the quinarius, one-half of the denarius. In B. xx. c. 100, it is mentioned as a weight. See also the Introduction to Vol. III.
[811] As, originally, there were 288 “scripula,” or scruples, to the “libra” or pound, this would appear to give 5760 sestertii to the pound of gold, and not 900 merely. Though this apparent discrepancy has generally puzzled the commentators, the solution, as suggested by M. Parisot, in the Notes to Ajasson’s Translation, appears equally simple and satisfactory. He suggests that in the “as,” or “libra,” of two ounces, there were 288 scruples. Now, the scruple remaining the same, when the as or libra was reduced to one ounce, it would contain but 144 of these scruples. Then, on making the as the sixteenth part of a denarius instead of the tenth, it would lose three-eighths of its value in scruples, or in other words, 54 scruples, thus making it worth but 90 scruples. Then again, as above stated, by the Papirian Law, the weight or value of the libra or as was reduced one-half, making its value in scruples only 45; or, in other words, five thirty-seconds of its original value, when worth two unciæ or ounces. This number of scruples to the libra would give, at the rate of twenty sesterces to the scruple of gold, exactly 900 sesterces to the libra of gold.
[812] Or “aurei.”
[813] “Fames auri.” Similar to the words of Virgil, “Auri sacra fames.” “The curst greed for gold.” See Note [666] to Chapter 3 of this Book.
[814] Another version of this story was, that he extracted the brain, and inserted lead in its place.
[815] See B. xiv. c. 16.
[816] In B.C. 88, M. Aquilius proceeded to Asia Minor as one of the consular legati to prosecute the war against Mithridates. On being defeated near Protomachium, he was delivered up to Mithridates by the inhabitants of Mytilene, and after being treated in the most barbarous manner, was put to death by pouring molten gold down his throat.
[817] “Insperso.” Sillig is of opinion that Pliny is here speaking of the work now known by Italian artists as tausia or lavoro all’ agemina.
[818] Hardouin thinks that Pliny is here making allusion to the Greek word “chrysendeta,” vessels “encircled with gold.” It is frequently used in Martial’s works.
[819] See B. xv. c. 38.
[820] It is against such practices as these that Martial inveighs, B. i. Ep. 28, and B. ix. Ep. 12.
[821] A slave only; and not by any of his brother patricians. Antony was rendered infamous by his proscriptions.
[822] Appian and Livy mention the fine as consisting of ten thousand talents in all, or in other words, eight hundred thousand pounds of silver (at eighty pounds to the talent). Sillig is therefore of opinion that Pliny is in error here in inserting the word “annua.” The payment of the ten thousand talents, we learn from the same authorities, was spread over fifty years.
[823] Asia Minor.
[824] “Folia.” Hardouin prefers the reading “solia,” meaning “thrones,” or “chairs of state,” probably.
[825] Ajasson refuses to place credit in this statement.
[826] This vase of Semiramis was her drinking bowl, in much the same sense that the great cannon at Dover was Queen Elizabeth’s “pocket pistol.”
[827] The country to which, in previous times, the Argonauts had sailed in quest of the Golden Fleece, or in other words in search of gold, in which those regions were probably very prolific.
[828] See B. vi. c. 4.
[829] This story of the defeat of the great Ramses-Sesostris by a petty king of Colchis, would almost appear apocryphal. It is not improbable, however, that Sesostris, when on his Thracian expedition, may have received a repulse on penetrating further north, accustomed as his troops must have been, to a warmer climate.
[830] Of the amphitheatre.
[831] Covered, probably, with plates of silver.
[832] “Pegma.” A scaffold with storeys, which were raised or depressed, to all appearance, spontaneously. Caligula is the emperor meant.
[833] Another reading is “seven” pounds in weight, and “nine” pounds; which would appear to be more probable than seven thousand, and nine thousand, as given by the Bamberg MS. It is just possible, however, that the latter may have been the united weights of all the coronets contributed by Spain and Gaul respectively, the word “inter” being an interpolation.
[834] See B. iv. c. 31, B. xi. c. 47, and B. xviii. c. 20.
[835] Hence known as the “Golden Day,” according to Dion Cassius, B. lxiii.
[836] For further particulars as to the Golden Palace, see B. xxxvi. c. [24].
[837] A.U.C. 597.
[838] Or Marsic War. See B. ii. c. 85.
[839] There is an error in this statement, probably, unless we understand by it the small libra or pound of two ounces, mentioned in c. [13] of this Book.
[840] This remark is confirmatory of the incorrectness of the preceding statement.
[841] The reading here is doubtful.
[842] A.U.C. 612.
[843] See B. xix. c. 6.
[844] Chapter 57.
[845] In fact, no colour at all.
[846] In this climate, the light of most of the stars has the complexion, not of gold, but of silver.
[847] The topaz, for instance.
[848] For ductility and malleability, both which terms may perhaps be included in the “facilitas” of Pliny, gold is unrivalled among the metals. As to weight, it is heavier than lead, the specific gravity of gold being 19.258, and that of lead 11.352. Pliny is therefore wrong in both of these assertions.
[849] He forgets asbestus here, a substance which he has mentioned in B. xix. c. 4.
[850] Chlorine, however, and nitro-muriatic acid corrode and dissolve gold, forming a chloride of gold, which is soluble in water. Ajasson remarks, that gold becomes volatilized by the heat of a burning-glass of three or four feet in diameter; and that when it acts as the conductor of a strong current of electricity, it becomes reduced to dust instantaneously, presenting a bright greenish light.
[851] The gold thus tested was called “obrussum,” “obryzum,” or “obrizum,” from the Greek ὄβρυζον, meaning “pure gold.”
[852] See B. xviii. c. 23, where he calls the chaff used for this purpose by the name of “acus.”
[853] The present mode of assaying the precious metals, is by fusing them upon a cupel with lead.
[854] For which purpose, lead was used, no doubt, in drawing the lines in the MSS. of the ancients. See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 339. Bohn’s Ed.
[855] This is far surpassed at the present day, its malleability being such that it may be beaten into leaves not more than one two hundred and eighty thousandth of an inch in thickness, and its ductility admitting of one grain being drawn out into five hundred feet of wire. For further particulars as to the gold leaf of the ancients, and the art of gilding, as practised by them, see Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 391, et seq. Bohn’s Edition.
[857] He alludes to what are now known as pepitas, oval grains of river-gold. “Striges” is the reading in the Bamberg MS., “strigiles” in the former editions.
[858] “Massa.” As we should say at the present day, “nuggets.”
[859] “Ramentum.”
[860] The contrary is now known to be the case; gold is sometimes, though rarely, found in an oxidized state.
[861] As to the solvents of gold, see Note [850] above. Stahl says that three parts of sub-carbonate of potash, dissolved in water, and heated with three parts of sulphur and one part of gold, will yield a complete solution of the metal.
[862] Aldrovandus relates, in his “Museum Metallicum,” that the grave of the Emperor Honorius was discovered at Rome about the year 1544, and that thirty-six pounds’ weight of gold were procured from the mouldering dress that covered the body. See, on the subject of gold threads, Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 415. Bohn’s Edition.
[863] The “cloth of gold” of the present day, is made of threads of silk or hair, wound round with silver wire flattened and gilded.
[864] “Paludamento.”
[865] See B. viii. c. 74. Beckmann is of opinion, from a passage of Silius Italicus, B. xiv. l. 661, that the cloth of Attalus was embroidered with the needle. See this subject fully discussed in his Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 415. See also Dr. Yates’s “Textrinum Antiquorum,” pp. 371, 464.
[866] “Without entering into any research respecting the minerals employed for this cement, called ‘leucophoron,’ one may readily conceive that it must have been a ferruginous ochre, or kind of bole, which is still used as a ground. Gilding of this kind must have suffered from dampness, though many specimens of it are still preserved.”—Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 294. Bohn’s Edition.
[868] Literally, “fluid silver.” “The first name here seems to signify native quicksilver, and the second that separated from the ore by an artificial process.” Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 72.
[869] In Chapters [32] and [41] of this Book.
[870] As to the identity of the “alumen” of Pliny, see B. xxxv. c. [52].
[871] In the preceding [Chapter].
[872] See B. xi. c. 36.
[873] See B. vii. c. 2.
[874] See B. iv. c. 17.
[875] Ajasson remarks, that the Castilians still call the surface earth of auriferous deposits by the name of segullo. He also doubts the correctness of Pliny’s assertion as to the produce of the mines of Dalmatia.
[877] We learn from Ajasson that numerous pits or shafts are still to be seen in Spain, from which the Romans extracted gold. At Riotento, he says, there are several of them.
[878] Both meaning “channel gold.”
[879] “Marmoris glareæ.” Under this name, he no doubt means quartz and schist.
[882] “Channel-gold” or “trench-gold.”
[883] Becoming volatilized, and attaching itself in crystals to the side of the chimney.
[884] Or “sweat.” This “sweat” or “silver” would in reality be a general name for all the minerals that were volatilized by the heat of the furnace; while under the name of “scoria ” would be comprised pyrites, quartz, petrosilex, and other similar substances.
[885] The cupel or crucible is still known in Spain by the name of tasco.
[886] Who were said to have heaped one mountain on another in their war with the gods.
[887] Deep mines in Spain are still called arrugia, a term also used to signify gold beneath the surface. According to Grimm, arruzi was the ancient High German name for iron.
[888] See B. xxiii. c. 27.
[889] The breaking-machines, used for crushing the silex.
[890] “Cædunt” is certainly a preferable reading to “cadunt,” though the latter is given by the Bamberg MS.
[891] A similar method of washing auriferous earth or sand in the mines, is still employed in some cases.
[892] “The bringing of water into one channel.”
[893] Or as Holland quaintly renders it, “Some flying spirit or winged devill of the air.”
[894] Magnesian carbonate of lime, or dolomite, Ajasson thinks.
[895] From the Greek, ἀγωγὴ.
[896] It does not appear to have been identified; and it can hardly be the same as the Ulex Europæus of modern Natural History, our Furze or Gorse.
[897] That of sinking shafts, described already in this Chapter.
[898] All these names, no doubt, are of Spanish origin, although Salmasius would assign them a Greek one.
[899] In B. iii. c. 24.
[900] See B. iii. c. 21.
[901] “Auripigmentum.” Yellow sulphuret of arsenic. See B. xxxiv. c. [56].
[902] “Lapis specularis.” See B. xxxvi. c. [45].
[903] Caligula.
[904] It was accidently mixed with the ore of arsenic, no doubt, unless, indeed, the emperor was imposed upon.
[905] This is almost, but not quite, universally the case.
[906] In Spain. See B. iii. c. 4, B. iv. c. 34, and B. ix. c. 2. The locality alluded to is now unknown.
[907] A name also given by the ancients to amber. Artificial “electrum,” or gold alloyed with silver, was known in the most ancient times.
[908] The gold found by sinking shafts. See Chapter [21].
[909] See B. ix. c. 65.
[910] Od. B. iv. l. 71.
[911] Pliny no doubt has been imposed upon in this instance.
[912] “Solid hammer-work,” in opposition to works in metal, cast and hollow within.
[913] In B. v. c. 20, most probably. See also B. xvi. c. 64.
[914] The worship of Anaïtis was probably a branch of the Indian worship of Nature. The Greek writers sometimes identify this goddess with their Artemis and their Aphrodite.
[915] Holland has strangely mistaken the meaning of the veteran’s reply; “Yea, sir, that it is; and that methinks you should know best, for even now a leg of his you have at supper, and all your wealth besides is come unto you by that saccage.” He then adds, by way of Note, “For Augustus Cæsar defeited Antonie, and was mightily enriched by the spoile of him.”
[916] In Sicily. According to Valerius Maximus and other writers, a statue of solid gold was erected by the whole of Greece, in the temple at Delphi, in honour of Gorgias, who was distinguished for his eloquence and literary attainments. The leading opinion of Gorgias was, that nothing had any real existence.
[917] The ninetieth Olympiad, about the year 420 B.C., is much more probably the correct reading; as it was about the seventieth Olympiad, or somewhat later, that Gorgias was born.
[919] See B. xxix. c. 38. and B. xxxvi. cc. [37], [38].
[920] Or gith. See B. xx. c. 71.
[921] Similar to the notion still prevalent, that the application of pure gold will remove styes on the eyelids.
[922] It has been supposed by some, that the “Chrysocolla” of the ancients, as well as the “Cæruleum,” mentioned in c. [57] of this Book, were the produce of cobalt; but the more generally received opinion is that “chrysocolla” (gold-solder) was green verditer, or mountain-green, carbonate and hydrocarbonate of copper, green and blue, substances which are sometimes found in gold mines, but in copper mines more particularly. It must not be confounded with the modern chrysocolla or Borax.
[923] In Chapter [21] of this Book.
[924] The “Reseda luteola,” Dyer’s weed, or Wild woad. See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 478-481, where the identity of the Chrysocolla of the ancients is discussed at considerable length.
[925] As to the identity of this substance, see B. xxxv. c. [52].
[926] These drugs have not been identified.
[927] “Elutam.” Though this is the reading given by the Bamberg MS., “luteam” seems preferable; a name owing, probably, to its being coloured with the plant “lutum,” as mentioned at the end of this Chapter.
[928] So called, probably, from being made up into little balls resembling the “orobus” or vetch.
[929] A powder, probably, prepared from “cæruleum.” See the end of the present [Chapter], and Chapter [57] of this Book. Littré renders the words “in lomentum,” kept “in the form of powder,” without reference to the peculiar pigment known as “lomentum.”
[930] “Sudore resolutis.”
[931] A strong proof that chrysocolla was a preparation from copper, and not cobalt. Copper owes its name to the Isle of Cyprus, in which it was found in great abundance. See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 480. Bohn’s Edition.
[932] The colour now known by painters as Emerald green.
[933] As a “trigarius.” See B. xxviii. c. 72, and B. xxix. c. 5. From Suetonius, c. 18, we learn that the Emperor Caligula, also, had the Circus sanded with minium and chrysocolla. Ajasson is of opinion that the chrysocolla thus employed was a kind of yellow mica or talc.
[934] “Arenosam.” He alludes, probably, to the kind previously mentioned as “aspera” or “rough chrysocolla.”
[935] For its identification, see B. xxxiv. cc. [26], [32].
[936] See B. xxxv. cc. [12], [18].
[937] Making a spurious kind of “lomentum,” possibly, a pigment mentioned in c. [57] of this Book. This passage seems to throw some light, upon the words “in lomentum,” commented upon in Note [929] above.
[938] As to durability, probably.
[939] It was the mineral, probably, in an unprepared state.
[940] Gold-glue or gold-solder.
[941] See B. xxxi. c. 46, as to the “nitrum” of Pliny. Galen, in describing the manufacture of “santerna,” omits the nitre as an ingredient.
[942] “Argentosum.” The “electrum,” probably, mentioned in c. 23.
[943] As to the “cadmia” of Pliny, see B. xxxiv. c. [22].
[944] “Plumbum album.” Tin, most probably. See B. xxxiv. cc. [47], [48], [49]. Also Beckmann’s Hist. Inv., Vol. II. p. 219, Bohn’s Edition.
[945] Of doubtful identity. See B. xxxiv. c. [48].
[946] See Chapter [19] of this Book.
[947] “Thracius lapis.” This stone, which is mentioned also by Nicander, Galen, Simplicius, and Dioscorides, has not been identified. Holland has the following Note on this passage: “Which some take for pit-cole, or sea-cole rather, such as commeth from Newcastle by sea; or rather, a kind of jeat (jet).” In either case, he is probably wide of the mark, neither coal nor jet igniting on the application of water.
[948] Or mistletoe.
[949] In due succession to gold.
[950] See B. xxxiv. cc. [47], [53].
[951] “Plumbum nigrum”—“Black lead,” literally: so called by the ancients, in contradistinction to “plumbum album,” “white lead,” our “tin,” probably.
[952] Lead ore; identified with “molybdæna” in B. xxxiv. c. [53]. Native sulphurate of lead is now known as “galena.” See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 211, where this passage is commented upon.
[953] This Beckmann considers to be the same as the “galena” above mentioned; half-vitrified lead, the “glätte” of the Germans.
[954] The specific gravity of lead is 11.352, and of silver only 10.474.
[955] From the words μετ’ ἄλλα, “one after another.”
[956] It is supposed that these shafts were in the neighbourhood of Castulo, now Cazlona, near Linares in Spain. It was at Castulo that Hannibal married his rich wife Himilce; and in the hills north of Linares there are ancient silver mines still known its Los Pozos de Anibal.
[957] A mile and a half.
[958] The proper reading here, as suggested by Sillig, is not improbably “aquatini,” “water-carriers.” That, however, found in the MSS. is “Aquitani;” but those were a people, not of Spain, but of Gaul. Hardouin suggests that “Accitani” may be the correct reading, a people of that name in Spain being mentioned in B. iii. c. 5.
[959] Meaning “raw” silver, apparently.
[960] “Alumen.” See B. xxxv. c. [52].
[961] Kircher speaks of this being still the case in his time.
[962] See Chapter [19] of this Book.
[963] “Vomica liquoris æterni.” Mercury or quicksilver becomes solidified and assumes a crystalline texture at 40° below zero. It is found chiefly in the state of sulphuret, which is decomposed by distillation with iron or lime. It is also found in a native state.
[964] “Argentum vivum,” “living silver.”
[965] Ajasson thinks that this is not to be understood literally, but that Pliny’s meaning is, that mercury is a universal dissolvent.
[966] “Permanans tabe dirâ.”
[967] The specific gravity of mercury is 13.598, that of hammered gold 19.361. Platinum is only a recent discovery.
[968] “Id unum ad se trahit.”
[969] “The first use of quicksilver is commonly reckoned a Spanish invention, discovered about the middle of the sixteenth century; but it appears from Pliny, that the ancients were acquainted with amalgam and its use, not only for separating gold and silver from earthy particles, but also for gilding.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv., Vol. I. p. 15. Bohn’s Edition.
[970] See the description of the mode of gilding, given in Chapter [20] of this Book. Beckmann has the following remarks on the present passage: “That gold-leaf was affixed to metals by means of quicksilver, with the assistance of heat, in the time of Pliny, we are told by himself in more passages than one. The metal to be gilded was prepared by salts of every kind, and rubbed with pumice-stone in order to clean it thoroughly (see Chapter 20), and to render the surface a little rough. This process is similar to that used at present for gilding with amalgam, by means of heat, especially as amalgamation was known to the ancients. But, to speak the truth, Pliny says nothing of heating the metal after the gold is applied, or of evaporating the quicksilver, but of drying the cleaned metal before the gold is laid on. Had he not mentioned quicksilver, his gilding might have been considered as that with gold leaf by means of heat, dorure en feuille à feu, in which the gold is laid upon the metal after it has been cleaned and heated, and strongly rubbed with blood-stone, or polished steel. Felibien (Principes de l’Architecture. Paris, 1676, p. 280) was undoubtedly right when he regretted that the process of the ancients, the excellence of which is proved by remains of antiquity, has been lost.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 294, 295. Bohn’s Edition.
[971] Beckmann finds considerable difficulties in this description—“I acknowledge that this passage I do not fully comprehend. It seems to say that the quicksilver, when the gold was laid on too thin, appeared through it, but that this might be prevented by mixing with the quicksilver the white of an egg. The quicksilver then remained under the gold: a thing which is impossible. When the smallest drop of quicksilver falls upon gilding, it corrodes the noble metal, and produces an empty spot. It is, therefore, incomprehensible to me how this could be prevented by using the white of an egg. Did Pliny himself completely understand gilding? Perhaps he only meant to say that many artists gave out the cold-gilding, where the gold-leaf was laid on with the white of an egg, as gilding by means of heat.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 295.
[972] Chapter [42] of this Book. See also Chapter 20, in Note [868], to which it has been mentioned as artificial quicksilver.
[973] He is speaking of Antimony.
[974] From its whiteness.
[975] Under the name of “female stimmi,” Ajasson thinks that pure, or native, antimony is meant, more particularly the lamelliform variety, remarkable for its smoothness. He thinks it possible, also, that it may have derived its Greek name “larbason,” or “larbasis,” from its brittleness.
[976] Ajasson thinks that under this name, crude antimony or sulphuret of antimony may have been included; as also sulphuret of lead, sulphuret of antimony and copper, and sulphuret of antimony and silver; the last of which is often found covered with an opaque pellicle.
[977] “Globis.” The fracture of sulphuret of antimony is, in reality, small subconchoïdal.
[978] “Eye dilating.” Belladonna, a preparation from the Atropa belladonna, is now used in medicine for this purpose. A similar effect is attributed in B. xxv. c. 92, to the plant Anagallis. In reality, the application of prepared antimony would contract the eyelids, and so appear to enlarge the eyes. This property is peculiar, Ajasson remarks, to sulphuret of antimony, and sulphuret of antimony and silver.
[979] Preparations “for beautifying the eyebrows.” See B. xxi. c. 73, B. xxiii. c. 51, and B. xxxv. c. [56]. Omphale, the Lydian queen, who captivated Hercules, is represented by the tragic poet Ion, as using “stimmi” for the purposes of the toilet. It was probably with a preparation of antimony that Jezebel “painted her face, and tired her head.” 2 Kings, ix. 30. The “Kohl” used by the females in Egypt and Persia is prepared from antimony.
[980] “Spuma argenti.” See the next [Chapter].
[981] According to Dioscorides, it was prepared as a cosmetic by enclosing it in a lump of dough, and then burning it in the coals till reduced to a cinder. It was then extinguished with milk and wine, and again placed upon coals, and blown till ignition.
[982] As to the “nitrum” of the ancients, see B. xxxi. c. 46.
[983] “Flos”—literally the “flower.”
[984] “From this passage we may infer that the metal antimony was occasionally seen by the ancients, though not recognized by them as distinct from lead.”—Dana’s System of Mineralogy, p. 418. New York, 1850.
[985] Pliny has here mistaken the sense of the word στέαρ, which in the passage of Dioscorides, B. v. c. 99, borrowed probably from the same source, evidently means dough, and not grease.
[986] From ἕλκω, “to drag”—in consequence of its viscous consistency, Hardouin says.
[988] Cerates, adipose or oleaginous plasters. See B. xxiii. c. 81.
[989] “Spuma argenti.” This he uses as a general name for fused oxide of lead, the Litharge of commerce.
[990] Ajasson thinks it possible that the “chrysitis,” or “golden” litharge, may have been the yellow deutoxide of lead; the argyritis, or “silver” litharge, the white variety of the same deutoxide; and the “molybditis,” or “leaden” litharge, a general name for sulphuret of lead and silver; of lead and antimony; of lead, antimony, and bismuth; and of lead, antimony, and copper. Or perhaps, he thinks, they may have been the respective names of yellow or golden litharge, white or silver litharge, and terne. With the latter opinion Delafosse seems to coincide.
[991] “Tubulis.” These cakes were probably made in a tubular form.
[992] “Vena;” meaning the ore probably in its raw state, and mixed with earth. All these distinctions are probably unfounded.
[994] Of “Puteolana.”
[995] The litharge.
[996] The scoria.
[997] Nothing whatever is known as to the identity of these varieties of litharge. Indeed the words themselves are spelt in various ways in the respective MSS.
[998] In B. xxxiv. c. [53], where he identifies it with “galena,” mentioned in Chapter [31] of this Book.
[999] See B. xviii. c. 13, B. xvi. c. 61, and B. xxii. c. 66.
[1000] Sal gem, or common salt.
[1001] In this Chapter. See note [987] above.
[1002] The minium spoken of in this and the following Chapter is our Cinnabar, a bisulphurate of mercury. This ore is the great source of the mercury of commerce, from which it is obtained by sublimation. When pure, it is the same as the manufactured vermilion of commerce.
[1003] Intended, no doubt, to be typical of blood and carnage; and indicative of a very low state of civilization.
[1005] See B. v. c. 31.
[1006] See B. xvi. c. 12, and B. xxiv. c. 4.
[1007] The same as the miltos mentioned below, “miltos” being the word used by Homer, Il. II. 637. This substance is totally different from the minium of the preceding Chapters, and from that mentioned in c. 40. It is our red ochre, peroxide of iron, mixed in a greater or less degree with argillaceous earth.
[1008] See B. xxix. c. 8; where he speaks of the mistake made by the physicians in giving mineral vermilion or minium to their patients instead of Indian cinnabar. The latter substance is probably identical with that which is now used for varnishes, being imported from India, and still known as “dragons’ blood,” the resin of the Ptero-carpus draco, or Calamus palm.
[1009] In B. viii. c. 12.
[1011] The dragon’s blood, mentioned in the preceding [Chapter].
[1012] “Single colour paintings.” See B. xxxv. cc. [5], [11], [34], [36].
[1013] Mentioned in Chapter [37].
[1014] The “miltos” of the preceding Chapter. See Note [1007] above.
[1015] In B. xxxv. c. [13], et seq.
[1016] He is here speaking of our cinnabar, or vermilion, mentioned in Chapter [36].
[1017] See B. vi. cc. 27, 28, 32.
[1018] See B. iii. c. 3, Vol. I. p. 163. He alludes to the district of Almaden, in Andalusia, still famous for its quicksilver mines.
[1019] When sold by the “publicani,” or farmers of the revenue.
[1020] Of the publicani.
[1021] Red oxide of lead, a much inferior pigment to cinnabar, or the minium of Chapter [36].
[1022] In Chapter [32] of this Book.
[1023] Dana informs us that minium is usually associated with galena and with calamine. Syst. Mineral, p. 495.
[1024] “Steriles.” Barren of silver, probably; though Hardouin thinks that it means “barren of lead.” Holland renders it “barraine and void of the right vermilion.”
[1027] When hired by the job for colouring walls or objects of art. See B. xxxv. c. [12].
[1028] See B. xvi. c. 12, and B. xxiv. c. 4.
[1029] “Candelis.” The Abate Requeno thinks that these “candelæ” were used as a delicate cauterium, simply to keep the wax soft, that it might receive a polish from the friction of the linen.
[1030] Hence the use of it in the middle ages; a reminiscence of which still exists in our word “rubric.”
[1031] Or artificial quicksilver. In reality, hydrargyrus is prepared from the genuine minium of Pliny, the cinnabar mentioned in Chapter 36: it being obtained by the sublimation of sulphuret of mercury.
[1032] In Chapters 20 and 32.
[1033] This, probably, is the meaning of “lubrico humore compluere.”
[1034] See the end of Chapter [38].
[1035] Artificial quicksilver is still used for this purpose. See Note [971] to Chapter 32 of this Book; also Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 295. Bohn’s Edition.
[1036] In Chapter [32]. He alludes to the use of glair of eggs.
[1037] Literally “whetstone.” He is speaking of the stone known to us as Touchstone, Lydian stone, or Basanite—“a velvet-black siliceous stone or flinty jasper, used on account of its hardness and black colour for trying the purity of the precious metals. The colour left on the stone after rubbing the metal across it, indicates to the experienced eye the amount of the alloy.”—Dana, Syst. Mineral., p. 242.
[1038] In Lydia. See B. v. cc. 30, 31.
[1039] As a test. At the present day, concentrated nitric acid is dropped on the mark left by the metal; and the more readily the mark is effaced, the less pure is the metal.
[1040] This seems to be the meaning of “si sudet protinus.”
[1041] A very far-fetched explanation, and very wide of the mark.
[1042] “Paulum propulsa.”
[1043] Which he supposes a concave surface to do.
[1044] This passage is noticed by Beckmann, in his account of Mirrors; Vol. II. p. 58. Bohn’s Edition.
[1045] Distorting the image reflected, by reason of the irregularities of the surface. See Seneca, Nat. Quæst. B. i. c. 5.
[1046] “Parma Thræcidica.”
[1047] He probably means, whether the surface is made convex or concave at these different angles.
[1048] A subject to which he returns in various parts of B. [xxxv]i.
[1050] As to the identification of “stannum,” on which there have been great differences of opinion, see B. xxxiv. cc. [47], [48], and the Notes.
[1051] For some account of this artist, see Chapter [55] and the [Notes] at the end of this Book.
[1052] “Silver mirrors were known long before this period, as is proved by a passage in the Mostellaria of Plautus, A. 1, S. 3, l. 101, where they are distinctly mentioned. To reconcile this contradiction, Meursius remarks that Pliny speaks only of his countrymen, and not of the Greeks, who had such articles much earlier, though the scene in Plautus is at Athens.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 62. Bohn’s Edition.
[1053] “Nuper credi cœptum certiorem imaginem reddi auro opposito aversis.”—“Of what Pliny says here I can give no explanation. Hardouin (qy. if not Dalechamps?) is of opinion that mirrors, according to the newest invention, at that period were covered behind with a plate of gold, as our mirrors are with an amalgam. But as the ancient plates of silver were not transparent, how could the gold at the back of them produce any effect in regard to the image? May not the meaning be that a thin plate of gold was placed at some distance before the mirror, in order to throw more light upon its surface? Whatever may have been the case, Pliny himself seems not to have had much confidence in the invention.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 62.
[1054] Dr. Watson (Chemical Essays, Vol. IV. p. 246) seems to think that Pliny is here speaking of glass mirrors: “If we admit that Pliny was acquainted with glass mirrors, we may thus understand what he says respecting an invention which was then new, of applying gold behind a mirror. Instead of an amalgam of tin, some one had proposed to cover the back of the mirror with an amalgam of gold, with which the ancients were certainly acquainted, and which they employed in gilding.” See Chapter [20] of the present Book. On the above passage by Dr. Watson, Beckmann has the following remarks: “This conjecture appears, at any rate, to be ingenious; but when I read the passage again, without prejudice, I can hardly believe that Pliny alludes to a plate of glass in a place where he speaks only of metallic mirrors; and the overlaying with amalgam requires too much art to allow me to ascribe it to such a period without sufficient proof. I consider it more probable, that some person had tried, by means of a polished plate of gold, to collect the rays of light, and to throw them either on the mirror or the object, in order to render the image brighter.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 72.
[1055] The dog-headed divinity. The seat of his worship was at Cynopolis, mentioned in B. v. c. 11. Under the Empire his worship became widely spread both in Greece and at Rome.
[1056] Under the word “pingit,” he probably includes the art of enamelling silver.
[1057] “Fulgoris excæcati.”
[1058] “Chaplet” copper.
[1059] He either alludes to the practice of clipping the coin, or else to the issue of forged silver denarii, short of weight.
[1060] During the prætorship of Marius Gratidianus. He was on terms of great intimacy with Cicero, and was murdered by Catiline in a most barbarous manner during the proscriptions of Sylla.
[1061] By public enactment probably; samples of the false denarius being sold for the purpose of showing the difference between it and the genuine coin.
[1062] Twenty times one hundred thousand, &c.
[1063] As signifying a “debt owing to another.”
[1064] “The Rich.”
[1065] This seems the best translation for “decoxisse creditoribus suis,” which literally means that he “boiled” or “melted away” his fortune from his creditors. In this remark Pliny is more witty than usual.
[1066] The Triumvir. The first person mentioned in Roman history as having the cognomen “Dives,” is P. Licinius Crassus, the personage mentioned in B. xxi. c. 4. As he attained the highest honours of the state, and died universally respected, he cannot be the person so opprobriously spoken of by Pliny.
[1067] The meaning appears to be doubtful here, as it is not clear whether “sesterces,” or “sestertia,” “thousands of sesterces,” is meant.
[1068] Who cut off his head after his death, and poured molten gold down his throat.
[1069] Originally the slave of Antonia, the mother of Claudius. Agrippina, the wife of Claudius, admitted him to her embraces, and in conjunction with her he for some time ruled the destinies of the Roman Empire. He was poisoned by order of Nero, A.D. 63.
[1070] C. Julius Callistus, the freedman of Caligula, in whose assassination he was an accomplice. The physician Scribonius Largus dedicated his work to Callistus.
[1071] A freedman of the Emperor Claudius, whose epistolary correspondence he superintended. He was put to death on the accession of Nero, A.D. 54.
[1072] In which case it would be dangerous to speak of them.
[1073] A.U.C. 746.
[1074] According to some authorities, he was a Lydian. He derived his wealth from his gold mines in the neighbourhood of Celænæ in Phrygia, and would appear, in spite of Pliny’s reservation, to have been little less than a king. His five sons accompanied Xerxes; but Pythius, alarmed by an eclipse of the sun, begged that the eldest might be left behind. Upon this, Xerxes had the youth put to death, and his body cut in two, the army being ordered to march between the portions, which were placed on either side of the road. His other sons were all slain in battle, and Pythius passed the rest of his life in solitude.
[1075] “Stipem spargere.”
[1076] A.U.C. 568.
[1077] In performance of a vow made in the war with King Antiochus. See Livy, B. xxxix.
[1078] So called from the silversmiths who respectively introduced them. The Gratian plate is mentioned by Martial, B. iv. Epigr. 39.
[1079] “Etenim tabernas mensis adoptamus.”
[1080] “Anaglypta.” Plate chased in relief. It is mentioned in the Epigram of Martial above referred to.
[1081] “Asperitatemque exciso circa liniarum picturas,”—a passage, the obscurity of which, as Littré remarks, seems to set translation at defiance.
[1082] He alludes, probably to tiers of shelves on the beaufets or sideboards—“repositoria”—similar to those used for the display of plate in the middle ages. Petronius Arbiter speaks of a round “repositorium,” which seems to have borne a considerable resemblance to our “dumb waiters.” The “repositoria” here alluded to by Pliny were probably made of silver.
[1083] “Interradimus.”
[1084] “Carrucæ.” The “carruca” was a carriage, the name of which only occurs under the emperors, the present being the first mention of it. It had four wheels and was used in travelling, like the “carpentum.” Martial, B. iii. Epig. 47, uses the word as synonymous with “rheda.” Alexander Severus allowed the senators to have them plated with silver. The name is of Celtic origin, and is the basis of the mediæval word “carucate,” and the French carrosse.
[1085] So called from his victory over the Allobroges.
[1086] In allusion to the case of P. Cornelius Rufinus, the consul, who was denounced in the senate by the censors C. Fabricius Luscinus and Q. Æmilius Rufus, for being in possession of a certain quantity of silver plate. This story is also referred to in B. xviii. c. 8, where ten pounds is the quantity mentioned.
[1087] This is said ironically.
[1088] Sextus Ælius Pœtus Catus, Consul B.C. 198.
[1089] “Prandentem.”
[1090] L. Paulus Æmilius.
[1091] It being lent from house to house. This, no doubt, was said ironically, and as a sneer at their poverty.
[1092] Now Arles. It was made a military colony in the time of Augustus. See B. iii. c. 5, and B. x. c. 57.
[1093] “Pellitum.” There has been considerable doubt as to the meaning of this, but it is most probable that the “privilege of the fur,” or in other words, a license to be clad in certain kinds of fur, was conferred on certain men of rank in the provinces. Holland considers it to be the old participle of “pello,” and translates the passage “banished out of the country and nation where his father was born.”
[1094] “Triclinia.” The couches on which they reclined when at table.
[1095] See B. ix. c. 13.
[1096] This pattern, whatever it may have been, is also spoken of by Cicero, pro Murenâ, and by Valerius Maximus, B. vii. c. 1.
[1097] “Lances.”
[1098] “Dispensator.”
[1099] “Conservi”—said in keen irony.
[1100] Giants, at least, one would think.
[1101] Over the party of Marius.
[1102] See B. ix. c. 13.
[1103] “Compacta;” probably meaning inlaid like Mosaic.
[1104] See B. xiii. c. 29, B. xv. c. 7, and B. xvi. cc. 26, 27, 84.
[1105] Meaning, “drum sideboards,” or “tambour sideboards,” their shape, probably, being like that of our dumb waiters.
[1106] The name given to which was “lanx,” plural “lances.”
[1107] His age and country are uncertain. We learn, however, from Chapter [55] of this Book, that he flourished before the burning of the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, B.C. 356. He is frequently mentioned in the classical writers. See also B. vii. c. 39.
[1108] He includes, probably, under this name both Asia Minor and Syria. See a similar passage in Livy, B. xxxix.
[1109] This passage is rejected by Sillig as a needless interpolation.
[1110] Asia Minor.
[1111] King of Pergamus.
[1112] Over King Antiochus.
[1113] He alludes to the destruction of Corinth, by L. Mummius Achaïcus.
[1114] A drinking cup with handles, sacred to Bacchus. See B. xxxiv. c. [25].
[1115] Bacchus.
[1116] In allusion to the plebeian origin of C. Marius, who was born at the village of Cereatæ, near Arpinum. It is more than probable that the story that he had worked as a common peasant for wages, was an invention of the faction of Sylla.
[1117] “Ille arator Arpinas, et manipularis imperator.”
[1118] Meaning the first king of that name. He was son of Mithridates IV., king of Pontus.
[1119] Appian says that there “was a gold statue of this Mithridates, exhibited in the triumph of Pompey, eight cubits in height.” Plutarch speaks of another statue of the same king, exhibited by Lucullus, six feet in height.
[1120] “Compedes.” See Chapter [12] of this Book.
[1121] The translation of this passage is somewhat doubtful. We will, therefore, subjoin that of Holland, who adopts the other version. “As we may see by our proud and sumptuous dames, that are but commoners and artizans’ wives, who are forced to make themselves carquans and such ornaments for their shoes, of silver, because the rigour of the statute provided in that case will not permit them to weare the same of gold.”
[1122] A rhetorician who taught at Rome in the reign of Augustus. The poet Ovid was one of his pupils. His rival in teaching declamation was Porcius Latro.
[1123] Of an improper intimacy with his pupils.
[1124] Rings of silver being passed through the prepuce. This practice is described by Celsus, B. vii. c. 25.
[1125] “Videret hinc dona fortium fieri, aut in hæc frangi.”
[1126] In B. vii. c. 39, and in Chapter [53] of this Book.
[1127] “Quatuor paria ab eo omnino facta sunt.” Sillig, in his Dictionary of Ancient Artists, finds a difficulty in this passage. “The term ‘omnino’ seems to imply that the productions in question, all of which perished, were the only works executed by this artist; but we find several passages of ancient writers, in which vases, &c. engraved by Mentor, are mentioned as extant. Thus, then, we must conclude, either that the term ‘omnino’ should be understood in the sense of ‘chiefly,’ ‘pre-eminently,’ or that the individuals claiming to possess works of Mentor, were themselves misinformed, or endeavoured to deceive others.” If, however, we look at the word “paria” in a strictly technical sense, the difficulty will probably be removed. Pliny’s meaning seems to be that Mentor made four pairs, and no more, of some peculiar kind of vessel probably, and that all these pairs were now lost. He does not say that Mentor did not make other works of art, in single pieces. Thiersch, Act. Acad. Monac. v. p. 128, expresses an opinion that the word “omnino” is a corruption, and that in it lies concealed the name of the kind of plate that is meant.
[1128] See B. vii. c. 39.
[1129] His age and country are unknown.
[1130] From Pausanias we learn that he was a statuary and engraver on plate, born at Carthage; but Raoul Rochette thinks that he was a native of Chalcedon. He is mentioned also by Cicero, In Verrem, 4. 14, and in the Culex, l. 66, ascribed by some to Virgil.
[1131] His country is uncertain. According to the statements of Pausanias, B. i. c. 28, he must have been a contemporary of Phidias, about Olymp. 84, B.C. 444. He is mentioned also by Propertius, Martial, and Statius.
[1132] His birth-place is unknown, but he probably lived about the time of Phidias, and we learn from Pausanias that he was living when the plague ceased at Athens, in B.C. 429. He is mentioned also by Cicero, Ovid, Quintilian, Lucian, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
[1133] Nothing further is known of this artist.
[1134] “Collocavisse verius quam cælasse.”
[1135] “Phiala.”
[1136] He lived probably about Olymp. 126; but his country is unknown. He is mentioned by Athenæus. See also B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[1137] Nothing whatever is known of him, unless indeed he is identical with the Tauriscus mentioned in B. xxxvi. c. [5].
[1138] Nothing is known of his age or country. He is also mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[1139] His age and country are unknown. See B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[1140] Nothing further is known of him. See B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[1141] See the [end] of this Book.
[1142] Beyond the mention made of him in B. xxxiv. c. [19], no particulars relative to him are known.
[1143] Other readings of this name are “Lædus Stratiotes,” “Ledis Thracides,” “Hieris Thracides,” and “Lidistratices.” The Bamberg MS. has “Hedys Trachides.” Salmasius, Hardouin, and Sillig propose “Leostratides,” and Thiersch “Lysistratides.”
[1144] Nothing further is known of him.
[1145] For the murder of his mother Clytæmnestra.
[1146] Nothing is known of this artist.
[1147] From Troy.
[1148] “Coquos,” literally, “cooks.”
[1149] “Cooks in miniature.”
[1150] By the process of moulding, probably.
[1151] “Crustarius.” Of this artist nothing further is known.
[1152] Yellow or brown Ochre, probably. Ajasson thinks that under this name may be included peroxide of iron, hydroxide of iron in a stalactitic and mamillary form, and compact peroxide of iron, imparting a colour to argillaceous earth.
[1153] “Scaly and ochrey brown iron ore are decomposed earthy varieties, often soft like chalk; yellow ochre is here included.”—Dana, Syst. Mineral, p. 436.
[1154] “Marmorosum.”
[1155] “Lucidum.”
[1156] “Abacos.” Small compartments or partitions in a square form on the walls of rooms.
[1157] See B. vii. c. 57, where he is called an Athenian, whereas he was a native of Thasos. He was one of the most eminent painters of antiquity, and flourished in the age of Pericles. See a further account of him in B. xxxv. c. [35].
[1158] Son of Phanochus, and contemporary of Polygnotus. See B. xxxv. c. [25], where it is stated that in conjunction with Polygnotus, he either invented some new colours, or employed them in his paintings on a better plan than that previously adopted.
[1159] “It is possible that the ‘cæruleum’ of the ancients may in some cases have been real ultramarine, but properly and in general, it was only copper ochre.”—Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 472. Bohn’s Edition. Delafosse identifies it with blue carbonate and hydrocarbonate of copper, one of the two azurites.
[1160] “Candidiorem nigrioremve, et crassiorem tenuioremve.”
[1161] Beckmann thinks that Pliny is here alluding to an artificial kind of “cæruleum.” “Pliny clearly adds to it an artificial colour, which in my opinion was made in the same manner as our lake; for he speaks of an earth, which when boiled with plants, acquired their blue colour.”—Hist. Inv., Vol. II. p. 480.
[1162] Supposed by Hardouin to have been “glastum” or “woad,” the Isatis tinctoria of Linnæus, mentioned in B. xxii. c. 2.
[1163] “In suâ coquitur herbâ.”
[1164] A blue powder; see Chapter [27] of this Book. Beckmann has the following remarks on this and the preceding lines: “The well-known passage of Pliny in which Lehmann thinks he can with certainty discover cobalt, is so singular a medley that nothing to be depended on can be gathered from it. The author, it is true, where he treats of mineral pigments, seems to speak of a blue sand which produced different shades of blue paint, according as it was pounded coarser or finer. The palest powder was called lomentum, and this Lehmann considers as our powder-blue. I am, however, fully convinced that the cyanus of Theophrastus, the cæruleum of Pliny, and the chrysocolla (see Chapter [26]), were the blue copper earth already mentioned, which may have been mixed and blended together.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. I. pp. 480, 481. Bohn’s Edition.
[1165] According to Vitruvius, B. vii. c. 11, the manufactory of Vestorius was at Puteoli, now Pozzuoli. This was probably the same C. Vestorius who was also a money-lender and a friend of Atticus, and with whom Cicero had monetary transactions. He is mentioned as “Vestorium meum,” in the Epistles of Cicero to Atticus.
[1166] For colouring surfaces of clay or cretaceous earth. This kind was also manufactured by Vesturius, most probably.
[1167] “Idem et Puteolani usus, præterque ad fenestras.” “The expression here, usus ad fenestras, has been misapplied by Lehmann, as a strong proof of his assertion; for he explained it as if Pliny had said that a blue pigment was used for painting window-frames; but glass windows were at that time unknown. I suspect that Pliny meant to say only that one kind of paint could not be employed near openings which afforded a passage to the light, as it soon decayed and lost its colour. This would have been the case in particular with lake, in which there was a mixture of vegetable particles.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 480.
[1168] “Indian” pigment. Probably our “indigo.” It is again mentioned, and at greater length, in B. xxxv. c. [27]. See also Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 259, 267. Bohn’s Edition.
[1169] This is probably a more correct reading than “seven.”
[1170] See B. xxxv. c. [19]. Vitruvius, B. vii. c. 14, describes an exactly similar method adopted by dyers for imitating the colour of Attic sil, or ochre, mentioned in Chapter [56].
[1171] A quarter in the city of Capua, inhabited by druggists and perfumers; see B. xvi. c. 18, and B. xxxiv. c. [25].
[1172] In some MSS. the reading here is “Domitius,” and in others the name is omitted altogether. We learn from the writings of Suetonius, that the Emperor Domitian devoted himself to literary pursuits in his younger days, and Quintilian and the younger Pliny speak of his poetical productions as equal to those of the greatest masters. Sillig expresses an opinion that Pliny may possibly have borrowed something from his works, and inserted his name, with a view of pleasing the young prince and his father, the Emperor Vespasian.
[1173] He is quoted in Chapter [9] of this Book, where it appears that he took his cognomen on account of his friendship for C. Gracchus. He wrote a work, “De Potestatibus,” which gave an account of the Roman magistrates from the time of the kings. A few fragments of this work, which was highly esteemed by the ancients, are all that remain.
[1174] See end of B. ii.
[1175] See end of B. iii.
[1176] See end of B. ii.
[1177] Valerius Messala Corvinus. See end of B. ix.
[1178] See end of B. vii.
[1179] Calvus Licinius Macer was the son of C. Licinius Macer, a person of prætorian rank, who, on being impeached of extortion by Cicero, committed suicide. We learn from our author, B. xxxiv. c. [50], that in his youth he devoted himself to study with the greatest zeal, and applied himself with singular energy to intellectual pursuits. His constitution, however, was early exhausted, and he died in his 35th or 36th year, leaving behind him twenty-one orations. We learn from Cicero and Quintilian that his compositions were carefully moulded after the models of the Attic school, but were deficient in ease and freshness. As a poet he was the author of many short pieces, equally remarkable for their looseness and elegance. He wrote also some severe lampoons on Pompey and Cæsar, and their respective partisans. Ovid and Horace, besides several of the prose writers, make mention of him.
[1180] See end of B. ii.
[1181] See end of B. ii.
[1182] Cornelius Bocchus. See end of B. xvi.
[1183] Annius or Annæus Fetialis. See end of B. xvi.
[1184] See end of B. viii.
[1185] See end of B. vii.
[1186] See end of B. xx.
[1187] See end of B. xii.
[1188] See end of B. iii.
[1189] See end of B. ii.
[1190] See end of B. v.
[1191] The person mentioned in Chapter [13] of this Book, is probably different from those of the same name mentioned at the end of Books ii. and iv. If so, no further particulars are known of him.
[1192] It seems impossible to say which of the physicians of this name is here alluded to. See end of Books iv. and xii.
[1193] See end of B. xx.
[1194] See end of B. xii.
[1195] See end of B. xiii.
[1196] See end of B. xii.
[1197] See end of B. xii.; and for Sallustius Dionysius, see end of B. xxxi.
[1198] See end of B. xxix.
[1199] See end of B. xii.
[1200] See end of B. xii.
[1201] As King Attalus was very skilful in medicine, Hardouin is of opinion that he is the person here meant; see end of B. viii.
[1202] A different person, most probably, from the writer of Pliny’s age, mentioned in B. xxxvii. c. [2]. The Xenocrates here mentioned is probably the same person that is spoken of in B. xxxv. c. [36], a statuary of the school of Lysippus, and the pupil either of Tisicrates or of Euthycrates, who flourished about B.C. 260.
[1203] There were two artists of this name, prior to the time of Pliny; a sculptor, mentioned by him in B. xxxiv. c. [19], and a painter, contemporary with Apelles, mentioned in B. xxxv. c. [36]. It is impossible to say which of them, if either, is here meant.
[1204] See end of B. iii.
[1205] See end of B. xii.
[1206] It is impossible to say which writer of this name is here meant. See end of Books iv., viii., xi., and xx.
[1207] A statuary, sculptor, and chaser in silver, who flourished at Rome about B.C. 60. He was a native of Magna Græcia, in the south of Italy. He is not only mentioned in Chapter [55] of the present Book, but also in B. xxxv. c. [45], as an artist of the highest distinction. His narrow escape from a panther, while copying from nature, is mentioned in B. xxxvi. c. [4]. His five Books on the most celebrated works of sculpture and chasing were looked upon as a high authority in art. He was also the head of a school of artists.
[1208] A writer on painting of this name is mentioned by Diogenes Laertius, B. vii. c. 12. He is probably the same as the person here mentioned, and identical with the Greek sculptor mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxiv. c. [19], who probably flourished about 240 B.C. The Toreutic Art, “Toreutice,” was the art of making raised work in silver or bronze, either by graving or casting: but the exact meaning of the word is somewhat uncertain.
[1209] Menæchmus of Sicyon, probably; see end of B. iv., also B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[1210] If he is really a different person from the Xenocrates mentioned above, nothing is known of him.
[1211] See end of B. vii.
[1212] Possibly one of the persons mentioned at the end of Books viii., xix., and xxxi. If not, nothing whatever is known of him.
[1213] An Athenian writer, surnamed “Periegetes.” The work here mentioned, is alluded to by other writers under different names. From a passage in Athenæus, he is supposed to have lived after the time of Antiochus Epiphanes.
[1214] See end of B. iii.
[1215] The present Book is translated by the late Dr. Bostock, the translation being corrected by the readings of the Bamberg MS., which do not appear to have come under his notice. Some Notes by Dr. Bostock will be also found at the commencement of Books 33 and 35; they are distinguished by the initial B.
[1216] “Æris Metalla.” The word “Æs” does not entirely correspond to our word “brass;” the brass of the moderns being a compound of copper and zinc, while the “Æs” of the ancients was mostly composed of copper and tin, and therefore, would be more correctly designated by the word “bronze.” But this last term is now so generally appropriated to works of art, that it would seem preferable to employ in most cases the more general terms “copper” or “brass.” For an excellent account of the “Æs” of the ancients, see Smith’s Dict. Antiq. “Æs.”—B. Mr. Westmacott, in the above-mentioned article, says that the ancient “Æs” has been found, upon analysis, to contain no zinc, but in nearly every instance to be a mixture of copper and tin, like our bronze. Beckmann says, on the other hand, that the mixture of zinc and copper now called “brass,” first discovered by ores, abundant in zinc, was certainly known to the ancients. “In the course of time, an ore, which must have been calamine, was added to copper while melting, to give it a yellow colour.” Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 32, 33. Bohn’s Edition. There can be little doubt that the native Cadmia of Chapter [22] of this Book was our Calamine, hydrosilicate of zinc, or carbonate of zinc, or else copper ore impregnated with calamine.
[1218] “Stipis auctoritas.” The standard in money payments.
[1219] These terms must have come into use when brass, “æs,” was the ordinary medium, of circulation.—B. Their meaning is, “soldiers’ pay,” “tribunes of the treasury,” the “public treasury,” “made bondmen for debt,” and “mulcted of their pay.”
[1220] In B. xxxiii. c. [13].—B.
[1221] “Collegium” The colleges of the priests and of the augurs being the first two associated bodies.—B.
[1222] In B. xxxiii. c. [31], where we have an account of the ores of silver.—B.
[1223] Pliny again refers to this mineral in the [22]d Chapter. We have no means of ascertaining, with certainty, what is the substance to which this name was applied by the ancients. The ores of copper are very numerous, and of various chemical constitutions: the most abundant, and those most commonly employed in the production of the pure metal, are the sulphurets, more especially what is termed copper pyrites, and the oxides. It has been supposed, by some commentators, that the Cadmia of the ancients was Calamine, which is an ore of zinc; but we may be confident that the Æs of the ancients could not be produced from this substance, because, as has been stated above, the Æs contains no zinc. I must, however, observe that the contrary opinion is maintained by M. Delafosso.—B. See Note [1216] above.
[1224] The inhabitants of Bergamum, the modern Bergamo.—B. See B. iii. c. 21.
[1225] Aristotle gives the same account of the copper ore of Cyprus. Chalcitis is also spoken of by Dioscorides, as an ore of copper.—B. See further as to “Chalcitis,” in Chapter [29] of this Book.
[1226] There has been much discussion respecting the nature of this substance, and the derivation of the word. Hardouin conceives it probable that it was originally written “orichalcum,” i.e. “mountain brass” or “copper.”—B. Ajasson considers it to be native brass, a mixture of copper and zinc. In the later writers it signifies artificial brass. The exact composition of this metal is still unknown, but there is little doubt that Hardouin is right in his supposition as to the origin of the name.
[1227] Possibly so called from Sallustius Crispus, the historian, who was one of the secretaries of Augustus.
[1228] There is some doubt respecting the locality of these people; they are enumerated by Pliny among the inhabitants of the mountainous districts of Savoy, B. iii. c. 24, and are referred to by Ptolemy.—B.
[1229] Livia.
[1230] It was named “Marian,” after the celebrated Marius, and “Corduban,” from the place whence it was procured; probably the mountains near Corduba, in Spain, well known as the birth-place of the two Senecas and of Lucan.—B. See B. iii. c. 3, and B. xix. c. 43.
[1231] No light is thrown upon the nature either of Cadmia or Aurichalcum by this statement; we only learn from it that different compounds, or substances possessing different physical properties, went under the common appellation of Æs, and were, each of them, employed in the formation of coins.—B.
[1232] “Dupondiariis.” The “as,” it must be remembered, originally weighed one pound. See B. xxxiii. c. [13], and the Introduction to Vol. III.
[1233] He alludes to the ancient works of art in this compound metal.
[1234] The art of making compound metals.
[1235] Vulcan, namely.
[1236] No one has accidentally stumbled upon the art of making this composite metal.
[1237] We have an account of the destruction of Corinth, and the accidental formation of this compound, in Florus, B. ii. c. 16. Although this account was generally received by the ancients, we may venture to assert, that it cannot be correct; we cannot conceive the possibility of such a fusion taking place during the destruction of the city, or of the complete union of the components, in the mode in which they have been found to exist.—B.
[1238] B.C. 146.—B.
[1239] “Trulleos.” In an epigram of Martial, B. ix. Ep. 97, the word “trulla” signifies a chamber-pot.
[1240] From the Greek ἥπαρ, “the liver.”
[1241] The Delian brass is mentioned by Cicero, in his oration “Pro Roscio Amerino,” s. 46, and in his Fourth oration “In Verrem,” s. 1.—B. Pausanias, in his “Eliaca,” says that the Spanish copper, or copper of Tartessus, was the first known.
[1242] Or Cattle Market: in the Eighth Region of the City. See B. xxxv. c. [7], and Chapter [16] of this Book.
[1243] A distinguished statuary and engraver on silver. He lived in Olympiad 87. Further mention is made of him by Cicero, Ovid, Strabo, and Pausanias. See also Chapter [19] of this Book.
[1244] There were several artists of this name. The elder Polycletus, a native either of Sicyon or of Argos, is probably the one here referred to. For further particulars of him, see Chapter [19].
[1245] The words in the original are, respectively candelabra, superficies, and scapi.—B.
[1246] Probably a proverbial expression at Rome, as it is employed by Juvenal, in an analogous manner, upon another occasion; Sat. iii. l. 132.—B.
[1247] Plutarch speaks of the Geganii as an ancient noble family at Rome.
[1248] See B. xxxiii. c. [53].
[1249] A.U.C. 585; we have an account of it in Livy, B. xiv. c. 42.—B.
[1250] This building is referred to by Velleius Paterculus, in the beginning of the Second Book of his History.—B. According to Aurelius Victor, it was situated in the Ninth Region of the City.
[1251] The Temple of Vesta is described by Ovid, Fasti, B. vi. l. 265, et seq.—B.
[1252] C. Camillus probably, the Roman jurist and friend of Cicero.
[1253] See end of B. ii.
[1254] “Triclinia,” “abaci,” and “monopodia;” these appear to have been couches for dining-tables, tables furnished with cupboards, and tables standing on a single foot. Livy, B. xxxix. c. 6, informs us, that Cneius Manlius, in his triumphal procession, introduced into Rome various articles of Asiatic luxury; “Lectos æratos, vestem stragulam preciosam, monopodia, et abacos.” We are not to suppose that the whole of these articles were made of brass, but that certain parts of them were formed of this metal, or else were ornamented with brass.—B.
[1255] See end of B. ii.
[1256] “Cortinas tripodum.” These articles of furniture consisted of a table or slab, supported by three feet, which was employed, like our sideboards, for the display of plate, at the Roman entertainments.—B.
[1257] “Lychnuchi pensiles;” this term is applied by Suetonius, Julius, s. 37; we may conceive that they were similar to the modern chandeliers.—B.
[1258] This temple was dedicated by Augustus A.U.C. 726. The lamps in it, resembling trees laden with fruit, are mentioned by Victor in his description of the Tenth Quarter of the City.—B.
[1259] See B. v. c. 32.
[1260] We have an account of this event in Livy, B. ii. c. 41, in Valerius Maximus, and in Dionysius of Halicarnassus.—B.
[1261] “Iconicæ,” “portrait statues,” from εἴκων, of the same meaning. This term is employed by Suetonius, in speaking of a statue of Caligula, c. 22.—B.
[1262] Pisistratus. These statues are mentioned in the [19th] Chapter of this Book, as being the workmanship of Praxiteles.—B.
[1263] See B. vii. cc. 31, 34: B. viii. c. 74: and B. ix. c. 63.
[1264] Near the Temple of Janus, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[1265] The Luperci were the priests of Pan, who, at the celebration of their games, called Lupercalia, were in the habit of running about the streets of Rome, with no other covering than a goat’s skin tied about the loins.—B.
[1266] “Pænula.” See B. viii. c. 73.
[1267] We are informed by Cicero, De Off. B. iii. c. 30, and by Valerius Maximus, B. ii. c. 7, that Marcinus made a treaty with the Numantines, which the senate refused to ratify, and that he was, in consequence, surrendered to the enemy. We may suppose that he regarded the transaction as redounding more to the discredit of the senate than of himself.—B.
[1268] See end of B. xviii.
[1269] In the First Region of the City, near the Capenian Gate.
[1270] “Celetes;” this appellation is derived from the Greek word κέλης, “swift,” and was applied to those who rode on horseback, in opposition to the charioteers—B.
[1271] Poinsinet remarks that Pliny has forgotten the gilded chariot, with six horses, which Cneius Cornelius dedicated in the Capitol, two hundred years before Augustus; he also refers to an ancient inscription in Gruter, which mentions chariots of this description.—B.
[1272] Mænius was consul with Furius Camillus, A.U.C. 416; we have an account of his victories over the Latins and other neighbouring nations in Livy, B. viii. c. 14.—B.
[1273] We have an account of this transaction in Livy, B. viii. c. 14. This trophy is also mentioned by Florus, B. i. c. 11. The “Suggestus” was an elevated place, formed for various purposes, the stage from which the orators addressed the people, the place from which the general addressed his soldiers, and the seat occupied by the emperor at the public games.—B.
[1274] Florus, B. ii. c. 2, gives an account of the arrangements and equipment of the Carthaginian fleet, the victory of Duillius, and the rostral monument erected in its commemoration.—B.
[1275] See B. xviii. c. 4.
[1276] “Unciariâ stipe;” the uncia was the twelfth part of the “as,” and the word stips was regarded as equivalent to as, as being the usual pay of the soldiers.—B. See Introduction to Vol. III.
[1277] See B. xv. c. 20.
[1278] This circumstance is mentioned by Cicero in his Defence of Milo, § 90-1.—B.
[1279] We have some account of Hermodorus in Cicero’s Tusc. Quæs. B. v. c. 36.—B.
[1280] See B. x. c. 2, B. xviii. c. 3, and B. xxxiii. c. [7].
[1281] Livy, B. ii. c. 10, and Valerius Maximus, B. iii. c. 2, give an account of this event. A. Gellius incidentally mentions the statue, and its position in the Comitium, B. iv. c. 5.—B.
[1282] We are informed by Dion Cassius, that there were eight statues in the Capitol, seven of which were of the kings, and the eighth of Brutus, who overthrew the kingly government; at a later period the statue of Cæsar was placed by the side of that of Brutus.—B.
[1283] Suetonius, speaking of this temple, remarks, that though dedicated to the brothers Castor and Pollux, it was, only known as the Temple of Castor.—B.
[1284] We have an account of the victory of Tremulus over the Hernici, and of the statue erected in honour of him, in Livy, B. ix. c. 43.—B.
[1285] This event is referred to by Cicero, Philipp. ix., 5.—B.
[1286] Florus, B. ii. c. 5, gives an account of the murder of P. Junius and T. Coruncanius.—B.
[1287] In the Bamberg MS. the reading is “unum se. verbum.” Gronovius is probably right in his conjecture that the word is “senatus consulti.”
[1288] By one Leptines, at Laodicea.
[1289] “Oculatissimo.” The place where there was “the most extended eyeshot.” It is to this singular expression, probably, that Pliny alludes.
[1290] “Quod campum Tiberinum gratificata esset ea populo.”
[1291] A.U.C. 441.
[1292] See B. vii. c. 31.
[1293] His life has been written by Diogenes Laertius, and he is mentioned by Cicero, de Fin. B. v. c. 19, and by Strabo.—B.
[1295] We have an account of the exploit of Clælia in Livy, B. ii. c. 13, and in Valerius Maximus, B. iii. c. 2: there is a reference to this statue in Seneca, de Consol. c. 16.—B.
[1296] To King Porsena.
[1297] See end of B. xvi.
[1298] Plutarch says that it was uncertain whether the statue was erected to Clælia or to Valeria.—B.
[1299] A.U.C. 596.—B.
[1300] See Chapter 9.
[1301] “In Octaviæ operibus.” These were certain public buildings, erected in Rome by Augustus, and named by him after his sister Octavia; they are mentioned by Suetonius.—B.
[1302] Valerius Maximus refers to this event, but he names the individual Statius Servilius, B. i. c. 8, § 6.—B.
[1303] See B. xxxiii. cc. [50], [54].
[1304] We have an account of the attack by Hannibal on Rome in the twenty-sixth Book of Livy, but we have no mention of the particular circumstance here referred to.—B.
[1305] “Forum Boarium.” See Chapter [5].
[1306] Livy, B. i. c. 19, informs us, that Numa made Janus of a form to denote both peace and war.—B.
[1307] The mode in which the fingers were placed, so as to serve the purpose here indicated, is supposed to have been by their forming the letters which were the Roman numerals for the figures in question. We are informed that some MSS. of Pliny give the number three hundred and fifty-five only, and there is reason to believe that, in the time of Numa, this was considered to be the actual number of days in the year. Some of the commentators, however, are disposed to read three hundred and sixty-five; and this opinion derives some support from Macrobius, who refers to this statue as indicating this latter number with its fingers.—B. The Bamberg MS. gives three hundred and sixty-five.
[1308] See end of B. iii.
[1309] “Misoromæus”—“Roman-hater.” See end of B. iii.
[1310] Pliny himself informs us, in B. xxxv. c. [45], that the statue of Jupiter in the Capitol, erected by Tarquinius Priscus, was formed of earth.—B.
[1311] The art of moulding or modelling in argillaceous earth; see B. xxxv. cc. [43], [45].
[1312] See B. xxxvi. c. [2], where he informs us that this theatre was hardly one month in use.—B.
[1313] Hardouin gives several quotations illustrative of his liberality in bestowing ornaments in the City, and his inattention to his domestic concerns.—B.
[1314] The brothers Lucius and Marcus, the former of whom triumphed in the Mithridatic, the latter in the Macedonian War.—B.
[1315] See end of B. ii.
[1316] See B. vii. c. 38.
[1317] The absolute number of statues assigned to Lysippus differs considerably in the different editions, as is the case in almost every instance where figures are concerned. Pliny gives a further account of his works in the next two Chapters and in the following Book.—B.
[1318] “Aureum.” See B. xxxiii. c. [13], and B. xxxvii. c. [3].
[1319] In their attack upon Flavius Sabinus, the brother of Vespasian; A.U.C. 822.
[1320] See B. iv. c. 27.
[1321] It was a statue of Jupiter.
[1322] Better known by the name of Q. Fabius Maximus; he acquired the soubriquet of Verrucosus from a large wart on the upper lip.—B.
[1323] The Colossus of Rhodes was begun by Chares, but he committed suicide, in consequence of having made some mistake in the estimate; the work was completed by Laches, also an inhabitant of Lindos.—B.
[1324] It remained on the spot where it was thrown down for nearly nine hundred years, until the year 653 A.D., when Moavia, khalif of the Saracens, after the capture of Rhodes, sold the materials; it is said that it required nine hundred camels to remove the remains.—B.
[1325] Demetrius Poliorcetes. See B. xxxv. c. [36].
[1326] He is mentioned by Columella, in his Introduction to his work De Re Rusticâ, in connexion with the most celebrated Grecian artists.—B.
[1327] Suetonius, in describing the temple which Augustus dedicated to Apollo, on the Palatine Hill, speaks of the Portico with the Latin and Greek library.—B.
[1328] This victory took place A.U.C. 461; we have an account of it in Livy, the concluding Chapter of the Tenth Book.—B.
[1329] This was a statue of Jupiter, placed on the Alban Mount, twelve miles from Rome. At this place the various states of Latium exercised their religious rites in conjunction with the Romans; it was sometimes called Latialis.—B. See B. iii. c. 9, and Notes; Vol. I. p. 205.
[1330] The designer of the Colossus at Rhodes.
[1331] Decius is said by Hardouin to have been a statuary, but nothing is known respecting him or his works.—B. He probably lived about the time of the Consul P. Cornelius Lentulus Spinther, A.U.C. 697.
[1332] His country is unknown.
[1333] See B. iv. c. 33.
[1334] St. Jerome informs us, that Vespasian removed the head of Nero, and substituted that of the Sun with seven rays. Martial refers to it in the Second Epigram De Spectaculis, and also B. i. Ep. 71.—B.
[1335] “Parvis admodum surculis.” There is, it appears, some difficulty in determining the application of the word surculis to the subject in question, and we have no explanation of it by any of the commentators. Can it refer to the frame of wicker work which contained the model into which the melted metal was poured?—B.
[1336] This observation has been supposed to imply, that Zenodotus cast his statues in a number of separate pieces, which were afterwards connected together, and not, as was the case with the great Grecian artists, in one entire piece.—B.
[1337] See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1338] The term signum, which is applied to the Corinthian figures, may mean a medallion, or perhaps a seal-ring or brooch; we only know that it must have been something small, which might be carried about the person, or, at least, easily moved from place to place.—B. Statuette, probably.
[1339] Her riddle, and its solution by Œdipus, are too well known to need repetition here.
[1340] In the following [Chapter].
[1341] Consul A.U.C. 787.
[1342] The “Avenger.” In the Forum of Augustus, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[1343] “Regia.” The palace of Minerva, also in the Forum of Augustus.—B.
[1344] See B. vii. c. 39, B. xxxv. c. [34], and B. xxxvi. c. [4].
[1345] We have an account of this statue, and of the temple in which it was placed, by Pausanias, B. v. There is no work of Phidias now in existence; the sculptures in the Parthenon were, however, executed by his pupils and under his immediate directions, so that we may form some judgment of his genius and taste.—B. There is a foot in the British Museum, said to be the work of Phidias.
[1346] An Athenian; see B. xxxvi. c. [5]. He is spoken of in high terms by Pausanias and Valerius Maximus.
[1347] Tutor of Ptolichus of Corcyra, and highly distinguished for his statues of the slayers of the tyrants at Athens. He is mentioned also by Lucian and Pausanias.
[1348] The reading is uncertain here, the old editions giving “Nestocles.” We shall only devote a Note to such artists as are mentioned by other authors besides Pliny.
[1349] An Athenian; mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1350] There were probably two artists of this name; one an Argive, tutor of Phidias, and the other a Sicyonian, the person here referred to.
[1351] A native of Ægina, mentioned by Pausanias. There is also a statuary of Elis of the same name, mentioned by Pausanias, and to whom Thiersch is of opinion reference is here made.
[1352] See Chapter [5] of this Book.
[1353] An Argive, mentioned by Pausanias.
[1354] See Chapter [5] of this Book.
[1355] Again mentioned by Pliny, as a native of Rhegium in Italy.
[1356] A native of Paros, mentioned also by Pausanias and Strabo.
[1357] Probably “Perillus,” the artist who made the brazen bull for Phalaris, the tyrant of Agrigentum. The old reading is “Parelius.”
[1358] This and the following word probably mean one person—“Asopodorus the Argive.”
[1359] Perhaps the same person that is mentioned by Pausanias, B. vi. c. 20, as having improved the form of the starting-place at the Olympic Games.
[1360] Mentioned by Pausanias as an Arcadian, and son of Clitor.
[1361] A native of Clitorium in Arcadia, and mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1362] He is said by Pausanias and Athenæus to have been the son, also, of Myron.
[1363] Son of Motho, and a native of Argos. He was brother and instructor of the younger Polycletus, of Argos. He is mentioned also by Pausanias and Tatian.
[1364] He is once mentioned by Pausanias, and there is still extant the basis of one of his works, with his name inscribed.
[1365] It is supposed that there were two artists of this name, both natives of Sicyon, the one grandson of the other. They are both named by Pausanias.
[1366] Probably a Sicyonian; he is mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1367] As Pliny mentions two artists of this name, it is impossible to say to which of them Pausanias refers as being an Athenian, in B. vi. c. 4.
[1368] The elder artist of this name. He was an Athenian, and his sister was the wife of Phocion. He is also mentioned by Plutarch and Pausanias.
[1369] An Athenian; he is mentioned also by Vitruvius, Pausanias, and Tatian. Winckelmann mentions an inscription relative to him, which, however, appears to be spurious.
[1370] He is mentioned also by Pausanias, and is supposed by Sillig to have been a Theban.
[1371] Praxiteles held a high rank among the ancient sculptors, and may be considered as second to Phidias alone; he is frequently mentioned by Pausanias and various other classical writers. Pliny gives a further account of the works of Praxiteles in the two following Books.—B.
[1372] He was also an eminent painter, and is also mentioned by Quintilian, Dio Chrysostom, and Plutarch.
[1373] Another reading is “Echion.”
[1374] See B. xxxv. cc. [32], [36].
[1375] This great artist, a native of Sicyon, has been already mentioned in B. vii. c. 39, and in the two preceding Chapters of the present Book; he is again mentioned in B. xxxv. c. [39].—B. See note [1344] above.
[1376] Also a native of Sicyon. He is mentioned by Tatian.
[1377] Mentioned also by Pausanias, Plutarch, Strabo, and Appian. The next two names in former editions stand as one, “Euphronides.”
[1378] Supposed to have been an architect, and builder of the Pharos near Alexandria: see B. xxxvi. c. [18]. The same person is mentioned also by Strabo, Lucian, and Suidas.
[1379] An Athenian. He is mentioned also by Pausanias, Plutarch, Diogenes Laertius, and Tatian.
[1381] A Sicyonian, pupil of Lysippus. He is also mentioned by Pausanias; see also B. xxxvi. c. [4].
[1382] Son and pupil of Lysippus. He is mentioned also by Tatian, and by some writers as the instructor of Xenocrates.
[1383] Sillig thinks that this is a mistake made by Pliny for “Daïppus,” a statuary mentioned by Pausanias.
[1384] Son of Praxiteles, and mentioned by Tatian in conjunction with Euthycrates. The elder Cephisodotus has been already mentioned. See Note [1368].
[1385] Another son of Praxiteles. He is also alluded to by Pausanias, though not by name.
[1386] His country is uncertain, but he was preceptor of Mygdon of Soli. See B. xxxv. c. [40].
[1387] Mentioned also by Tatian; his country is unknown.
[1388] It is doubtful whether Pausanias alludes, in B. vi. c. 4, to this artist, or to the one of the same name mentioned under Olymp. 102. See Note [1367].
[1389] Sillig suggests that this word is an adjective, denoting the country of Polycles, in order to distinguish him from the elder Polycles.
[1390] We learn from Pausanias that he worked in conjunction with Timarchides. The other artists here mentioned are quite unknown.
[1391] Sillig, in his “Dictionary of Ancient Artists,” observes that “this passage contains many foolish statements.” Also that there is “an obvious intermixture in it of truth and falsehood.”
[1392] This is universally admitted to have been one of the most splendid works of art. It is celebrated by various writers; Pausanias speaks of it in B. i. See also B. xxxvi. c. [4].—B.
[1393] As being made for the Temple of Diana at Ephesus.
[1394] Probably “Callimorphos,” or “Calliste.” We learn from Pausanias that it was placed in the Citadel of Athens. Lucian prefers it to every other work of Phidias.
[1395] A figure of a female “holding keys.” The key was one of the attributes of Proserpina, as also of Janus; but the latter was an Italian divinity.
[1396] “Ædem Fortunæ hujusce diei.” This reading, about which there has been some doubt, is supported by an ancient inscription in Orellius.
[1397] “Artem toreuticen.” See Note at the [end] of B. xxxiii.
[1398] Pliny has here confounded two artists of the same name; the Polycletus who was the successor of Phidias, and was not much inferior to him in merit, and Polycletus of Argos, who lived 160 years later, and who also executed many capital works, some of which are here mentioned. It appears that Cicero, Vitruvius, Strabo, Quintilian, Plutarch, and Lucian have also confounded these two artists; but Pausanias, who is very correct in the account which he gives us of all subjects connected with works of art, was aware of the distinction; and it is from his observations that we have been enabled to correct the error into which so many eminent writers had fallen.—B.
[1399] Derived from the head-dress of the statue, which had the “head ornamented with a fillet.” Lucian mentions it.
[1400] The “Spear-bearer.”
[1401] “Canon.” This no doubt was the same statue as the Doryphoros. See Cicero, Brut. 86, 296.
[1402] Or “strigil.” Visconti says that this was a statue of Tydeus purifying himself from the murder of his brother. It is represented on gems still in existence.
[1403] “Talo incessentem.” “Gesner (Chrestom. Plin.) has strangely explained these words as intimating a person in the act of kicking another. He seems to confound the words talus and calx.”—Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1404] “The players at dice.” This is the subject of a painting found at Herculaneum.—B.
[1405] The “Leader.” A name given also to Mercury, in Pausanias, B. viii. c. 31. See Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1406] “Carried about.” It has been supposed by some commentators, that Artemon acquired this surname from his being carried about in a litter, in consequence of his lameness; a very different derivation has been assigned by others to the word, on the authority of Anacreon, as quoted by Heraclides Ponticus, that it was applied to Artemon in consequence of his excessively luxurious and effeminate habits of life.—B. It was evidently a recumbent figure. Ajasson compares this voluptuous person to “le gentleman Anglais aux Indes”—“The English Gentleman in India!”
[1408] “Quadrata.” Brotero quotes a passage from Celsus, B. ii c. 1, which serves to explain the use of this term as applied to the form of a statue; “Corpus autem habilissimum quadratum est, neque gracile, neque obesum.”—B. “The body best adapted for activity is square-built, and neither slender nor obese.”
[1409] “Ad unum exemplum.” Having a sort of family likeness, similarly to our pictures by Francia the Goldsmith, and Angelica Kaufmann.
[1410] Myron was born at Eleutheræ, in Bœotia; but having been presented by the Athenians with the freedom of their city, he afterwards resided there, and was always designated an Athenian.—B.
[1411] This figure is referred to by Ovid, De Ponto, B. iv. Ep. 1, l. 34, as also by a host of Epigrammatic writers in the Greek Anthology.
[1412] See the Greek Anthology, B. vi. Ep. 2.
[1413] “Player with the Discus.” It is mentioned by Quintilian and Lucian. There is a copy of it in marble in the British Museum, and one in the Palazzo Massimi at Home. The Heifer of Myron is mentioned by Procopius, as being at Rome in the sixth century. No copy of it is known to exist.
[1414] Seen by Pausanias in the Acropolis at Athens.
[1415] Or “Sawyers.”
[1416] In reference to the story of the Satyr Marsyas and Minerva, told by Ovid, Fasti, B. vi. l. 697, et seq.
[1417] Persons engaged in the five contests of quoiting, running, leaping, wrestling, and hurling the javelin.
[1418] Competitors in boxing and wrestling.
[1419] Mentioned by Cicero In Verrem, Or. 4. This Circus was in the Eleventh Region of the city.
[1420] See the Anthology, B. iii. Ep. 14, where an epigram on this subject is ascribed to Anytes or Leonides; but the Myro mentioned is a female. See Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1421] She was a poetess of Teios or Lesbos, and a contemporary of Sappho.
[1422] “Multiplicasse veritatem.” Sillig has commented at some length on this passage, Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1424] There is a painter of this name mentioned in B. xxxv. c. [43]. The reading is extremely doubtful.
[1425] Mentioned by Plato, De Legibus, B. viii. and by Pausanias, B. vi. c. 13. He was thrice victorious at the Olympic Games.
[1426] Python.
[1427] From the Greek word Δικαιὸς, “just,” or “trustworthy.”—B.
[1428] Diogenes Laertius mentions a Pythagoras, a statuary, in his life of his celebrated namesake, the founder of the great school of philosophy.—B. Pausanias, B. ix. c. 33, speaks of a Parian statuary of this name.
[1430] See end of B. vii.
[1431] Cicero remarks, Brut. 86, 296, “that Lysippus used to say that the Doryphoros of Polycletus was his master,” implying that he considered himself indebted for his skill to having studied the above-mentioned work of Polycletus.—B.
[1432] In Chapter [17] of this Book.—B.
[1433] The same subject, which, as mentioned above, had been treated by Polycletus.—B.
[1434] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1435] Ἀποξυόμενος, the Greek name of the statue, signifying one “scraping himself.”
[1436] The head encircled with rays.
[1437] The lines of Horace are well known, in which he says, that Alexander would allow his portrait to be painted by no one except Apelles, nor his statue to be made by any one except Lysippus, Epist. B. ii. Ep. 1, l. 237.—B.
[1438] This expression would seem to indicate that the gold was attached to the bronze by some mechanical process, and not that the statue was covered with thin leaves of the metal.—B.
[1439] This story is adopted by Apuleius, in the “Florida,” B. i., who says that Polycletus was the only artist who made a statue of Alexander.
[1440] A large group of equestrian statues, representing those of Alexander’s body-guard, who had fallen at the battle of the Granicus.
[1441] A.U.C. 606.
[1442] See the Greek Anthology, B. iv. Ep. 14, where this subject is treated of in the epigram upon his statue of Opportunity, represented with the forelock.
[1443] Which is a word of Greek origin, somewhat similar to our word “proportion.”
[1444] At Lebadæa in Bœotia.
[1445] Hardouin seems to think that “fiscina” here means a “muzzle.” The Epigram in the Greek Anthology, B. iv. c. 7, attributed to King Philip, is supposed by Hardouin to bear reference to this figure.
[1446] The circumstance here referred to is related by Q. Curtius, B. ix. c. 5, as having occurred at the siege of the city of the Oxydracæ; according to other historians, however, it is said to have taken place at a city of the Malli.—B.
[1447] See Note [1417], above.
[1448] Κατάγουσα; a figure of Ceres, probably, “leading back” Proserpine from the domains of Pluto. Sillig, however, dissents from this interpretation; Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1449] Or Bacchus.
[1450] See Pausanias, B. i. c. 20. Sillig says, “Pliny seems to have confounded two Satyrs made by Praxiteles, for that here named stood alone in the ‘Via Tripodum’ at Athens, and was quite different from the one which was associated with the figure of Intoxication, and that of Bacchus.”—Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1451] “Much-famed.” Visconti is of opinion that the Reposing Satyr, formerly in the Napoleon Museum at Paris, was a copy of this statue. Winckelmann is also of the same opinion.
[1452] In the Second Region of the city. According to Cicero, in Verrem. vi., they were brought from Achaia by L. Mummius, who took them from Thespiæ, A.U.C. 608.
[1454] A woman plaiting garlands.
[1455] A soubriquet for an old hag, it is thought.
[1456] A female carrying wine.
[1457] According to Valerius Maximus, B. ii. s. 10, these statues were restored, not by Alexander, but by his successor Seleucus.—B. Sillig makes the following remark upon this passage—“Pliny here strangely confounds the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton, made by Praxiteles, with other figures of those heroes of a much more ancient date, made by Antenor.”
[1458] From σαυρὸς a “lizard,” and κτείνω, “to kill.” This statue is described by Martial, B. xiv. Ep. 172, entitled “Sauroctonos Corinthius.”—B. Many fine copies of it are still in existence, and Winckelmann is of opinion that the bronze at the Villa Albani is the original. There are others at the Villa Borghese and in the Vatican.
[1459] In her worthless favours, probably. Praxiteles was a great admirer of Phryne, and inscribed on the base of this statue an Epigram of Simonides, preserved in the Greek Anthology, B. iv. Ep. 12. She was also said to have been the model of his Cnidian Venus.
[1460] This artist is mentioned also by Cicero, Pausanias, Propertius, and Ovid, the two latter especially remarking the excellence of his horses.—B. See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1461] The mother of Hercules.—B.
[1462] See B. xxxvi. c. [4]. Having now given an account of the artists most distinguished for their genius, Pliny proceeds to make some remarks upon those who were less famous, in alphabetical order.—B.
[1463] The “highly approved.”
[1464] Or “Lioness.” See B. vii. c. 23.
[1465] The reading is doubtful here. “Iphicrates” and “Tisicrates” are other readings.
[1466] The same story is related by Athenæus, B. xiii., and by Pausanias.—B.
[1467] Pisistratus and his sons, Hippias and Hipparchus.
[1468] A lioness.
[1469] She having bitten off her tongue, that she might not confess.
[1470] Hardouin has offered a plausible conjecture, that for the word “Seleucum,” we should read “Salutem,” as implying that the two statues executed by Bryaxis were those of Æsculapius and the Goddess of Health.—B.
[1471] Already mentioned as a son of Lysippus.
[1472] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1473] This reading appears preferable to “Cresilas,” though the latter is supported by the Bamberg MS.
[1474] Ajasson quotes here the beautiful words of Virgil—“Et dulces moriens reminiscitur Argos”—“Remembers his lov’d Argos, as he dies.”
[1475] Dalechamps supposes that Pericles was here represented in the act of addressing the people; Hardouin conceives that this statue received its title from the thunder of his eloquence in debate, or else from the mighty power which he wielded both in peace and war, or some of the other reasons which Plutarch mentions in the Life of Pericles.—B.
[1476] It is doubtful to which of the artists of this name he alludes, the elder or the younger Cephisodotus, the son of Praxiteles. Sillig inclines to think the former—Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1477] The “Deliverer.”
[1478] The elder Canachus, probably.
[1479] The “Lovely.” Brotero says that this is believed to be the Florentine Apollo of the present day. It stood in the Temple at Didymi, near Miletus, until the return of Xerxes from his expedition against Greece, when it was removed to Ecbatana, but was afterwards restored by Seleucus Nicator.
[1480] See B. v. c. 31.
[1481] “Alterno morsu calce digitisque retinentibus solum, ita vertebrato dente utrisque in partibus ut a repulsu per vices resiliat.” He seems to mean that the statue is so made as to be capable of standing either on the right fore foot and the left hind foot, or on the left fore foot and the right hind foot, the conformation of the under part of the foot being such as to fit into the base.
[1482] The following are the words of the original: “Ita vertebrato dente utrisque in partibus.” I confess myself unable to comprehend them, nor do I think that they are satisfactorily explained by Hardouin’s comment.—B.
[1483] The “Riders on horseback.”
[1484] It is supposed by Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists, that this is the same person as the Cresilas, Ctesilas, or Ctesilaüs, before mentioned in this Chapter, and that Pliny himself has committed a mistake in the name.
[1485] A figure of a man “brandishing a spear.” See Note [1400] above.
[1486] He is mentioned by Quintilian as being more attentive to exactness than to beauty; also by Diogenes Laertius, B. v. c. 85. Sillig supposes that he flourished in the time of Pericles. Pausanias, B. i., speaks of his Lysimache.
[1487] The Athenians in their flattery, as we learn from Seneca, expressed a wish to affiance their Minerva Musica to Marc Antony. His reply was, that he would be happy to take her, but with one thousand talents by way of portion.
[1488] He is mentioned by Xenophon, according to whom, he dedicated the brazen statue of a horse in the Eleusinium at Athens. He was probably an Athenian by birth.
[1489] Son of Patroclus, who is previously mentioned as having lived in the 95th Olympiad. He was a native of Sicyon, and flourished about B.C. 400. Several works of his are also mentioned by Pausanias.
[1490] Or “strigil.” See Note [1435] above.
[1491] The first Grecian slain at Troy.
[1492] Famous also as a painter. See B. xxxv. c. [40].—B. Paris, the son of Priam, was known by both of these names.
[1493] Q. Lutatius Catulus.
[1494] “Bonus Eventus;” Varro, de Re Rustica, B. i. c. 1, applies this term to one of the deities that preside over the labours of the agriculturist. His temple was situate near the Baths of Agrippa.—B.
[1495] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1496] See Note [1395], page 171.
[1497] Pausanias, B. vi., speaks of a statue of Ancient Greece, but the name of the artist is not mentioned.—B.
[1498] See B. iv. c, 8.
[1499] Brotero informs us, from Ficoroni, that there is a gem still in existence on which this design of Eutychides is engraved.—B.
[1500] Thiersch considers him to be identical with the elder Hegesias. He is mentioned also by Pausanias, B. viii. c. 42.
[1501] See Note [1483], above.
[1502] Dedicated by Augustus on the Capitoline Hill, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[1503] Sillig distinguishes three artists of this name.
[1504] See B. v. c. 40, and B. vii. c. 2.
[1505] The “Sacrificers of the ox.”
[1506] The son also.
[1507] Martial expresses the same idea in his Epigram, B. i. Ep. 7; but he does not refer to this statue.—B. Two copies of this Ganymede are still in existence at Rome.
[1508] Pausanias informs us, B. i. and B. ix., that he saw this statue in the Prytanæum of Athens.—B. Autolycus obtained this victory about the 89th or 90th Olympiad.
[1509] It was in honour of a victory gained by him in the pentathlon at the Great Panathenæa, that Callias gave the Symposium described by Xenophon.
[1510] Martial, B. ix. Ep. 51, where he is pointing at the analogy between his poems and 95the works of the most eminent sculptors, probably refers to this statue:—
“Nos facimus Bruti puerum, nos Lagona vivum.”—B.
The reading “Lagonem,” or “Langonem,” certainly seems superior to that of the Bamberg MS.—“Mangonem,” a “huckster.”
[1511] For some further mention of him, see end of B. iv.
[1512] Delafosse has pointed out the resemblance between this statue and one of the works of Michael Angelo, representing David kneeling on Goliath, and pressing back the giant’s neck.—B.
[1513] A native of Argos, who flourished in the 95th Olympiad. He was the son of Motho, and brother and instructor of the younger Polycletus of Argos. Several of his statues are mentioned by Pausanias and Tatian.
[1514] Ajasson thinks that three statues in the Royal Museum at Paris may possibly be copies of this Discobolus of Naucydes.
[1515] The Goddess of Health, and daughter of Æsculapius. Niceratus was a native of Athens, and is also mentioned by Tatian.
[1516] A “Female sacrificing.” The reading is very doubtful.
[1517] The “Man cooking entrails.” For some further account of this statue, see B. xxii. c. 20. This artist is unknown, but Thiersch suggests that he may have been the father of Cleomenes, whose name appears on the base of the Venus de Medicis.
[1518] The master of the Gymnasium.
[1519] He is twice mentioned by Pausanias: more particularly for the excellence of his horses and oxen. His country is unknown.
[1520] “The beautiful-legged.” This statue has been mentioned at the end of Chapter [18], as having been greatly admired by Nero.
[1521] This, it is supposed, is the statue to which Martial alludes in his Epigram, mentioned in Note [1510] above.—B.
[1522] There were two artists of this name, both natives of Samos. The present is the elder Theodorus, and is mentioned by Pausanias as having been the first to fuse iron for statues. He is spoken of by numerous ancient authors, and by Pliny in B. vii. c. 57, B. xxxv. c. [45], and B. xxxvi. c. [19], where he is erroneously mentioned as a Lemnian.
[1523] At Crete: Athenagoras mentions him in conjunction with Dædalus.
[1524] See B. vii. c. 21. Hardouin thinks that this bears reference to the conquest of the younger Marius by Sylla, mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [5]. Müller and Meyer treat this story of the brazen statue as a fiction.
[1525] Probably the same author that is mentioned at the end of B. [xxxiii]. See also B. xxxv. c. [36].
[1526] The Galli here spoken of were a tribe of the Celts, who invaded Asia Minor, and afterwards uniting with the Greeks, settled in a portion of Bithynia, which hence acquired the name of Gallo-Græcia or Galatia.—B.
[1527] See end of B. [xxxiii]. Attalus I., king of Pergamus, conquered the Galli, B.C. 239. Pyromachus has been mentioned a few lines before, and Stratonicus, in B. xxxiii. c. [55], also by Athenæus.
[1528] A native of Carthage. A work of his is mentioned by Cicero, in Verrem 4, 14, and in the Culex, l. 66, attributed to Virgil. See also B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1529] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1530] We are informed by Pausanias, B. x., that Nero carried off from Greece 500 bronze statues of gods and men.—B.
[1533] Mentioned by Pausanias, B. vi. Many of these artists are altogether unknown.
[1534] See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1535] See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1536] See B. xxxiii. c. [56], and B. xxxv. c. [35].
[1537] Probably the same artist that has been mentioned in the preceding page.
[1538] The artist already mentioned as having been represented by Silanion.
[1539] Pausanias, B. iii., speaks of his statue of Cynisca, a female who was victor at the Olympic games. Indeed, the victors at these games were frequently represented in a posture resembling that of adoration.
[1540] A man “scraping himself,” probably. See Note [1435], page 175. The “Tyrannicides” were Harmodius and Aristogiton.
[1541] Tatian mentions an artist of this name.
[1542] Sillig thinks that this was Seleucus, king of Babylon, B.C. 312.
[1544] Pausanias, B. viii., gives an account of a statue of Diana, made of Pentelican marble, by this Cephisodotus, a native of Athens; he is supposed to have flourished in the 102nd Olympiad. In the commencement of this Chapter, Pliny has enumerated a Cephisodotus among the artists of the 120th Olympiad.—B.
[1545] Bacchus.
[1546] The elder artist of this name. See B. xxxv. c. [34].
[1547] A native of Sicyon; Pausanias, B. v. cc. 17, 21, informs us that Cleon made a statue of Venus and two statues of Jupiter; he also mentions others of his works in B. vi.—B.
[1548] A native of Megara. He made a statue of Diagoras the pugilist, who was victor at the Olympic games, B.C. 464. He is mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1549] Probably the same with the “Laïppus” mentioned in the early part of this Chapter. Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists, considers “Daïppus” to be the right name.
[1551] A native of Sicyon, and pupil of Pison, according to Pausanias, B. vi. c. 3. He flourished about the 100th Olympiad.
[1552] Works of his at Athens are mentioned by Pausanias, B. i. c. 2, who also states that he was father of Euchir, the Athenian.
[1553] A statuary of Syracuse, son of Niceratus. He made two statues of Hiero II., king of Syracuse, who died B.C. 215. He must not be confounded with the painter and statuary of the same name, mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [56], and B. xxxv. c. [35]. He is mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1554] An Athenian, son of Euctemon. He is mentioned also by Tatian, and is supposed by Sillig to have flourished about B.C. 420.
[1555] Called Dinomache by Plutarch.
[1556] Already mentioned as a successful pupil of Lysippus.
[1557] He was probably a native of Agrigentum, and flourished about B.C. 560. The brazen bull of Perillus, and his unhappy fate, are recorded by many of the classical writers, among others by Valerius Maximus, B. ix. cc. 2, 9, and by Ovid, Art. Am. B. i. ll. 653-4.—B.
[1558] See B. vii. c. 57.
[1559] Mentioned at the commencement of this Chapter.
[1560] A statuary of Ægina, mentioned also by Pausanias, B. v. c. 27, in connexion with Dionysius of Argos. He flourished about Olymp. 76.
[1561] Already mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [55], and previously in this [Chapter].
[1562] “Scopas uterque.” Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists, expresses an opinion that these words are an interpolation; but in his last edition of Pliny, he thinks with M. Ian, that some words are wanting, expressive of the branch in which these artists excelled. See also B. xxxvi. cc. [5], [14].
[1563] He is previously mentioned in this Chapter. See p. [179].
[1564] An Athenian artist, son of Eubulides. He is also mentioned by Pausanias.
[1565] A Lacedæmonian artist, also mentioned by Pausanias.
[1567] Mentioned also by Pausanias, B. i. c. 3.
[1568] Probably not the Athenian statuary mentioned by Pausanias, B. ix. c. 7. See Sillig, Dict. Ancient Artists.
[1569] A native of Phocis, mentioned also by Vitruvius.
[1570] Also a Dithyrambic poet; mentioned by Diodorus Siculus.
[1572] See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1573] Mentioned by Tatian as having made the statue of Eutychis. See Pliny, B. vii. c. 3.
[1574] He executed a statue of Hephæstion; and an inscription relative to him is preserved by Wheler, Spon, and Chishull.
[1576] A native of Sardis; mentioned by Pausanias.
[1577] An Athenian, mentioned also by Pausanias.
[1578] Strabo mentions some of his productions in the Temple at Ephesus.
[1579] “Fritterer away of his works.” He was also an engraver on gold, and a painter. He is spoken of in high terms by Vitruvius, Pausanias, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
[1580] We have an account of Cato’s honourable conduct on this occasion in Plutarch.—B. See also B. xxix. c. 30.
[1581] “Inane exemplum.” Hardouin thinks that this is said in reference to his neglect of the example set by his grandfather, Cato the Censor, who hated the Greeks. See B. vii. c. 31.
[1582] In the poisoned garment, which was the eventual cause of his death.—B.
[1583] The general who conducted the war against Mithridates.—B.
[1584] See B. xxxiii. c. [46]. “Chaplet” copper.
[1585] “Bar” copper, or “malleable.”
[1586] It is very improbable that this effect could be produced by the cause here assigned; but without a more detailed account of the process employed, we cannot explain the change of colour.—B.
[1587] Πυρωπὸς, “sparkling like fire.” Similar to, if not identical with, our tinsel.
[1588] “Cast brass.”
[1589] See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 415. Bohn’s Edition.
[1590] In the former Editions the whole of the next ten lines, from this word down to “sun” is omitted. It is evident that it has been left out by accident, in consequence of the recurrence of the word “Campano.” The hiatus has been supplied from the Bamberg MS., and the reading is supported by the text of Isidorus, Orig. B. xvi. c. 20, s. 9.
[1591] “Collectanei.”
[1592] “Formalis.”
[1593] “Plumbi nigri”—“black lead,” literally, but not what we mean by that name.
[1594] The “Grecian” colour. It does not appear to have been identified, nor does it appear what it has to do with moulds.
[1595] “Pot” copper, or brass.
[1596] Beckmann is of opinion that this “plumbum argentarium” was a mixture of equal parts of tin and lead. Hist. Inv. Vol. II, p. 220. Bohn’s Edition.
[1597] Most of these preparations are in reality highly dangerous. Oxides, however, or salts of copper, have been employed internally with success, acting by alvine evacuation and by vomiting. The Crocus Veneris of the old chemists was an oxide of copper. It is still used by the peasants of Silesia, Ajasson says.
[1598] It is obvious that the “cadmia” here described must be an essentially different substance from the “cadmia” mentioned in the second Chapter of this Book, that being a natural production, possibly calamine or hydrosilicate or carbonate of zinc; while the “cadmia” of this Chapter is a furnace-calamine, a product of the fusion of the ore of copper, or zinc.—B. It is evident, too, that copper ores, impregnated with zinc or calamine, also passed under this name. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 33-35, Bohn’s Edition, where this subject is discussed at considerable length: also the treatise by Delafosse, in Lemaire’s Edition of Pliny.
[1599] The metal known to us as “cadmium” was discovered by Professor Stromeyer in 1818: it is either associated in its ores with zinc, or forms a native sulphuret.
[1600] “Smoky residue.” None of these substances formed in smelting are preserved for medicinal purposes at the present day. Tutty is an impure oxide of zinc.
[1601] “Cluster residue.” From its resemblance to a bunch of grapes.
[1602] “Caked residue.”
[1603] “Shell-formed residue.”
[1604] See B. xiv. c. 16.
[1605] See end of B. iii.
[1606] See end of B. xii.
[1607] We have the same account of the medicinal effects of Cadmia, and the other preparations mentioned in this Chapter, given by Dioscorides.—B.
[1608] For an account of the “alumen” of the ancients, see B. xxxv. c. [52].
[1609] See B. xxxiii. c. [21], and B. xxxvi. c. [13].
[1610] See B. xxxiii. c. [37].
[1611] “Æris flos.” Ajasson makes some correct remarks upon the difference between the “scoria” and the “flower” of the metal. The former may be considered as consisting of the metal, mixed with a certain proportion of heterogeneous matter, which has been separated during the fusion of the ore, while the latter consists of the pure metal in a state of mechanical division.—B.
[1612] From the Greek λεπὶς, “husk,” or “scale.”
[1613] Ajasson describes this substance as consisting merely of the pure metal in a state of minute mechanical division; it would appear, therefore, to be scarcely, if at all, different from the articles described in the last Chapter. The word Στόμωμα means a “hard substance,” or “hard scales,” therefore the application of this term to a substance like down, “lanugo,” is perhaps not very appropriate.—B.
[1614] Beckmann comments at some length on this passage; Vol. I. p. 328. Bohn’s Edition.
[1615] “Seplasiæ.” The druggists dwelling in the Seplasia. See B. xxxiii. c. [58].
[1616] In Chapters [22] and [23], as applied to Cadmia and Cyprian copper, respectively.—B.
[1617] “Ærugo.” The researches of modern chemists have ascertained the composition of verdigris to be a diacetete of copper; the sesquibasic acetate and the triacetate are also to be considered as varieties of this substance; we have an exact analysis of these salts in the “Elements” of the late Dr. Turner, the Sixth Edition, edited by Professor Liebig and Mr. W. Turner, pp. 931, 2. Most of the processes described in this Chapter are mentioned by Dioscorides.—B. See also Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 171, et seq., Bohn’s Edition.
[1618] According to Brotero, this is the process generally adopted in France, in preference to the employment of vinegar in a pure state.—B.
[1619] The form of copper which was termed “coronarium” has been already described in Chapter [22].—B.
[1620] “Atramento sutorio.” “Shoemakers’ black.” See Chapters [27] and [32] of this Book.
[1621] Until it assumes an ashy colour, Dioscorides says.—B.
[1622] See B. xii. cc. 30, 32.
[1623] According to Celsus, this substance obtained its name from the person who invented or compounded it; he calls it “Collyrium of Hierax.”—B.
[1624] “Atramenti sutorii, quod chalcanthum vocant.” We may presume that this substance was somewhat different from the “atramentum sutorium” mentioned in the last Chapter: the word “chalcanthum” means “flower of copper;” χαλκοῦ ἄνθος.—B. Delafosse identities it with blue vitriol, sulphate, or hydro-trisulphate of copper. See Chapter [32].
[1626] From the Greek σκωλὴξ, “a worm,” “Vermicular Verdigris.”—“The accounts of this substance in ancient authors seem to some commentators to be obscure; but in my opinion we are to understand by them that the ingredients were pounded together till the paste they formed assumed the appearance of pieces or threads like worms. For the same reason the Italians give the name of vermicelli to wire-drawn paste of flour used in cookery.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 173, Bohn’s Edition.
[1627] In B. xxxiii. c. [29].—B.
[1628] The name, no doubt, of a copper ore which has not been identified. Delafosse suggests that it may have been an ore of iron and copper pyrites in combination with a silky copper malachite. See Chapter [2] of this Book, and B. xxxv. c. [52].
[1629] Brongniart is of opinion that the “sory” of Pliny is the sulphate of copper, probably with an excess of acid. He informs us that he has received a specimen of a native sulphate of copper from Cuença, in Spain, which possesses all the characteristics of “sory” as here described. He considers it more difficult to ascertain the chemical composition of “misy,” but is disposed to consider it as a mixed sulphate of iron and copper.—B.
[1630] In the next two Chapters.—B.
[1631] We have a similar account of its medicinal virtues given us by Dioscorides; Celsus also enumerates chalcitis among the corrosives, or cauteries, “quæ exedunt corpus.” He also recommends it for affections of the eyes.—B.
[1632] “Sore ointment.”
[1634] See Note [1629] above. Hardouin calls this substance “yellow copperas,” or “Roman vitriol.”
[1635] “In scrobibus.” The mineral alluded to is Chalcitis, mentioned in Chapter [29].—B.
[1636] Χαλκοῦ ἄνθος. “Flower of copper.”—B.
[1637] “Atramentum sutorium.” It was thus called from its being used for colouring leather. Under this name he probably includes green vitriol, or sulphate of the protoxide of iron, and blue vitriol, or sulphate, and hydro-trisulphate of copper, the former of which is, properly, our copperas. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 181, et seq. Bohn’s Edition. See also Note [1624] above.
[1638] In reality, the “chalcanthum” of Dioscorides was the small scales separated from molten copper by the application of water. See Chapters [24] and [25] above.
[1639] Of this kind, probably. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 182.
[1640] From this vitreous appearance of the crystals of vitriol, it is most probable that vitriol derives its name. See Beckmann, Vol. I. p. 184.
[1641] “Drop,” or “globule” chalcanthum.
[1642] Possibly a corruption of “leucoion,” “violet white.”
[1643] He has described the mode of procuring salt, by evaporating the brine in shallow pits, in B. xxxi. c. 39.—B.
[1644] It is difficult to ascertain the exact nature of the substances treated of in this Chapter. Ajasson has some judicious remarks upon them, in which he points out what appear to be inconsistencies in the account given of them, and of their relation to each other.—B. Ajasson says that there is no doubt that a mammose or terreous carbonate of copper is meant under these names. These substances are no longer known, but our tutty, or impure oxide of zinc, bears some resemblance to them.
[1645] See B. xix. c. 4, and Chapters [34] and [52] of this Book.
[1646] A Greek word, signifying “ashes,” or the residuum after combustion.—B.
[1647] From the corresponding passage in Dioscorides, there is some doubt whether the account of this process here given is correct.—B.
[1648] So called from Laurium, a district in Attica, in which there were silver mines. See Pausanias, B. i.—B.
[1649] Meaning “Substitute for spodos.”
[1650] See B. xxiii. cc. 38, 63.
[1651] See B. xxi. c. 26, and B. xvi. c. 20.
[1652] See B. xxi. c. 95.
[1653] See B. xi. c. 94.—B.
[1654] “Detersive composition.”
[1655] From Δὶς φρυγέσθαι.—“being twice calcined.”—B.
[1656] The Scoriæ, Cadmia, and Flos, which are described in Chapters [22], [23] and [24].—B.
[1657] A Roman coin, equal to the third part of the “as.”—B.
[1658] We most fully coincide with Pliny in this sentiment, but we are constrained to differ from him in giving credit to the alleged fact, as he appears to have done.—B.
[1659] See the list of authors at the end of this [Book].
[1660] “Arbusta:” trees on which vines were trained. See B. xvii. c. 35.
[1661] Holland has the following Note upon this passage: “O Pliny, what wouldst thou say, if thou didst see and hear the pistols, muskets, culverines, and cannons in these days.” Vol. II. p. 513.—B.
[1662] The charge that death is always the work of Nature.—B.
[1663] Or “stylus.”
[1664] See Ovid, Metam. B. iv. l. 467, et seq.; and Fasti, B. vi. l. 489, et seq.—B.
[1665] An artist mentioned also by Ovid and Pausanias.—B. And by Virgil.
[1666] “Mars Ultor.” In the Forum of Augustus, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[1667] The Isle of Elba, which has been celebrated for the extent and the richness of its iron mines both by the ancients and the moderns.—B. Ajasson remarks that it appears to be a solid rock composed of peroxide of iron.
[1668] “Clavis caligariis.” See B. viii. c. 44, B. ix. c. 33, and B. xxii. c. 46.
[1669] There have been numerous opinions on the meaning of this word, and its signification is very doubtful. Beckmann has the following remarks in reference to this passage:—“In my opinion, this was the name given to pieces of steel completely manufactured and brought to that state which rendered them fit for commerce. At present steel comes from Biscay in cakes, from other places in bars, and both these were formerly called ‘stricturæ,’ because they were employed chiefly for giving sharpness to instruments, or tools, that is, for steeling them. In speaking of other metals, Pliny says that the finished productions at the works were not called ‘stricturæ’ (the case, for example, with copper), though sharpness could be given to instruments with other metals also. The words of Pliny just quoted are read different ways, and still remain obscure. I conjecture that he meant to say, that some steel-works produced things which were entirely of steel, and that others were employed only in steeling—‘ad densandas incudes malleorumve rostra.’ I shall here remark that these ‘stricturæ ferri’ remind us of the ‘striges auri,’ (see B. xxxiii. c. [19]), such being the name given to native pieces of gold, which, without being smelted, were used in commerce.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 327. Bohn’s Edition.
[1670] “A stringendâ acie.” The iron was probably formed into thin, long bars, in thickness resembling a steel used for sharpening. The French word acier, meaning “steel,” may possibly come from the Latin “acies”—“edge,” as Beckmann has suggested.
[1671] Situate at the spot now known as “Bambola,” near Calatayud. The river Salo ran near it, the waters of which, as here mentioned, were celebrated for their power of tempering steel. The poet Martial was a native of this place.
[1672] Supposed to be the modern Tarragona.
[1673] See B. iii. c. 21.
[1674] See B. vi. cc. 20-24, B. vii. c. 2, and B. xii. cc. 1, 41. This Seric iron has not been identified. Ctesias, as quoted by Photius, mentions Indian iron. Sec Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 228. Bohn’s Edition.
[1675] Thought by Beckmann, quoting from Bottiger, possibly to bear reference to a transfer trade of furs, through Serica, from the North of Asia. See Vol. II. p. 307. As to the Seric tissues, see B. xxxvii. c. [77].
[1676] Or “Persian.” The steel of Damascus had in the middle ages a high reputation.
[1677] See B. iii. cc. 24, 27. Horace speaks of the “Norican sword” on two occasions.—B.
[1678] See B. iii. cc. 9, 17.
[1679] See B. xviii. c. 67, and B. xxxvi. c. [38].
[1681] Properly “bubbles,” or “beads.”
[1682] See B. xxxvi. c. [66]. In the account of the loadstone referred to above, he informs us that this mineral was employed in the formation of glass.—B. Beckmann is of opinion that Manganese is here alluded to. See Vol. II. p. 237.
[1683] Another reading is “Dinochares,” or “Dinocrates,” for an account of whom, see B. v. c. 11, and B. vii. c. 38.
[1684] Wife and sister of Ptolemy Philadelphus. See B. vi. c. 33, and B. xxxvi. c. [14].
[1685] Some accounts state that the statue was to be of brass, and the head of iron. It is said that the same thing was attempted with respect to the statue of Mahomet, in his tomb at Medina.—B.
[1686] We learn from Bowles that the celebrated mine of Sommorostro is still worked for this metal.
[1687] See B. iv. c. 34.—B.
[1688] Both the reading and the meaning of this passage are very doubtful.
[1689] See B. v. c. 21.—B.
[1690] We may presume that Pliny supposed that the ancient links had been protected by some of the substances mentioned above, although this is not distinctly stated.—B. Or rather by some religious ceremony as above alluded to.
[1691] “Nocturnas lymphationes.”—B.
[1692] The actual cautery, as it is termed, is occasionally employed, in certain diseases, by the moderns, but I am not aware that it has been tried in hydrophobia.—B. This precaution is sometimes used by country practitioners, at all events.
[1693] I cannot agree with Delafosse in his remark that “this remedy also is much in use for cœliac and other affections at the present day.”—B. It is still recommended by old women in the country, for children more particularly.
[1694] There are two versions of this story. In B. xxv. c. 19, Pliny says that Achilles cured Telephus by the application of a plant, which from him received its name. According to the other account, the oracle had declared, that the wound of Telephus, which had been inflicted by Achilles, could only be cured by means of the same weapon which had caused it.—B.
[1695] All the statements in this Chapter are to be found in Dioscorides, B. v. c. 93.—B.
[1696] The scaly excrescences beaten from iron in the forges, Hardouin says.—B.
[1697] From the Greek ὕγρον πλαστρὸν.—B.
[1698] See B. xxxv. c. [57].—B.
[1699] It is most probable that the “black lead” of Pliny was our lead, and the “white lead” our tin. Beckmann has considered these Chapters at great length, Vol. II. p. 209, et seq. Bohn’s Edition.
[1700] Supposed to have been derived from the Oriental word Kastîra.
[1701] What is here adduced as a fabulous narrative is not very remote from the truth; the Scilly Isles and Cornwall being the principal sources of the tin now employed in Europe. Small boats, corresponding to the description here given, were very lately still in use among the inhabitants of some parts of the south-west coast of England [and on the Severn]. Pliny has already spoken of these boats in B. vii. c. 57.—B. See also B. iv. c. 30, as to the coracles of the ancient Britons.
[1702] The ores of tin are known to exist in Gallicia; but the mines in that country are very scanty compared to those of Cornwall.—B.
[1703] “Talutium” is mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [21].
[1704] Tin ore is among the heaviest of minerals, though the specific gravity of the metal is small. M. Hæfer is of opinion that these pebbles contained platinum.
[1705] Or tin. The greater fusibility of the tin producing this separation.—B.
[1706] We may conclude that the “plumbum nigrum,” or “black lead” of Pliny is the Galena or sulphuret of lead of the moderns; it is frequently what is termed argentiferous, i.e. united with an ore of silver, and this in such quantity as to cause it to be worked for the purpose of procuring the silver.—B. See Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 210.
[1707] “Instead of oil, workmen use at present ‘colophonium,’ or some other resin.”—Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 223. See also B. xxxiii. c. [20].
[1708] Iliad, xi. 25, and xxiii. 561.—B.
[1709] Ajasson considers this to be Bismuth; but it is more probable that Beckmann is right in his conclusion, supported by Agricola, Entzel, Fallopius, Savot, Bernia, and Jung, that it was a compound metal, the Werk of the German smelting-houses: a metal not much unlike our pewter, probably. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 209, 212, 224. Bohn’s Edition.
[1710] See B. xxxiii. c. [31], and c. [53] of this Book.
[1711] A compound metal, probably, somewhat like pewter. See Note [1709] above. He evidently alludes to the process of “tinning.”
[1712] In B. xxxiii. c. [45]: where he says that the best mirrors were formerly made of a mixture of stannum and copper.—B. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 60-62, 72.
[1713] Or tin.
[1714] “Silver mixture.”
[1715] Such a mixture as this would in reality become more valuable than “argentarium,” as the proportion would be two-thirds of tin and one of lead. How then could the workmen merit the title of dishonest? Beckmann suggests that the tinning ought to have been done with pure tin, but that unprincipled artists employed tin mixed with lead. It is most probable, however, that Pliny himself has made a mistake, and that we should read “equal parts of black lead” (our lead); in which case the mixture passed off as “argentarium,” instead of containing equal parts of tin and lead, would contain five-sixths of lead. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 221. Bohn’s Edition.
[1716] All these readings are doubtful in the extreme.
[1717] As being too brittle, probably; the reason suggested by Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 221.
[1718] Literally, “inboiled,” being coated by immersion in the molten tin.
[1719] Supposed by Hardouin to have been the town of Alise, in Auxois.
[1720] See B. iv. c. 33.
[1721] The names of various kinds of carriages, the form of which is now unknown.
[1722] Both tin and lead can be fused in paper, when it is closely wrapped around them.
[1723] In reality India did and does possess them both; but it is possible that in those days it was not considered worth while to search for them.
[1724] The “lead” of the moderns.
[1725] Mr. T. Wright, the eminent antiquarian, is of opinion that the extensive Roman lead mines at Shelve, in Shropshire, are here alluded to. See the Illustrated London News, Oct. 4, 1856.
[1726] Probably from Ovetum, the modern Oviedo.—B.
[1727] So called from the island of Capraria. See B. iii. cc. 11, 12, and B. vi. c. 37.
[1728] See B. iii. c. 12.
[1729] Not in Bætica, as Brotero remarks, but in Lusitania, or Portugal; the modern Santarem.—B.
[1730] See Introduction to Vol. III.
[1731] This circumstance is mentioned by Suetonius, c. 20.—B.
[1732] Hardouin observes, that these insects are never met with in mines; but probably this may depend more upon other causes, than upon the vapours which are supposed to proceed from the metals.—B.
[1733] See B. xxxiii. cc. [33], [34].
[1734] See B. xx. c. 81, and B. xxiv. c. 73.
[1735] “Charta.” See B. xxiv. c. 51.
[1736] This, according to Ajasson, is the protoxide, or probably, in some cases, the arseniate of lead.—B.
[1737] From σποδὸς, “ashes.”—B.
[1738] See Chapter [34] of this Book.—B.
[1739] This was probably lead ore in its primary state, when only separated from the stannum, and before it was subjected to fusion for the purpose of obtaining pure lead.—See Beckmann’s Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 211. Bohn’s Edition. Ajasson identifies it with litharge, or fused oxide of lead, known as gold and silver litharge, from its colour.
[1740] See B. xxxiii. c. [31], and Chapter [47] of this Book.—B.
[1741] In Cilicia: see B. v. c. 22. He is speaking, no doubt, of the “metallic,” or artificial kind.
[1742] A kind of ointment. See B. xxiii. c. 81, and B. xxxiii. c. [35].
[1743] Our Litharge. See B. xxxiii. c. [35].
[1744] According to Ajasson, this substance is properly a sub-carbonate of lead, commonly called white lead.—B.
[1745] Scoria of lead and molybdæna.—B.
[1746] Preparations of lead are still used in cosmetics for whitening the complexion.
[1747] The Realgar of the moderns, red orpiment, or red sulphuret of arsenic. Pliny has in numerous places spoken of it as a remedy for certain morbid states both of animals and vegetables, B. xvii. c. 47, B. xxiii. c. 13, B. xxv. c. 22, and B. xxviii. c. 62, but he has not previously given any account of its origin and composition.—B.
[1748] Dioscorides, B. v. c. 122, informs us, with respect to this effect of sandarach, that it was burned in combination with resin, and that the smoke was inhaled through a tube.—B.
[1749] The substance here mentioned, though its name is the foundation of our word “arsenic,” is not the arsenic of modern commerce, but probably a sulphuret of arsenic containing a less proportion of sulphur than the Sandarach of the last Chapter.—B.
[1750] The other two mentioned species naturally divide into laminæ, while this kind is disposed to separate into fine fibres.—B.
[1751] By this process a considerable portion of the sulphur is expelled, so as to cause the orpiment to approximate to the state of arsenic.—B.
[1752] See end of B. ii.
[1753] See end of B. ii.
[1754] See end of B. iii.
[1755] See end of B. ii.
[1756] See end of B. ii.
[1757] A different person from the Messala mentioned at the end of B. ix. He is mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [14], B. xxxv. c. [2], and in Chapter [38] of this Book; but nothing further seems to be known of him.
[1758] See end of B. vii. and Note 1315 to B. vii. c. 53.
[1759] Domitius Marsus, a poet of the Augustan age, of whom few particulars are known, except that he wrote an epitaph on the poet Tibullus, who died B.C. 18. He is mentioned by Ovid and Martial, from the latter of whom we learn that his epigrams were distinguished for their wit, licentiousness, and satire.
[1760] See end of B. xvi.
[1761] See end of B. xx.
[1762] See end of B. xii.
[1763] See end of B. vii.
[1764] See end of B. ii.
[1765] See end of B. iii.
[1766] See end of B. iv.
[1767] See c. 19 of this Book, Note [1525], page 184.
[1768] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1769] See end of B. vii.
[1770] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1771] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1772] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1773] See end of B. iii.
[1774] See end of B. xii.
[1775] See end of Books iv., viii., xi., and xx.
[1776] See end of B. xx.
[1777] See end of Books iv., and xii.
[1778] See end of B. xii.
[1779] See end of B. xiii.
[1780] See end of B. xii.
[1781] See end of B. xii.
[1782] See end of B. xxix.
[1783] See end of B. xii.
[1784] See end of B. xii.
[1785] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1786] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1787] “Officinarum tenebræ;” probably in reference to the ignorance displayed by the compounders of medicines, as pointed out in B. xxxiii. c. [38], and in B. xxxiv. c. [25].—B.
[1788] See B. xxxiii. c. [55].
[1790] See B. xxxiii. c. [36].
[1792] See B. v. c. 29.
[1793] “Surdo figurarum discrimine.”
[1794] We are informed by Suetonius, that this practice existed in the time of Tiberius.—B. See also Note 18, p. 196.
[1795] Which he is ready to employ in carrying away his plunder.
[1796] “Ceromata;” this is properly a Greek term, signifying an ointment used by athletes, composed of oil and wax.—B.
[1797] This practice is referred to by Cicero, De Finib. B. v.—B.
[1798] In reality, his birth-day was not on the twentieth day of any month; but, for some reason which is not known, he fixed upon this day.—B. He was born on the seventh day of the month Gamelion.
[1799] From the Greek εἰκὰς, the “twentieth” day of the month.
[1800] In obedience to the maxim of Epicurus, Λάθε βιῶσας—“Live in obscurity.”
[1801] See B. xxi. c. 49, and Note 2139, p. 346.
[1802] This appears to have been the usual practice at the funerals of distinguished personages among the Romans: it is referred to by Tacitus, Ann. B. ii. c. 73, in his account of the funeral of Germanicus.—B.
[1803] “Tabulina.” Rooms situate near the atrium.
[1804] A cognomen of the Gens Valeria at Rome, from which the family of the Messalæ had also originally sprung.
[1805] So called from his father-in-law Pomponius, a man celebrated for his wealth, and by whom he was adopted. It would appear that Scipio Pomponianus adopted Scipio Salvitto, so called from his remarkable resemblance to an actor of mimes. See B. vii. c. 10.
[1806] They were probably, like the Scipios, a branch of the Gens Cornelia. Suetonius speaks in very derogatory terms of a member of this family, who accompanied Julius Cæsar in his Spanish campaign against the Pompeian party.
[1807] In the Greek Anthology, B. v., we have the imaginary portrait of Homer described at considerable length.—B.
[1808] Hardouin supposes that this work was written by Cicero, and that he named it after his friend Atticus; but, as Delafosse remarks, it is clear from the context that it was the work of Atticus.—B.
[1809] M. Deville is of opinion that these portraits were made in relief upon plates of metal, perhaps bronze, and coloured with minium, a red tint much esteemed by the Romans.
[1810] “Clypei.” These were shields or escutcheons of metal, with the features of the deceased person represented either in painting or in relief.
[1811] Hardouin informs us that there are some Greek inscriptions given by Gruter, p. 441, and p. 476, from which it appears that public festivals were celebrated on occasions of this kind.—B.
[1812] A.U.C. 671.—B. See B. vii. c. 54.
[1814] It is scarcely necessary to refer to the well-known description of the shield of Achilles, in the Iliad, B. xviii. l. 478 et seq., and of that of Æneas, Æn. B. viii. l. 626, et seq.—B.
[1815] He implies that the word is derived from the Greek γλύφειν, “to carve” or “emboss” and not from the old Latin “cluo,” “to be famous.” Ajasson suggests the Greek καλύπτω “to cover.”
[1816] Cneius and Publius Scipio, who had been slain by Hasdrubal.—B. As to L. Marcius, see B. ii. c. 3.
[1818] “Lustrations.” Periods at the end of the census, made by the censors every five years. The censors were the guardians of the temples, and consequently these bucklers would come under their supervision.
[1819] This period for the invention of painting by the Egyptians is evidently incorrect; but still there is sufficient reason for concluding that there now exist specimens of Egyptian art, which were in existence previous to the time of the earliest Grecian painters of whom we have any certain account.—B.
[1820] All the ancients who have treated of the history of the art agree, that the first attempt at what may be considered the formation of a picture, consisted in tracing the shadow of a human head or some other object on the wall, the interior being filled up with one uniform shade of colour.—B.
[1821] From the Greek μονοχρώματον, “single colouring.”—B.
[1822] He is mentioned also by Athenagoras, Strabo, and Athenæus.
[1823] Called “graphis,” by the Greeks, and somewhat similar, probably, to our pen and ink drawings.
[1824] In Chapter [43] of this Book.—B.
[1825] Ajasson remarks, that a great number of paintings have been lately discovered in the Etruscan tombs, in a very perfect state, and probably of very high antiquity.—B.
[1826] There would appear to be still considerable uncertainty respecting the nature of the materials employed by the ancients, and the manner of applying them, by which they produced these durable paintings; a branch of the art which has not been attained in equal perfection by the moderns.—B.
[1827] Caligula.
[1828] See B. iii. c. 8.
[1829] We have already remarked that painting was practised very extensively by the Egyptians, probably long before the period of the Trojan war.—B.
[1830] Or “Health.” It was situate on the Quirinal Hill, in the Sixth Region of the City.
[1831] “Forum Boarium.” In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1832] Holbein and Mignard did the same.
[1833] Q. Pedius was either nephew, or great nephew of Julius Cæsar, and had the command under him in the Gallic War; he is mentioned by Cæsar in his Commentaries, and by other writers of this period.—B.
[1834] Originally the palace of Tullus Hostilius, in the Second Region of the City.
[1835] Asiaticus, the brother of the elder Africanus.—B.
[1836] It was before the decisive battle near Mount Sipylus, that the son of Africanus was made prisoner. King Antiochus received him with high respect, loaded him with presents, and sent him to Rome.—B.
[1837] He was legatus under the consul L. Calpurnius Piso, in the Third Punic War, and commanded the Roman fleet. He was elected Consul B.C. 145.
[1838] The younger Scipio Africanus.
[1839] We learn from Valerius Maximus, that C. Pulcher was the first to vary the scenes of the stage with a number of colours.—B.
[1840] See Chapter [36] of this Book.
[1841] We have an amusing proof of this ignorance of Mummius given by Paterculus, B. i. c. 13, who says that when he had the choicest of the Corinthian statues and pictures sent to Italy, he gave notice to the contractors that if they lost any of them, they must be prepared to supply new ones. Ajasson offers a conjecture which is certainly plausible, that Mummius might possibly regard this painting as a species of talisman.—B.
[1842] In the eleventh Region of the City.
[1843] “Sub Veteribus;” meaning that part of the Forum where the “Old Shops” of the “argentarii” or money-brokers had stood.
[1844] We have an anecdote of a similar event, related by Cicero, as having occurred to Julius Cæsar, De Oratore, B. ii. c. 66.—B.
[1845] See B. vii. c. 39.
[1846] We have had this Temple referred to in B. ii. c. 23, B. vii. c. 39, B. viii. c. 64, and B. ix. c. 57: it is again mentioned in the [fortieth] Chapter of this Book, and in B. xxxvii. c. [5].—B.
[1847] In the “Vaporarium,” namely.—B. The Thermæ of Agrippa were in the Ninth Region of the City.
[1848] According to Hardouin, this was done after the battle of Actium, in which Augustus subdued his rival Antony.—B.
[1849] By adoption. The Temple of Julius Cæsar was in the Forum, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[1850] See B. vii. c. 22, B. x. c. 60, and B. xxxiv. c. [11].
[1851] In Chapter [36] of this Book.—B.
[1852] See B. vii, cc. 45, 54, 60, and B. xxxiv. c. [11].
[1853] See B. vii. c. 54, B. xv. c. 20, B. xxxiii. c. [6], and B. xxxiv. c. [11].
[1854] This was the personification of the Nemean forest in Peloponnesus, where Hercules killed the Lion, the first of the labours imposed upon him by Eurystheus.—B.
[1855] See Chapter [40] of this Book.
[1856] “Inussisse;” meaning that he executed it in encaustic. The Greek term used was probably ΕΝΕΚΑΥΣΕ.
[1857] Hemsterhuys is of opinion that he was the brother of Æschines, the orator, contemptuously alluded to by Demosthenes, Fals. Legat. Sec. 237, as a painter of perfume pots. If so, he was probably an Athenian, and must have flourished about the 109th Olympiad.
[1858] In Chapter [40] of this Book.
[1859] In B. xxxiii. c. [39]. He alludes to cinnabaris, minium, rubrica, and sinopis.
[1860] Meaning “new painting,” probably. The reading, however, is doubtful.
[1861] “Splendor.” Supposed by Wornum to be equivalent to our word “tone,” applied to a coloured picture, which comprehends both the “tonos” and the “harmoge” of the Greeks. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[1862] “Tone,” says Fuseli, (in the English acceptation of the word) “is the element of the ancient ‘harmoge,’ that imperceptible transition, which, without opacity, confusion, or hardness, united local colour, demitint, shade, and reflexes.”—Lect. I.
[1863] “Austeri aut floridi.”
[1864] Because of their comparatively great expense.
[1865] See B. xxxiii. cc. [30], [37]. Under this name are included Sulphuret of mercury, and Red oxide of lead.
[1866] See B. xxxiii. cc. [38], [39].
[1867] See B. xxxiii. c. [26]. “Indicum” and “purpurissum” will be described in the present Book.
[1868] Or “rubrica Sinopica;” “red earth of Sinope,” a brown red ochre, or red oxide of iron. Dioscorides identifies it with the Greek μιλτὸς, which indeed seems to have embraced the cinnabaris, minium, and rubricæ of the Romans.
[1869] “Splendorem.” See Note [1861] above.
[1870] So called from its deep grey brown colour, like that of the “cicer” or chick-pea.
[1871] The sense of this passage seems to require the insertion of “quæ,” although omitted by the Bamberg MS.
[1872] “Pressior.”
[1873] Those parts of the walls, probably, which were nearer to the ground, and more likely to become soiled.
[1874] Red ochre, or red oxide of iron. See B. xxxiii. c. [38], and B. xxxiv. c. [37].
[1875] See B. xxxiii. cc. [36], [37].
[1876] Ajasson thinks that this was an hydroxide of iron, of a greenish yellow or brown colour.
[1877] Whence our word “ochre.” See “Sil,” in B. xxxiii. cc. [56], [57].
[1878] Theophrastus, on the contrary, says that it is “ochra” that is burnt, in order to obtain “rubrica.”
[1879] See B. xxxiii. cc. [56], [57].
[1880] A white earth from the Isle of Melos. See Chapter [19].
[1881] See B. xxxiii. c. [20]. “One may readily conceive that this must have been a ferruginous ochre, or kind of bole, which is still used as a ground, poliment, assiette.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 294. Bohn’s Edition.
[1882] A white, much used for fresco painting. Ajasson is of opinion, that Pliny, in this Chapter, like the other ancient authors, confounds two earths that are, in reality, totally different.—Hydrosilicate of magnesia, or Steatite, and Rhomboidical carbonate of lime.
[1883] See B. v. c. 6.
[1884] Ajasson thinks that possibly our compact magnesite, meerschaum, or sea-foam, may be the substance here alluded to.
[1885] See Chapter [57] of this Book.
[1886] See B. iv. c. 33. Tournefort says that this earth is exactly similar to the Cimolian earth, described in Chapter [57].
[1887] See B. xxxiii. c. [57], and Chapter [21] of this Book.
[1889] Ceruse, white lead, or carbonate of lead, is prepared in much the same manner at the present day. Ajasson is of opinion that the native pigment discovered on the lands of Theodotus, was native carbonate of lead, the crystals of which are found accompanied by quartz.
[1890] “Burnt” ceruse. This was, in fact, one of the varieties of “minium,” red oxide of lead, our red lead. Vitruvius and Dioscorides call it “sandaraca,” differing somewhat from that of Pliny.
[1891] In Chapter 10.
[1892] See B. xxxiii. cc. [56], [57].
[1893] It was possibly owing to this that the colour known as “umber” received its name, and not from Ombria, in Italy. Ajasson says that shadows cannot be successfully made without the use of transparent colours, and that red and the several browns are remarkably transparent.
[1894] See B. iv. c. 21.
[1895] As to both of these artists, see Chapter 36.
[1896] To the chest.
[1897] See B. vi. c. 34, and B. xxxvii. c. [32].
[1898] In B. xxxiv. c. [55]. “Pliny speaks of different shades of sandaraca, the pale, or massicot, (yellow oxide of lead), and a mixture of the pale with minium. It also signified Realgar, or red sulphuret of arsenic.”—Wornum, in Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Colores.
[1899] Sir H. Davy supposes this colour to have approached our crimson. In painting, it was frequently glazed with purple, to give it an additional lustre.
[1900] Ecl. iv. l. 45. “Sponte suâ sandyx pascentes vestiet agnos.” Ajasson thinks that “Sandyx” may have been a name common to two colouring substances, a vegetable and a mineral, the former being our madder. Beckmann is of the same opinion, and that Virgil has committed no mistake in the line above quoted. Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 110. Bohn’s Edition. See also B. xxiv. c. 56.
[1901] The form “sand,” in these words, Ajasson considers to be derived either from “Sandes,” the name of Hercules in Asia Minor, or at least in Lydia: or else from Sandak, the name of an ancestor of Cinyras and Adonis.
[1902] In B. xxxiii. c. [40]. According to Aetius, syricum was made by the calcination of pure ceruse, (similar to the “usta” above mentioned). He states also that there was no difference between sandyx and syricum, the former being the term generally used by medical men.
[1903] “Black colouring substance.”
[1904] “Carbones infectos.” The reading is very doubtful. It may possibly mean “charred bones tainted with dirt.” This would make an inferior ivory-black. The earth before-mentioned is considered by Ajasson to be a deuto-sulphate of copper, a solution of which, in gallic acid, is still used for dyeing black. The water near copper-mines would very probably be also highly impregnated with it. Beckmann considers these to have been vitriolic products. Vol. II. p. 265.
[1905] Our Lamp-black. Vitruvius describes the construction of the manufactories above alluded to.
[1906] Probably, our Chinese, or Indian ink, a different substance from the indicum of Chapter [27].
[1907] From τρύξ, “grape-husks” or “wine-lees.”
[1908] Indian ink is a composition of fine lamp-black and size.
[1909] See B. ii. c. 29. Sepia, for sepic drawing, is now prepared from these juices.
[1910] In Chapter [12] of this Book.
[1911] Plate powder. See B. xvii. c. 4, and Chapter [58] of this Book.
[1912] See B. ix. c. 60.
[1913] See B. ix. c. 65, and B. xxi. cc. 38, 97. According to Vitruvius, it is a colour between scarlet and purple. It may possibly have been made from woad.
[1914] See B. iii. c. 16.
[1915] See B. xxxiii. c. [57].
[1916] White of egg, probably.
[1917] Indigo, no doubt, is the colour meant. See B. xxxiii. c. [57].
[1918] It is the produce of the Indigofera tinctoria, and comes from Bengal more particularly. Beckmann and Dr. Bancroft have each investigated this subject at great length, and though Pliny is greatly mistaken as to the mode in which the drug was produced, they agree in the conclusion that his “indicum” was real indigo, and not, as some have supposed, a pigment prepared from isatis, or woad.
[1919] This passage, similar in many respects to the account given by Dioscorides, is commented on at great length by Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 263. Bohn’s Edition.
[1920] See Chapter [56] of this Book.
[1921] See Chapter [30] of this Book.
[1922] “Armenium.” Armenian bole is still used for colouring tooth-powder and essence of anchovies.
[1923] See B. xxxiii. c. [26].
[1924] So called, probably, either from the place where it was made, or from the person who first discovered it. Some commentators have suggested that it should be “apian” green, meaning “parsley” colour.
[1925] So called from “anulus,” a “ring,” as mentioned below.
[1926] “Quo muliebres picturæ illuminantur.” The meaning of this passage is obscure. It would seem almost to apply to paintings, but Beckmann is of opinion that the meaning is, “This is the beautiful white with which the ladies paint or ornament themselves.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 261. Bohn’s Edition.
[1927] Beckmann suggests that it was so called from its being one of the sealing earths, “anulus” being the name of a signet ring. Vol. II. p. 260.
[1928] “Cretulam.”
[1929] See B. xxxiii. c. [57].
[1930] See Chapter [39], where this process is more fully described. “‘Ceræ,’ or ‘waxes,’ was the ordinary term for painters’ colours among the Romans, but more especially encaustic colours, which were probably kept dry in boxes, and the wet brush or pencil was rubbed upon them when colour was required, or they were moistened by the artist previous to commencing work. From the term ‘ceræ’ it would appear that wax constituted the principal ingredient in the colouring vehicle used; but this does not necessarily follow, and it is very improbable that it did; there must have been a great portion of gum or resin in the colours, or they could not have hardened. Wax was undoubtedly a most essential ingredient, since it apparently prevents the colours from cracking. ‘Ceræ’ therefore might originally simply mean colours which contained wax, in contradistinction to those which did not; but was afterwards applied generally by the Romans to the colours of painters.”—Wornum, Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[1931] Called “Inceramenta navium,” in Livy, B. xxviii. c. 45. See also Chapters [39] and [41] of this Book.
[1932] Pliny here commits a mistake, which may have arisen from an imperfect recollection, as Sir. H. Davy has supposed, of a passage in Cicero (Brutus, c. 18), which, however, quite contradicts the statement of Pliny. “In painting, we admire in the works of Zeuxis, Polygnotus, Timanthes, and those who used four colours only, the figure and the lineaments; but in the works of Echion, Nicomachus, Protogenes, and Apelles, everything is perfect.” Indeed Pliny contradicts himself, for he speaks of two other colours used by the earliest painters, the testa trita, or ground earthenware, in Chapter [5] of this Book; and “cinnabaris,” or vermilion, in B. xxxiii. c. [36]. Also, in Chapter [21] of this Book he speaks of Eretrian earth as having been used by Nicomachus, and in Chapter [25] of ivory black as having been invented by Apelles.
[1933] These painters will all be noticed in Chapter [36].
[1934] See Chapter [19] of this Book.
[1935] See B. xxxiii. c. [56].
[1936] Blue is here excluded altogether, unless under the term “atramentum” we would include black and blue indicum, or in other words, Indian ink and indigo.
[1937] See Chapter [27] of this Book.
[1938] In allusion to “Dragon’s blood.” See B. xxxiii. c. [38].
[1939] In Chapter [2] of this Book.
[1940] From the construction of the passage, it is difficult to say whether he means to say that such colossal figures were till then unknown in painting, or whether that the use of canvass in painting was till then unknown. If the latter is the meaning, it is not exactly correct, though it is probable that the introduction of canvass for this purpose was comparatively late; there being no mention of its being employed by the Greek painters of the best periods.
[1941] See B. iii. c. 9, B. xiv. c. 3, and B. xvi. c. 91.
[1942] “Torcutæ.” For the explanation of this term, see end of B. [xxxiii].
[1943] In reality he was cousin or nephew of Phidias, by the father’s side, though Pausanias, B. v. c. 11, falls into the same error as that committed by Pliny. He is mentioned likewise by Strabo and Æschines.
[1947] See B. vii. c. 39.
[1948] Paintings with but one colour. “Monochromata,” as we shall see in Chapter [36], were painted at all times, and by the greatest masters. Those of Zeuxis corresponded with the Chiariscuri of the Italians, light and shade being introduced with the highest degree of artistic skill.
[1949] These several artists are quite unknown, being mentioned by no other author.
[1950] It is pretty clear, from vases of a very ancient date, that it is not the sexual distinction that is here alluded to. Eumarus, perhaps, may have been the first to give to each sex its characteristic style of design, in the compositions, draperies, attitudes, and complexions of the respective sexes. Wornum thinks that, probably, Eumarus, and certainly, Cimon, belonged to the class of ancient tetrachromists, or polychromists, painting in a variety of colours, without a due, or at least a partial, observance of the laws of light and shade. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[1951] He is mentioned also by Ælian. Böttiger is of opinion that he flourished about the 80th Olympiad. It is probable, however, that he lived long before the age of Polygnotus; but some time after that of Eumarus. Wornum thinks that he was probably a contemporary of Solon, a century before Polygnotus.
[1952] “Catagrapha.”
[1953] This picture was placed in the Pœcile at Athens, and is mentioned also by Pausanias, B. i. c. 15, and by Æschines, Ctesiph. s. 186.
[1954] See B. vii. c. 57. (Vol. II. p. 233), where he is mentioned as an Athenian. It is not improbable that he became a citizen of Athens in the seventy-ninth Olympiad, B.C. 463, when Thasos was brought under the power of Athens, and, as Sillig suggests, at the solicitation of Cimon, the son of Miltiades. It is generally supposed that he flourished about the eightieth Olympiad.
[1955] Belonging to the Theatre of Pompey, in the Ninth Region of the City.
[1956] With scenes from the Trojan War, and the adventures of Ulysses.
[1957] Or “Variegated;” from its various pictures.
[1958] See B. xxxiii. c. [56].
[1959] See B. vii. c. 37.
[1960] She is again mentioned in Chapter [40].
[1961] He was a native of Thasos, and father and instructor of Polygnotus. As Pliny has already stated that Polygnotus flourished before the ninetieth Olympiad, there is an inconsistency in his making mention of the son as flourishing before the father. Hence Sillig, with Böttiger, is inclined to think that there were two artists of this name, one about the seventieth, and the other about the ninetieth Olympiad, the former being the father of Polygnotus.
[1962] “Primusque gloriam penicillo jure contulit.” Wornum considers that “the rich effect of the combination of light and shade with colour is clearly expressed in these words.”—Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting. This artist, who was noted for his arrogance, is mentioned by other ancient writers.
[1963] “Penicillus.” This was the hair-pencil or brush, which was used by one class of painters, in contradistinction to the stylus or cestrum used for spreading the wax-colours. Painters with the brush used what we should term “water-colours;” oil-colours, in our sense of the word, being unknown to the ancients.
[1964] In “Magna Græcia,” near Crotona, it is supposed. Tzetzes styles him as an Ephesian.
[1965] This is probably the meaning of the words—“Artem ipsis ablatam Zeuxim ferre secum.” It is doubtful whether “ipsis” or “ipsi” is the correct reading.
[1966] King of Macedonia.
[1967] Μωμήσεταί τις μᾶλλον ἢ μιμήσεται. This line is attributed by Plutarch to Apollodorus.
[1968] Cicero and Dionysius of Halicarnassus say that this picture was executed at Crotona, and not at Agrigentum. It is generally supposed to have been the painting of Helena, afterwards mentioned by Pliny.
[1969] “Ex albo.” “That is, in grey and grey, similar to the Chiaríscuri of the Italians.”—Wornum, in Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[1970] “Figlina opera.” It is not improbable that this may allude to the painting of fictile vases.
[1971] A.U.C. 666. As to this expedition of Fulvius Nobilior, see Livy, B. xxxviii.
[1972] Of Philippus Marcius, in the Ninth Region of the City.
[1973] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[1974] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1975] See end of B. [xxxiii]. and B. [xxxiv].
[1976] The antithesis seems to require here the reading “inexorabilem,” instead of “exorabilem.”
[1977] “Navarchum.”
[1978] The “Chief of the Galli,” or high priest of Cybele.
[1979] See end of B. x.
[1980] Possibly the person mentioned in B. xi. c. 9, or perhaps the Tragic writer of this name, mentioned in the present [Chapter].
[1981] Bacchus.
[1982] “Hoplites.” A runner in panoply, or complete armour, at the Olympic Games.
[1983] The “Liver in luxury.” Athenæus, B. xii., confirms this statement, and gives some lines which Parrhasius wrote under certain of his works.
[1984] Of Achilles, which were awarded to Ulysses in preference to Ajax.
[1985] We learn from Suetonius that Tiberius possessed a Meleager and Atalanta by Parrhasius, of this nature.
[1986] Said by Eustathius to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quintilian, of Cythnos.
[1987] Cicero, for instance, De Oratore, c. 22, s. 74.
[1988] Menelaüs.
[1989] Agamemnon.
[1990] Built near the Forum, by Vespasian, according to Suetonius.
[1991] A native of Thebes. A full account of him will be given in the course of this Chapter.
[1992] Or “Grecian.”
[1993] He was a native of Amphipolis in Macedonia.
[1994] Phlius was the chief town of Phliasia, in the north-east of Peloponnesus. It seems to be quite unknown to what events Pliny here alludes.
[1995] Possibly the naval victory gained by the Athenians under Chabrias near Naxos, in the first year of the 101st Olympiad.
[1996] Which would make the course of study, as M. Ian says, extend over a period of twelve years.
[1997] “Graphice;” equivalent, perhaps, to our word “drawing.” “The elementary process consisted in drawing lines or outlines with the graphis, (or stylus) upon tablets of box; the first exercise was probably to draw a simple line.”—Wornum, in Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[1998] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[1999] Both of whom are mentioned as statuaries, in the early part of B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[2000] Bacchus.
[2001] The generality of Greek writers represent him as a native either of Ephesus, or of Colophon.
[2002] “Venustas.” This word, it has been remarked, will hardly bear a definition. It has been rendered “grace,” “elegance,” “beauty.”
[2003] “Venerem.” The name of the Goddess of Beauty.
[2004] “Gracefulness.”
[2005] “Secuit.” Possibly meaning that he drew another outline in each of these outlines. The meaning, however, is doubtful, and has occasioned much trouble to the commentators. Judging from the words used by Apelles and Protogenes, each in his message, it is not unlikely that the “linea” or outline drawn by each was a profile of himself, and that the profile of Protogenes was drawn within that of Apelles; who, on the second occasion, drew a third profile between the other two, but with a still finer line than either of them. In Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Biography, art. Apelles, it is thus explained: “The most natural explanation of this difficult passage seems to be, that down the middle of the first line of Apelles, Protogenes drew another, so as to divide it into two parallel halves, and that Apelles again divided the line of Protogenes in the same manner.”
[2006] The Latin form of which, as given by Erasmus, is “Nulla dies abeat, quin linea ducta supersit.” “Let no day pass by, without an outline being drawn, and left in remembrance.”
[2007] “In pergulâ.”
[2008] “Ne sutor ultra crepidam.” Equivalent to our saying, “Let not the shoemaker go beyond his last.”
[2009] In B. vii. c. 38.
[2010] Also known as “Campaspe,” and “Pacate.” She was the favourite concubine of Alexander, and is said to have been his first love.
[2011] “Venus rising out of the waters.” Athenæus says, B. xiii., that the courtesan Phryne was his model, whom, at the festival of Neptune, he had seen enter the sea naked at Eleusis.
[2012] See Matthew xiii. 57; Mark vi. 4. “A prophet is not without honour, save in his own country.”
[2013] “Physiognomists.”
[2014] “Vocatores”—more literally, his “inviting officers.”
[2015] Strabo mentions a portrait of Antigonus in the possession of the inhabitants of Cos.
[2016] See Note [2011] above. Propertius mentions this as his greatest work. B. III. El. 9, l. 11. “In Veneris tabulâ summam sibi ponit Apelles.” “In his picture of Venus, Apelles produces his masterpiece.” It is mentioned also by Ovid, Tristia, B. II. l. 527, and Art. Amor. B. III. l. 401. The line in B. III. l. 224 is also well known—
“Nuda Venus madidas exprimit imbre comas.”
“And naked Venus wrings her dripping locks.”
[2017] In the Forum, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[2018] His father by adoption.
[2019] There are several Epigrams descriptive of it in the Greek Anthology.
[2020] This, probably, is the meaning of “Tali opere dum laudatur victo sed illustrato,” words which have given much trouble to the commentators.
[2021] Nothing further seems to be known of him.
[2022] “Cois.” The first one was also painted for the people of Cos, by whom it was ultimately sold to Augustus.
[2023] See Chapter [32] of this Book. That this is an erroneous assertion, has been shown in Note [1932] above.
[2024] Probably the weight of the panel, frame, and ornamental appendages.
[2025] This word was probably a title, meaning “Keeper of the temple.” Strabo tells us that the “megabyzi,” or as he calls them, the “megalobyzi,” were eunuch priests in the Temple of Artemis, or Diana, at Ephesus.
[2026] The favourite of Alexander, by whom he was afterwards slain.
[2027] Probably the name of a rich sensualist who lived at Argos. A son of the Attic orator Lycurgus, one of the sophists, also bore this name.
[2028] This name is supposed by Sillig to have been inserted erroneously, either by Pliny, or by his transcribers.
[2029] Either the Argonaut of that name, who was killed by the Caledonian Boar, or else, which is the most probable, a King of the Leleges in Samos, with whom, according to the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius, originated the saying, “There is many a slip between the cup and the lip;” in reference to his death, by a wild boar, when he was about to put a cup of wine to his mouth.
[2030] Shown in his forbearing to appropriate them to his own use.
[2031] Anna Perenna, probably, a Roman divinity of obscure origin, the legends about whom are related in the Fasti of Ovid, B. iii. l. 523. et seq. See also Macrobius, Sat. I. 12. Her sacred grove was near the Tiber, but of her temple nothing whatever is known. “Antoniæ” is another reading, but no such divinity is mentioned by any other author.
[2032] Sillig (Dict. Anc. Art.) is of opinion that the reading is corrupt here, and that the meaning is, that Apelles “painted a Hero and Leander.”
[2033] Or Demigod.
[2034] One of the followers of Alexander, ultimately slain by Eumenes in Armenia.
[2035] King of Macedonia.
[2036] Odyss. B. vi. l. 102, et seq.
[2037] Sir Joshua Reynolds discovers in the account here given “an artist-like description of the effect of glazing, or scumbling, such as was practised by Titian and the rest of the Venetian painters.”—Notes to Du Fresnoy.
[2038] “Lapis specularis.” See B. xxxvi. c. [45].
[2039] He was son of Aristodemus, and brother and pupil of Nicomachus, in addition to Euxenidas, already mentioned in this Chapter. He, Pausanias, and Nicophanes, excelled, as we learn from Athenæus, B. xiii., in the portraits of courtesans; hence their name, πορνόγραφοι.
[2040] It has been well remarked by Wornum, in the article so often quoted, that “expression of the feelings and passions cannot be denied to Polygnotus, Apollodorus, Parrhasius, Timanthes, and many others.”
[2041] See B. iv. c. 12.
[2042] Meaning, “Her who has ceased” to live. The reference is to Byblis, who died of love for her brother Caunus. See Ovid’s Metam. B. ix. l. 455, et seq.
[2043] Or Bacchus. Already mentioned in Chapter [8] of this Book, in reference to the Roman general Mummius.
[2044] In the Eleventh Region of the City.
[2045] In the Tenth Region of the City.
[2046] Celebrated on the 3rd of July.
[2047] In reference to the age of Apelles, whom he is supposed to have survived.
[2048] In Caria, near to Lycia. Suidas says that he was born at Xanthus in Lycia.
[2049] Or Vestibule.
[2050] Supposed by Sillig to have been an allegorical painting representing two of the sacred ships of the Athenians; but to have been mistaken in later times for a picture of Ulysses and Nausicaa, a subject taken from the Odyssey, B. vi. l. 16, et seq. As to Paralus, said to have been the first builder of long ships, or ships of war, see B. vii. c. 57.
[2051] Or “long ships.”
[2052] Son of Cercaphus and Cydippe or Lysippe, and grandson of Apollo. He is said to have been the founder of the town of Ialysus, mentioned in B. v. c. 36.
[2053] “These four times most probably were, the dead colouring, a first and a second painting, and lastly, scumbling with glazing.”—Wornum, Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[2054] See Chapter [40] in this Book.
[2055] “Poppyzonta.” “Smacking with his lips.” Somewhat similar to the s—s—s—s of our grooms and ostlers.
[2056] Poliorcetes.
[2057] “In repose.”
[2058] Phæstis, or Phæstias by name.
[2060] A native of Athens, ranked by Plutarch with Euphranor and Nicias.
[2061] Tyrant of Elaten, mentioned already in this Chapter. See Note [2041].
[2062] Supposed by Sillig to have been a native of Thebes.
[2063] Or “Youth;” in the Eighth Region of the City.
[2064] See B. xiii. c. 5.
[2065] A round, closely-fitting skull cap, made of felt. St. Jerome, Epist. 120, speaks of Ulysses as being thus represented in paintings. Statues of him with the “pileus” are still to be seen.
[2066] See B. ii. c. 6.
[2067] A contemporary of Philip of Macedon.
[2068] A dithyrambic poet, born at Selinus. He flourished B.C. 398. Only a few lines of his works remain.
[2069] “Breviores etiamnum quasdam picturæ compendiarias invenit.” Delafosse is of opinion that paintings in grotesque are probably meant.
[2070] His country is uncertain, but he probably lived about the time of Apelles.
[2071] In Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2072] He belonged, as Wornum remarks, to the class of genre-painters, or peintres du genre bas, as the French term them. His age and country are unknown.
[2073] “Painter of low subjects.” This term is equivalent in meaning, probably, to our expression—“The Dutch style.”
[2074] “Mæniana.” Balustrades or balconies, said to have been so called from one Mænius, who built them.
[2075] See Chapter [8] of this Book. They are mentioned also in the “Curculio” of Plautus, A. iv. s. i. l. 19. Nothing further is known of Serapio.
[2076] His country is unknown, but he is supposed to have lived in the first century B.C. See also Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2077] “Painter of men.”
[2078] Mentioned also by Varro. He probably lived in the time of Alexander the Great.
[2079] A native of Egypt, compared by many to the most eminent artists. He is spoken of in high terms by Quintilian, B. xii. c. 10. See also Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2080] Built by Augustus in the Ninth Region of the City, in honour of his sister Octavia.
[2082] Bacchus.
[2083] And so caused his death by falling from his chariot. See the “Hippolytus” of Euripides.
[2084] Near the Theatre of Pompey, in the Ninth Region of the City.
[2085] “Caricatures.” Sillig thinks it not unlikely that Gryllus was painted with a pig’s face, that animal being signified by the Greek word γρυλλὸς.
[2086] See Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2087] See Chapter [6] of this Book.
[2088] In the original, as given by Sillig, “Plautiu, Marcus Cleœtas.” That commentator supposes him to have been a Greek by birth, and adopted into the Plautian family, on being made a citizen of Rome.
[2089] “Euripi.” See B. ii. c. 100, B. viii. c. 40, and B. ix. cc. 22, 80. The landscape paintings on the interior walls of houses at Herculaneum and Pompeii may be taken as specimens of this artist’s style.
[2090] “Succollatis sponsione mulieribus.” This passage appears to be a mass of confusion, in spite of Sillig’s attempts to amend and explain it. The meaning can only be guessed at, not given with any degree of certainty: of Ludius himself, no further particulars are known.
[2091] The “hypæthra” or promenades.
[2092] Most editions give “Famulus.” Nothing further is known of him.
[2094] Both in the First Region of the City, near the Capenian Gate.
[2095] See Chapter [41] of this Book, where the difficulties attending this description will be considered.
[2096] See Chapter [36] of this Book.
[2097] See Chapter [35] of this Book.
[2098] Possibly the artist of that name mentioned by Athenæus, B. x., as a tutor of Apelles. If so, he must have flourished about the ninety-seventh Olympiad.
[2099] Elasippus “inburned” this picture, i.e. executed it in encaustic. From the Attic form of this word, it has been concluded that he was an Athenian. The spelling of his name is very doubtful.
[2100] See Chapter [36] of this Book.
[2101] Two paintings of his at Epidaurus are mentioned by Pausanias, B. ii. c. 27.
[2102] And not in encaustic; though, as we shall see in Chapter [41], the brush was sometimes used in this branch.
[2103] The “One day” picture.
[2104] See B. xxi. c. 3.
[2105] The “Chaplet-wearer.” See B. xxi. c. 3.
[2106] The “Chaplet-seller.”
[2107] A “correct” copy.
[2108] “In confracto.” Meaning probably the group of the surrounding spectators, on which the shadow of the animal’s body was thrown. It is evident that this artist excelled in his effect of light and shade, enhanced by contrasts, and strong foreshortenings.”—Wornum, Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[2109] A.U.C. 678. See B. xxxvi. c. [24].
[2110] Mentioned also in B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[2111] Praised by Pausanias, B. i. It was in this combat, he says, that Gryllus, the son of Xenophon, and Epaminondas the Theban, first distinguished themselves.
[2112] “Carne.” Beef, according to Plutarch, was the flesh mentioned.
[2113] The dress of the Greek philosophers, more particularly.
[2114] Born in the island of Cythnos, one of the Cyclades. He is supposed to be the artist mentioned by Theophrastus, De Lapid. c. 95.
[2115] It is supposed by Sillig, from Dio Cassius, B. liii. c. 27, that this painting was transferred by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to the Portico of Neptune.
[2116] See Chapter [20] of this Book, where he is mentioned as having been the first artist who used “usta” or burnt ceruse. From Pausanias we learn that his remains were interred at Athens, in the road leading to the Academia.
[2117] Chiaroscuro.
[2118] In Chapter [10] of this Book.
[2119] Bacchus.
[2120] In the Eighth Region of the City.
[2121] Spoken of by Pausanias, B. iii. c. 19.
[2122] In the Forum at Rome.
[2123] See Chapter 36 of this Book, Note [2025], p. 261.
[2124] “Place of the prophecies of the dead;” in reference to the description of the Infernal Regions in the Fourth Book of the Odyssey.
[2125] See Chapter [37] of this Book.
[2126] See B. iv. c. 18.
[2127] Supposed by Hardouin to be the writer mentioned at the end of B. vii. and B. x.: or perhaps, “a chief” of an Athenian tribe.
[2128] A “group of kindred.”
[2129] A disciple of Carneades. See the list of writers at the [end] of this Book.
[2130] B.C. 168.
[2131] Represented in a sitting posture, as mentioned by Ovid, Trist. II. 525, and by Philostratus, Vit. Apol. B. II. c. 10. The Medea is described in an Epigram in B. iv. of the Greek Anthology, imitated by Ausonius, Epigr. 22.
[2133] Medusa, slain by Perseus.
[2134] In the former editions, “Mecophanes.”
[2135] Or ochre. See B. xxxiii. c. [56].
[2136] Health, Brightness, and All-heal.
[2137] Greek for “sluggard.”
[2138] Probably, from the context, a pupil, also, of Pausias.
[2139] In pencil painting, and in encaustic.
[2140] Probably the same painter that is mentioned in Chapter [37].
[2141] An effect for which Schalken is famous.
[2142] “Shading his eyes.”
[2143] Son and pupil of Aglaopho, and brother of Polygnotus. He was probably a native of Thasos.
[2144] See Chapter 36, Note [2029], page 261.
[2145] “Dolus.” An emblematical picture evidently, probably representing the events just prior to the capture of Troy.
[2146] A famous diver, mentioned by Herodotus, B. viii. c. 8, Pausanias, B. x. c. 19, and Strabo, B. ix.
[2147] Probably the wife of Seleucus, given by him to his son Antiochus. See B. vii. c. 37, Note 1165.
[2148] That they should rebuild the walls of Troy.
[2149] His contest with Corragus the Macedonian, whom he defeated, is mentioned also by Ælian, Diodorus Siculus, Athenæus, and Quintus Curtius.
[2150] Gained “without raising the dust,” i.e. without any difficulty.
[2151] This is perhaps the meaning of “stemmata;” “heraldic pictures,” probably. See Juvenal, Sat. viii. l. 2.
[2152] Suidas seems to mention him, under the name of “Ctesiochus,” as the brother of Apelles.
[2153] Who was said to have been born from the thigh of Jove.
[2154] Or cap; see Chapter [35] of this Book.
[2155] By Hercules, when he demanded Iole of her father Eurytus, king of Œchalia.
[2157] Several Cratini were distinguished as Comic writers, but we do not read in any other author of any one of them being a painter. The reading is doubtful.
[2158] A building at the entrance into Athens, whence the “pompæ,” or solemn processions, set out.
[2159] Hardouin thinks that this was the victory gained by Aratus of Sicyon over Aristippus, the Tyrant of Argos. If so, Leontiscus must have flourished about Olymp. 136.
[2160] Caused by the anger of Juno. In this fit of insanity he slew his wife Megara and her children.
[2161] See also Chapter [36]. From Plutarch we learn that he was greatly in favour with Aratus of Sicyon.
[2162] According to Brotero, a representation of the Ass and Crocodile was found in the pictorial embellishments at Herculaneum.
[2163] See B. xvii. c. 36, B. xviii. c. 56, and B. xix. c. 24.
[2164] “Theodoras” in most of the editions.
[2165] See Chapter 36 of this Book, page [252].
[2166] See the Æneid, B. II. c. 403, et seq.
[2167] Poliorcetes.
[2168] A native of Samos, mentioned by Quintilian, B. xii. c. 10, as one of the painters between the time of Philip and that of the successors of Alexander.
[2169] After the murder of his mother.
[2170] See B. vii. c. 57.
[2171] Or player with the discus.
[2172] Against his brother Eteocles.
[2173] Who assisted Polynices in his siege of Thebes.
[2174] Helen, Castor, and Pollux.
[2175] See B. vii. c. 37.
[2176] Mentioned in Chapter [36], as having been commenced for the people of Cos, but never finished.
[2177] See B. xxxiv. cc. [19], [39]. Sillig is of opinion that the picture mentioned by Pausanias, B. I. c. 1, in honour of Leosthenes, killed in the Lamina War, B.C. 323, was by this artist.
[2178] Poliorcetes, who began to reign B.C. 306.
[2179] Already mentioned in this Chapter, at greater length.
[2181] See Chapter [36] of this Book, and the present Chapter. Of the greater part of these artists nothing further is known.
[2182] See Chapter [35] of this Book.
[2183] Previously mentioned in this Chapter.
[2184] Or stylus—“cestrum.”
[2185] Probably the same painter as the one mentioned in Chapter [37] of this Book.
[2186] See Chapter [39] of this Book. Pausias painted in wax with the cestrum.
[2187] Wornum is of opinion that this must have been a species of drawing with a heated point, upon ivory, without the use of wax. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art. Painting.
[2188] This method, as Wornum remarks, though first employed on ships, was not necessarily confined to ship-painting; and it must have been a very different style of painting from the ship-colouring of Homer, since it was of a later date even than the preceding methods.
[2189] Though he says nothing here of the use of the “cauterium,” or process of burning in, its employment may certainly be inferred from what he has said in Chapter [39]. Wornum is of opinion that the definition at the beginning of this Chapter, of two methods apparently, “in wax and on ivory,” is in reality an explanation of one method only, and that the ancient modes of painting in encaustic were not only three, but several.
[2190] Or Temple of the Nymphs. The daughter of Butades is called “Core” by Athenagoras.
[2192] Son of Philæus. He is mentioned by Pausanias, B. viii. c. 14, and by Herodotus, B. iii. c. 60, as the architect of a fine temple at Samos, and, with Smilis and Theodorus, of the Labyrinth at Lemnos.
[2193] Mentioned also in B. xxxiv. c. [19]. Pliny is in error here in using the word “plastice;” for it was the art of casting brass, and not that of making plaster casts, that these artists invented.
[2194] See Chapter [5] of this Book. He is said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, B. iii., to have been a member of the family of the Bacchiadæ.
[2195] A different person, probably, from the one of the same name mentioned in B. vii. c. 56.
[2196] Terra cotta figures.
[2197] See B. xxxiv. c. [19]. Tatian mentions a statue of Melanippe by Lysistratus.
[2199] In the Eleventh Region of the City. This Temple of Ceres, Bacchus, and Proserpine, in the Circus Maximus, was vowed by A. Posthumius, the Dictator, A.U.C. 258, and dedicated by the consul Cassius, A.U.C. 261, or B.C. 493.
[2201] Sillig (Dict. Anc. Art.) is of opinion that this Chalcosthenes is not identical with the artist of that name mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19]; the name “Ceramicus” probably being of far earlier origin than the formation of the statues of Comedians.
[2202] “Et.” The insertion of this word seems to militate against Sillig’s position.
[2203] The “Pottery.”
[2204] See also B. xxxvi. c. [4].
[2205] See Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2206] “Crater.” A vase in which wine and water were mixed for drinking.
[2207] See B. xxxiii. c. [55], B. xxxvi. c. [4], and end of B. [xxxiii].
[2208] See B. xxxiii. c. [36].
[2209] In B. viii. c. 4, for instance.
[2210] The “Hercules fictilis.” It is mentioned by Martial, B. xiv. Ep. 178.
[2211] See B. xxxiii. c. [2], and B. xxxvii. cc. [7], [8], [11].
[2212] “Simpuvia.”
[2213] See B. xxxi. c. 31.
[2214] “Mammatis.” The exact meaning of this word is unknown. The passage is evidently in a corrupt state.
[2215] As to the Roman “Collegia,” see B. viii. c. 42, and B. xxxiv. c. [1].
[2216] “Solia.”—The same name is given also to a kind of sitting or reclining-bath, often mentioned by Pliny.
[2217] Asia Minor.
[2218] See B. iii. c. 18.
[2219] A service of three dishes.
[2220] See B. ix. c. 39.
[2221] See B. ix. cc. 24, 28, 74, 79.
[2222] In B. x. c. 72.
[2224] See B. xxiii. c. 47, and the [end] of this Book.
[2225] Martial speaks of this practice, B. iii. Epigr. 81.
[2226] Nothing further seems to be known of this personage, or of the grounds of his invective. Pliny may possibly allude to some abominable practices, with which Vitellius is charged by Suetonius also.
[2227] The “Opus Signinum” was a plaster or cement much used for making pavements. It took its name from Signia, in Italy, celebrated for its tiles. See B. iii. c. 9.
[2228] The floors of the Roman houses were seldom boarded.
[2229] “Pulvis.” See B. iii. c. 9, B. xvi. c. 76, and B. xxxvi. c. [14]. He alludes to the cement made of volcanic ashes, now known as “Pozzuolane.”
[2230] See B. iv. c. 17.
[2231] It being the practice to rub the bodies of the athletes with sand.
[2232] This circumstance is mentioned also by Suetonius, in his life of Nero. Patrobius was slain by order of the Emperor Galba.
[2233] Ajasson says that they are called tapias at the present day in Spain.
[2234] See B. ii. c. 73.
[2235] “Rubrica.”
[2236] See B. xxxi. c. 28.
[2237] Which was, as a measure, nearly three inches in breadth. See Introduction to Vol. III.
[2238] See B. v. c. 32.
[2239] Ajasson says that these bricks have been imitated by Fabroni, with a light argillaceous earth, found in the territory of Sienna. Delafosse thinks that a place called “Cala,” in the Sierra Morena, probably marks the site of the cities above mentioned.
[2240] See B. iv. c. 5, and B. xxxvi. c.[ 4].
[2241] “Gerusia.”
[2242] See B. iii. c. 19.
[2243] In B. iii. c. 6.
[2244] See B. xviii. c. 29.
[2245] “Untouched by fire.” Native sulphur.
[2246] “Gleba.”
[2247] Sulphur has been always considered highly useful for the cure of cutaneous affections.
[2248] From ἅρπαζω, “to carry away.”
[2249] Ovid, in his “Art of Love,” speaks of purifying houses with eggs and sulphur.
[2250] See B. xxxi. c. 32.
[2251] There are three distinct kinds of bitumen. 1. Naphtha, also known as petroleum, or rock-oil, inflammable, volatile, soluble in alcohol, and found in France and Italy. 2. Asphalt, or bitumen of Judæa, solid, insoluble in alcohol, and found in Lake Asphaltites in Syria, more particularly. 3. Pissasphalt, of a medium consistency between the other substances, of which it appears to be composed. See B. xxiv. c. 25.
[2252] In B. v. c. 15.
[2253] Naphtha, most probably.
[2254] See B. xxiv. c. 25.
[2255] Chapter 109.
[2256] As to the “nitrum” of Pliny, see B. xxxi. c. 46.
[2257] “Asphalt plaster,” probably.
[2258] Or mint. See B. xix. c. 47, and B. xx. c. 53.
[2259] See B. xxxii. c. 13.
[2261] Beckmann is of opinion that our alum was not known to the Greeks or Romans, and that what the latter called “alumen” was green vitriol, or sulphate of the protoxide of iron, in an impure state. Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 180. Bohn’s Edition. Dr. Pereira remarks, however, that “there can be little doubt that Pliny was acquainted with our alum, but did not distinguish it from sulphate of iron, for he informs us that one kind of alum was white, and was used for dyeing wool of bright colours.” Materia Medica, Vol. I, Delafosse identifies the “alumen” of Pliny with double sulphate of alum and iron.
[2262] “Salsugo terræ.”
[2264] For gilding, Hardouin says.
[2265] The Roman provinces in Africa, other than Egypt.
[2266] Now Strombolo. See B. iii. c. 14.
[2267] Herodotus, B. ii., mentions the fact that King Amasis sent the people of Delphi a thousand talents of this substance, as his contribution towards rebuilding their temple.
[2268] “Fruitful,” or “useful.”
[2269] “Adulterated.”
[2270] See B. xx. c. 71.
[2271] “Split” alum. Probably iron alum, the French alum de plume; of a flaky, silky appearance.
[2272] “Hairy alum.”
[2273] See B. xxxiv. cc. [2], [29].
[2274] So called, according to Dioscorides, from the “round” form of the pieces.
[2275] He has previously said that the most esteemed kind was the Egyptian, that of Melos being the next best.
[2276] Στυπτηρία, the “styptic.”
[2277] “Sero picis.” Hardouin is of opinion that under this name pisselæon is intended. See B. xv. c. 7, B. xxiv. cc. 11, 24, and B. xxv. c. 22.
[2278] At the beginning of this Chapter in part.
[2279] Aluminous silicates, as Delafosse remarks, more or less combined with other minerals. Though employed for various purposes in the arts, they are now but little used in medicine.
[2280] Probably because it was the more extensively employed of the two, in “collyria,” or compositions for the eyes.
[2281] “Star” earth, apparently.
[2282] From Eretria, in Eubœa. See B. iv. c. 21.
[2283] In Chapter [21] of this Book.
[2284] It appears to be a matter of doubt whether it was found at Selinus, in Sicily, or the place of that name in Cilicia. See B. iii. c. 14, and B. v. c. 22.
[2285] Agricola is of opinion that this earth had its name from the place called Pnigeum, in the Libyan Mareotis. Other commentators would have it to be derived from πνίγω, “to suffocate,” such being its effect if taken internally.
[2286] See the next Chapter.
[2287] So called from ἀμπέλος, a “vine;” either because it was applied to vines to kill the insects, or because its admixture with the soil was favourable to the cultivation of the vine.
[2288] “Washes for beautifying the eye-brows.” See B. xxi. c. 73, B. xxiii. c. 51, and B. xxxiii. c. [34].
[2289] Cimolian earth, known in modern chemistry as Cimolite, is not a cretaceous earth, but an aluminous silicate, still found in the island of Kimoli, or Argentiera, one of the Cyclades; See B. iv. c. 23. Tournefort describes it as a white chalk, very heavy, tasteless, and dissolving in water. It is found also at Alexandrowsk in Russia.
[2290] See Chapter [25] of this Book.
[2291] See B. xxxi. c. 46.
[2292] See B. xii. c. 51.
[2293] See B. v. c. 28.
[2294] Beckmann thinks that this may have been our common chalk. Vol. II. p. 105.
[2295] This seems to be the meaning of “crescit in macerando.”
[2296] A.U.C. 535, it is supposed.
[2297] As a plebiscitum.
[2298] “Desquamatur.” This is most probably the meaning of the word, though Beckmann observes “that it was undoubtedly a term of art, which cannot be further explained, because we are unacquainted with the operation to which it alludes.”—Vol II. p. 104. Bohn’s Edition.
[2299] “Funditur sulphure.” The meaning of these words is very doubtful. Beckmann proposes to read “offenditur,” but he is not supported by any of the MSS. He has evidently mistaken the meaning of the whole passage.
[2300] Probably because it was too calcareous, Beckmann thinks.
[2301] See B. iv. c. 3, and B. xxxvi. c. [59].
[2302] Plate powder; from “argentum,” “silver.” See B. xvii. c. 4.
[2303] Whitening, or chalk washed and prepared, is still used for this purpose.
[2304] The goal for the chariots.
[2305] This reading is restored by Sillig from the Bamberg MS., but no particulars are known relative to the person alluded to; unless, indeed, as Sillig suspects to be the case, he is identical with Publius Syrus, the writer of mimes, mentioned in B. viii. c. 77.
[2306] Supposed by some to have been the Manilius who was author of the poem called “Astronomica,” still in existence. It is more probable, however, that he was the father of the poet, or perhaps the grandfather; as it is clear from a passage in Suetonius, that Staberius Eros taught at Rome during the civil wars of Sylla, while the poem must have been written, in part at least, after the death of Augustus.
[2307] Being afterwards manumitted. Sillig thinks that they may have arrived in Rome about B.C. 90.
[2308] “Catasta.” A raised platform of wood on which the slaves were exposed for sale.
[2309] “Rectorem.” For an explanation of this allusion, see B. xxviii. c. 14.
[2310] A native of Gadara in Syria, according to Josephus. Seneca speaks of him as being more wealthy than his master.
[2311] Or Menodorus, who deserted Sextus Pompeius and went over to Octavianus.
[2312] Who remained faithful to Pompeius, and died in his cause.
[2313] He is probably speaking in reference to her paramour, the freedman Pallas. See B. xxxiii. c. [47].
[2314] As to the earths of Galata and Clypea, see B. v. c. 7. The others are mentioned in B. iii. c. 11.
[2315] See end of B. ix.
[2317] See end of B. viii.
[2318] See end of Books vii. and xiv.
[2319] See end of B. ii.
[2320] See end of B. iii.
[2321] See end of B. ii.
[2322] See end of B. x.
[2323] See end of B. ii.
[2324] See end of B. vii.
[2325] See end of B. xvi.
[2326] A native of Longula in Latium. Though of dissolute character, he was famous as an orator and satirical writer. It was he who accused Nonius Asprenas of poisoning, as mentioned in Chapter 46 of this Book. He died in exile at the island of Seriphos, about A.D. 33. His works were at first proscribed, but were afterwards permitted by Caligula to be read.
[2327] See end of B. vii.
[2328] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[2329] The painter, mentioned at great length in Chapter [36] of this Book, and elsewhere.
[2330] A painter of Sicyon, mentioned in Chapters [32] and [36] of this Book.
[2331] Probably the painter of that name, mentioned in Chapter [36] of this Book.
[2332] The artist mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19], and in Chapter [40] of the present Book.
[2333] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[2334] Possibly the painter of that name, mentioned in Chapter [40] of this Book.
[2335] See end of B. ii.
[2336] See end of B. iii.
[2337] See end of B. xxx.
[2338] See end of B. iii.
[2339] See end of B. xii.
[2340] See end of Books iv., viii., xi., and xx.
[2341] See end of B. xx.
[2342] See end of Books iv. and xii.
[2343] See end of B. xii.
[2344] See end of B. xiii.
[2345] See end of B. xii.
[2346] See end of B. xii.
[2347] See end of B. xxix.
[2348] See end of B. xii.
[2349] See end of B. xii.
[2350] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[2351] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[2352] See B. xxxvii. cc. [7], [8], [11].
[2353] See the lines of Juvenal, Sat. x. l. 151, et seq.
[2354] He alludes to vessels made of crystal, which, as Dalechamps remarks, was long supposed to be nothing but ice in a concrete form. See B. xxxvii. c. [9].
[2355] See B. viii. c. 82.
[2356] “Glandia.”
[2357] See Chapter [24] of this Book.
[2358] See Chapter [8] of this Book.
[2359] In the Eleventh Region of the City.
[2360] See B. xxxv. cc. [43], [45].
[2361] See B. xvii. c. 1.
[2362] These two artists are invariably mentioned together. Pausanias, B. ii. c. 14, and B. iii. c. 17, speaks or them as the pupils or sons of Dædalus; only intimating thereby, as Sillig thinks, that they were the first sculptors worthy of being associated with the father of artists. Pausanias, B. ii. c. 22, mentions ebony statues by them.
[2363] In the time of the Telchines, before the arrival of Inachus in Argolis.
[2364] Pausanias says that this statue was completed by their pupils. Clemens Alexandrinus mentions other works of theirs.
[2365] Another reading is “Anthermus.” Of many of these sculptors, no further particulars are known.
[2366] Another cause of the quarrel is said to have been the refusal of Bupalus to give his daughter in marriage to Hipponax. This quarrel is referred to in the Greek Anthology, B. iii. Epigr. 26.
[2367] See B. xiv. c. 9.
[2368] See B. iv. c. 20.
[2369] Dedicated by Augustus, in the Tenth Region of the City.
[2370] Λύχνος being the Greek for a “lamp.”
[2371] See B. iii. c. 8: now known as the marble of Massa and Carrara, of a bluish white, and a very fine grain.
[2372] A similar case has been cited, in the figure of St. Jerome, to be seen on a stone in the Grotto of Our Saviour at Bethlehem, and in a representation of the Crucifixion, in the Church of St. George, at Venice. A miniature resembling that of the poet Chaucer is to be seen on the surface of a small stone in the British Museum.
[2374] See B. xxxv. cc. [37], [40].
[2376] “In the Gardens.” A suburb of Athens, in which there was a temple of Venus, or Aphrodite Urania.
[2377] He is mentioned also by Pausanias and Strabo.
[2378] The Goddess of Retribution. Pausanias, B. i. c. 33, says that it was the work of Phidias, and that it was made of Parian marble, which the Persians had brought into Attica for the purpose of erecting a trophy. Strabo, however, in B. ix., says that it was the work of Agoracritus and Diodotus (an artist otherwise unknown), and that it was not at all inferior to the production of Phidias. Tzetzes again, Suidas, and Photius, say that it was the work of Phidias, and that it was presented by him to his favourite pupil, Agoracritus. Sillig rejects the story of the contest, and the decision by the suffrages of the Athenian people. Some modern writers have doubted also, whether a statue of Venus could be modified so as to represent Nemesis; but not with sufficient reason, Sillig thinks.
[2379] See B. iv. c. 11.
[2380] A statue, Sillig supposes, of the goddess Cybele.
[2381] “Pandoras Genesis.”
[2382] Sillig is of opinion that this passage is corrupt, and is inclined to think, with Panofka, that the reading should be “nascenti adstantes,”—gods “standing by the new-born” Pandora.
[2385] “Velatâ specie.” There has been much discussion about the meaning of these words; and Sillig is of opinion that the figure was represented draped in a garment, which, while it seemed designed to hide the person, really exposed it to view. This dress would not improbably recommend it additionally to the inhabitants of Cos, who were skilled in making the Coæ vestes, garments which, while they covered the body, revealed its naked charms. See further mention of them in B. ix. c. 26.
[2386] Visconti thinks that a statue still preserved in the Royal Museum at Paris, is a copy of the Coan Venus. It has, however, a figure of Cupid associated with it, which, as Sillig observes, militates against the supposition.
[2387] The ancient writers abound in praises of this wonderful statue. Lucian, however, has given the most complete and artistic description of it. It was supposed by the ancients, to represent Venus as standing before Paris, when he awarded to her the prize of beauty; but it has been well remarked, that the drapery in the right hand, and the vase by the side of the figure, indicate that she has either just left or is about to enter the bath. The artist modelled it from Phryne, a courtesan or hetæra of Athens, of whom he was greatly enamoured. It was ultimately carried to Constantinople, where it perished by fire in the reign of Justinian. It is doubtful whether there are any copies of it in existence. There is, however, a so-called copy in the gardens of the Vatican, and another in the Glyptothek, at Munich. A Venus in the Museo Pio-Clementino, at Rome, is considered by Visconti and others to have been a copy of the Cnidian Venus, with the addition of drapery. It is supposed that Cleomenes, in making the Venus de Medici, imitated the Cnidian Venus in some degree.
[2388] There are numerous Epigrams in reference to this statue in the Greek Anthology; the most striking line in any of which is the beautiful Pentameter:
Φεῦ! φεῦ! ποῦ γυμνὴν εἶδε με Πραξιτέλης;
“Alas! where has Praxiteles me naked seen?”
[2389] Lucian, Valerius Maximus, and Athenæus, tell the same improbable story, borrowing it from Posidippus the historian.
[2390] Bacchus.
[2393] Pliny is mistaken here: for in the time of Cicero, as we find in Verr. 4, 2, 4, the Thespian Cupid was still at Thespiæ, in Bœotia, where it had been dedicated by Phryne, and was not removed to Rome till the time of the emperors. It was the Parian Cupid, originally made for the people of Parium, that, after coming into the possession of Heius, a rich Sicilian, was forcibly taken from him by Verres.
[2394] Where it was destroyed by fire in the reign of Titus. See B. xxxiv. c. [37].
[2396] Frantic Bacchantes.
[2397] Sacrificing Bacchantes.
[2398] The name given in architecture to figures of females employed as columns in edifices. The Spartans, on taking the city of Carya, in Laconia, massacred the male inhabitants, and condemned the females to the most bitter servitude, as “hewers of wood and drawers of water.” Hence the memorials of their servitude thus perpetuated in architecture.
[2399] Or companions of Bacchus. See B. xxxv. c. [36].
[2401] “Symplegma.”
[2402] Also mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[2403] Pausanias, B. I., speaks of three figures sculptured by Scopas; Erôs, Himeros, and Pothos. It is doubtful, however, whether they are identical with those here spoken of.
[2404] Or “Desire.” The name of “Phaëthon” is added in most of the editions, but Sillig rejects it as either a gloss, or a corruption of some other name.
[2405] “Campteras.” This, which is probably the true reading, has been restored by Sillig from the Bamberg MS. The καμπτὴρ was the bend or turning, round the goal in the race-course for chariots; and as Vesta was symbolical of the earth, these figures, Sillig thinks, probably represented the poles, as goals of the sun’s course.
[2406] Figures of Virgins, carrying on their heads baskets filled with objects consecrated to Minerva.
[2407] Dedicated to Neptune by Cneius Domitius Ahenobarbus, in the Ninth Region of the City.
[2408] “Et” appears a preferable reading to the “aut” of the Bamberg MS.
[2409] “Hippocampi.” It is pretty clear that by this name he cannot mean the small fish so called in B. xxxii. cc. [20], [23], [27], [30], [35], [38], [50], and [53], and alluded to in B. ix. c. 1; the Syngnathus hippocampus of Linnæus.
[2410] A sea-divinity.
[2411] “Pistrices.” See B. ix. cc. 2, 3, 15.
[2412] Conqueror of Callæcia. See B. iv. c. 35. This temple was dedicated to Mars.
[2413] A statue of Apollo, Hardouin thinks, which was originally brought from Seleucia by C. Sosius, the quæstor of M. Lepidus. See B. xiii. c. 5.
[2414] Ajasson says that this work is identical with the group representing Niobe and her children, now at Florence. It was found in 1535, or, as some say, 1583, near the Lateran Gate at Rome; upon which, it was bought by Ferdinand de Medici, and placed in the park of one of his villas. More recently, the Emperor Leopold purchased it, and had it removed to Florence.
[2415] The Temple of Janus, in the Eighth Region of the City.
[2416] Probably by neither of them, as Janus was essentially an Italian Divinity. See Ovid’s Fasti, B. I.
[2418] A large upper garment, reaching to the ankles.
[2419] Both Liber and Libera were originally Italian Divinities, who presided over the vine and the fields. Pliny, however, always identifies the former with Bacchus, and other writers the latter with Persephone, or Proserpina, the daughter of Demeter or Ceres. Ovid, Fasti, B. iii. l. 512, calls Ariadne, “Libera.”
[2420] See B. xvi. c. 76.
[2421] A disciple of Marsyas, and a famous player on the flute. See p. [319].
[2422] All these figures have been found copied in the frescoes of Herculaneum.
[2424] It is doubtful whether this is the same artist that is mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[2426] Hence, too, the use of the word “Mausoleum,” as meaning a splendid tomb.
[2427] He means, probably, the extent of the colonnade or screen which surrounded it. The Mausoleum was erected at Halicarnassus.
[2428] Facing east and west.
[2429] Or “wing.” The “ptera,” or “pteromata,” properly speaking, were the two wings at the sides of a building. See Note [2431] below.
[2430] She only survived her husband two years.
[2431] Another reading, and perhaps a preferable one, is “one hundred” feet. The account given by Pliny is very confused, and Littré has taken some pains to explain the construction of this building. He is of opinion that in the first place, a quadrangular main building was erected, 63 feet in length on the north and south, the breadth of the east and west faces being shorter, some 42 feet perhaps. Secondly, that there was a screen of 36 columns surrounding the main building, and 411 feet in circumference. (He adopts this reading in preference to the 440 feet of the Bamberg MS.) That the longer sides of this screen were 113.25 feet in extent, and the shorter 92.125 feet. That between the main building and this screen, or colonnade, there was an interval of 25.125 feet. Thirdly, that the colonnade and the main buildings were united by a vaulted roof, and that this union formed the “Pteron.” Fourthly, that rising from this Pteron, there was a quadrangular truncated pyramid, formed of twenty-four steps, and surmounted with a chariot of marble. This would allow, speaking in round numbers, 37½ feet for the height of the main body of the building, 37½ feet for the pyramid, and twenty-five feet for the height of the chariot and the figure which it doubtless contained.
[2432] Supposed to be the person alluded to by Horace, 1 Sat. 3, 90.
[2433] He is mentioned also by Tatian, and is supposed to have lived about the time of Alexander the Great.
[2434] “Charites.”
[2435] “Porch,” or “Vestibule” of the Citadel at Athens.
[2436] Mentioned in B. xxxv. c. [40]. The present Socrates is identified by Pausanias, B. i. c. 22, and B. ix. c. 25, and by Diogenes Laertius, B. ii. c. 19, with the great Athenian philosopher of that name, son of the statuary Sophroniscus: but the question as to his identity is very doubtful. Diogenes Laertius adds, that whereas artists had previously represented the Graces naked, Socrates sculptured them with drapery.
[2439] Or Muses of Thespiæ, in Bœotia.
[2440] There have been several distinguished sculptors, all of this name. A statuary, son of Apollodorus the Athenian, made the celebrated Venus de Medici. It is the opinion of Visconti and Thiersch, that the artist here mentioned flourished before the destruction of Corinth.
[2441] This name is doubtful, and nothing is known relative to the artist.
[2442] “Hippiades” is the old reading, which Dalechamps considers to mean “Amazons.” The Appiades were Nymphs of the Appian Spring, near the temple of Venus Genetrix, in the Forum of Julius Cæsar. See Ovid, Art. Am. B. i. l. 81, and B. iii. l. 451; and Rem. Am. l. 659.
[2443] From an inscription on a statue still extant, he is supposed to have been a pupil of Pasiteles, and consequently to have flourished about B.C. 25.
[2444] Figures in which the form and attributes of Hermes, or Mercury, and Eros, or Cupid, were combined, Hardouin thinks.
[2446] In Caria: see B. v. c. 29.
[2447] Or “Xenias”—“Presiding over hospitality,” or “Protector of strangers.”
[2448] The story was, that Zethus and Amphion bound Dirce, queen of Thebes, to the flanks of an infuriated bull, in revenge for the death of their mother, Antiope, who had been similarly slain by her. This group is supposed still to exist, in part, in the “Farnese Bull,” which has been in a great measure restored. Winckelmann is of opinion, however, that the Farnese Bull is of anterior date to that here mentioned, and that it belongs to the school of Lysippus.
[2449] Probably a native of Rhodes. No further particulars of this artist appear to be known.
[2450] Bacchus.
[2452] A different person, probably, from the painter, mentioned in B. xxxv. c. [40].
[2454] Supposed by Sillig not to be the early statuary of Argos of that name, who flourished, probably, B.C. 476.
[2456] “Pasiteles” would appear to be a preferable reading; for Pliny would surely have devoted more space to a description of these works of Praxiteles.
[2457] The same artist that is previously mentioned, Sillig thinks.
[2458] Of Jupiter.
[2460] “Symplegma.” See Note [2401], page 314.
[2461] The first being in a stooping posture, washing herself.
[2462] In B. xxxiii. c. [55], and B. xxxiv. c. [18].
[2463] A sculptor of the age of Alexander the Great. He is also mentioned by Tatian. For an account of Callisthenes, see end of B. xii.
[2464] Winckelmann supposes that these artists lived in the time of Lysippus; but, as may be discovered from an attentive examination of the present passage, Lessing and Thiersch are probably right in considering them to have been contemporaries of the Emperor Titus. This group is generally supposed to have been identical with the Laocoön still to be seen in the Court of the Belvedere, in the Vatican at Rome; having been found, in 1506, in a vault beneath the spot known as the Place de Sette Sale, by Felix de Fredi, who surrendered it, in consideration of a pension, to Pope Julius II. The group, however, is not made of a single block, which has caused some to doubt its identity: but it is not improbable, that when originally made, its joints were not perceptible to a common observer. The spot, too, where it was found was actually part of the palace of Titus. It is most probable that the artists had the beautiful episode of Laocoön in view, as penned by Virgil, Æn. B. II.; though Ajasson doubts whether they derived any inspiration from it. Laocoön, in the sublime expression of his countenance, is doing any thing, he says, but—
“Clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit.”
“Sending dire outcries to the stars of heaven.”
[2465] This was an ancient and hideous idol, probably. Plato, Diodorus Siculus, Plautus, Lactantius, Arnobius, and Isidorus, all concur in saying that it was Saturn in honour of whom human victims were immolated.
[2466] “Ad Nationes.” A portico built by Augustus, and adorned with statues representing various nations.
[2467] “Thespiades.” They were brought by Mummius from Thespiæ, in Bœotia. See B. xxxiv. c. [19], and Note [2439], above.
[2468] See B. xxxv. c. [45], and [end] of B. xxxiii.
[2469] Magna Græcia.
[2470] Built by Metellus Macedonicus.
[2471] “Navalia.” This was the name of certain docks at Rome, where ships were built, laid up, and refitted. They were attached to the Emporium, without the Trigeminian Gate, and were connected with the Tiber.
[2473] In the Ninth Region of the City. These figures are mentioned also by Suetonius, C. 46.
[2475] A singular combination of names, as they mean “Lizard” and “Frog.” No further particulars of these artists are known, but they appear to have lived in the time of Pompey.
[2476] Of Juno and Apollo.
[2477] “Spiræ.” See Chapter [56] of this Book.
[2478] Winckelmann, in Vol. II. p. 269, of the Monumenti Antichi ined., gives the chapiter of an Ionic column, belonging to the church of San Lorenzo, without the walls, at Rome, on the volutes of which are represented a frog and a lizard.
[2479] The old reading is adopted here, in preference to that of the Bamberg MS., which does not appear reconcileable to sense in saying that this temple of Jupiter was originally made in honour of Juno; for in such case there could be no mistake in introducing the emblems of female worship.
[2480] A sculptor of Miletus. See B. vii. c. 21.
[2481] A Lacedæmonian artist. See B. vii. c. 21.
[2482] As well as that of Paros.
[2483] Only completed in the time of the Emperor Adrian.
[2484] Cebriones, the charioteer of Hector. See Il. B. xvi. l. 735.
[2485] See B. xxxiii. c. [23].
[2486] This is generally explained as meaning ordinary stone, but covered with elaborate paintings, as was then the practice in the magnificent villas that were built at Tibur, the modern Tivoli. See, however, Chapter [48], and Note [2784].
[2487] As applied to the decorations of the walls of houses.
[2488] This date does not agree with that given to Scopas, one of the artists who worked at the Mausoleum, in the early part of B. xxxiv. c. [19]. Sillig, however, is inclined to think that there were two artists named Scopas, and would thus account for the diversity of about seventy years between the dates.
[2489] See end of B. ii.
[2490] Owing to the liberality of Cæsar, he amassed great riches. He is repeatedly attacked by Catullus (Carm. xxix., xliii., lvii.), and accused of extortion, and other vices. Horace also speaks of him in terms of ridicule, I Sat. 5, 37.
[2491] See B. iv. c. 21.
[2492] See Chapter [4] of this Book.
[2493] The black marbles, Ajasson remarks, are comparatively rare. He is of opinion that the colour of the Lucullan marble was the noir antique of the French, and says that it is to be found at Bergamo, Carrara, Prato in Tuscany, and near Spa in Belgium.
[2494] “Chios” is another reading.
[2495] “Thundering Jupiter.” This temple was built by Augustus.
[2496] Ajasson says that his remarks on the choice of the sand for this purpose, are very judicious.
[2497] A recommendation worse than useless, Ajasson remarks.
[2498] For this purpose, at the present day, granular corindon, or yellow emery, is used, as also a mixture composed of the oxides of lead and of tin; the substance being repeatedly moistened when applied.
[2499] See Chapters [13] and [43] of this Book.
[2500] A city in Crete where the stone was prepared for use.
[2501] “Cotes.”
[2502] Books III. IV. V. and VI.
[2503] The modern Ophite, both Noble, Serpentine, and Common.
[2504] From the Greek ὄφις, a “serpent.”
[2505] This would appear to be a kind of Apatite, or Augustite, found in crystalline rocks.
[2506] A superstition, owing solely to the name and appearance of the stone.
[2507] From the Greek τέφρα, “ashes.” The modern Tephroite is a silicate of manganese.
[2508] Memphis, in Egypt.
[2509] A variety of the modern Porphyry, possibly; a compact feldspathic base, with crystals of feldspar. Ajasson refuses to identify it with porphyry, and considers it to be the stone called Red antique, of a deep uniform red, and of a very fine grain; which also was a production of Egypt.
[2510] “Small stone.”
[2511] Of porphyrites.
[2512] “Procurator.”
[2513] See B. xxxvi. c. [38]. See also the Lydian stone, or touchstone, mentioned in B. xxxiii. c. [43].
[2514] From Βάσανος, a “touchstone.”
[2515] Philostratus gives a short account of this group, and copies of it are to be seen in the Vatican, and in the grounds of the Tuilleries.
[2516] See B. v. c. 10.
[2517] The Egyptians called it, not Memnon, but Amenophis, and it is supposed that it represented a monarch of the second dynasty. This is probably the statue still to be seen at Medinet Abou, on the Libyan side of the Nile, in a sitting posture, and at least 60 feet in height. The legs, arms, and other parts of the body are covered with inscriptions, which attest that, in the third century of the Christian era, the priests still practised upon the credulity of the devotees, by pretending that it emitted sounds. It may possibly have been erected for astronomical purposes, or for the mystic worship of the sun. The Greek name “Memnon” is supposed to have been derived from the Egyptian Mei Amun, “beloved of Ammon.”
[2518] Ajasson remarks that under this name the ancients meant, first, yellow calcareous Alabaster, and secondly, Chalcedony, unclassified.
[2519] See end of the present [Book].
[2520] See B. vi. cc. 27, 28, 32.
[2521] “Variatum est.”
[2522] Ajasson thinks that these columns, in reality, were made, in both instances, of yellow jasper, or else yellow sardonyx, a compound of sard and chalcedony.
[2523] Erected A.U.C. 741.
[2524] See B. xxxiii. c. [47].
[2525] The reading here is doubtful, and it is questionable whether he considers the two stones as identical.
[2526] Probably calcareous Alabaster, Ajasson thinks. See B. xxxvii. c. [54].
[2527] See B. xiii. c. 3.
[2528] Plaster of Paris is made of gypsum or alabaster, heated and ground.
[2529] A feature both of jasper and of sardonyx.
[2530] By some persons it has been considered to be the same with the “lychnitis,” or white marble, mentioned in Chapter [4] of this Book. Ajasson is of opinion that it has not been identified.
[2531] Ajasson is in doubt whether this stone was really a marble or a gypsic alabaster. It received its name from the river Curalius or Coural, near which it was found; and it was also known as Sangaric marble. Ajasson thinks that the ancient milk-white marble, still found in Italy, and known to the dealers in antiquities as Palombino, may have been the “corallitic” stone. He also mentions the fine white marble known as Grechetto.
[2532] See B. v. c. 29. Sulphuret of manganese is now known as Alabandine; it is black, but becomes of a tarnished brown on exposure to the air. It is not improbable that this manganese was used for colouring glass, and that in Chapter 66 of this Book Pliny again refers to manganese when speaking of a kind of “magnet” or load-stone. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 237-8, Bohn’s Edition; who thinks, that in the present passage Pliny is speaking of a kind of marble. It is the fact, however, that Pyrolusite, or grey ore of manganese, is used, at a red heat, for discharging the brown and green tints of glass. See also B. xxxiv. c. [42], and the Note.
[2533] Syenite is the name still given to feldspar, hornblende, and quartz, passing into each other by insensible gradations, and resembling granite.
[2534] “Varied with red spots,” similar to our red granite.
[2535] “Obelisci.” So called from ὀβελισκὸς, a “small spit,” in consequence of their tapering form.
[2536] Meaning, probably, that in the Egyptian language, the same word is used as signifying a “spit” and a “ray” of light; for it is generally agreed that the word “obeliscus” is of Greek origin.
[2537] He does not appear to have been identified; and the correct reading is doubtful.
[2538] Heliopolis, or On. See B. v. c. 11.
[2539] These figures or hieroglyphics did not denote the phonetic language of Egypt, but only formed a symbolical writing.
[2540] Perhaps the same as “Sesostris.” The former reading is “Sothis.”
[2541] Ajasson identifies him with Rameses III., a king of the eighteenth dynasty, who reigned B.C. 1561. This was also one of the names of Sesostris the Great.
[2542] The name of the bull divinity worshipped by the people of On, or Heliopolis; while by the people of Memphis it was known as Apis.
[2543] This, Hardouin says, was the same obelisk that was afterwards erected by Constantius, son of Constantine the Great, in the Circus Maximus at Rome; whence it was removed by Pope Sextus V., in the year 1588, to the Basilica of the Lateran.
[2544] This name is probably mutilated: there are about twenty different readings of it.
[2545] This name is also very doubtful. One reading is “Eraph,” and Hardouin attempts to identify him with the Pharaoh Hophra of Jeremiah, xliv. 30, the Ouafres of the Chronicle of Eusebius, and the Apries of Herodotus.
[2546] The Nectanabis, probably, of Plutarch, in his Life of Agesilaüs, and the Nectanebus of Nepos, in the Life of Chabrias.
[2547] Callixenus of Rhodes was a contemporary of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and was the author of a description of Alexandria, and of a catalogue of painters and sculptors.
[2548] Egyptian talents, probably. See. B. xxxiii. c. [15].
[2549] Evidently a stupendous monument, or rather aggregate of buildings, erected by Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, in memory of his wife and sister, Arsinoë. See B. xxxiv. c. 42.
[2550] Caligula.
[2551] See B. xvi. c. 76, and B. xxxv. c. [47].
[2552] Or Circus Maximus; in the Eleventh Region of the City. According to Kircher, it was this obelisk that Pope Sextus V. had disinterred, and placed before the church of the Madonna del Popolo.
[2553] There are sixteen various readings to this name.
[2554] Diogenes Laertius says that he arrived in Egypt in the reign of King Amasis.
[2555] Boscovich and Brotero would read here “eighty-two feet and three quarters,” which is more in accordance with its height, as measured by Kircher.
[2556] After being long buried in ruins, it was disinterred, but not re-erected, by Pope Benedict XIV. When thus brought to light, it was found to be broken asunder. On it there was an inscription stating that the Emperor Augustus had “presented it to the Sun”—“Soli donum dedit.”
[2557] Twelve o’clock in the day.
[2558] After the summer solstice.
[2559] The one that is mentioned above as having been removed from Alexandria by Caligula.
[2560] This obelisk was transferred by Pope Sextus V. from the Circus Vaticanus to the place of the Cathedral of St. Peter.
[2561] So called because it was laid out on some gardens which had belonged to one Vaticanus.
[2562] Caligula.
[2563] There are nine or ten readings of this name. Bunsen suggests “Menophtheus,” the Egyptian king Meneph-Pthah.
[2564] In Egypt, probably.
[2565] Ajasson thinks that they were intended as places of sepulture for the kings, but for the concealment, also, of their treasures.
[2566] See B. v. c. 9.
[2567] In Chapter [19] of this Book.
[2568] See B. v. c. 9. Herodotus says that these pyramids were built by King Mœris, in the middle of the lake, towering fifty paces above the surface of the water. Diodorus Siculus says that they were built by him in honour of himself and his wife.
[2569] Or left-hand side to those coming down the stream. He alludes to the three great Pyramids of Ghizeh, not far from Cairo. There are numerous other pyramids to be seen in Egypt.
[2570] In B. v. c. 9.
[2571] It still exists, though the face is mutilated. It was disinterred from the sand by Belzoni, but is now again nearly covered. According to Cavaglia, the signature of the Historian Arrian was found inscribed on one of the fore-paws, when it was disinterred.
[2572] This reading is, perhaps, preferable to the LXI. s, (61½) of the Bamberg MS. The head and neck, when uncovered, were found to be 27 feet in height.
[2573] Built by King Cheops, according to Herodotus, B. ii.
[2574] All these writers are mentioned in the list of authors at the end of the present [Book].
[2575] For the use of the workmen. There is, probably, no foundation for a statement so exact as this; as it would be very singular that such a fact should continue to be known, and the names of the builders be buried in oblivion.
[2576] According to modern measurement, the sides of its base measure at the foundation 763 feet 4 inches, and it occupies a space of more than 13 acres. Its perpendicular height is 480 feet.
[2577] Other readings are 883, and 783.
[2578] Differing very considerably from the modern measurement. These variations may possibly arise, however, from a large portion of the base being covered with sand.
[2579] It was entirely coated with marble from the Thebaid; which, however, was removed by the Arabs in the middle ages. In the vicinity there is a fourth pyramid, but of such small dimensions that some of the Egyptian obelisks exceed it in height.
[2580] “Nitrum.” See B. xxxi. c. 46.
[2581] From this reason being given, it would almost appear that these “bridges” in reality were aqueducts, for conveying the water, in order to melt the mounds of salt and nitre.
[2582] A very improbable story, as Ajasson remarks; as if the method of ascertaining the heights of edifices was unknown to the sages of Egypt, and the constructors of the Pyramids!
[2583] Herodotus, B. ii. cc. 134, 5, takes great pains to prove the absurdity of this story; and there is little doubt that the beautiful courtesan has been confounded with the equally beautiful Egyptian Queen, Nitocris, who is said by Julius Africanus and Eusebius to have built the third pyramid. As to the courtesan having been a fellow-slave of the fabulist, Æsop, it is extremely doubtful.
[2584] The greater harbour, there being two at Alexandria.
[2585] Ptolemy Lagus.
[2586] Supposed by Thiersch to have been the same person as the statuary mentioned in B. xxxiv. c. [19].
[2587] A risk that is now obviated, if, indeed, there is such a risk, by the use of revolving lights and coloured lights.
[2588] See B. v. c. 9.
[2589] The site of this labyrinth has not been traced, but Sir G. Wilkinson is inclined to think that it was at Howarah el Soghaïr in the Faiöum.
[2590] Similar, probably, to the one at Hampton Court.
[2591] Most modern writers, and some of the ancients, have altogether denied the existence of the Cretan Labyrinth; but, judging from the testimony of Tournefort and Cockerell, it is most probable that it really did exist, and that it was a vast natural grotto or cavern, enlarged and made additionally intricate by human ingenuity. There are many caverns of this nature in Crete, and one near Gortyna, at Hagios-Deka, is replete with galleries and intricate windings similar to those ascribed to the Labyrinth of Dædalus.
[2592] See Chapter [13] of this Book. He is surprised that the people of Egypt, a country which abounded in exquisite marbles, should have used that of another country in preference to their own.
[2593] As to the meaning of this word, see B. v. c. 9.
[2594] See Chapter [5] of this Book.
[2595] “Ulnæ.” See Introduction to Vol. III.
[2596] The ἄρουρα was a Greek square measure, containing 2500 square feet.
[2597] See Chapter [11] of this Book.
[2598] As to the meaning of this word, see Chapter 4 of this Book, page 317, and Note [2429].
[2599] “Circummon” is a more common reading.
[2600] Or acacia. See B. xxiv. c. 65.
[2601] Welcker remarks that it is uncertain whether this Labyrinth was erected as a temple of the Cabiri, or whether it had any connection with the art of mining.
[2602] Smilis lived, probably, 200 years before Rhœcus and Theodorus, and was a native of Ægina, not Lemnos. Sillig, however, is inclined to think that there were two artists of this name; the elder a contemporary of Dædalus, and the maker of several wooden statues.
[2604] See B. iii. c. 8.
[2605] A round, broad-brimmed hat, such as we see represented in the statues of Mercury.
[2606] Where two brazen vessels were erected on a column, adjoining to which was the statue of a boy with a whip; which, when agitated by the wind, struck the vessels, and omens were drawn from the tinkling noise produced, significant of future events, it was supposed.
[2607] A building like this, as Niebuhr says, is absolutely impossible, and belongs to the “Arabian Nights.” The description in some particulars resembles that of a Chinese pagoda.
[2608] Probably of Babylon, which were built on terraces raised on arches.
[2609] His meaning is, that it was built upon arches.
[2610] Asia Minor.
[2611] The Hotel de Ville at Brussels is said to have been built upon a stratum of hides.
[2612] See Chapter [4] of the present Book. Sillig, in his “Dictionary of Ancient Artists,” suggests a reading which would make the passage to mean that Scopas was jointly architect with Chersiphron. The latter, however, was not the architect of the second temple at Ephesus, but flourished nearly four hundred years before.
[2613] Strabo says that, in conjunction with his son Metagenes, he began the first Temple at Ephesus. Thiersch is of opinion that he lived about the first Olympiad, He is mentioned also in B. vii. c. 38.
[2614] “Epistylia.” See B. xxxv. c. 49.
[2615] Which must have been above the bags and at the summit of the inclined plane.
[2616] See B. v. c. 40.
[2617] “Lapis Fugitivus.”
[2618] A public place where the Prytanes or chief magistrates assembled, and where the public banquets were celebrated.
[2619] Or “Narrow” gate, apparently. Dion Cassius, B. 74, tells a similar story nearly, of seven towers at Byzantium, near the Thracian Gate; and “Thracia” is given by the Bamberg MS. It is most probable that the two accounts were derived from the same source.
[2620] Ἑπτάφωνον, “seven times vocal.” Plutarch also mentions this portico.
[2621] Βουλευτήριον, the “senate house” or “council-chamber.”
[2622] It was the most ancient of the bridges at Rome, and was so called from its being built upon “sublices,” or wooden beams. It was originally built by Ancus Martius, and was afterwards rebuilt by the Pontifices or pontiffs. We learn from Ovid, Fasti, B. v. l. 621, that it was still a wooden bridge in the reign of Augustus. In the reign of Otho it was carried away by an inundation. In later times it was also known as the Pons Æmilius, from the name of the person probably under whose superintendence it was rebuilt.
[2624] L. Æmilius Paulus, who was consul with C. Marcellus, A.U.C. 703. His Basilica, a building which served as a court of law and as an exchange, was erected in the Eighth Region of the City, at the cost of 1500 talents; which were sent to him by Cæsar, Plutarch says, as a bribe to gain him over from the aristocratical party. It was surrounded with an open peristyle of columns of Phrygian marble.
[2625] “Diribitorium.” See B. xvi. c. 76.
[2626] Scribonius Libo, who was Ædile during the consulship of Cicero.
[2627] “Mound,” or “Terrace.” See B. iii. c. 9, where it is ascribed to Tarquinius Superbus; but Strabo seems to attribute its foundation to Servius Tullius.
[2628] Thebes, in Egypt. See Chapter [20] of this Book.
[2629] A.U.C. 721. He alludes probably to the cleansing of the sewers beneath the city, which took place, Dion Cassius informs us, in the ædileship of Agrippa.
[2630] As Hardouin remarks, the story of the Milesian Virgins, as related by Aulus Gellius and Plutarch, is very similar.
[2631] A.U.C. 676.
[2632] Caligula. The Palace of Caligula was situate on the Palatine Hill: that of Nero extended from the Palatine Hill to the Esquiline, nearly the whole of which was covered by it. It was left unfinished by Nero, but the Emperor Otho completed it. Martial, Spectac. Ep. 2, speaks in terms of indignation of there being now “but one house in all the City;” but, unfortunately, he gives utterance to it with a view of flattering Domitian.
[2633] Whence its name, “Aurea,” the “golden” Palace.
[2634] “Sellaria.”
[2635] By this mode of expression, he probably means that they were “birds of a feather”—one as bad as the other.
[2636] His mother, Metella Cæcilia, became the wife of Sylla.
[2637] He forgets the Pyramids and the Labyrinth of Egypt, which he has so recently described.
[2638] See B. xvii. c. 1, and Chapter [3] of the present Book. L. Crassus is the person alluded to.
[2639] “Four” is the number mentioned in B. xvii. c. 1.
[2640] In Chapter [2] of this Book.
[2642] “Cavea.” The place where the spectators sat, much like the “pit” of our theatres.
[2643] See B. xxxiii. c. [19].
[2644] “Choragio.”
[2645] He was defeated and slain in Africa by Juba and P. Attius Varus.
[2646] And, consequently, of more strict manners, and more strict morals.
[2647] “Tabulis.” The wooden frames, probably, which formed the margin of one side of each theatre, and which, when they were brought together, would make a diameter running through the circle which they formed. Hardouin thinks that these theatres are alluded to in Virgil, Georg. B. III. l. 22, et seq.
[2648] In allusion, probably, to the addresses delivered by Curio, when tribune, from the Rostra, in favour of Cæsar.
[2649] “Pensiles.” Pliny not improbably intends a pun here, this word meaning also “suspended,” or “poised”—in reference, probably, to their suspension on the pivots in Curio’s theatres.
[2650] Between Cæsar and Pompey, which he is supposed to have inflamed for his own private purposes.
[2651] He was prætor B.C. 144; and, in order that he might complete his aqueduct, his office was prolonged another year.
[2652] This aqueduct was begun by Appius Claudius Cæcus, the censor, and was the first made at Rome; B.C. 313.
[2653] See B. iii. c. 17. It was commenced by M. Curius Dentatus, B.C. 273, the water being brought a distance of 43 miles. It was afterwards known as the “Anio Vetus,” to distinguish it from another aqueduct from the same river, mentioned in this Chapter, and called the “Anio Novus.” The former was constructed of Peperino stone, and the water-course was lined with cement. Considerable remains of it are still to be seen.
[2654] The Aqua Tepula was constructed B.C. 127; so that it is doubtful if Pliny is not here in error.
[2655] The Aqua Marcia was brought a distance of upwards of 60 miles, from the vicinity of Sublaqueum, now Subiaco, and was of such elevation that water could be supplied to the loftiest part of the Capitoline Hill. A considerable number of the arches are still standing. In the vicinity of the city it was afterwards united with the Aqua Tepula and the Aqua Julia; the watercourse of the last being above that of the Aqua Tepula, and that above the course of the Aqua Marcia. See B. xxxi. cc. 24, 25.
[2656] See B. xxxi. cc. 24, 25.
[2657] See B. xxxi. c. 25.
[2658] See end of B. iii.
[2659] Victor mentions 856 public baths at Rome.
[2660] Caligula.
[2661] Anio Novus.
[2662] Nero.
[2663] See B. ii. c. 106, and B. iii. c. 17. In order to check the sudden rise of its waters, a design was entertained by Julius Cæsar to construct a subterranean canal from the lake into the valley of the Liris, which, unfortunately, was frustrated by his death. Claudius, however, executed the work, by cutting a gallery upwards of an English mile and a half through the limestone rock; a work which, according to Suetonius, occupied thirty thousand workmen continually for eleven years. On opening it with a mock naval combat, an accident happened in which many persons lost their lives, and Claudius himself but narrowly escaped. The emissary answered its purpose for some time, and, though Nero suffered the works to fall into decay, they were repaired by Hadrian. In the middle ages, however, the work fell in, and has not since been restored.
[2664] See B. iii. c. 9.
[2665] “Magnes.”
[2666] In Chapter [23] of this Book.
[2667] “Iron earth;” from σίδηρος, “iron.” The magnet, or loadstone itself, is an oxide of iron, known as Oxidulated iron, or Ferroso-ferric oxide; sometimes in combination with quartz or alumine.
[2668] From Heraclea, in Lydia, or in Thessaly, according to some accounts. It is not improbable, however, that it was so called after “Heracles,” or Hercules, on account of its powerful influence upon iron ores.
[2669] Isidorus says, “India,” in B. 16 of the “Origines.”
[2670] See the list of authors at the end of this [Book].
[2671] Varieties, no doubt, of oxide of iron.
[2672] An absurd distinction, as Ajasson remarks; based, probably, on Eastern notions, and with reference to the comparative powers of attraction.
[2673] From αἷμα, “blood.” He alludes to Specular iron, red ochre, or red hematite, another oxide of iron.
[2674] Sometimes it has, but in a very slight degree.
[2675] Ajasson remarks that most probably the possessors of this pretended variety knew the distinction between the two poles of the magnet, and took care, when it was their interest to do so, to place the opposite pole towards that of the other loadstone.
[2676] It was the belief of the Duke of Noya Caraffa, that this stone was identical with Tourmaline: but, as Beckmann says, tourmaline, when heated, first attracts iron, and then repels it. Hist. Inv. Vol. I. pp. 87, 88. Bohn’s Edition. Ajasson is of opinion that the Theamedes was neither more nor less than the ordinary loadstone, with the negative pole presented, by designing persons, towards another magnet.
[2677] In B. ii. c. 98, and B. xx. c. 1.
[2678] See B. iv. c. 23.
[2679] See B. ii. c. 106, Vol. I. p. 137, and Note 687. There is little doubt that this was a volcanic, porous product.
[2680] From σάρξ, “flesh,” and φάγω, “to eat.” See B. ii. c. 98. Ajasson identifies it with Alunite, or Alum stone, in its several varieties.
[2681] Both of them varieties of calcareous tufa, Ajasson thinks.
[2682] Or Sarcophagus: see the preceding Chapter.
[2683] Democritus, amongst the ancients, and Savonarola and Cardan, in more recent times, have attributed to stones the powers of reproduction. Vivès speaks of certain diamonds which conceive and fructify; and Avicenna speaks of the selenite or moon-stone of Arabia, which, when suspended from a tree, generates other stones of a similar nature. Tournefort also entertained similar opinions.
[2684] Fossil teeth of mammiferæ, probably.
[2685] Fossil animal remains, no doubt.
[2686] Cneius Pompeius. See B. iii. c. 3.
[2687] “Palmati.” This is more probably the meaning, than the “human palm,” as Littré renders it. They were fossil impressions of leaves, in all probability.
[2688] See Chapter [43] of this Book: also B. iv. cc. 7, 8.
[2689] Stones so called, possibly, from being found in the vicinity of Cora in Italy: See B. iii. c. 9. These stones are also mentioned by Isidorus, Orig. B. xvi. c. 4.
[2690] Identified by Ajasson and Desfontaines? with Quartz molar agate, very abundant in this volcanic region of Italy.
[2691] “Molares.” “Millstone.”
[2692] Or Serpentine. See Chapter [11] of this Book.
[2693] Not the Pyrites of modern Mineralogy, combinations of sulphur with various mineral ores.
[2694] The Greek for “fire” being πῦρ.
[2695] Sulphate of copper, probably, our Chalcopyrite, or yellow copper pyrites.
[2696] See B. v. c. 35.
[2697] Or “quick,” “vivos.” Ajasson identifies these with the quartz agates that form our gun-flints, a Chalcedonic variety of Silica.
[2698] Amadue, or German tinder.
[2699] Fossil shells of oysters and bivalve mollusks, combined, probably, with Fahlunite or Hydrous Iolite.
[2700] This is the most delicate variety of Asbestus, a kind of Hornblende: it presents the lustre of satin. As to Asbestus, see B. xix. c. 4, where Pliny has evidently taken it to be a vegetable production.
[2702] “Earthy” stone. These are either nodules of iron-stone, hollow in the centre, or else round, inorganic masses, hollow, and lined with crystals within. These latter are mostly of a silicious nature.
[2703] It was, probably, a yellow, argillaceous earth, and it is more probable that it derived its name from μελὶ, “honey,” in consequence of its colour than by reason of its supposed sweet juices. The Mellite, Mellitite, or Honey-stone of modern Mineralogy, also known as Mellate of Alumina, has its name from its honey-yellow colour. It is found in Thuringia, Moravia, and Bohemia; but most probably was unknown in the days of Pliny.
[2704] See B. xx. cc. 6, 21.
[2705] Our jet, which somewhat resembles cannel-coal, and is found in clay soils.
[2706] See B. v. c. 28, where a place called “Gagæ” is mentioned. In Note 3900 to that Chapter, “gagates” is erroneously rendered “agate.”
[2707] See B. v. c. 26.
[2708] This comparison is not inapt, as it is closely akin to Lignite, or brown coal.
[2709] A bituminous and animal odour, Ajasson says, quite peculiar to itself.
[2710] He has borrowed this erroneous assertion, probably, from Nicander, who, with Pliny, says the same of the “Thracian stone,” which has not been identified, but is supposed to have been a sort of coal. See B. xxxiii. c. [30].
[2711] This is, probably, the meaning of “sonticus morbus,” a disease, which, according to the jurists, excused those affected with it, from attending in courts of justice.
[2712] Albertus Magnus, De Mineral. B. ii., says that if it is given in water to a female, it will have a diuretic effect immediately, if she is not in a state of virginity, and that the contrary will be the case if she is.
[2713] See B. xxx. c. 5. According to Dalechamps, this was practised by placing the jet upon a hatchet at a red heat.
[2714] “Stone-macerater.” From τήκω, to “macerate,” and λιθὸς, “a stone.”
[2715] Dioscorides says that it was found in Cappadocia also; and both he and Galen attribute to it certain medicinal properties. It was used either for colouring, or else, like fuller’s earth, for taking the grease out of wool and cloth. Ajasson is inclined to think that it was either a volcanic scoria or a Peperite, also of volcanic origin.
[2716] Or “blood-stone,” mentioned already in Chapter [25] of this Book.
[2717] He is evidently speaking here of the red peroxide of iron.
[2718] Vermilion. See B. xxxiii. c. [37].
[2719] Literally, “split” stone; so called, probably, from its laminated form. Ajasson identifies it with yellow or brown iron ore, known in Mineralogy as Limonite, or Brown Hematite.
[2720] “Explendis oculorum lacunis.”
[2721] Mentioned in Chapter [25] of this Book.
[2722] Mentioned also in Chapter [25]. Probably Red peroxide of iron, in a massive form.
[2723] “All-serviceable,” or “all-heal.”
[2724] “Man-subduing.”
[2725] The colour of Specular iron, or red peroxide of iron, being of a dark steel-grey or iron-black, this is probably another variety of it. Ajasson thinks that it includes compact or massive red oxide of iron, and scaly red iron, or red iron froth, which leaves red marks upon the fingers.
[2726] See Chapter [11] of this Book. Its alleged attraction of silver and copper is fabulous, no doubt.
[2727] This is probably the Limonite, or Hydrous peroxide of iron, mentioned in the preceding Chapter. See Note [2719] above.
[2728] Identified by Ajasson with Red ochre, or Reddle, a red peroxide of iron, used for red crayons in drawing.
[2729] “Liver-stone.” Not to be confounded with the Hepatite of modern Mineralogy, or Sulphate of Barytes.
[2730] “Spleen-stone.”
[2732] Identified by Ajasson with Laminated protoxide of iron. It has probably an affinity to the variety noticed above, in Notes [2719] and [2727].
[2733] Owing solely, in all probability, to its name, “blood-stone.”
[2734] Ajasson is at a loss to know whether this is our Anthracite, a non-bituminous coal, or some kind of bituminous coal. Delafosse takes it to be pit-coal.
[2735] Or “eagle-stone.” It is a Geodes, mentioned in Chapter [23] of this Book, a globular mass of clay iron-stone. Sometimes it is hollow within, and sometimes it encloses another stone, or a little water, or some mineral dust.
[2736] Chapter 4.
[2737] See B. iv. c. 2.
[2738] A kind of pumice, Ajasson thinks, or porous feldspathic scoria from volcanos.
[2740] In Chapter [37] of this Book.
[2741] See B. xxiii. cc. 45, 80.
[2742] Probably of a similar nature to the Samian stone.
[2743] Pumice is still used as the basis of a dentifrice, but it destroys the enamel of the teeth.
[2745] Or “temples of the Muses:” evidently grottos in the present instance.
[2746] In allusion to the line, “Aridâ modo pumice expolitum”—“Just polished with dry pumice-stone.” Ep. I. l. 2. Both the backs of books and the parchment used for writing were rubbed with pumice.
[2747] Sec B. v. c. 36.
[2749] Hist. B. ix. c. 18.
[2750] As a preventive of vomiting.
[2751] “Musta.” Grape-juice in the process of being made into wine.
[2752] Delafosse suggests that this may have been grey-spotted granite. The name is doubtful, as “Edesian” and “Ephesian” are other readings.
[2753] In Chapter [13] of this Book.
[2754] “Golden stone.” A variety, perhaps, of the Thebaic stone with gold spots, mentioned in Chapter [13] of this Book.
[2755] Possibly so called from Χάλαζα, “hail,” it being, perhaps, a granite with spots like hailstones.
[2756] Sec Chapters [11] and [33] of this Book.
[2757] In consequence of its extreme hardness.
[2758] Phœnician stone and Tænarian stone do not appear to have been identified. Parian stone may probably have been white Parian marble.
[2759] See Chapter [12] of this Book.
[2760] Serpentine. See Chapters [11] and [30].
[2761] See B. iv. cc. 22, 23.
[2762] Ajasson identifies it with Ollar stone, talc, or soap-stone, a hydrous silicate of magnesia, and nearly allied to the Ophites of Chapters [11] and [30].
[2763] He being a native of that part of Italy.
[2764] The Green Colubine Ollar stone; or soap-stone of Italy.
[2765] See B. iii. c. 21.
[2766] Identified by Brotero with our Free-stone or grit-stone.
[2767] So called from its resemblance to the spots on a peacock’s tail. He alludes, probably, to the mode of roofing with tiles cut in the form of scales, still much employed on the continent, and in Switzerland more particularly.
[2768] Or “Mirror-stone.” Transparent Selenite or gypsum; a sulphate of lime.
[2769] Now Segorba, in Valentia.
[2770] Ajasson is of opinion that various kinds of mica and talc are the minerals here alluded to.
[2771] From φεγγὸς, “brightness.” Beckmann is of opinion that this was a calcareous or gypseous spar (Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 66); but Ajasson seems to think that it was very similar to Parian marble, which was sometimes called by this name.
[2772] This is more likely to apply to a white marble than to a calcareous or gypseous spar. Suetonius says, c. 14, that Domitian, when he suspected that plots were forming against him, caused the porticos in which he walked to be lined with Phengites, which by its reflection showed what was going on behind his back.
[2773] See B xviii. c. 2.
[2774] See Chapter [24] of this Book.
[2775] Beckmann says, in reference to this passage, supposing that a kind of spar is meant by the word phengites—“It is probable that the openings of the walls of the building where the windows used to be, were in this instance filled up with phengites. which, by admitting a faint light, prevented the place from being dark, even when the doors were shut.”— Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 66. Bohn’s Edition.
[2776] In Chapter [10] of this Book.
[2777] See B. v. cc. 22, 35, for two places of this name.
[2778] A Celtic word, probably.
[2779] See B. iii. c. 2.
[2780] Identical, probably, with the Tufa of modern Mineralogy, which thence derives its name, a Carbonate of lime.
[2781] Thus reversing the order of things with the Romans, who put the lime on their houses, and the pitch in their wines. See B. xiv. cc. 3, 24, 25.
[2782] See B. xiv. c. 24.
[2783] A white tufa, Vitruvius says, B. i. c. 7.
[2784] It was in reference, possibly, to this stone that Cicero made the remark, mentioned in Chapter [5] of this Book; the heat of Chios being so great, perhaps, that the Tiburtine stone could not have endured it.
[2785] A general name for Silica, Flint, or Quartz, and the several varieties.
[2786] See B. iii. c. 8.
[2787] See B. ii. c. 96, B. iii. c. 9, and B. xiv. c. 8.
[2788] Ajasson thinks that Travertine is meant; a tufa, or carbonate of lime, which is common in Tuscany.
[2789] “Built of stones of equal size.”
[2790] “Built of stones of unequal sizes.”
[2791] “Filled up work,” apparently.
[2792] The reading is very doubtful here: for the word seems to mean, in Greek, “From one wall to another.” “Diamicton”—“Mixed up,” is another reading.
[2793] Where the outer face of each stone forms an exact square; the pointings consequently having a netlike or reticulated appearance.
[2794] The vertical pointings or junctures lying one over the other.
[2795] De Re Rust. c. 38.
[2796] See Chapters [29] and [30] of this Book.
[2797] To which Pozzuolane belongs.
[2798] For making mortar.
[2799] Pounded marble mixed with quicklime.
[2800] “Lacte et croco” appears to be a preferable reading to “late e croco,” as given by the Bamberg MS.
[2801] It seems difficult to understand whether by the word “spiræ” he means astragals, or bases. It would almost appear, by the use of the word “subditæ,” that it is “bases” for the shafts. It is just possible, however, that the meaning may be that the “spiræ” were placed beneath the capitals which were added.
[2802] A different thing altogether from the Maltha or Pissasphalt of B. ii. c. 108. Festus describes it as a mixture of pitch and wax; and Palladius, in B. i. c. 17, speaks of it as being composed of tar, grease, and lime boiled; and in c. 35 he describes Maltha caldaria as a mixture of hammoniacum, figs, tow, tar, and melted suet. It was probably a general name for several kinds of cement. Heineccius says that it was employed for sealing, but on what authority does not appear. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 141. Bohn’s Edition.
[2803] This is perhaps the meaning of “duplici lenimento.” The reading, however, is doubtful.
[2804] The name now given to Sulphate of lime, including the varieties of Alabaster and Selenite. Plaster of Paris is prepared from it.
[2805] The method of preparing plaster of Paris.
[2806] See B. iv. c. 3.
[2807] See B. iv. c. 3.
[2808] The same thing, strictly speaking. See Chapter [12] of this Book.
[2809] See Chapter [45] of this Book.
[2810] See B. vii. c. 46.
[2811] Dioscorides says, B. v. c. 134, that, taken internally, it produces suffocation.
[2812] “Lithostrota.”
[2813] His age and country are unknown.
[2814] “The house that has no sweeping.”
[2815] “Subtegulanea.”—“Undercover;” in contradistinction to the “subdialia” of next Chapter.
[2816] “Pavimentum,” from “pavio,” to “beat down.”
[2817] “Scutulatum.”—Having figures in the shape of a lozenge or rhombus.
[2818] The line is,
“Arte pavimenti atque emblemate vermiculato;”
literary compositions being compared by him to the artificial construction of a pavement.
[2819] “Subdialia;” more literally, “open-air pavements.”
[2820] Or “kernel;” so called because it lay in the middle. Vitruvius says that it was composed of one part lime, and three parts pounded pottery.
[2821] “Quercus.”
[2822] “Spicata testacea.” These pavements were probably so called because the bricks were laid at angles to each other (of about forty-five degrees), like the grains in an ear of wheat; or like the spines projecting from either side of the back-bone of a fish.
[2823] “Lithostrota.”
[2824] In Chapter [24] of this Book.
[2825] See B. v. c. 17.
[2826] See B. v. c. 19.
[2827] A mineral alkali, Beckmann thinks; for it could not possibly be our saltpetre, he says. See B. xxxi. c. 46.
[2828] Beckmann discredits this story, because sand, he says, is not so easily brought to a state of fusion. Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 496. Bohn’s Edition.
[2829] “Magnes lapis.” See B. xxxiv. c. [42], and Chapter [25] of this Book. Beckmann is of opinion that an ore of Manganese is meant, a substance which has a resemblance to the magnet, and is of the greatest utility in making glass. Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 237.
[2830] This appears to be the meaning of “Quoniam in se liquorem vitri quoque ut ferrum trahere creditur.”
[2831] In the description given by Isidorus in the “Origines,” which in other respects is similar, these words are omitted, and it is possible that they are a gloss by some one who was better acquainted with the Old Testament than with Pliny. On the other hand, as Sillig remarks, the Phœnicians may, at an early period, have imported into Greece a substance which they called “nitre of Ophir.”
[2832] See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 84.
[2833] “Excogitaverat.” Beckmann would seem to give this word the force only of “thought of,” for he gives it as his opinion that attempts were made at Sidon to form glass mirrors, but that the experiments had not completely succeeded. “Had this invention formed an epoch in the art of making mirrors, Pliny, in another place (B. xxxiii. c. [45]), where he describes the various improvements of it so fully, would not have omitted it: but of those experiments he makes no further mention.” He also expresses an opinion that the Sidonian mirrors consisted of dark-coloured glass, resembling obsidian stone.”—Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 69, 70. Bohn’s Edition.
[2834] Knowles says, in his Turkish History, p. 1273, that in 1610, among other rare presents sent to the King of Spain from the Sophy of Persia, there were six drinking-glasses, made of malleable glass so exquisitely tempered that they could not be broken.
[2835] Dion Cassius and Suetonius tell a similar story; and, according to one account, Tiberius ordered the artist to be put to death.
[2836] This reading is doubtful. It would appear to mean “stone handled.” Another reading is “pterotos,” “with winged handles.”
[2837] Volcanic glass, feldspar in a more or less pure state, our Obsidian, is probably meant; a word derived from the old reading, Obsidius, corrected by Sillig to Obsius.
[2838] He is speaking of the stone, not the glass that resembled it.
[2839] A thing very difficult to be done, as Beckmann observes, by reason of its brittleness.
[2840] The present Portugal.
[2841] “Blood-red” glass.
[2842] See B. xxxvii. cc. [7], [8], [11]. This glass was probably of an opal colour, like porcelain.
[2843] This passage is commented upon by Beckmann, Vol. II. p. 75, in connexion with a similar passage in Isidorus, Orig., which is probably corrupt.
[2844] See B. xxxvii. c. [10]. He was not aware, apparently, that in such case they act as convex burning-glasses, and that ice even may be similarly employed.
[2845] This is, probably, the meaning of “in guttas;” a new reading, which is only found in the Bamberg MS.
[2848] “Improba” seems to be used here in much the some sense in which Virgil has said “Labor improbus”—“Unremitting labour.”
[2849] He alludes, probably, to eclipses of the sun.
[2850] Acacia charcoal is still recommended as a valuable tonic, and as good for internal ulcerations and irritations of the mucous membrane.
[2851] In B. xxvi. c. 4.
[2852] “Querneus.”
[2853] It is much more likely that he was the son of Tarquin himself, who not improbably, if indeed there ever was such a person, invented the story, to escape the wrath of Queen Tanaquil. This absurd story is mentioned also by Ovid, Arnobius, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
[2854] See B. iii. c. 9, and B. xix. c. 4.
[2855] See end of B. ii. L. Cælius Antipater.
[2856] See end of B. ii.
[2857] Probably Sulpicius Galba, who devoted his time to literary pursuits, and rose to no higher office than the prætorship, He was grand-father of the Emperor Galba, and wrote a historical work.
[2858] Another reading is “Ictius,” but nothing is known of either.
[2859] See end of B. ii.
[2860] See end of B. ii.
[2861] See end of B. ii.
[2862] See end of B. ii. and end of B. xviii.
[2863] See end of B. vii.
[2864] See end of B. xvi.
[2865] See end of B. ii. and end of B. xviii.
[2866] See end of B. vi.
[2867] See end of B. iii.
[2868] See end of B. xvi.
[2869] See end of B. iii.
[2870] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[2871] See end of B. v.
[2872] See end of B. viii.
[2873] All that we know of him is, that he wrote on Precious Stones. Apollonius Dyscolus mentions an author who wrote on the same subject, whose name was “Tacus;” and possibly the same person is meant.
[2874] Mentioned in this and the next Book, as a writer on Precious Stones.
[2875] Cornelius Alexander. See end of B. iii.
[2876] See end of B. xxx.
[2877] See end of B. xx.
[2878] See end of B. vii.
[2879] See end of B. ii.
[2880] A Sicilian author of the time of Alexander. In his “Sacred History,” he interpreted the legends of the popular religion as based upon historical facts, and taught that the gods of Mythology were only deified men. His system has been compared with the rationalism of some German theologians, and Euhemerists were still to be found at the close of last century. Diodorus Siculus, Polybius, and Dionysius of Halicarnassus have followed in his track; and the poet Ennius translated his work, which is now lost.
[2881] A Greek writer on Egypt. He is often quoted by Stephanus Byzantinus, who says that he was not much younger than Plato. He is mentioned as a writer on the Pyramids of Egypt, in Chapter [17] of this Book.
[2882] See end of B. xii.
[2883] See end of B. ii.
[2884] From the mention made of him in Chapter [17] of this Book, he must have lived in the first century before, or the first century after Christ.
[2885] Possibly Antisthenes of Rhodes, a historian who lived about 200 B.C.
[2886] Possibly the author mentioned by Athenæus, B. xv. as having written on Egypt. He is mentioned in Chapter [17] of this Book.
[2887] Hardouin thinks that he is the same person as Hermateles, mentioned by Tertullian, De Spectaculis, c. 8, as having written on Obelisks.
[2888] A native of Naucratis, in Egypt, who wrote a work on that country, mentioned by Athenæus, and some Poems.
[2890] This being imposed as a punishment on him, in remembrance of his sacrilegious crimes, when released by Jupiter from the rock. Prometheus and Vulcan, as Ajasson remarks, are personifications of fire, employed for artistic purposes.
[2892] For ultimately, Oroetes, the satrap of Sardes, contrived to allure him into his power, and had him crucified, B.C. 522. Fuller, in his Worthies, p. 370, tells a very similar story of the loss and recovery of his ring by one Anderson, a merchant of Newcastle-on-Tyne; and Zuinglius gives a similar statement with reference to Arnulph, duke of Lorraine, who dropped his ring into the Moselle, and recovered it from the belly of a fish.
[2893] See Chapter [23]. According to Herodotus, Pausanias, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Suidas, the stone was an emerald; and Lessing thinks that there was no figure engraved on it. See Chapter [4] of this Book. Without vouching for the truth of it, we give the following extract from the London Journal, Vol. xxiii. No. 592. “A vine-dresser of Albano, near Rome, is said to have found in a vineyard, the celebrated ring of Polycrates.—The stone is of considerable size, and oblong in form. The engraving on it, by Theodore of Samos, the son of Talikles, is of extraordinary fineness and beauty. It represents a lyre, with three bees flying about; below, on the right, a dolphin; on the left, the head of a bull. The name of the engraver is inscribed in Greek characters. The upper surface of the stone is slightly concave, not highly polished, and one corner broken. It is asserted that the possessor has been offered 50,000 dollars for it.”
[2894] “Achates.” A variegated chalcedony. It was probably what is called, from its radiated streaks, a fortification agate. See Chapter [54] of this Book.
[2895] Ajasson remarks that there can be little doubt that Nature had at least been very extensively seconded by Art.
[2896] “Choraules.” One who accompanies the chorus on the pipe or flute.
[2897] “Smaragdus.”
[2898] One of the Danaïdes.
[2899] This is said with reference to the one in the Temple of Concord, mentioned in Chapter [2].
[2900] But see Exodus xxvii. 9, et seq., where it is shown that the practice existed many hundreds of years before.
[2901] See B. vii. c. 38; where marble is the substance named. There are still two gems in existence said to have been engraved by this artist; but by some they are thought to be spurious.
[2902] There are many precious stones with his name, still extant: but only six appear to have been really engraved by him.
[2903] This signet is mentioned also by Plutarch and Valerius Maximus.
[2904] See B. iii. c. 4.
[2905] The younger Africanus. This circumstance is mentioned in the Epitome of Livy, B. xlviii.
[2906] See B. xxxiii. c. [5], and end of Book ix.
[2907] In reference to the ambiguous part which he acted, Ajasson thinks, in the early part of his career.
[2908] In reference to the story of Œdipus and the Sphinx.
[2909] A Greek word, signifying a “repository of kings.”
[2911] The sister of Augustus.
[2914] “Acta.”
[2916] A.U.C. 693.
[2917] 30th of September.
[2918] “Alveum lusorium.”
[2919] Probably meaning a shrine dedicated to the Muses.
[2920] See B. ii. c. 78, and B. vii. c. 60.
[2921] That of Africa.
[2922] See B. vii. c. 27.
[2923] As was the case, after the murder of Pompey in Egypt.
[2924] Caligula.
[2925] Modern writers differ as to the material of which these vessels were composed. Some think that they were of variegated glass, and others of onyx; but the more general opinion is, that they were Chinese porcelain, and we have the line in Propertius, B. iv. El. 5, l. 26. “And murrhine vessels baked on Parthian hearths.” Ajasson is of opinion, from the description given by Pliny, that these vessels were made of Fluor spar, or fluate of lime. “Myrrhine” is another reading of the word.
[2926] “Ante hos annos.” Sillig is of opinion that the reading here should be “L. Annius,” and that L. Annius Bassus, who was Consul suffectus in the year 70 A.D., is the person referred to; or possibly, T. Arrius Antoninus, who was Consul suffectus, A.D. 69.
[2927] The Gardens of Nero, in the Fourteenth Region of the City.
[2928] He had been formerly a sharer in the debaucheries of Nero. Tacitus called him “Caius.”
[2929] See B. vi. cc. 27, 28, 32.
[2930] Ajasson is of opinion that this passage bears reference to crystallization. Both he and Desfontaines see in the present Chapter a very exact description of Fluor spar; and there is certainly great difficulty in recognizing any affinity between murrhine vessels, as here described, and porcelain.
[2931] “Abacus.”
[2932] In the preceding [Chapter].
[2933] Meaning that they are semitransparent, Ajasson thinks. One great characteristic of Fluor spar is its being subtranslucent.
[2934] This would appear to be the meaning here of “sales.” See p. [396].
[2935] One of the grounds, Ajasson says, on which may be based the opinion that they were artificial.
[2936] Colourless crystals, quartz, or rock crystal; called “white stone” in jewellery.
[2937] See B. xxxvi. c. [45]. This was a very general opinion of the ancients with respect to crystal.
[2938] Κρύσταλλος, from κρύος, “cold.”
[2939] See B. v. c. 29.
[2940] In Caria, see B. v. c. 29.
[2941] The Island “of the dead.” Brotero supposes it to be the island of Maceira.
[2942] See B. vi. c. 34. As Ajasson remarks, there could be no snow or ice here.
[2943] See B. iv. c. 35.
[2944] Dioscorides attributes the hardening of crystal to the action of the sun.
[2945] “Its shape is rhombohedral, and hemihedral in some of its modifications. The planes on the angles between the prism and pyramidal terminations, incline sometimes to the right, and sometimes to the left, and the crystals are termed right and left-handed crystals.”—Dana, System of Mineralogy, Art. Quartz.
[2946] Ajasson remarks that blocks have been found in Switzerland, weighing above eight hundred pounds.
[2947] Forty-eight sextarii. See Introduction to Vol. III.
[2948] This “vomica,” Ajasson says, is either water, azote, rarified oxygen, or water in combination with naphtha.
[2949] “Centra,” knots, or flaws. See B. xvi. c. 76, where he speaks of the “centra” in marble. See also Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 471. Bohn’s Edition.
[2950] “Sale.” See Note [2934] above.
[2951] “Without flaw.”
[2953] “Succinum.” It is of vegetable origin, and, according to Göppert, was originally the viscous resin of a tree named by him Pinites succinifer.
[2954] It is used by men, more particularly, at the present day, as a mouthpiece for pipes.
[2955] As to the vegetable origin of amber, there is no doubt that the ancients were right.
[2956] Most probably from ἥλιος, the “sun.” Phaëthon was fabled to have been the son of Apollo. See the story in Ovid’s Met. B. ii. l. 340, et seq.
[2957] Where amber was not to be found.
[2958] In reality, these “Amber Islands” were situate at the mouth of the Vistula, into which the Radanus discharged itself; a river whose name was afterwards confounded with “Eridanus,” the ancient name of the Padus, or Po. See B. iv. cc. 27, 30, as to the produce of amber in the Baltic.
[2959] Another reference to its vegetable origin.
[2960] De Lapid. n. 53.
[2961] In confirmation of this, Ajasson remarks that amber is found at Saint Paulet in the Department Du Gard, and at Aix, in the Department of Bouches-du-Rhône, regions not very distant from the territory of ancient Liguria.
[2962] It has been supposed by some that this in reality was Tourmaline, and Woodward has identified it with Belemnites. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 86. Bohn’s Edition. See further as to “Lyncurium,” B. viii. c. 57, and Chapter [13] of this Book.
[2963] See B. iv. c. 28.
[2964] See B. iv. c. 27.
[2965] Said in reference to the electric spark, Ajasson thinks.
[2966] In Hebrew, this word means “a stone.”
[2967] From the Greek ἁρπάζω, “to drag.”
[2968] See B. x. c. 38.
[2969] All this is based, Ajasson thinks, upon the stories of Hindoo mythology.
[2970] The old reading is “Osericta:” Ajasson identifies it with the island of Oësel in the Baltic.
[2971] See B. x. c. 38.
[2972] See B. iv. cc. 27, 30, and the Notes.
[2973] See B. iv. c. 30.
[2974] It is just possible that the Pinites succinifer may have still existed, to some extent, eighteen hundred years ago. See Note [2953] above.
[2975] From “succus,” “juice.”
[2976] Goitre, for example.
[2977] The projecting part in the Circus or Amphitheatre, next the arena, and immediately in front of the place occupied by the emperor and nobles.
[2978] The knots, probably, were adorned with studs or buttons of amber.
[2979] “Libitina.” Meaning the litters on which the slain gladiators were carried away from the arena.
[2980] Martial has three Epigrams on Insects enclosed in amber; B. iv. Ep. 32 and 59, and B. vi. Ep. 15.
[2981] These so-called kinds or varieties are mostly accidental variations only in appearance.
[2982] Which is perceptible on its being rubbed: in some cases the odour of amber is very fine, in others it is perfectly fetid; though in the latter case, as Ajasson remarks, it is doubtful whether it may be considered to be genuine amber.
[2983] “Lini.” Salmasius suggests “pini,” “pith of pine.”
[2984] “Golden amber.” Brotero thinks that this must have been Hyacinth or Zirconite of a yellowish white colour. Ajasson says that the description would equally apply to Idocrase, Meionite, or Harmotome.
[2985] See Note [2962], above. Brotero identifies it with orange-coloured Hyacinth; Ajasson and Desfontaines with Tourmaline. Ajasson suggests, also, that the first syllabic in its name—Lync, may have been derived from the Sanscrit Lanka, the name of Ceylon, one of the localities where the Tourmaline is chiefly found.
[2986] Ajasson thinks that Rubellite or Red Tourmaline is here alluded to.
[2987] This is the case with tourmaline when subjected to heat.
[2988] We may here remark, that throughout this Book, in all cases where there is any doubt as to the identification of the substance, the ancient name is retained. Hence our words “adamant” and “diamond.” If Pliny means the latter, which is doubtful, it still maintains the rank here assigned to it. The word “adamas” is supposed to be derived from the Greek ἀ, privative, and δαμάω, “to subdue,” it being supposed to be invincible by fire. The diamond is pure carbon crystallized, and is thought to have been of vegetable origin. Dana has the following remarks upon the word “adamas.”—“This name was applied by the ancients to several minerals differing much in their physical properties. A few of these are quartz, specular iron ore, emery, and other substances of rather high degrees of hardness, which cannot now be identified. It is doubtful whether Pliny had any acquaintance with the real diamond.”—System of Mineralogy, Art. Diamond. We may also add, from the same authority, that the method of polishing diamonds was first discovered in 1456, by Louis Berquen, a citizen of Bruges, previous to which time the diamond was only known in its native uncut state.
[2989] This statement cannot apply to the “diamond” as known to us, though occasionally grains of gold have been found in the vicinity of the diamond.
[2990] Ajasson is of opinion that the Æthiopia here mentioned is in reality India, and that the “Temple of Mercury” means the Brahmaloka, or Temple of Brahma.
[2991] The diamond, as known to us, is octahedral.
[2992] Though found in comparative abundance in India, the diamond is not found in Arabia.
[2993] This is not the case with the diamond; for on being struck under such circumstances, it will break.
[2994] In reality, the diamond will burn, and, at a temperature of 14° Wedgewood, is wholly consumed, producing carbonic acid gas.
[2995] See Note [2988], above.
[2996] “Millet-seed.”
[2997] Ajasson says, that no doubt this adamas was Adamantine, or limpid Corundum.
[2998] Ajasson suggests that this may have been Dichroite, or Cordierite, known also as Iolite, or Water sapphire.
[2999] Possibly the Siderite, sparry iron, or spathic iron of modern Mineralogy. Ajasson is inclined to think that it is Corundum, of a dark hue.
[3000] See B. xx. c. 1, B. xxviii. cc. 23, 41, and B. xxxii. c. [12].
[3001] Brotero thinks that this was a story invented by the dealers, with a view of concealing the real method of breaking the stone.
[3002] Said, probably, with reference to the rank, nauseous smell of the he-goat.
[3003] This is true with reference to the diamond, and, in a less degree, several other crystalline substances, emery and quartz, for example.
[3004] Ajasson remarks, that if the diamond is placed in the magnetic line or current of the loadstone, it attracts iron equally with the loadstone, and consequently neutralizes the attractive power of the loadstone in a considerable degree.
[3005] The reading is very doubtful here. This word, as it is here given, would appear to be derived from the Greek ἀ privative, and ἄγχομαι, “to strangle oneself,” and to mean, “preventive of suicide.”
[3006] See B. iv. c. 27, and Chapter [11] of this Book.
[3007] At the present day the ruby is next in esteem to the diamond.
[3009] The Emerald, and various other green precious stones, were included under this name.
[3010] “Virentes” seems a very preferable reading to “silentes,” as given by the Bamberg MS.
[3011] The emerald is supposed to derive this colour from a minute portion of oxide of chrome.
[3012] Engraved emeralds are but seldom found among collections of ancient gems. In 1593, there was one found in the tomb of Maria, daughter of Stilicho, in the Vatican, with the head of Honorius, her husband, engraved upon it.
[3013] “It may here be objected that real emeralds are too small to admit of being used as mirrors; but the ancients speak of some sufficiently large for that purpose, and also of artificial ones; so that we may with certainty conclude, that they classed among the emeralds fluor spar, green vitrified lava, or the green Icelandic agate, as it is called, green jasper, and also green glass.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 67. Bohn’s Edition. It has also been suggested, with reference to this passage, that Nero was short-sighted, and that this emerald was formed like a concave lens. The passage, however, will hardly support such a construction. Ajasson thinks that it must have been a Dioptase or Siberian emerald; or else a green Corundum.
[3014] Ajasson is of opinion that the Dioptase, Siberian emerald, or Malachite emerald is meant.
[3015] Ajasson thinks that this may be the Dioptase or Achirite of Chinese Bucharia; and that the merchant Achir Mahmed, from whom it takes its name, was by no means the first to introduce it, or to circulate his wonderful stories as to its formation.
[3016] See B. ii. cc. 47, 48, and B. xviii. c. 74.
[3017] Mount Zalora. in Upper Egypt, still produces emeralds, and was probably the only locality of the genuine stone that was known to the ancients.
[3018] “Cetarias.”
[3019] Ajasson remarks that the greater part of the defects here described belong in reality to the Dioptase.
[3020] “Sal.” See Chapters [8], [10], [22], and [37], of this Book.
[3021] Ajasson is of opinion that Diallage is here meant, known also by the names of Bronzite, schillerspath, schillerstein, and omphasite.
[3022] See B. iv. c. 11.
[3023] “In sole” seems a preferable reading to “in solo,” “on the ground,” as given by the Bamberg MS.
[3024] See Chapter [39] of this Book; where it will be shown that this probably is not the modern Sapphire.
[3025] Ajasson suggests that these may have been Quartz agates of the dendritic or arborized kind.
[3026] He probably alludes here to some variety of the Chalcedony or Opal quartz.
[3027] Said with reference to Chrysoprase, Ajasson thinks; a leek-green chalcedony, coloured by nickel.
[3028] Probably the Cacholong of modern mineralogy, a variety of opal, nearly opaque, and of a porcelain or bluish white colour.
[3029] Ajasson and Brotero identify this with milk-white chalcedony; but on what authority, does not appear.
[3030] See B. iv. c. 8.
[3031] Supposed by Ajasson to be the Euclase, a brittle green stone, composed of silica, alumina, and glucina. Haüy gave it this name from the Greek words εὖ, “easily” and κλάω, “to break.” According to Dana, however, Euclase was first brought from Peru: if such is the fact, we must, perhaps, look for its identification in Epidote, a green silicate of alumina.
[3032] “Brazen smaragdus.” It was probably Dioptase, combined with copper Pyrites. See Notes [3013], [3014], and [3015], above.
[3033] With reference to this statement and the others in this Chapter, Ajasson remarks that these stones can have been nothing but prases, green jaspers, fusible spaths, emerald quartz, and fluates of lime.
[3034] Herodotus mentions this smaragdus and the temple, B. ii. c. 44, as having been seen by himself.
[3035] “Iaspis.” See Chapter [37] of this Book.
[3036] Meaning “the conqueror of many,” probably; in reference to his contentious disposition. See end of B. xxx.
[3037] The Beryl and the Emerald are only varieties of the same species, the latter owing its colour to oxide of chrome, the former to oxide of iron.
[3038] The best Beryls are found in Siberia, Hindostan, Brazil, and the United States.
[3039] The crystals are naturally hexagonal.
[3040] Hence the name of the sky-blue, or mountain-green beryl, aquamarine.
[3041] Or “golden beryl,” The modern Chrysoberyl is altogether a different stone from the one here described, which probably is identical with Chrysoprase or leek-green Chalcedony, the stone next mentioned.
[3042] “Leek-green and gold.”
[3043] “Sky-coloured.”
[3044] The largest specimen of Beryl known, belonged to Don Pedro. It was not cylindrical in form, but shaped like the head of a calf, and weighed 225 ounces troy.
[3045] Which is the case.
[3046] In Chapter [18] of this Book.
[3047] “Pterygia.”
[3048] In the Uralian Mountains, for example.
[3049] Opals are hydrated silica, the amount of water varying.
[3050] On the contrary, precious Opal is found in Hungary, at Frankfort, and in Honduras, and other varieties in numerous parts of the world, including the East Indies.
[3051] See Chapter [25] of this Book.
[3053] The largest opal known is in the Imperial cabinet at Vienna. It is the size of a man’s fist, and weighs 17 ounces, but is full of fissures.
[3054] See Carm. 53 of the Poems of Catullus.
[3055] A.U.C. 788.
[3056] See B. viii. c. 47. He alludes to the story of the Beaver.
[3057] See B. xxii. c. 29.
[3058] This is the case with common opal, as distinguished from precious opal.
[3059] “Lovely youth.”
[3060] Said ironically. There is a somewhat similar remark in B. xxxiii. c. [12].
[3061] A mixture of brown-red and white chalcedony.
[3062] From the Greek Σάρδιον, “sard,” and ὄνυξ, a “finger nail.”
[3063] His meaning seems to be that it does not present the bright transparent red of the Indian Sarda or Carnelian. See Chapter [31] of this Book.
[3064] “Quâdam spe.” Un soupçon, as the French would say.
[3065] This would appear, from the description, to be an Agate, or variegated Chalcedony.
[3066] He probably intends to include the Sarda or Carnelian here.
[3067] A variety, probably, of common Chalcedony.
[3068] See B. ix. cc. 74, 88, and B. xxxii. c. [53].
[3069] “Fæculentæ,” of the colour of wine-lees.
[3070] So called from ὄνυξ, a “finger-nail.” It is a variety of the Chalcedony, resembling Agate, but the colours are arranged in flat horizontal planes.
[3071] See B. xxxiv. c. [22], and B. xxxvi. c. [12].
[3072] It is pretty clear that the Onyx of Pliny included not only our Onyx, but several other varieties of the Chalcedony.
[3073] “Igniculos.”
[3074] “Carnosas.” It is somewhat doubtful whether our Carnelian, or Cornelian, take its name from this word, or from “cornus,” a cornel-berry.
[3076] Literally meaning a “red-hot coal.” The carbunculus of Pliny is supposed to include not only the red, or Iron and Iron-lime garnet, but the Spinelle ruby also, or Oriental ruby.
[3077] There is some truth in this, as some few kinds both of the Garnet and Ruby are infusible. Of the ruby, the red varieties change to brown, black, and opaque even, as the temperature increases, and on cooling become first green, and then nearly colourless, but at last resume their red colour.
[3078] From the Greek; meaning “incombustible.”
[3079] From Καρχήδων, the Greek name for Carthage.
[3080] Carthago Magna, so called in contradistinction to Carthage Nova, or New Carthage, in Spain.
[3081] See B. v. c. 29.
[3082] In the vicinity of Orthosia. It is from this place that one kind of garnet is now called “Almandine.” There is also the Almandine, or violet-coloured ruby. Sec Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. p. 238. Bohn’s Edition. It is probable that Carthage was the great entrepôt for the carbunculi of the Garamantes and Æthiopia, where Red sapphire, Red corundum, or Oriental ruby, was probably found.
[3083] A variety, perhaps, of Iron garnet, or Iron-lime garnet.
[3084] Desfontaines suggests that this may have been the Balas ruby, or possibly the Syrian Garnet, of a violet purple colour. Not improbably it is the Almandine ruby.
[3085] “Pinnato fulgore.” This mottled appearance is to be seen in the interior of some red garnets.
[3086] Common garnets, probably.
[3087] Sillig suggests that this may be from λιγνὺς, “soot.” The reading, however, is extremely doubtful.
[3088] See Introduction to Vol. III. If this is the truth, they were made of some of the crystals of the garnet, probably.
[3089] De Lapid. see 61.
[3090] “Pliny has here committed a gross mistake, which has not been observed by Hardouin. Theophrastus, in the passage alluded to, does not speak of a ruby, but the well-known black marble of Chio; though he calls both carbunculus, a name given to the ruby, on account of its likeness to a burning coal, and to the black marble on account of its resemblance to a quenched coal or cinder; and the latter, as well as the Obsidian stone, was sometimes used for mirrors.”—Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. II. pp. 67, 68. Bohn’s Edition.
[3091] “Illos.” He should have said “hos”—“the latter.”
[3092] See B. iv. c. 35; the present Lisbon.
[3093] Dalechamps thinks that this is the same as the “anthracites” mentioned in B. xxxvi. c. 38, and identifies it either with our Anthracite, or else with pit-coal or bituminous coal. It is much more likely, however, that a precious stone is meant; and, in conformity with this opinion, Brotero and Ajasson have identified it with the Spinelle or scarlet Ruby, and the Balas or rose-red ruby, magnesiates of alumina.
[3094] Sec B. iv. c. 1.
[3095] “Carbo.” This word may mean either a “burning coal” or “charcoal” hence the confusion that has arisen in identifying the mineral substance that is meant.
[3096] See Note [3077], to Chapter 25.
[3097] “Sandaresus” and “Sandasiros” are other readings. This stone has not been identified, but Ajasson is inclined to think that it may have been Aventurine quartz, and is the more inclined to this opinion, as that mineral is found in Persia, and sandastra or tchandastra is purely a Sanscrit word. The description, however, would hardly seem to apply to Aventurine.
[3098] Littré suggests that the reading here probably might be “ob id non magno”—“sell not so dear.”
[3099] It has not been identified.
[3100] From λυχνὸς, a “lighted lamp” or “torch.” Brotero is of opinion that this is the Cherry-coloured ruby, that the Ionian stone is the Purple ruby, and that the kermes-berry coloured stone is the Scarlet or Spinelle ruby. From the distinct reference made to its electric nature, Ajasson identifies it with Tourmaline, a Silicate of alumina. Beckmann is of the same opinion; Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 88. Bohn’s Edition.
[3101] “Remissiorem.”
[3102] See B. xxi. cc. 33, 39, where the “Flos Jovis” is mentioned in juxtaposition with the flower called “lychnis,” either the Umbel’d Campion rose, or the Common red rose Campion.
[3103] “Coccum.” “Kermes-berry coloured.” These kinds probably were, Indicolite or Blue tourmaline, and Rubellite or Red tourmaline.
[3104] As Beckmann remarks, he should have said that it first attracts, and then repels them; such being the case with Tourmaline.
[3105] Not identical, most probably, with the Carchedonian or Carthaginian stone mentioned in Chapter [25], which was probably a garnet or a ruby. Ajasson has no doubt that it is identical with jasper quartz, including the varieties called Striped or Riband jasper, and Egyptian jasper.
[3106] See B. v. c. 5, and B. vii. c. 2.
[3107] Tourmaline, probably, in combination with other mineral substances.
[3108] Carnelian, a variety of Chalcedony. It is originally grey, or greyish red, which afterwards turns to a rich, deep, red, on exposure to the sun’s rays, and subsequently to artificial heat.
[3109] Which supplies the best carnelians at the present day.
[3110] From their mixture, Ajasson says, with argillaceous earth.
[3111] Under this name Pliny evidently speaks of the stone known to us as Chrysolite, and possibly of green agate as well. Our Topaz cannot be easily recognized in this Chapter, at all events.
[3112] See B. vi. c. 34.
[3113] See B. vi. c. 34.
[3114] Τοπάζω in Greek, signifies “to conjecture.”
[3115] It was agate, most probably.
[3116] “Leek-green.” Ajasson and Desfontaines think that this must have been either Oriental Chrysolite or Oriental Peridote.
[3117] Some would identify this with Oriental topaz or yellow corundum, a variety of the Sapphire; while others would see in it the genuine Topaz; and others, again, think it synonymous with the Chrysoprase. The name “chrysopteron” means “golden-wing.”
[3118] “Leek-green and gold.” An apple or leek-green Chalcedony, coloured by nickel. See Chapters [20], [34], and [73], of this Book.
[3120] Dana thinks this identical with the Turquois. Ajasson and Desfontaines identify it with Oriental Peridote.
[3121] Turquois is found in large quantities in a mountainous district of Persia, not far from Nichabour; where it occurs in veins which traverse the mountains in all directions.
[3122] Isidorus says, B. xvi. c. 17, that they wore it in the ears. The Shah of Persia, it is said, retains for his own use all the larger and more finely tinted specimens of turquois that are found in his dominions.
[3123] This story is now regarded as fabulous.
[3124] See B. x. cc. 44, 79.
[3125] The stone now known as “Prase” is a vitreous, leek-green, variety of massive quartz.
[3126] This may possibly have been Plasma, a faintly translucent Chalcedony, approaching jasper, having a greenish colour, sprinkled with yellow and whitish dots, and a glistening lustre. Or, perhaps, Bloodstone or Heliotrope, a kind of jasper.
[3127] See the preceding Chapter, and Note [3118].
[3128] “Cymbia.” Drinking vessels shaped like a boat.
[3129] Or “Nile-stone.” Egyptian jasper, or Egyptian pebble, a kind of quartz.
[3130] Our Malachite, a green carbonate of copper. See B. xxxiii. c. [26].
[3131] Called μολόχη or μαλάχη in Greek.
[3132] Also of Siberia, Shetland, the United States, and numerous other localities.
[3133] Meadow-green jasper.
[3134] Salmasius erroneously takes this to be the Turquoise. It is our sky-blue jasper, no doubt. See Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. I. p. 471, Bohn’s Edition.
[3135] See B. vi. c. 2.
[3136] The Bamberg MS. gives “Calchedon” here.
[3137] Namely, πορφυρίζουσα, ῥοδίζουσα , and σμαραγδίζουσα.
[3138] “Northern,” apparently.
[3139] “Sky-blue,” mentioned above.
[3140] See Chapter 31. Red jasper, or perhaps Red porphyry.
[3141] “Aut” appeals to be a preferable reading to the “ut” of the Bamberg MS.
[3142] See B. xv. cc. 12, 13.
[3143] “Terebinthizusa.” Yellow jasper, Ajasson says.
[3144] See Chapter [18] of this Book.
[3145] “Seal-stone.” A kind of carnelian, probably.
[3146] “Publico gemmarum dominio iis tantum dato, quoniam optime signent.” The above is the sense given to the passage by Holland, Ajasson, and Littré; but another translation may also be suggested—“A stone to which alone, by general consent, is awarded the custody of precious stones, from the fact that it makes the best impression as a seal.” In reference to the custom of putting a seal on the dactyliothecæ, or jewel-caskets. See page 80 of this Book.
[3147] “Single-lined.”
[3148] “Many-lined.”
[3149] Albertus Magnus, De Mineral. B. ii., has several other stories respecting it of a similar nature.
[3150] Jasper onyx.
[3151] Identified by Ajasson with snow-flake chalcedony.
[3152] Spotted jasper onyx.
[3153] See B. xxxi. c. 41.
[3154] Smoked jasper onyx.
[3155] It is still used for making vases, boxes, knife-handles, and other articles, and is much used in the manufacture of Florentine mosaics. We may also remark, that the “iaspis” of Pliny probably included some stones not of the jasper kind.
[3156] “Azure stone;” generally supposed to have been a species of Lapis lazuli or azure. Beckmann is of opinion that it was a mineral or mountain blue, tinged with copper.
[3157] It is found in China, Persia, Siberia, and Bucharia.
[3158] Ultramarine is prepared from Lapis lazuli, and an artificial kind is extensively in use, which equals the native in permanency and brilliancy of colour, and is very extensively employed in the arts. Theophrastus, De Lapid. sec. 55, speaks of this artificial ultramarine.
[3159] This must not be taken for the Sapphire of the present day, but was most probably Lapis lazuli, and identical, perhaps, with Cyanos. Beckmann has devoted considerable attention to this subject; Hist. Inv. Vol. I. pp. 468-473. Bohn’s Edition.
[3160] Particles of iron pyrites, probably, which are frequently to be seen in Lapis lazuli.
[3161] Quartz, probably, according to some authorities.
[3162] So called, according to some authorities, from ἀ, “not,” μεθύω, “to intoxicate,” on account of its being a supposed preservative against inebriety. Ajasson is of opinion that Pliny does not here speaks of the Quartz Amethyst of modern mineralogy, but only the Oriental Amethyst, violet Sapphire, or violet Corundum. It is not improbable, however, that he includes them all, as well as violet Fluor spar, and some other purple stones; inclusive, possibly, of the Garnet.
[3163] He is probably speaking here of violet Fluor spar; Oriental amethyst, or violet sapphire, it is next to impossible to engrave.
[3164] See B. ix. c. 62.
[3165] The city of Pharan, mentioned by St. Jerome and Eusebius.
[3166] “In suspectu.” See B. xxi. c. 22.
[3167] “Lovely youth.” The Opal has been thus called in Chapter [22].
[3168] “Avenger of slighted love.”
[3169] “Veneris gena;” called in Greek “Aphrodites blepharon.”
[3170] Which is most probable; however untrue the story itself may be. See Note [3162] above.
[3171] A kind of Baboon. See B. vi. c. 35, B. vii. c. 2, and B. viii. c. 80.
[3172] It is considered very doubtful whether the modern Hyacinth or Zircon is one of the number of stones that were called “Hyacinthus” by the ancients. Jameson appears to have thought that they gave this name to the oriental amethyst or violet sapphire.
[3173] See B. xxi. c. 38.
[3174] Generally supposed to be the Oriental topaz, yellow Sapphire or yellow Corundum. We have already seen, in Chapter [32], that the “Topazos” of the ancients was in all probability the modern Chrysolite.
[3175] In Pontus: see B. vi. c. 4.
[3177] Supposed to be yellow-white Hyacinth. See Chapter [12] of this Book.
[3178] “Electrum.”
[3179] See Chapter [76 ]of this Book.
[3180] See Chapter [9] of this Book.
[3181] Yellow quartz crystal probably, or False topaz.
[3182] “White gold stone.” It has not been identified.
[3183] “Smoke-stone.” A jasper has been so called in Chapter [37].
[3184] “Honey gold stone.” Some are of opinion that this was the Honey-coloured Hyacinth. Others, again, identify it with the yellow, honey-coloured Topaz; an opinion with which Ajasson coincides.
[3185] “Xanthon” is another reading. See Chapter [60] of this Book.
[3186] “Lovely youth.” See Chapter [22], where it has been already mentioned. He here reverts to the Opals.
[3187] See Chapter [40], for example, where it is given to a variety of the Amethyst.
[3188] The Opal, which he is about to describe.
[3189] See Chapter [18] of this Book.
[3190] The vitreous Asteriated crystals of Sapphire are still called by this name. Ajasson, however, and Desfontaines, identify this gem with Girasol opal or fire opal. See Note [3147].
[3191] From ἀστερ, a star.
[3192] “Star-stone.” Ajasson identifies this stone with the Asteriated Sapphire or Corundum, mentioned in Note [3190] above.
[3193] See B. iv. cc. 10, 17.
[3194] “Lightning darting.”
[3195] “Star-like.” Ajasson thinks, that it is identical with the stone next mentioned.
[3196] “Planet-stricken.” It is not improbable that this was Cat’s-eye, a translucent Chalcedony, presenting a peculiar opalescence, or internal reflections, when cut en cabochon. The colour is either bright-greenish grey, or else yellow, red, or brownish.
[3197] See Note [3194] above. Parisot thinks that these must have been Aërolites or Meteorites.
[3198] Brotero thinks that these were petrified shells, to which the magicians imputed marvellous properties.
[3199] Brotero is of opinion that those were Belemnites, more commonly known as “thunderstones.” The reading “bætyli” is doubtful; but Parisot says, on what authority does not appear, that “Betylus” meant “Great father,” and that this name, as well as “Abaddir” of similar signification, was given by magicians to aërolites or meteorites used in their enchantments.
[3200] A meteoric stone or aërolite, evidently.
[3201] “Rainbow.” Opinion seems divided as to whether this is Hyalin quartz iridized internally, or prismatic crystals of Limpid quartz, which decompose the rays of the sun.
[3202] The reading and meaning of this passage are very doubtful.
[3203] The reading is doubtful, “zeros” and “erros” being given by some MSS. Ajasson hazards a conjecture that it may have been a variety of quartz, formed of a concretion of agates united by a cement of a similar nature.
[3204] A general name for Agate, and possibly some other stones not now included under the name.
[3205] “Jasper agate.”
[3206] “Wax agate.” The modern Orange agate, probably.
[3207] “Smaragdus agate.” Emerald-coloured agate.
[3208] “Blood agate.” Agate sprinkled with spots of red jasper.
[3209] “White agate.”
[3210] “Tree agate.” Moss agate or Mocha stone, coloured by oxide of iron.
[3211] Probably the reading should be “Stactachates,” “Myrrh agate.”
[3212] “Coralline agate.” See Chapter [56].
[3213] Undulated agate.
[3214] Moss agate, probably. See Note [3210] above.
[3215] Sillig is of opinion that the reading here is corrupt.
[3216] “Coticulas.” Stones for grinding drugs.
[3217] “Refreshing” stone. Hardly any of these stones appear to be identified.
[3218] As to the “nitrum” of Pliny, see B. xxxi. c. 46.
[3219] Probably the same as the Alabastrites of B. xxxv. c. [12].
[3220] From the Greek, ἀλέκτωρ, a “cock.”
[3221] See B. vii. c. 19.
[3222] “Man-subduing.” Identified by some with Marcasite, or White iron pyrites.
[3223] See Chapter [15] of this Book.
[3224] “Silver-subduing.”
[3225] “Counteracting-stone.”
[3226] Probably the stone mentioned in B. xxxvi. c. [41].
[3227] “Aromatic stone.” Cæsalpinus is of opinion that this is grey or clouded amber.
[3228] “Reginis.”
[3229] See B. xix. c. 4, and B. xxxvi. c. [31].
[3230] The reading is doubtful.
[3231] Called “melancoryphi” in Chapter [33].
[3232] Ajasson thinks that the reading should be “Aeizoe,” from the Greek ἀειζώη, “long lived.”
[3233] “Shining stone,” apparently.
[3234] See Chapter [33] of this Book.
[3235] The reading is doubtful.
[3236] See B. xxxiii. c. [2]: where a fossil Chrysocolla is also mentioned.
[3237] See B. xi. c. 36, and B. xxxiii. c. [21].
[3238] “Gem of Aphrodite” or “Venus.” Thought by Dalechamps and Hardouin to have been a kind of agate.
[3239] “Which never grows cold.”
[3240] A kind of Onyx, Dalechamps thinks.
[3241] “Acorn stone.” Like an olive in appearance, and now known as “Jew stone,” probably, a fossil.
[3242] “Frog-stone.” Varieties of quartz, probably.
[3243] “Dipped stone.” Dalechamps says that it was amber stained with alkanet, but on what authority does not appear.
[3244] “Eye of Belus.” Supposed by Ajasson and Desfontaines to be Cat’s eye Chalcedony. See Chapter 50, Note [3196].
[3245] Belus, the father of Ninus, the “Bel” of Scripture. See Chapter [58].
[3246] A kind of Tecolithos, Dalechamps says. See B. xxxvi. c. [35], and Chapter [68] of this Book.
[3247] “Grape-cluster stone.”
[3248] “Puniceus” seems to be a preferable reading to “pampineus,” “like a vine-tendril,” given by the Bamberg MS.
[3249] Possibly it may have been Datholite or Borate of lime, a variety of which is known as Botryolite.
[3250] “Hair-stone.” This was probably either Iron alum, known also as Alun de plume; Alunogen, known also as Feather Alum or hair salt; or Amianthus, also called satin Asbestus. See B. xxxvi. c. [31].
[3251] “Ox-heart.” Supposed to be a sort of Turquois, Hardouin says.
[3252] “Thunder-stone.”
[3253] “Clod-stone.” It may possibly have been a kind of Geodes. See B. xxxvi. c. [32]. Dalechamps, however, identifies it with Crapaudine, Toad-stone, or Bufonite, supposed in former times to be produced by the toad, but in reality the fossil tooth of a fish.
[3254] See B. iii. c. 4.
[3255] See B. xxxiv. c. [22], and Chapter [65] of this Book.
[3256] Identical, probably, with the Callaina of Chapter [33], our Turquois.
[3257] Lapis lazuli.
[3258] “Smoke-stone.” Identical with the jasper called “capnias,” in Chapter [37].
[3259] In Chapter [37] of this Book.
[3260] “Cappadocian stone.”
[3261] Like the “callaina” or “callais.”
[3262] See Chapter [33] of this Book.
[3263] “Attractive stone.” A large rocky stone, according to Solinus. Dalechamps thinks that it must have been a kind of amber or bitumen, an opinion with which Desfontaines coincides.
[3264] “Looking-glass stone,” or “mirror stone.” A variety of Specular stone, probably.
[3265] “Onion stone.” A kind of agate, according to Dalechamps. It had its name probably from the union of its streaks like those on the neck of an onion.
[3266] “Pottery stone.”
[3267] See B. xxix. c. 38, Vol. V. p. 415.
[3268] The Cinædus. See B. xxxii. c. [53].
[3269] By its clear or clouded colour, it was said.
[3270] “Wax stone.”
[3271] From κίρκος, a “hawk” or “falcon.”
[3272] “Hair-like;” from κόρση, the “hair.”
[3273] “Coral agate.” See Chapter [54] of this Book.
[3274] Vermilion. See B. xxxiii. cc. [37], [40].
[3275] “Strong stone”—from κρατερὸς, “strong.” Supposed by some to have been amber-coloured Hyacinth.
[3276] Oriental topaz, probably. See Chapters [42] and [43] of this Book.
[3277] “Saffron-coloured,” probably. If this is the meaning of the name, it may be supposed to have resembled the bigaroon cherry.
[3278] “Pregnant stone. An aëtites or geodes, probably. See B. xxx. c. 44, and B. xxxvi. c. [39].
[3279] “Sounding like brass.” Probably Clinkstone or Phonolite, a compact feldspathic rock of a greyish colour, clinking under the hammer when struck, somewhat like a metal.
[3280] “Swallow-stone.”
[3281] “Tortoise-stone.”
[3282] Six in the morning until mid-day.
[3283] “Tortoise-like stone.”
[3284] “Chelone,” in Greek.
[3285] “Grass-green stone.” It is just possible that the Chlorite of modern Mineralogy, a kind of emerald-green talc, or hydrous silicate of magnesia, may be meant: but we must dismiss the story of the wagtail.
[3286] The pied wagtail, Motacilla alba of Linnæus.
[3287] See B. vi. c. 31.
[3288] “Golden light.” Ajasson suggests that this may have been a yellow phosphate of lead, which emitted light at night, from its close vicinity to naphtha. Bologna stone, Bolognian spar, or sulphate of Barytes, has also been suggested. Topaz, too, is mentioned.
[3289] “Golden face.”
[3290] A variety of Hyacinth, according to Dalechamps.
[3291] From κηπὸς, “a garden,” it is thought; on account of its varied colours.
[3292] “Laurel-stone.”
[3293] “Substitute” for beryl.
[3294] “Two-formed,” or “of a double nature.” A grand acquisition, as Ajasson remarks, for the worshippers of Priapus. See a similar characteristic in the Eryngium, our Eringo, B. xxii. c. 9: also Mandragora, B. xxv. c. 94, Note 877.
[3295] “Stone of Dionysus” or “Bacchus.”
[3296] “Dragon stone.”
[3297] The serpent so called—“draco.” See B. xxix. c. 20.
[3298] A story invented, no doubt, by the sellers of some kind of precious stone.
[3299] “Heart-shaped.” A turquois, Hardouin thinks. See “Bucardia” in Chapter [55] above.
[3300] “The best.”
[3301] “Formed like the testes.”
[3302] “Red stone,” apparently. The reading is very doubtful.
[3303] The reading is doubtful, but the word may possibly mean “stone of love,” or something equivalent.
[3304] “Fine-haired.”
[3305] “Skilled in sacred matters.”
[3306] “Of fair length.” Ajasson thinks that this may have been a variety of Pyromachic silex, or gun flint, nearly allied to Chalcedony.
[3307] A preferable reading, probably, to “Eumitres.” It perhaps took its name from Mithres, the god of the Sun among the Persians, and meant “blessing of Mithres.” Ajasson thinks that it may have been green Tourmaline, and that its electric properties may have been very “serviceable to the charlatans who had the monopoly of the Temple of Bel.”
[3308] See Chapter [55] of this Book.
[3309] “With beautiful leaves.” By some authorities this is thought to be Opal, by others Heliotrope or Bloodstone. Ajasson thinks that it may have been a general name for Jasper quartz, or else that it was Quartz agate opalized.
[3310] This reading is very doubtful.
[3311] “Mouldy stone.”
[3312] “Stone of the religious.”
[3313] “Black on the surface.” This is the case, Ajasson remarks, with many stones of the class known as “Cat’s eye.”
[3314] “Galaxy stone.” Ajasson thinks that this may possibly have been an Opal, or a dead white Topaz, traversed by lines of other colours.
[3315] “Milk stone.”
[3316] Probably milk-white Quartz, Ajasson thinks.
[3317] “White earth.”
[3318] “White-streaked stone.”
[3319] “Clouded.”
[3320] See Chapter [54] of this Book.
[3321] An Eastern name, probably.
[3322] A Geodes or Aëtites, probably. See B. xxxvi. c. [39], and Chapter 56 of this Book, Note [3278].
[3323] “Tongue of stone.”
[3324] Divination from the appearance of the moon.
[3325] “Gorgon stone.” The head of the Gorgon Medusa was fabled to turn those into stone who looked upon it.
[3327] This reading is very doubtful.
[3328] Now known as Heliotrope, bloodstone, or blood jasper. It is of a deep-green colour, with red spots.
[3329] “Turning under the sun.”
[3330] See B. xxii. c. 29.
[3331] “Stone of Hephæstos” or “Vulcan.”
[3332] It acting as a burning-glass, probably.
[3333] See B. iv. c. 20, and B. v. c. 22.
[3334] “Genitals of Mercury.” This singular stone does not appear to have been identified. See Note [3294] above.
[3335] “Sixty colour stone.”
[3336] See B. v. cc. 5, 8, and B. vi. c. 34.
[3337] “Hawk stone.” It is perhaps identical with the “Circos,” mentioned in Chapter [56]. Aëtius says that Hieracitis was of a greenish hue.
[3338] “Sand-stone.” Ajasson thinks that this was a granular quartz, of a friable nature when subjected to compression.
[3339] As to the identity of “nitrum,” see B, xxxi. c, 46.
[3340] “Horn of [Jupiter] Hammon.” He here alludes to the Ammonites of modern Geology, an extinct race of molluscous animals that inhabited convoluted shells, and which are commonly known as “snake-stones.” They abound in strata of the secondary formation, and vary from the size of a bean to that of a coach-wheel.
[3341] The reading of this word is doubtful.
[3342] “Hyæna stone.”
[3343] As to this stone, see B. xxxvi. c. [25].
[3344] “Yellow” stone. See Chapter [45].
[3345] “Idæan fingers.” These were probably Belemnites, so called from their long, tapering shape, and being first observed, perhaps, on Mount Ida in Crete. Belemnites are the shells of fossil Cephalopods, and are commonly known as “thunder stones.”
[3346] “Jaundice stone.”
[3347] “Gem of Jove.”
[3348] “Dew stone.”
[3349] “Indian stone.”
[3350] It is just possible that he may be thinking of Indigo here, which he has before called by the same name. See B. xxxiii. c. [57].
[3351] “Violet-coloured.”
[3352] “Scale stone.” A fossil, probably.
[3353] “White eye.” Cat’s eye chalcedony, perhaps. See “Astrobolos” in Chapter [48], and “Beli oculus” in Chapter [55], of this Book.
[3354] “Variegated with white.”
[3355] “Yellow incense.”
[3356] “Meadow-green stone.”
[3357] “Fat stone.”
[3358] “White gold.” Ajasson thinks that this may have been either a sub-variety of Hyalin amethystine quartz, a yellow quartz or false topaz, or else an unctuous, white quartz, either opaque or transparent.
[3359] “Stone of Memnon.”
[3360] This reading seems preferable to “Media,” given by the Bamberg and some other MSS.
[3361] The enchantress of Colchis. The stone, no doubt was as fabulous as the enchantress.
[3362] “Poppy stone.”
[3363] For the origin of this name, see “Eumithres,” in Chapter 58, Note [3307].
[3364] It was probably a kind of Opal.
[3365] The reading here is very doubtful.
[3366] This reading also is doubtful: it is probably an Eastern word. According to some authorities, this stone was a dark-brown rock crystal. Ajasson identities it with Schorl or black Tourmaline, with a base of Magnesia.
[3367] Red Tourmaline, possibly, or Rubellite.
[3368] Carnelian. See Chapter [31] of this Book.
[3369] “Ectypæ sculpturæ.” See B. xxxv. c. [43].
[3370] “Myrrh stone.” It was an Eastern compound, probably. See Chapter 54, Note [3211].
[3371] “Wart stone.”
[3372] “Myrtle stone.”
[3373] “White in the middle.” This and the next seem to have been general names for stones of a particular appearance.
[3374] “Black in the middle.”
[3375] Bacchus.
[3376] A Greek word, signifying the skin of a fawn or deer, as worn by the Bacchanals in the celebration of their orgies. Ajasson is of opinion that this was a mottled quartz or agate, similar to those mentioned as resembling the spots of the lion, in Chapter [54], the Leontios and Pardalios of Chapter [73].
[3377] This reading is doubtful.
[3378] “Shower stone,” apparently.
[3379] From “Notus,” the south wind, which usually brought rain.
[3380] See Chapters [48] and [51].
[3381] See Chapter [55] of this Book.
[3382] “Ass’s heart.”
[3383] “Mountain stone.”
[3385] “Shell-stone.” Not the same, probably, as the Cadmitis or Ostracitis mentioned in Chapter [56] of this Book. See B. xxxvi. c. [31], where a stone of this name is also mentioned. Horn-stone, probably, a Chalcedony, more brittle than flint, is meant in the present passage.
[3386] See Chapter [56] of this Book.
[3387] See the beginning of Chapter [54].
[3388] “Oyster-stone.”
[3389] See B. xxxvi. chap. [67]; our “Obsidian.”
[3390] “Of all colours.” Either Opal, Ajasson thinks, or Iridized hyalin quartz.
[3391] “All corners.” Ajasson seems to think that this may have been Hyalin quartz.
[3392] “Worthy of all love.”
[3393] Of the same meaning as “paneros.”
[3394] “Gem of Pontus.” According to Desfontaines, these stones are identified, by some with agates, by others with sapphires.
[3395] “Flame-coloured.”
[3396] “Golden-coloured stone.”
[3397] See B. xxxiii. c. [56], and B. xxxv. cc. [12], [16].
[3398] “Palm-date stone. Desfontaines says that this is Jew stone, the fossil spine of an egg-shaped echinus. See Chapter 55, Note [3241].
[3399] Φῦκος; whence the Latin “fucus.”
[3400] “White around.”
[3401] An Aëtites or Geodes, probably. See Chapter 56, Note [3278]; also B. xxx. c. 44, and B. xxxvi. cc. [32], [39].
[3402] “Earth stone,” apparently.
[3403] The tomb of Tiresias was ordinarily pointed out in the vicinity of the Tilphusan Well, near Thebes; at least Pausanias states to that effect.
[3404] “Gem of the Sun.” According to some, this is the Girasol opal; but Ajasson has no doubt, from the description given of it by Photius, from Damascius, that it is identical with the “Asteria” of Chapter [47]. See also the “Astrion” of Chapter [48].
[3405] Supposed to be jet.
[3406] “Lizard stone.”
[3407] “Flesh stone.”
[3408] “Moon stone.” Our Selenite probably, crystallized sulphate of lime: the thin laminæ of which reflect the disk of the sun or moon.
[3409] “Stone like iron.” See “Oritis” in Chapter 65; also B. xxxvi. c. [25], and Chapter [15] of this Book, for minerals of this name.
[3410] “Variegated iron.”
[3411] So called from its teeth meeting evenly, like the jaw-teeth, and not shaped like those of a saw, so formed that the teeth of one jaw lock with those of the other. See B. xi. c. 5. The Linnæan genus Sparus is of this kind.
[3412] See B. v. cc. 4, 5, and B. vi. c. 37.
[3413] “Fistulous stone.”
[3414] “Three-coloured stone.”
[3415] Meaning “Female root,” apparently. The reading, however, is uncertain.
[3416] “Female heart,” apparently. The reading is doubtful.
[3417] “Thracian stone.” The reading, however, is doubtful.
[3418] “Ash-coloured stone.” It has been identified with Uranian agate by some.
[3419] “Dissolving stone.” Probably our Jew stone, and identical with the Phœnicitis of Chapter 66. See Note [3398].
[3420] “Venus’ hair.” As Ajasson remarks, the description renders it next to impossible to say what the stone was.
[3421] “Liver stone.” Heavy spar, a sulphate of barytes, is sometimes called Hepatite.
[3422] “Fat stone.” Saponite or soapstone, a silicate of magnesia, is also known as Steatite.
[3423] An ancient king of Syria, worshipped by the people of that country and the inhabitants of Phrygia. According to Macrobius, the Assyrians worshipped Jupiter and the Sun under this name.
[3424] “Three-eye stone.” Some kind of Cat’s eye chalcedony, probably.
[3425] “Crab stone.”
[3426] “Viper-stone.”
[3427] “Scorpion stone.”
[3428] See B. ix. c. 29, B. xl. c. 61, and B. xxxii. c. [53]. This was perhaps the same stone as the “Synodontitis” of Chapter [67].
[3429] Which was called τριγλὰ, in Greek.
[3430] “Ant stone.” Possibly a kind of amber.
[3431] “Beetle stone.”
[3432] “Wolf’s eye.”
[3433] “Peacock stone.”
[3434] “Golden sand.” This may possibly have been Aventurine quartz.
[3435] “Millet stone.”
[3436] “Oak stone.” Fossil coal, perhaps.
[3437] “Ivy stone.”
[3438] “Daffodil stone.” An Eastern compound, probably.
[3439] “Bean stone.”
[3440] Our “Jew stone,” probably; identical with the Phœnicitis of Chapter [66] and the Tecolithos of Chapter [68].
[3441] See Note [3398] to Chapter 66.
[3443] See B. xxxvi. c. [43]. Pebbles of white flint were probably meant under this name; from which is derived, according to Ajasson, the French word caillou, meaning a flint pebble.
[3444] “Fire stone.” Not a Pyrites of modern Mineralogy, probably.
[3445] “With many zones.” Probably an agate or jasper.
[3446] “Lightning stone.”
[3447] “Flame stone.”
[3448] “Burning coal stone.” See B. xxxvi. c. [38], and Chapter [27] of this Book.
[3449] “Containing liquid.” Identified by Desfontaines with the Geodes enhydros of modern Geology, which sometimes contains a liquid substance.
[3450] “Many-haired stone.”
[3451] As to these stones, agates or jaspers probably, see “Nebritis,” in Chapter [64], and the Note.
[3452] “Dew stone.” The reading here is very doubtful. See Chapter [61].
[3453] “Honey-coloured and yellow.”
[3454] “Saffron stone.”
[3455] All three being derived from the corresponding name in Greek.
[3456] See Chapter [55] of this Book.
[3457] “Hand stone.”
[3458] “Stone of necessity.”
[3459] “Retaining stone.”
[3460] “Tree stone.”
[3461] De Lapidibus.
[3462] He alludes to petrified shells, most probably.
[3463] “Phaleræ.” See B. vii. c. 2, and B. xxxiii. c. [6].
[3464] “Nature;” i.e. “works of Nature.”
[3465] “Lenticula.” Like a lentil in shape.
[3466] Substituting garnets for rubies, as an illustration.
[3467] “Minium.” See Chapter [23] of this Book.
[3468] Lest the deception should be commonly practised. Seneca, Epist. 19, mentions one Democritus, who had discovered the art of making artificial Emeralds. See further on this subject, Beckmann, Hist. Inv. Vol. 1. p. 124. Bohn’s Edition.
[3469] Ten in the morning.
[3470] See Chapters [18] and [20].
[3471] We can only guess at the meaning of this passage, as it is acknowledgedly corrupt.
[3472] Our Obsidian. See B. xxxvi. c. [67], and Chapter [65] of this Book.
[3473] See Chapter [15] of this Book. Ajasson thinks that he has here confounded two different substances, powdered emery and diamond dust.
[3474] See B. iv. c. 26.
[3475] “Trigariis.” “Three-horse chariot races,” literally. See B. xxviii. c. 72, and B. xxix. c. 5.
[3476] It having been in recent times declared unlawful to work them, as he has already informed us.
[3477] “Quacunque ambitur mari.” With these words the Natural History of Pliny terminates in all the former editions. M. Ian was the first among the learned to express a suspicion that the proper termination of the work was wanting; an opinion in which Sillig coincided, and which was happily confirmed, in the course of time, by the discovery of the Bamberg MS., the only copy of the Natural History (or rather the last Six Books) in which the concluding part of this Chapter has been found.
[3478] See B. xix. c. 7.
[3480] See Chapter [15] of this Book.
[3481] See Chapter [16] of this Book.
[3482] See Chapters [7], [8], and [11] of this Book.
[3483] “Coccum.” See B. xvi. c. 12, and B. xxiv. c. 4.
[3484] See B. xix. c. 15, and B. xxii. c. 49.
[3485] See B. xii. c. 26.
[3486] See B. vi. c. 20, and B. xii. c. 1.
[3487] See B. xiii. c. 29, and B. xv. c. 7.
[3488] See B. xii. c. 42.
[3489] See B. xii. c. 43.
[3490] See B. xii. c. 28.
[3491] See Chapter [11] of this Book.
[3492] See B. xii, c. 54.
[3493] See B. xii. c. 33.
[3494] See B. xii. c. 30.
[3495] See B. xii. c. 25.
[3497] In B. xii. c. 37, and B. xxvi. c. 30.
[3498] See B. ix. cc. 60, 61.
[3499] See B. x. c. 28, and B. xxix. c. 13.
[3500] “Numeris omnibus.”
[3501] Bernhardy, Grundriss d. Röm. Lit. p. 644, has expressed an opinion that there is still some deficiency after the concluding words, “tuis fave;” notwithstanding the comparative completeness of the restored text as given by the Bamberg MS.
[3502] See end of B. ii.
[3503] See end of B. v.
[3504] See end of B. ix.
[3506] See end of B. xvi.
[3507] See end of B. v.
[3508] See end of B. [xxxiii].
[3510] See end of B. x.
[3511] A Dithyrambic poet, a native of Cythera, or, according to some, of Heraclea in Pontus. During the latter part of his life he resided at the court of the younger Dionysius, tyrant of Sicily, and died B.C. 380, at the age of 55. Of his poems, only a few fragments are left.
[3512] One of the great Tragic Poets of Greece, born at Salamis B.C. 480. Of his Tragedies, eighteen are still extant, out of seventy-five, or, according to some accounts, ninety-two, which he originally wrote.
[3513] See end of B. viii.
[3514] Nothing positive seems to be known of this author, who is mentioned in Chapters [11], [24], and [25] of the present Book as having written on Precious Stones. It is possible that he may have been the architect mentioned in B. xxxvi. c. [14]. Hardouin would identify him with a Comic writer of Olynthus, of this name.
[3515] See end of B. iii.
[3516] See end of B. xii.
[3517] See end of B. x.
[3518] A Roman senator, who wrote a work on Fishing, in 26 Books, one on Hydromancy or aquatic divination, and other works connected with history. It is probably from a work of his, “On Rivers,” that Plutarch quotes. See Chapters [11] and [23] of the present Book.
[3519] Author of a “Periplus,” and of a poem “on the Fabulous forms of Men,” both mentioned by Tzetzes. See Chapters [11], [23], [24], and [51] of this Book.
[3520] See end of Books iii. and [xxxv].
[3522] See end of B. ii.
[3523] See end of B. iv.
[3524] A writer on Stones, of this name, is also mentioned by Plutarch and Stobæus, but no further particulars are known of him. He is mentioned in Chapter [11] of this Book.
[3525] Mentioned also in Chapter [11] of this Book. A person of this name is quoted by the Scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius as the author of a work on Libya; from which he is supposed to have been a native of Africa.
[3526] Beyond the mention made of him in Chapter [11] of this Book, as a contemporary of Pliny, no further particulars are known.
[3527] A native of Patara in Lycia, who wrote a Description of the Earth, and a collection of the Oracles given at Delphi. See Chapter [11] of this Book.
[3528] Beyond the mention made of him in Chapter [11] of this Book, nothing relative to this writer seems to be known.
[3529] See end of B. ii.
[3530] Mithridates VI., Eupator, or Dionysus, King of Pontus, and the great adversary of the Romans, commonly known as Mithridates the Great. His notes and Memoirs were brought to Rome by Pompey, who had them translated into Latin by his freedman Pompeius Lenæus. See end of B. xiv.: also B. vii. c. 24, B. xxiii. c. 77, B. xxv. cc. 3, 27, 79, B. xxxiii. c. [54], and Chapters [5] and [11] of the present Book.
[3531] See end of B. xxi.
[3532] See end of B. viii.
[3533] From the mention made of him in Chapters [12] and [25] of this Book, we may conclude that he was a writer on Precious Stones.
[3534] See end of B. ii.
[3535] From the mention of him in Chapters [23] and [28] of this Book, he appears to have been a writer on Precious Stones.
[3536] Probably the physician of Miletus, sometimes called Olympiacus, who, according to Galen, belonged to the sect of the Methodici, and lived in the first century after Christ. Galen speaks of him as “a frivolous person.”
[3537] See Cornelius Alexander, end of B. iii.
[3538] See end of B. xxx.
[3539] See end of B. xxix.
[3540] See end of B. xviii.
[3541] A native of Babylon, mentioned in Chapter [60] of this Book, as having dedicated a work, on Precious Stones, to King Mithridates.
INDEX
TO THE PRINCIPAL SUBJECTS MENTIONED IN THE TEXT AND NOTES.
⁂ The Roman numerals refer to the volume, the Arabic to the Page.
- A.
- Abaci, vi. [14].
- Abaculi, vi. [382], [383].
- Abantias, i. [317].
- Abarimon, ii. [124].
- Abdera, i. [304].
- Abdomen, iii. [75].
- Abella, i. [198].
- Abellina, iii. [316].
- Abellinates, i. [229].
- Abies, iii. [155].
- Abiga, v. [13], [14].
- Abnoba, i. [328].
- Abominations mentioned by Pliny, v. [302].
- Abortion, ii. [141]; iv. [285].
- Abrotonum, iv. [334], [377], [378]; v. [106]. [232].
- Abruzzo, i. [231].
- Absarus, ii. [10].
- Abscesses, remedies for, v. [201], [202].
- Absinthites, iii. [259].
- Absinthium, v. [106], [232-235]; vi. [41].
- And [see] “Wormwood.”
- Absinthium marinum, v. [235].
- Abstinence, from food, iii. [99]
- —from drink, iii. [99].
- Absurdities mentioned by Pliny, i. [405], [406]; iv. [102], [105], [110], [178], [179], [190], [199], [200], [249], [250], [285], [316], [332], [373], [400], [414], [468], [482], [502]; v. [2], [9], [30], [59], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [67], [68], [69], [70], [73], [89], [93], [95], [105], [106], [128], [188], [189], [218], [265], [266], [283], [289], [292], [301], [304], [305], [306], [307], [311], [313], [339], [340], [345], [346], [350], [355], [365], [366], [367], [384], [398], [410], [414], [435], [436], [452], [463], [464], [466], [467], [468], [522]; vi. [4], [18], [21], [32], [39], [48], [205], [361], [434], [438], [441], [446], [447], [450], [456].
- Absyrtides, i. [258], [266].
- Absyrtus, i. [256]. [266], [306]; ii. [10].
- Abydos, i. [308], [417], [489].
- Abyla, i. [152], [384].
- Acacia, v. [43], [44]; vi. [341]
- —Nilotica, iii. [183], [184].
- Academia of Cicero, v. [473], [474].
- Academy at Athens, iii. [104].
- Acanos, iv. [398].
- Acanthice mastiche, iv. [354].
- Acanthion, v. [43].
- Acanthis, ii. [542]; v. [146], [147].
- Acanthus, iv. [421].
- Acanthyllis, ii. [515].
- Acarnania described, i. [273].
- Acatium, ii. [423].
- Acerræ, i. [240].
- Acetum (honey), iii. [14].
- Achæmenis, v. [64], [159].
- Achaia described, i. [280].
- Acharne, vi. [60].
- Acharus, ii. [157].
- Achates (stone), vi. [388], [439], [440], [441].
- Acheron, i. [209], [273].
- Acherusia, i. [197], [273]; ii. [3].
- Achetæ, iii. [31].
- Achillea, i. [339].
- Achilleon, i. [477].
- Achilleos, v. [94], [95].
- Achilles, i. [294], [321], [331], [477]; v. [94]; vi. [211].
- Isle of, i. [331].
- Achirite, vi. [410].
- Achlis, ii. [263].
- Acidula, v. [474].
- Acinos, iv. [382].
- Acinus, iii. [319], [320], [321].
- Acipenser, ii. [398], [399].
- Acmodæ, i. [351].
- Acone, ii. [3].
- Aconitum, ii. [293]; v. [218-221].
- Aconiti, vi. [278].
- Acopa, iv. [491], [518]; v. [411]; vi. [58], [365].
- Acopon, v. [226], [227].
- Acopos, vi. [440].
- Acorion, v. [143].
- Acorn, iii. [345-348]; v. [4].
- Acorna, iv. [453].
- Acoron. v. [142], [143].
- Acqui, i. [156].
- Acra lapygia, i. [226].
- Acragas, vi. [138], [139].
- Acre, i. [434].
- Acroceraunia, i. [262], [271].
- Acrocorinthos, i. [279].
- Acron, i. [204].
- Actæa, v. [232].
- Actæon, iii. [44].
- Acte (place), i. [288].
- Acte (plant), v. [198].
- Actiniæ, iv. [254].
- Actium, i. [273].
- Battle of, vi. [2].
- Acynopos, iv. [349].
- Ad Gallinas, iii. [336].
- Adad, vi. [458].
- Adumantis, v. [65].
- Adamas, vi. [405], [407], [408].
- Adarca, iv. [290]; vi. [58].
- Adda, i. [253].
- Adder gem, v. [389].
- Adelphides, iii. [176].
- Adiabene described, ii. [27].
- Adiantum, iv. [356], [415], [416], [417].
- Adimantus, iii. [214].
- Adipsatheon, v. [45].
- Adipsos, iv. [399], [400].
- Adornment of the person, iv. [389], [390].
- Adonis, iv. [149].
- Gardens of, iv. [334].
- Adonis (fish), ii. [406].
- Adonium, iv. [334].
- “Adorea,” derivation of the word, iv. [7].
- Adramytteos, i. [474].
- Adria, i. [235], [245].
- Adrian wines, iii. [242].
- Adriatic Sea, i. [245], [250], [265].
- Adrumetum, i. [391].
- Adulitæ, ii. [95].
- Adulteration, iii. [357].
- Adynamon, iii. [256].
- Ædemon, i. [380].
- Ædui, i. [356].
- Ægæ, i. [447].
- Ægean Sea described, i. [309].
- Ægialus, Vetulenus, iii. [234].
- Ægilops (disease), iv. [358].
- Ægilops (plant), iv. [358].
- Ægimius, ii. [201].
- Ægina, i. [312].
- Æginetan brass, vi. [151], [152].
- Ægipans, i. [378], [405], [406].
- Ægithus, ii. [487], [551].
- Ægocephalos, iii. [78].
- Ægoceras, v. [74].
- Ægolethron, iv. [341], [342].
- Ægolios, ii. [539].
- Ægophthalmos, vi. [459].
- Ægospotamos, i. [308].
- Ægyptilla, vi. [443].
- Ælana, i. [423].
- Ælian quoted, i. [141].
- Ælius, C., vi. [161].
- Ælius, Pætus Catus, iii. [275].
- Ænaria, i. [214]; v. [474].
- Æneas, i. [194], [214].
- Æolian Islands, i. [221].
- Æolis described, i. [472].
- Æolus, i. [221].
- Aërolite, i. [63], [88], [89], [177]; vi. [4], [38].
- Aëromancy, v. [427].
- Æs, vi. [68], [147-155].
- Æsalon, ii. [551].
- Æschines, the orator, ii. [174].
- Æschines, the physician, v. [369].
- Æschrion, ii. [357].
- Æschylus, mentioned, ii. [555].
- —quoted, v. [81].
- Æschynomene, v. [67].
- Æsculapian snake, v. [397].
- Æsculapius, i. [285], [286]; v. [390], [397], [445].
- Æsculetum, iii. [355].
- Æsculus, iii. [495].
- Æserninus, Marcellus, iii. [106].
- Æsop, the fabulist, vi. [338].
- Æsopus, the actor, his extravagance, ii. [440], [441]; vi. [287].
- —his famous dish of birds, ii. [531], [532].
- Æthiopia, i. [404];
- described, ii. [97]
- —wonders of, ii. [129]
- —animals of, ii. [276], [279], [281]
- —trees of, iii. [193], [194]
- —sand of, vi. [326].
- Æthiopian Sea, Islands of, ii. [105].
- Æthiopis, v. [65], [159], [221].
- Æthiops, ii. [101].
- Aëtites, ii. [484]; v. [464]; vi. [364], [446], [449], [456].
- Aëtion, vi. [169], [256].
- Ætna, i. [217].
- Ætolia described, i. [275].
- Æx, i. [309].
- Africa, described, i. [374]
- —islands of, i. [402]
- —discoveries in, ii. [98], [99]
- —produces no stags, ii. [303]
- —proprietors of, put to death by Nero, iv. [14], [15]
- —its fruitfulness in wheat, iv. [35], [36].
- African animals, decree respecting, ii. [274]
- —by whom sent to Rome, ii. [275].
- Africus, i. [73]; iv. [116].
- Affection, instances of, ii. [180], [181]
- —shewn by serpents, ii. [252].
- Aganippe, i. [291].
- Agaric, iii. [353], [354]; v. [120].
- Agates, vi. [360], [388], [412], [418], [439], [440], [441].
- Agatharchides, ii. [241].
- Agathocles, the historian, i. [371].
- Agathocles of Chios, ii. [356].
- Agathyrsi, i. [335].
- Age, of animals known from the teeth, iii. [60], [61].
- —of trees, iii. [429], [430].
- Agelades, vi. [168].
- Ageraton, v. [221].
- Agesander, vi. [320].
- Agger, i. [204]; vi. [347].
- Agility, instances of, ii. [161].
- Aglaophotis, v. [64].
- Aglaosthenes, i. [373].
- Aglaüs, his happiness, ii. [199].
- Agnus castus, v. [26], [27], [28].
- Agoracritus, vi. [310].
- Agreement of mankind on certain points, ii. [236], [237].
- Agriculture, surnames derived from, iv. [5]
- —ancient taste for, [6]
- —writers upon, [9], [10]
- —maxims of the ancients upon, [16], [17], [18].
- Agrifolia, v. [86].
- Agrigentum, i. [218].
- Agrion, iii. [121].
- Agriopas, ii. [355].
- Agrippa, M., i. [163], [164], [268]; ii. [142], [143]— vi. [175], [233], [347], [378], 480.
- Agrippæ, ii. [142].
- Agrippina, ii. [149], [155], [510], [523]; vi. [130], [302]
- —her memoirs, ii. [239]
- —poisons Claudius, iv. [428].
- Agrippinas, the two, their characters, ii. [143].
- Ahenobarbus, C. Domitius, iii. [438], [439].
- Aigleucos, iii. [249], [250].
- Air, i. [65].
- Aïzoum, iv. [58]; v. [143], [144].
- Ajax, i. [477]
- —death of, iv. [337].
- Ajmere, ii. [47].
- Alabanda, i. [464].
- Alabandic stone, vi. [330], [331].
- Alabaster, vi. [329]
- —boxes for unguents, ii. [435]; iii. [166]; iv. [310].
- Alabastrites, vi. [329], [330].
- Alabastritis, vi. [440].
- Alabastron, i. [417].
- Alabeta, i. [410].
- Alauda, iii. [43].
- Alba Longa, i. [198].
- Alban Mount, i. [205].
- Alban wine, iii. [240], [241]; iv. [470].
- Albania, ii. [20], [124].
- Albertus Magnus quoted, ii. [255]; vi. [361], [431].
- Albinos, ii. [124].
- Albion, i. [350].
- Albis, i. [348].
- Albucus, iv. [360].
- Albugo, iv. [222].
- Albula, i. [191], [236]; v. [475].
- Alburnum, iii. [412].
- Alcæus, iv. [456].
- Alcala de Henares, i. [169].
- Alcamenes, vi. [168], [178], [310].
- Alcea, v. [224].
- Alcibiades, iii. [272]; vi. [159], [186], [316].
- Alcibium, v. [230].
- Alcima, v. [202], [203].
- Alcippe, ii. [137].
- Alcman, death of, iii. [40].
- Alcmena, v. [298].
- Alcon, v. [379]; vi. [206].
- Alcyonidium ficus, iii. [210], [211].
- Alder, v. [32].
- Alec, ii. [403].
- Alectoria, vi. [440].
- Alectoroslophos, v. [230], [231].
- Alex, v. [508], [509].
- Alexander the Great, i. [104], [225], [298], [419], [434], [447], [448], [465], [469], [470], [476], [477], [485], [489], [490]; ii. [27], [32], [33], [35], [48], [51], [58], [59], [71], [72], [81], [173]; iii. [128], [238], [239], [296]; v. [470]; vi. [174], [175], [176], [258], [259], [264], [389]
- —his letters, ii. [115]
- —his edict as to his portraits, [184]
- —his Indian expedition, [39], [40], [41], [360], [361]; iii. [138], [211], [212]; vi. [27].
- Alexander, king of Epirus, i. [224], [225].
- Alexander, Cornelius, i. [270].
- Alexandria, i. [419]
- —plan of, ii. [184]
- —foundation of, iii. [186].
- Alexipharmacon, iv. [373].
- Alexis, vi. [168].
- Alga, iii. [209], [210].
- Alga rufa, v. [232].
- Alica, iv. [28], [41], [42], [43], [195], [443].
- Alicant, i. [164].
- Aliments, influence of, upon the disposition, iv. [435], [436].
- Alinda, i. [465].
- Alisma, v. [129], [130].
- Alites, ii. [495].
- Alkaline ashes, iv. [459], [460].
- Alkanet, iii. [162]; iv. [355], [409]; v. [238].
- Alkekengi, iv. [384].
- Alluvion, i. [117]
- —of the Nile, iii. [186].
- Almaden, mines of, vi. [122].
- Almanacks, iii. [480].
- Almandine, vi. [420].
- Almonds, iii. [316], [317]; iv. [512], [513].
- Aloe, v. [222], [223], [224].
- Alopecuros, iv. [357].
- Alopecy, remedies for, iv. [223]; v. [408], [409], [334], [335]; vi. [29].
- Alpheus, i. [281].
- Alphius, Lake, v. [475].
- Alps, nations of, i. [254]
- —passes of, i. [247].
- Alsine, v. [224], [225].
- Altercangenum, v. [91].
- Althæa, iv. [286].
- Altinum, i. [249].
- Alum, ii. [435]; vi. [295], [296].
- Alum (plants), iv. [176]; v. [231].
- Alumen, vi. [294-298].
- Alunite, vi. [357].
- Alunogen, vi. [444].
- Aluntium, iii. [248].
- Alypon, v. [224].
- Alysson, v. [39].
- Amadue, vi. [360].
- Amalchian Sea, i. [341], [342].
- Amalthæa, v. [320].
- Amanus, i. [438], [447].
- Amaracinum, iii. [161].
- Amaracus, iv. [334], [335], [378], [379], [383].
- Amaranth, iv. [327].
- Amardi, ii. [34].
- Amasia, ii. [6].
- Amasis, King, i. [416]; iv. [134]; vi. [295].
- Amastris, ii. [4].
- Amazons, i. [468], [470]; ii. [15], [23], [24].
- Amber, i. [266], [344], [351], [352]; vi. [397]-404.
- Ambracia, vi. [252].
- Ambracian Gulf, i. [273].
- Ambrosia, v. [106], [107], [226], [236].
- Ambrysus, i. [277].
- Ambula, iv. [234].
- Ameria, i. [238], [241]
- —brooms of, v. [29]
- —willow of, v. [26].
- Amethyst, vi. [433].
- Amethystine tint, ii. [449].
- Amethystos, vi. [432], [433], [434].
- Amia, ii. [386].
- Amianthus, vi. [360], [444].
- Aminean grape, iii. [322], [323].
- Amisius, i. [348].
- Amisus, ii. [5].
- Ammi, iv. [263], [264].
- Ammianus Marcellinus quoted, i. [422]; ii. [73].
- Ammoniac gum, iii. [144], [145]; v. [11].
- Ammonites, vi. [451].
- Amometus, ii. [115].
- Amomis, iii. [123].
- Amomum, iii. [122].
- Amorgos, i. [322].
- Ampelitis, vi. [299].
- Ampeloleuce, iv. [466], [467].
- Ampelome, ii. [89].
- Ampeloprason, v. [55].
- Ampelos agria, v. [232].
- Ampelos Chironia, v. [91].
- Ampelusia, i. [374].
- Amphidanes, vi. [442].
- Amphilochus of Athens, ii. [356].
- Amphimalla, ii. [335].
- Amphion, ii. [231]; vi. [318], [319].
- Amphipolis, i. [301], [302]; ii. [488].
- Amphisbæna, ii. [285]; v. [463].
- Amphissa, i. [277].
- Amphistratus, vi. [320].
- Amphitheatre, of Curio, vi. [350], [351], [352]
- —of Nero, iii. [419].
- Amphitheatre, awnings for, iv. [139].
- Amphitus, ii. [12].
- Amphora, vi. [396].
- Ampsaga, i. [387].
- Amulets. See “Magic.”
- Amurca of olives, iii. [280], [281], [286]; iv. [486], [487].
- Amyclæ, i. [194], [283].
- Amygdalinum, iii. [288], [289].
- Amygdalites, v. [180].
- Amylum, iv. [29], [30], [446].
- Amyris, iii. [129], [138].
- Anabasis, v. [166], [203], [204].
- Anacampseros, v. [67].
- Anacreon, his death, ii. [142]
- —mentioned, ii. [242]
- —quoted, ii. [200].
- Anactoria, i. [273].
- Anagallis, v. [136], [137], [138].
- Anagyros, v. [226], [227].
- Anaitis, vi. [106].
- Ananchites, vi. [408].
- Anancitis, vi. [461].
- Anaphe, i. [323].
- Anarrhinon, v. [131].
- Anataria, ii. [482].
- Anatomy, ignorance of, v. [277].
- Anaxagoras, i. [88], [89].
- Anaxapolis, ii. [356].
- Anaxarchus, his fortitude, ii. [164].
- Anaxilaüs, iv. [205]; vi. [202].
- Anaxilaüs of Larissa, iv. [387].
- Anaximander, i. [26], [112], [149], [372].
- Anaximenes, i. [109]; iii. [157].
- Anazarbus, i. [149].
- Ancæus, vi. [261], [262], [278].
- Anchiale, i. [447].
- Anchialum, i. [306].
- Anchors, invention of, ii. [235].
- Anchusa, iv. [355], [409]; v. [238]
- Ancona, i. [236], [237].
- Ancus Martius, v. [487], [506].
- Ancyra, i. [491], [492].
- Andaræ, ii. [45].
- Andrachle, iii. [204]; v. [144], [145].
- Andrachne, iii. [204].
- Andreas, iv. [302].
- Androbius, vi. [278].
- Androclus and the Lion, ii. [271].
- Androcydes, his letter to Alexander, iii. [288].
- Androdamas, vi. [363], [440].
- Androgyni, ii. [126], [136].
- Andromeda, i. [426], [479]; ii. [99], [364]
- —the dwarf, ii. [157].
- Andropogon, iii. [144].
- Andros, i. [318].
- Androsaces, v. [225].
- Androsæmon, v. [225], [226].
- Androtion, ii. [357].
- Anemone, iv. [336], [379].
- Angel-fish, ii. [380].
- Anger, iii. [80].
- Angerona, i. [202].
- Angora, i. [492].
- Animals, the largest, in India, ii. [129]
- —wild, their instinct, [248]
- —their supposed dread of man, [249]
- —medical remedies first indicated by, [291]-294
- —prognostics of danger derived from, [294], [295]
- —nations exterminated by, [295]
- —in a half-wild state, [346]
- —that are partly tamed only, [350]
- —places where certain, are not found, [352], [353]
- —which injure strangers only, [353], [354]
- —which injure the natives only, [354]
- —the largest found in the sea, [358]
- —oviparous, [532]
- —terrestrial, that are oviparous, [540]
- —terrestrial, the generation of, [540-544]
- —position of, in the uterus, [544]
- —the origin of which is unknown, [544]
- —born of beings that are not born themselves, [546]
- —born themselves but not reproductive, [546]
- —that are of neither sex, [546]
- —the senses of, [546], [547]
- —the feeding of, [548]
- —that live on poisons, [548]
- —the drinking of, [550]
- —the antipathies of, [550], [551]
- —the friendships of, [551], [552]
- —the sleep of, [552], [553]
- —certain, subject to dreams, [553]
- —that are found in fire, iii. [42]
- —that live for a day only, [42]
- —characteristics of, limb by limb, [43]
- —horns of, [44], [45], [46]
- —that have no eyelids, [54], [55]
- —that have not teeth on each side of the mouth, [56]
- —that have hollow teeth, [56]
- —their age estimated from their teeth, [60]
- —in which the neck is rigid, [63]
- —which have the largest heart, [65]
- —that have two hearts, [65]
- —which have the largest lungs, [67]
- —which have the smallest lungs, [67]
- —that are destitute of gall, [68]
- —that have no belly, [71]
- —the only ones that vomit, [71]
- —that have no kidneys, [73]
- —that have no bladder, [74]
- —that have suet, [76]
- —that have marrow, [76]
- —that have no bones, [77]
- —that have no nerves, [77], [78]
- —that have no arteries or veins, [78]
- —the blood of which coagulates, [78]
- —the blood of which does not coagulate, [79]
- —of which the blood is thickest, [79]
- —of which the blood is thinnest, [79]
- —that are destitute of blood at certain times, [79], [80]
- —the feet of, [91]
- —the tails of, [92]
- —the voices of, [92], [93]
- —that feed upon poison, [98]
- —their modes of defence, iv. [2]
- —none that are odoriferous, [323]
- —superstitious usages relative to, v. [366], [367]
- —diseases of, vi. [57], [58].
- Anio, i. [234].
- Anise, iv. [271], [272], [273].
- Anna Perenna, vi. [262].
- Anonis, iv. [355].
- Anonymos, v. [227].
- Antæus, the giant, i. [375].
- Antæus, the physician, iii. [157].
- Antandros, i. [475]
- —fall of the baths at, iii. [426].
- Antaphrodisiacs, v. [189], [467], [468]— vi. [57].
- Antelope, iii. [44].
- Antelope oryx, ii. [346].
- Antemnæ, i. [205].
- Antenor, i. [252].
- Anteros, vi. [434].
- Anthalium, iv. [348], [349], [383].
- Anthedon, i. [425].
- Anthemis, iv. [338], [411], [412]; v. [186].
- Anthelmintics, v. [246].
- Anthericos, iv. [360].
- Anthias, the fish, how taken, iv. [273], [274].
- Anthophoros, v. [35].
- Anthracites, vi. [364].
- Anthracitis, vi. [423], [460].
- Anthriscum, iv. [423].
- Anthropophagi, i. [335]; ii. [36], [104], [124].
- Anthus, ii. [522], [551].
- Anthyllis, v. [184].
- Anthyllium, iv. [383]; v. [184].
- Antias, i. [148].
- Antibes, i. [178].
- Anticlides, i. [373].
- Anticyra, i. [277]— v. [98].
- Anticyricon, iv. [444], [445].
- Antidote, universal, iv. [299], [300].
- Antidotus, vi. [275].
- Antigenes, i. [499].
- Antigonus, vi. [145].
- Antigonus of Cymæ, ii. [356].
- Antilibanus, i. [435].
- Antimony, vi. [115], [116].
- Antiochia, i. [437], [444].
- Antiochus, ii. [146]; iv. [300]; v. [372];
- —the marvellous cure of, ii. [182].
- Antipater, Cælius, i. [147].
- Antipater of Sidon, ii. [209].
- Antipater of Tarsus, ii. [355].
- Antipathes (the stone), vi. [442].
- Antipathies, and sympathies between aquatic animals, ii. [475], [476]
- —of animals, ii. [550], [551].
- Antipathy, iv. [206], [217], [237], [375]; v. [1], [2]; vi. [12], [13], [50], [51], [407], [442].
- Antiphilus, vi. [269], [278].
- Antipodes, i. [94] to [97].
- Antipolis, i. [178].
- Antiquity of the art of Painting, vi. [228], [229], [230].
- Antirrhinum, v. [131].
- Antirrhium, i. [275].
- Antium, i. [193].
- Antispodium, vi. [203], [204].
- Antonia, who never expectorated, ii. [160].
- Antonines, the, i. [179].
- Antony, Marc, i. [242], [439], [440]; iv. [309], [310]; vi. [2], [92], [178], [180], [416]
- —harnesses lions, ii. [270]
- —his inebriety, iii. [273].
- Ants, venomous, ii. [295]
- —description of, iii. [37], [38]
- —their reproduction, [37]
- —their habits, [38]
- —winged, [38]
- —gigantic size of those of India, [38]
- —excavate gold, [39]; vi. [99], [442], [443].
- Anubis, i. [418]; vi. [128].
- Anularian white, vi. [244].
- Aornos, i. [271].
- Aorsi, ii. [32].
- Aosta, i. [247].
- Apamea, i. [479]; ii. [78]
- —wine of, iii. [246].
- Apamia, i. [444].
- Aparine, v. [227], [228].
- Ἀπαθεῖς, ii. [160].
- Apatite, vi. [327].
- Apes, ii. [95], [100], [132]
- —white, [281]
- —described, [347]
- —their shrewdness, [347]
- —how taken, [347]
- —affection for their young, [347]
- —their teeth, iii. [58]
- —their resemblance to man, [86], [87].
- Apeliotes, i. [73]; iv. [116].
- Apellas, vi. [185].
- Apelles, artist, ii. [184]; vi. [245], [256] to [263], [303].
- Apelles, physician, v. [369].
- Apennines, i. [186].
- Aphaca, v. [230].
- Aphace, iv. [349], [350].
- Apharce, iii. [204].
- Aphides, iii. [179].
- Aphrodisiaca, vi. [443].
- Aphrodisiacs, iv. [252]; v. [189], [365], [366], [467], [468]; vi. [57].
- Aphrodisius, the river, v. [475].
- Aphrodite, i. [481]; ii. [14].
- Aphronitram, v. [515].
- Aphua, v. [508].
- Apiana, iii. [224].
- Apiastrum, iv. [247].
- Apiatæ, iii. [196].
- Apicius, M., the epicure, ii. [344], [403]; iv. [185].
- Apidanus, i. [295].
- Apiolæ, i. [207].
- Apion, i. [8]; v. [470].
- Apios ischias, v. [180], [181].
- Apis (the city), i. [402]
- —the Egyptian deity, ii. [330], [331].
- Apocynum, v. [40].
- Apodes, ii. [521]; iii. [90].
- Apographon, vi. [273].
- Apolecti, ii. [386].
- Apollinaris, v. [91].
- Apollo, i. [462], [473], [475].
- Apollobeches, v. [424].
- Apollodorus, i. [371]; ii. [182]; iii. [100], [247]; iv. [301]; vi. [145], [185].
- Apollodorus of Lemnos, ii. [356].
- Apollonia, i. [226], [338], [396].
- Apollonides, ii. [241].
- Apollonius of Pergamus, ii. [356].
- Apollonius Mus, v. [368].
- Apollonius of Pitanæ, v. [420].
- Apollonius Tyanæus, ii. [6], [7].
- Apothecæ, iii. [254], [263].
- Appendix, v. [46].
- Appî Forum, i. [201].
- Appiades, vi. [318].
- Appianum, vi. [243], [244].
- Appius Claudius, vi. [227].
- Apple of the earth, v. [116], [117].
- Apples, iii. [298], [299], [302], [303]; iv. [496], [497]
- —smell of, ii. [132].
- Apronia, iv. [468].
- Aproxis, v. [63].
- Aps, i. [254].
- Apsides, i. [42].
- Apsinthe, iii. [259].
- Apsyctos, vi. [443].
- Apua, v. [508].
- Apuleius quoted, i. [122]; v. [158]; vi. [175].
- Apulia, i. [225], [227].
- Apuscidanus, Lake, v. [479].
- Apyrenum, iii. [200].
- Aqua Marcia, vi. [353].
- Aqua Tepula, vi. [353].
- Aquamarine, vi. [414].
- Aquatic animals, distribution of, into species, ii. [379], [380]
- —their parturitions, [380], [381]
- —their antipathies and sympathies, [475], [476]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [123], [124].
- Aqueducts, v. [487], [488]
- —at Rome, vi. [352], [353], [354].
- Aquifolia, v. [45], [47], [239].
- Aquila, i. [148].
- Aquileia, i. [209].
- Aquilius, vi. [92].
- Aquilo, i. [74], [77]; iv. [115].
- Aquitanica described, i. [357].
- Arabia, described, i. [422]— ii. [82]
- —its spices, iii. [123]
- —Roman expedition against, [125]
- —why called “Happy,” [136], [137]
- —its perfumes, [138]
- —its rivers, vi. [5].
- Arabian Gulf, ii. [66].
- Arabian stone, vi. [365], [366].
- Arabian thorn, v. [43].
- Arabica, vi. [442].
- Arabis, ii. [134], [360].
- Arabs, ii. [90], [91].
- Arachidna, iv. [349].
- Arachne, i. [472]— ii. [224].
- Arachosia, ii. [50], [57].
- Aracos, iv. [349].
- Aracynthus, i. [276].
- Arados, i. [479].
- Aral, Sea of, ii. [32].
- Araneus, vi. [61].
- Arar, i. [175].
- Aratus, iv. [128].
- Arausio, i. [178].
- Araxes, ii. [18].
- Araxus, i. [311].
- Arbalo, victory at, iii. [19].
- Arbela, i. [104]; ii. [27], [71].
- Arbute-tree, iii. [320], [321].
- Arbutus, iii. [320]; iv. [516].
- Arcadia, described, i. [285]
- —asses of, ii. [323]
- —wines of, iii. [262]
- —its simples, v. [116].
- Arcesilas, vi. [281].
- Arcesilaüs, vi. [285], [322].
- Archagathus, v. [375].
- Archebion, iv. [410], [411].
- Archelaüs, king, ii. [357].
- Archelaüs, the poet, v. [368].
- Archezostis, iv. [466], [467].
- Archibius, iv. [128].
- Archidemus, iii. [158].
- Archilochus, ii. [174].
- Archimachus, ii. [243].
- Archimedes, i. [149]; ii. [183].
- Architecture, the orders of, vi. [374], [375].
- Archytas, ii. [356].
- Arcion, v. [124], [164].
- Arconnesus, i. [484].
- Arction, v. [228].
- Arcturum, v. [228].
- Arcturus, iv. [107].
- Ardea, i. [193]
- —paintings at, vi. [270].
- Areca catechu, v. [66].
- Areiopagus, ii. [227].
- Arelate, i. [178].
- Arellius, vi. [271].
- Arellius Fuscus, vi. [137].
- Arescon, ii. [138].
- Arescusa, ii. [138].
- Arethusa, i. [131], [217], [291], [317]; v. [493].
- Arezzo, i. [189].
- Argæus, ii. [7].
- Arganthonius, ii. [200], [201].
- Argema, iv. [222].
- Argemo, v. [188].
- Argemone, iv. [379].
- Argemonia, v. [119], [120].
- Argentaria, iii. [454]; vi. [301].
- Argentarii, iv. [307]; vi. [232].
- Argentarium, vi. [214].
- Argilla, iii. [453].
- Arginussæ, i. [488].
- Argippæi, ii. [15].
- Argo, the ship, iii. [203].
- Argolis described, i. [284].
- Argonauts, i. [250]; ii. [10].
- Argos, Amphilochian, i. [174]
- —Hippian, i. [228], [284]
- —Inachian or Dipsian, i. [284], [285].
- Argyrodamas, vi. [441].
- Argyrippa, i. [228].
- Argyritis, vi. [117].
- Aria, ii. [23].
- Ariadne, vi. [316].
- Ariana described, ii. [56], [58]
- —trees of, iii. [115].
- Arianis, v. [65].
- Aricia, i. [142], [198].
- Ariena, iii. [110].
- Arii, ii. [50].
- Arimaspi, ii. [34], [123], [124], [336].
- Ariminum, i. [241].
- Arimphæi, ii. [15], [24].
- Arinca, iv. [31], [35], [441].
- Arion, the story of, ii. [374].
- Arisaros, v. [60].
- Arisbe, i. [487].
- Aristæus, the story of, iii. [23]; iv. [344].
- Aristagoras, vi. [385].
- Aristander, ii. [357].
- Aristarchus of Sicyon, i. [499].
- Aristarete, vi. [281].
- Aristeas, ii. [211], [241].
- Aristides, (artist), vi. [168], [178], [255], [263], [264], [272].
- Aristides of Miletus, i. [372].
- Aristis, v. [250].
- Aristocreon, i. [499].
- Aristocritus, i. [378].
- Aristodemus, vi. [185].
- Aristogenes, v. [420].
- Aristogiton, vi. [155], [177], [179].
- Aristogiton, the author, iv. [272].
- Aristolaüs, vi. [277].
- Aristolochia, v. [116], [117], [118].
- Aristomachus, iii. [214].
- Aristomachus of Soli, iii. [100].
- Aristomenes, his heart covered with hair, iii. [66]
- —his remarkable escape, [66].
- Aristophanes, the comic writer, quoted, iv. [319]
- —his joke upon Euripides, [423].
- Aristophanes of Miletus, ii. [356].
- Ariston, vi. [139], [185], [268].
- Aristonidas, vi. [206], [281].
- Aristophon, vi. [278].
- Aristotle, his birth-place, i. [301]
- —his enquiries into Natural History, by order of Alexander, ii. [265]
- —quoted, i. [29], [57], [70], [73], [81], [90], [91], [112], [113], [128], [129], [135], [318], [319], [485]; ii. [146], [174]; iii. [92], [96]; v. [470]; vi. [287].
- Aristratus, vi. [268].
- Arles, i. [178].
- Armenia described, ii. [17].
- Armenian bole, vi. [243].
- Armenium, vi. [243].
- Armenochalybes, ii. [9], [21].
- Armentarius, ii. [148].
- Armillæ, ii. [171].
- Arms, various, when first used, ii. [227], [228].
- Arms (of the body) described, iii. [86]
- —peculiarities in, [86].
- Aromatic wines, iii. [258], [259].
- Aromatites, iii. [253], [258], [259].
- Aromatitis, vi. [442].
- Arcs, ii. [299], [300].
- Arosapes, ii. [58].
- Aroteres, i. [306].
- Arpinum, i. [199].
- Arraceni, ii. [88].
- Arrenogonon, v. [191].
- Arretium, i. [189].
- Arrhenicum, vi. [220], [221].
- Arrian, his autograph, vi. [336].
- Arrows, iii. [404]
- —how poisoned, iii. [97], [98].
- Arrugiæ, vi. [101].
- Arruntius, i. [269].
- Arsenic, vi. [220], [221].
- Arsenogonon, v. [213], [214].
- Arsinoë, vi. [427]
- —city of, i. [396]; ii. [93]
- —temple of, vi. [209].
- Arsinoïtes, i. [409].
- Artabrum, i. [363].
- Artacoana, ii. [58].
- Artaphernes, vi. [248].
- Artaxata, ii. [19].
- Artemidorus, i. [150].
- Artemis, i. [463], [468], [473].
- Artemisia (plant), v. [106], [226], [236].
- Artemisia (queen), v. [106]; vi. [316], [317].
- Artemisium, i. [317].
- Artemita, i. [274]; ii. [71].
- Artemon (the artist), vi. [278].
- Artemon (the writer), v. [368].
- Artemon, his resemblance to Antiochus, ii. [146].
- Arteriace, iv. [279], [509], [510], [511].
- Arterial pulsation, iii. [78].
- Arteries, iii. [78].
- Artery, tracheal, iii. [62].
- Articulation, ii. [155]; iii. [62].
- Artichoke, iv. [190], [299], [353].
- Artificial wines, iii. [256-260]; iv. [477], [478].
- Artists in silver, vi. [138], [139], [140].
- Artolaganus, iv. [39].
- Arts, persons who have excelled in the, ii. [182], [183].
- Arum, iv. [169]; v. [57], [58], [59].
- Aruspices, iii [69], [336].
- Arval priesthood, iv. [3].
- As, vi. [149].
- Asafœtida, iv. [144], [146], [432].
- Asana, i. [381].
- Asarotos Œcos, vi. [376], [377].
- Asarubas, vi. [467].
- Asarum, iii. [121], [122]; iv. [319], [369].
- Asbestus, iv. [136], [137]; vi. [360], [442].
- Ascalabotes, v. [403].
- Ascalon, i. [425].
- Ascitæ, ii. [97].
- Asclepias, v. [229].
- Asclepiades, ii. [183], [242]
- —his medical practice, v. [156], [157], [158].
- Asclepiades of Thrace, ii. [242].
- Asclepiodorus, vi. [267], [303].
- Asconius Pedianus, ii. [240].
- Asculum, i. [236].
- Ascyroïdes, v. [229], [230].
- Ascyron, v. [225], [226], [229], [230].
- Aselli, iv. [121].
- Asellus, ii. [396], [399].
- Ash (tree), iii. [365], [366]; v. [21].
- Ashdod, i. [425].
- Ashes, vi. [283], [284]
- —used in agriculture, iii. [455], [456].
- Asia, islands of, i. [479]
- —trees of, iii. [201].
- Asio, ii. [504].
- Asisium, i. [238].
- Asmagi, ii. [47].
- Asp, ii. [285], [286], [552]; v. [394].
- Aspalathos, iii. [146], [147]; v. [45].
- Asparagus, iv. [188], [189], [190], [245], [350], [405].
- Aspendum, i. [452].
- Asperugo, v. [193].
- Asphalt, vi. [293].
- Asphaltites, Lake, i. [132], [429]; ii. [152].
- Asphodel, i. [276]; iv. [359], [360], [417], [418].
- Aspisatis, vi. [442].
- Asplenon, v. [228], [229].
- Asprenas, vi. [288].
- Asprenates, v. [443].
- Ass, v. [116]
- —wild, ii. [263], [297]
- —its generation, [322], [323]
- —best varieties of, [323]
- —its habits, [324]
- —its value, [324]
- —eaten as food, [324]
- —Indian, iii. [46]
- —its bones used for flutes, [77]
- —its milk, v. [340]
- —baths of its milk, iii. [84].
- Assabinus, the god, iii. [128], [139].
- Assyria, i. [424].
- Assisi, i. [238].
- Astaceni, i. [139].
- Astaci, ii. [424].
- Astaphis, iv. [463], [464]
- —agria, iv. [464], [465].
- Astapus, i. [411].
- Astarte, v. [485]; vi. [9].
- Aster, v. [229].
- Astercum, iv. [407].
- Asteria, vi. [437].
- Asthma, remedies for, v. [344].
- Astobores, i. [411].
- Astomi, ii. [131].
- Astorga, i. [172].
- Astosapes, i. [411].
- Astragalizontes, vi. [172].
- Astragals, vi. [375].
- Astragalus, v. [170], [171].
- Astragus, ii. [184].
- Astrapæa, vi. [460].
- Astrion, vi. [437].
- Astriotes, vi. [437].
- Astrobolos, vi. [438].
- Astrology, i. [25]
- —invention of, ii. [230].
- Astromancy, v. [427].
- Astura, i. [193].
- Asturcones, ii. [322].
- Asturia, i. [214].
- Astynomus, i. [373].
- Astypalæa, i. [323].
- Asyla, v. [137].
- Atabulus, the wind, iii. [523].
- Ateius, L., i. [269].
- Ateius Prætextatus, i. [370].
- Atergatis, i. [426], [439].
- Aternus, i. [231].
- Ateste, i. [252].
- Athamanes, i. [275].
- Athamantium, iv. [295], [296].
- Athanatus, ii. [161].
- Athenæus quoted, i. [447].
- Athenion, vi. [276].
- Athenis, vi. [308].
- Athenodorus, vi. [320].
- Athens, i. [289].
- Athletes, iv. [504].
- Athletic exercises, iii. [271].
- Athos, i. [300], [324]
- —inhabitants of, ii. [132].
- Atina, i. [232].
- Atinas, C. Pompeius, iv. [394].
- Atinum, i. [230].
- Atizoë, vi. [442].
- Atlantes, i. [405].
- Atlantic Ocean, i. [210]
- —islands of, i. [367].
- Atlantis, i. [120]; ii. [106].
- Atlas, Mount, described, i. [377], [378], [381], [382], [383]
- —trees of, iii. [194].
- Atomic theory of Plato, iv. [436].
- Atractylis, iv. [350], [353].
- Atramentum, v. [2], [3]; vi. [240], [241], [242].
- Atramentum sutorium, vi. [200], [201], [202].
- Atramitæ, ii. [87]; iii. [124].
- Atrebates, i. [354].
- Atria, i. [245].
- Atriplex, iv. [282], [283].
- Atropatene, ii. [27].
- Attacori, i. [337]; ii. [37].
- Attagen, ii. [528], [529].
- Attagenæ, ii. [353].
- Attalic vestments, ii. [337].
- Attalus, king, ii. [356]; vi. [136], [145], [264].
- Attelebi, v. [403].
- Attica described, i. [288].
- Atticus, Julius, iii. [275].
- Atticus, Pomponius, i. [273]; ii. [240]; vi. [226].
- Attilus, ii. [383].
- Attius, L., iv. [126].
- Attus, Navius, iii. [310], [311]; vi. [157].
- Auchetæ, i. [335].
- Aufidius, M., vi. [228].
- Augetis, vi. [402].
- Augury, ii. [294], [487], [493], [494], [495]
- —from fish, ii. [391]
- —from eggs, ii. [535].
- Augustus, the Emperor, i. [58], [61], [184], [198], [256], [274]; ii. [82], [237]; iii. [68], [69], [342]; iv. [51], [181], [182], [395]; v. [108]; vi. [106], [233], [262], [387], [389]
- —an author, i. [268]
- —his union with Livia unprolific, ii. [149]
- —his misfortunes, ii. [195]
- —the colour of his eyes, iii. [51]
- —his temple, iii. [140]
- —his taste in wines, iii. [244], [245].
- Augustite, vi. [327].
- Augylæ, i. [392], [393], [405].
- Aulocrenæ, i. [461].
- Aulon, i. [281].
- Aulus Gellius quoted, i. [110].
- Aurata, ii. [397].
- Aurelian, the Emperor, i. [445].
- Aurelius, Marcus, iv. [515].
- Aurichalcum, vi. [148], [435].
- Auripigmentum, vi. [104], [105].
- Aurora Borealis, i. [60], [63].
- Ausones, i. [222].
- Auster, i. [73].
- Autololes, i. [379], [384].
- Autolycus, vi. [182].
- Autumn, iv. [107], [108].
- Aventurine, vi. [423], [459].
- Avernus, Lake, i. [196]; v. [479].
- Avianius Evander, vi. [317].
- Aviaries, the inventor of, ii. [531].
- Awnings for theatres, iv. [138], [139].
- Axenus, i. [326]; ii. [1].
- Axinomancy, v. [427]; vi. [362].
- Axis, the wild beast, ii. [280], [281].
- Axungia, v. [324].
- Azanian Sea, ii. [67], [95].
- Azotus, i. [425].
- B.
- Babba, i. [376].
- Babel, tower of, i. [444].
- Baboon, ii. [135], [348].
- Babylon, ii. [72]; vi. [294].
- Babylonia, fertility of, iv. [59], [61].
- Babylonian vestments, ii. [337], [338].
- Babylonians, their astronomical observations, ii. [221].
- Babytace, ii. [79].
- Bacca, iii. [319], [320].
- Bacchar, iii. [121]; iv. [318], [319], [368], [369].
- Bacchiadæ, vi. [283].
- Bacchius of Miletus, ii. [357].
- Bacchus, ii. [399]
- —his birth, ii. [50]
- —origin of the name, ii. [219].
- Bacchus (fish), vi. [33].
- Bactra, ii. [32], [30].
- Bactriana, v. [500], [501];
- trees of, iii. [116].
- Bactrus, ii. [32].
- Badger, ii. [310].
- Bætica, i. [154].
- Bætis, i. [157].
- Bæton, i. [498].
- Bætyli, vi. [438].
- Bagoüs, an eunuch, iii. [174].
- Bagrada, i. [389]; ii. [261].
- Bahr-el-Abied, i. [411].
- Baiæ, i. [196]; v. [472].
- Bakers, when first introduced at Rome, iv. [40], [41].
- Balæna, ii. [359], [361], [365], [368], [369].
- Balaklava, i. [334].
- Balani, iii. [177].
- Balanites, vi. [443].
- Balanus, iii. [182]; vi. [61]
- —oil of, iii. [162].
- Balas ruby, vi. [421].
- Balaustium, iv. [500], [501].
- Balbus, Cornelius, i. [399], [400]; ii. [190]; vi. [329].
- Balbusard, ii. [482].
- Baldness, natural, iii. [47].
- Balearic Islands, described, i. [211]
- —infested with hares, ii. [349]
- —wines of, iii. [244].
- Balista, first used, ii. [228].
- Balkh, ii. [30].
- Ball, game of, ii. [232].
- Ballis, v. [82].
- Ballotes, v. [236].
- Balm, of Gilead, iii. [147], [396]
- —of Mecca, iii. [147]; iv. [492].
- Balsamodes, iii. [141].
- Balsamum, iii. [147]; [151], [396].
- Baltia, i. [342].
- Baltic, islands of the, i. [341].
- Bamberg MS. of the text of Pliny, vi. [1], [190], [465], [466].
- Bambos arundinacea, ii. [129].
- Bambotus, i. [380].
- Bambyx, i. [439].
- Banasa, i. [377].
- Bandoline, v. [20].
- Bankers, iv. [307].
- Banquets in trees, iii. [105].
- Banquetting-couches, ii. [448].
- Bantams, ii. [536].
- Banyan tree, ii. [129]; iii. [109], [110].
- Baobab tree, iii. [429].
- Baptes, vi. [443].
- Barbers, early employment of, ii. [236].
- Barberry, v. [46].
- Barcelona, i. [167].
- Barcino, i. [167].
- Bargyla, i. [463].
- Barippe, vi. [443].
- Bark of trees, ii. [117], [354], [355], [393].
- Barley, iv. [27], [28], [30], [31], [445], [446].
- Baroptenus, vi. [443].
- Barrenness, ii. [149].
- Barter, vi. [71].
- Basanite, vi. [125], [328].
- Basil, iv. [249], [250].
- Basilia, i. [342]; vi. [408].
- Basilica, vi. [227], [346].
- Basilis, ii. [116].
- Basilisk, ii. [282], [394].
- Bassus, Calpurnius, iii. [437].
- Bassus, Julius, iv. [304].
- Bassus, Q. Lecanius, v. [154].
- Bastard, asarum, v. [35]
- —dittany, v. [172]
- —saffron, iv. [350].
- Basternæ, i. [330], [348].
- Bat, ii. [540]; v. [400]
- —used as a countercharm, v. [400].
- Batavi, i. [355].
- Bath-room, sprinkled with unguents, iii. [168].
- Baths at Rome, vi. [353], [354].
- Batia, vi. [33].
- Batis, iv. [347], [382].
- Baton, vi. [187].
- Batrachion, v. [148], [149], [150], [258].
- Batrachitis, vi. [443].
- Batrachus, vi. [61], [322].
- Battering-ram, ii. [229].
- Battles, the first, ii. [227].
- Bauli, i. [196].
- Bdellium, iii. [116].
- Beaks of ships, ii. [235].
- Beans, iv. [44], [45], [57], [447], [448].
- Bears, and their cubs, ii. [305], [306], [307]
- —in the Circus, ii. [307]
- —have the hardest skulls, iii. [47]
- —their genitals, iii. [92].
- Bears’-grease, iv. [366]; v. [334]
- —used for the hair, ii. [306].
- Beaver, ii. [297], [298]— vi. [13], [14], [416].
- Bebriacum, ii. [529].
- Bebryces, i. [478].
- Bechion, v. [164].
- Beckmann’s “History of Inventions” quoted, iii. [354]; iv. [33], [37]; v. [38], [39], [109], [193], [264], [323], [342], [486], [487], [502], [504], [506], [512], [513], [514], [515], [516], [519]; vi. [4], [5], [32], [97], [98], [99], [108], [109], [111], [114], [124], [141], [142], [143], [147], [189], [191], [195], [198], [200], [207], [208], [212], [213], [214], [218], [238], [240], [241], [242], [243], [244], [295], [301], [330], [357], [369], [370], [375], [379], [380], [381], [382], [398], [409], [410], [420], [422], [424], [425], [430], [432], [463].
- Bedeguar, iv. [366]; v. [48], [84].
- Bedouins, ii. [86].
- Bedrooms, quinces hung up in, iii. [293]
- —plants in, iv. [259].
- Bee-bread, iv. [434].
- Beech, iii. [346], [355]; v. [7].
- Bee-eater, ii. [516].
- Bee-glue, iii. [6].
- Beehives, iv. [344].
- Beer, iii. [256], [274]; iv. [26], [456].
- Bees, iii. [5]
- —their works, [5-6]
- —honey, [10], [11], [12], [13]
- —their wax, [6], [7]
- —their fondness for the olive, [7]
- —not injurious to trees, [7]
- —persons who have made them their study, [8]
- —their mode of working, [8-14]
- —their habits, [15], [16]
- —reproduction of, [16], [17]; iv. [344]
- —swarming of, iii. [17], [18], [19]
- —their government, [18]
- —omens afforded by, [19]
- —various kinds of, [20]
- —the king-bee, [10], [16-21]
- —their sting, [20]; iv. [343]
- —their aversions, iii. [21]
- —what creatures are hostile to them, [21]
- —their diseases, [21], [22]; iv. [340]
- —things that are noxious to them, iii. [22]
- —olive oil fatal to them, [22]
- —how to keep them to the hive, [23]
- —how to renew the swarm, [23], [24]
- —plants for, iv. [339], [340]
- —their food, [340], [341]
- —their hives, [344]
- —influence of hunger upon them, [345].
- Beet, iv. [183], [184], [232], [233].
- Beetles, iii. [33]; v. [418], [419], [436].
- Behen nut, or ben, iii. [142], [143], [182], [327], [495].
- Belemnites, vi. [398], [452].
- Beli oculus, vi. [443].
- Belladonna, v. [137].
- Bellerophon, ii. [229]; iii. [193].
- Bellio, iv. [328].
- Bellis, v. [162].
- Bells, i. [198].
- Belly, iii. [71], [72]
- —animals with none, iii. [71]
- —diseases of the, v. [169], [170].
- Belluno, i. [252].
- Belone, ii. [466]; vi. [61].
- Belunum, i. [252].
- Belus (the divinity), ii. [72].
- Belus (the river), vi. [379].
- Belus (the stone), vi. [443].
- Beneventum, i. [229].
- Berecynthus, i. [164].
- Berenice (city), i. [396]; ii. [94].
- Berenice (queen), vi. [427].
- Berenice’s Hair, i. [103].
- Bergamo, i. [248].
- Bergamum, i. [248].
- Berkeley, Bishop, his “Siris,” v. [18].
- Berœa, i. [440].
- Berosus, ii. [182], [242].
- Berry fruits, iii. [319-322].
- Beryls, vi. [414], [415].
- Berytus, i. [435].
- Bestia, Calpurnius, how he slew his wives, v. [218].
- Betel, iii. [153].
- Beterræ, wines of, iii. [242].
- Bethleptephene, i. [428].
- Beth-shan, i. [432].
- Betony, v. [111], [112].
- Bevagna, i. [239].
- Beyrout, i. [435].
- Bezoar stones, v. [349].
- Bibraga, ii. [51].
- Biestings, iii. [83]; v. [320].
- Bilbilis, vi. [208].
- Bildulgerid, i. [399].
- Bion of Soli, ii. [115]; v. [369].
- Bion (wine), iii. [247]; iv. [478].
- Birch, bitumen from, iii. [371].
- Birdlime, iii. [435].
- Birds, of Æthiopia and India, ii. [479], [480]
- —classified according to their feet, [490]
- —of ill omen, [491], [492]
- —extinct, [492], [493]
- —born with the tail first, [493]
- —with hooked talons, [495]
- —ominous, [495], [509]
- —migration of, [503-506]
- —flight of, [504-506]
- —places where certain are never found, [507], [508]
- —which change their colour and voice, [509]
- —incubation of, [512]
- —aquatic, [513]
- —construction of their nests, [513], [514]
- —flight of, [520]
- —food of, [521], [522]
- —instinct of, [522]
- —which speak, [522-525]
- —their mode of drinking, [527]
- —their food, [527]
- —foreign kinds, [528]
- —fabulous, [530]
- —language of, [530]— v. [397]
- —the generation of, ii. [532-538]
- —when they lay, and how many eggs, [537]
- —why they peck at the eyes, iii. [53]
- —feet of, [90]
- —singing of, [94]
- —prognostics from, iv. [124]
- —remedies derived from, v. [400].
- [See] also “Singing of birds.”
- Births, marvellous, ii. [134-138]
- —monstrous, [142], [144].
- Birthwort, v. [117].
- Bison, ii. [262].
- Bithus, v. [368].
- Bithynia described, i. [493].
- Bitonto, i. [230].
- Bitumen, ii. [152]; iii. [364]; vi. [293], [294]
- —of Judæa, v. [222], [305].
- Bituriges, i. [359].
- Biuri, v. [469].
- Bizya, i. [307].
- Bladder, iii. [74]
- —animals destitute of, [74]
- —diseases of the, v. [182], [183], [443], [444]; vi. [41], [42].
- Blachnon, v. [245], [246].
- Blackberries, iii. [411]; v. [47], [49].
- Blackbird, ii. [509]
- —white, [512].
- Black Forest, i. [328].
- Black marble, vi. [325].
- Black stones, vi. [358].
- Black vine, iv. [468].
- Blasting winds, i. [80].
- Blattaria, v. [122].
- Blechnon, iv. [261].
- Blemmyæ, i. [405].
- Blendius, vi. [43].
- Blinding of birds, v. [414].
- Blindness, iii. [53].
- Blindworm, ii. [466].
- Blite, iv. [295].
- Blood, iii. [65], [78]; v. [328]
- —of insects, ii. [3]
- —human, v. [292]
- —remedies from, [276]
- —discharges of, periodically, iii. [79]
- —which is the thickest, [79]
- —which is the thinnest, [79]
- —other properties of it, [79]
- —whether it is the principle of life, [80]
- —baths of, [155]
- —spitting of, remedies for, v. [438], [439].
- Bloodless fish, ii. [416].
- Blood-letting, v. [319]; vi. [50].
- Blood-red shrub, v. [31].
- Bloodstone, vi. [448], [450].
- Blossoming of flowers, iv. [336], [337]
- —of trees, iii. [380-384].
- Blossoms of plants, iv. [170], [171].
- Blue, staining the body, iv. [390].
- Blue-bell, iv. [328].
- Blushing, iii. [80].
- Boa (serpent), ii. [262].
- Boa (disease), v. [24], [199].
- Boarfish, iii. [94].
- Boats, various kinds of, the invention of, ii. [234].
- Boca, vi. [61].
- Bocchus, Cornelius, iii. [437].
- Bodies that have the nature of animal and vegetable combined, ii. [453].
- Bodincus, i. [246].
- Body, gigantic, discovered, ii. [156]
- —remarkable properties of the, [158], [159]
- —parts to which certain religious ideas are attached, iii. [88]
- —maladies which attack the whole of the, v. [194]
- —evils which affect the whole of the, [448], [449].
- Bœbeïs, i. [295].
- Bœdas, vi. [176], [179].
- Bœotia, described, i. [290].
- Boëthus, vi. [139], [184].
- Bœus, ii. [555].
- Boii, i. [243], [356].
- Boils, remedies for, v. [200], [357], [457].
- Bokhara, ii. [31].
- Boleti, iv. [429].
- Bolites, iv. [381].
- Bologna, i. [241].
- Bologna stone, vi. [447].
- Bolos, vi. [444].
- Bolters, iv. [41].
- Βομβύκια, v. [273].
- Bombylis, iii. [25].
- Bombyx of Assyria, iii. [25].
- Bona Dea, rites of, ii. [536].
- Bonasus, ii. [264].
- Bones, iii. [77]
- —gigantic, ii. [156]
- —solid, [159], [160]
- —of the head, iii. [47]
- —broken, remedies for, v. [354], [460], [461].
- Bonomi’s “Nineveh,” referred to, v. [47].
- Bononia, i. [241].
- Bonus Eventus, vi. [181].
- Books, of Numa, discovered, iii. [192]
- —burnt, [192]
- —seasoning of, v. [8].
- Boomerang, ii. [253]
- —possible allusion to, v. [47].
- Bootskopf, ii. [364], [365].
- Borage, v. [109]
- —still used in certain beverages, v. [109].
- Boreas, i. [74].
- Borion, i. [394].
- Borysthenes, i. [331].
- Bosporus, i. [306], [326], [495]; ii. [2].
- Bostock, Dr. i. [vi] (in the Preface); vi. [68], [147].
- Bostrychitis, vi. [444], [461].
- Botany, introduction of, ii. [224].
- Botryitis, vi. [444].
- Botrys, iii. [214]; v. [106], [107], [226], [236].
- Bong, i. [332].
- Boulogne, i. [350].
- Bovillæ, i. [199].
- Bowels, remedies for pains in the, v. [181]
- —remedies for maladies in the, v. [346], [347], [348], [442], [443]; vi. [39].
- Bowstrings, made of the genitals of the camel, iii. [92].
- Box-tree, iii. [368], [369], [390], [391].
- Box-wood, ii. [4].
- Brabyla, v. [236].
- Brace (malting wheat), iv. [24].
- Brachmanæ, ii. [42].
- Braga, i. [165].
- Brahma, temple of, vi. [406].
- Brahmins, ii. [42], [44].
- Brain, of man, iii. [47]
- —and other animals, iii. [48]
- —palpitation of the, [48].
- Bramble, iii. [411]; v. [47-50]
- —of Ida, iii. [412].
- Bramble-frog, ii. [298]; iii. [98]; iv. [102]; v. [128], [303]; vi. [22].
- Bran, iv. [440].
- Branch, propagation from the, iii. [485], [486].
- Branches of trees, iii. [391], [392].
- Branchidæ, oracle of, i. [466].
- Brand’s “Popular Antiquities” quoted, ii. [127]; v. [282], [283], [389].
- Brand-marks, how treated, v. [150].
- Brass, a description of, vi. [147-168].
- Brathy, v. [41].
- Bratus, iii. [135].
- Brawn, ii. [345].
- Bread, iv. [26], [28], [29], [33], [447]
- —methods of making, [39], [40]
- —various kinds of, [39], [40].
- Bream, ii. [389].
- Breast, iii. [74]
- —modes of preserving the, v. [464], [465].
- Breath, iii. [97]
- —tainted, [97]
- —bad, remedies for, [97]; v. [150]
- —of animals, different effects of, iii. [97].
- Breeches, i. [173], [174].
- Bregma, iii. [112].
- Brenta, i. [246].
- Brick, used in making bread, iv. [37].
- Bricks, vi. [290], [291].
- Brilessus, i. [289].
- Brindisi, i. [226].
- Brine, v. [503], [504].
- Britain, i. [109]; v. [85], [86]; vi. [94], [215], [399]
- —described, i. [150]
- —pearls of, ii. [437]
- —oysters of, [468]; vi. [27]
- —its geese, ii. [500]
- —the people of, stain the body, iv. [390]
- —its possible communication with the East, v. [426].
- Britannica, v. [85]
- —why so called, [85], [86].
- Brixilum, i. [242].
- Brocchi, the family of the, iii. [56].
- Brochon, iii. [116].
- Bromos, iv. [455].
- Brontea, vi. [444].
- Bronze, vi. [68].
- Bronzite, vi. [412].
- Brood-hens, defects in, and their remedies, ii. [535].
- Broom, iv. [135]; v. [28], [29].
- Brundusium, i. [226].
- Bruscum, iii. [368].
- Brussels sprouts, iv. [185], [239].
- Bruttium described, i. [208].
- Brutus, Callæcus, vi. [315].
- Brutus, L., iii. [335].
- Brutus, M., vi. [87].
- Brya, iii. [202]; v. [30], [31].
- Bryaxis, vi. [165], [179], [313], [316], [317].
- Bryazus, v. [480].
- Bryon, iii. [154], [155], [162], [310]; v. [12]
- —maritimum, [236], [237].
- Bryony, iv. [466], [467].
- Bubalus, ii. [263].
- Bubastis, i. [408].
- Bubasus, i. [459].
- Bubo, ii. [492].
- Bubon, i. [457].
- Bubonion, v. [229].
- Bucardia, vi. [444].
- Buccinum, ii. [444].
- Bucephala, ii. [49].
- Bucephalus, i. [285]; ii. [317].
- Buckthorn, v. [50], [51].
- Budding, iii. [477].
- Buffon, an opinion of, iv. [54].
- Bufonite, vi. [444].
- Buglossos, v. [109].
- Bugs, remedies derived from, v. [392], [393], [394].
- Building, woods used in, iii. [426]
- —stones used for, vi. [372]
- —methods of, v. [372]
- —defects in, vi. [374].
- Buildings, marvellous, at Rome, vi. [345-355].
- Bulapathum, iv. [288].
- Bularchus, vi. [247].
- Bulb emetic, iv. [244].
- Bulbine, iv. [244].
- Bulbs, iv. [168], [169], [243], [244].
- Bulgaria, i. [264].
- Bulimia, iii. [99].
- Bulls, wild, ii. [280]
- —the appearance of, [329]
- —fights by, [329]
- —used as victims, [329]
- —how ridden, [329].
- Bulls’ blood, the effects of swallowing, iii. [79]; iv. [216]; v. [518].
- Bulls’ gall, iii. [69].
- Bulrushes of stone, iii. [212].
- Bumastus, iii. [220].
- Bunias, iv. [215].
- Bunion, iv. [214].
- Bupalus, vi. [308].
- Bupleuron, iv. [421], [422]; v. [237].
- Buprestis, iv. [422], [469]; v. [503].
- Buphthalmos, v. [110], [114].
- Bura, i. [280].
- Burbuleius, the actor, ii. [147].
- Burcana, i. [344].
- Burgundiones, i. [345].
- Burial, ii. [217].
- Burning, places that are always, i. [139], [140], [141].
- Burning the dead, ii. [217].
- Burning-glasses, vi. [382], [396], [450].
- Burning shields, i. [63].
- Burns, remedies for, v. [202], [357], [457]; vi. [49].
- Burying alive, v. [279], [280].
- Busiris, i. [421].
- Butades, vi. [283].
- Butcher’s broom, iv. [382].
- Buteo, ii. [487], [530]; iii. [92].
- Buteones, family of the, ii. [487].
- Buthrotum, i. [273].
- Butoridas, vi. [385].
- Butter, iii. [84]; v. [323], [324].
- Buttermilk, iii. [84].
- Buzzard, ii. [487].
- Byblis, vi. [264].
- Byblos, i. [435].
- Byssus, iv. [137]; v. [274].
- Bythiæ, ii. [127].
- Byzacium, i. [390].
- Byzantium, i. [307], [495].
- C.
- Cabbages, most esteemed when yellow, iv. [47]
- —described, iv. [153], [185-188]
- —admired by Cato the Censor, iv. [185]
- —their remedial virtues, iv. [235-241].
- Cabinet-work, woods for, iii. [367], [368], [413], [414], [417], [421].
- Cabiri, i. [324], [341].
- Cacalia, v. [133].
- Cachelot whale, ii. [364].
- Cachexy, vi. [49].
- Cachla, v. [110].
- Cacholong, vi. [413].
- Cachrys, iii. [351], [352]; v. [40], [41].
- Cackerel, vi. [35].
- Cacoëthes, v. [359], [360].
- Cactos, iv. [354], [358].
- Cadistus, i. [314].
- Cadiz, i. [368].
- Cadmia, vi. [148], [149], [191-194].
- Cadmitis, vi. [444].
- Cadmus, i. [435], [467].
- Caduceus, v. [390].
- Cadusii, ii. [32].
- Cadytas, iii. [433].
- Cæcilius, v. [369].
- Cæcina, i. [148]— ii. [505].
- Cæcuban wine, iii. [239], [240]; iv. [471].
- Cæcubum, i. [195].
- Cælia (a kind of beer), iv. [456].
- Cæpio, iv. [387].
- Cære, i. [188].
- Cæruleum, vi. [141-144].
- Cæsapon, iv. [228], [229].
- Cæsarean operation, ii. [143].
- “Cæsars,” why so called, ii. [143].
- Cæsena, wines of, iii. [242].
- Cæsennius, iv. [205].
- Cæsi, iii. [51].
- Cæsones, ii. [143].
- Cæsonia, ii. [140].
- Caïcus, i. [473].
- Caieta, i. [194].
- Calabria, i. [225].
- Calabrix, iii. [467].
- Calagurris, i. [166].
- Calahorra, i. [166].
- Calamine, vi. [191], [194].
- Calamis, vi. [139], [167], [320].
- Calamites, vi. [31], [32], [50].
- Calamochnus, vi. [58].
- Calamus, sweet-scented, iii. [144], [187].
- Calatajud, i. [171].
- Calathi, iv. [315].
- Calchas, i. [228].
- Calcifraga, v. [244].
- Calculi, urinary, remedies for, iii. [74], [92]; v. [182], [183], [443], [444].
- Caledonian Forest, i. [350].
- Calendar, Roman, vi. [76], [77].
- Calenian wine, iii. [241].
- Calentum, i. [162].
- Calenus, Olenus, v. [280], [281].
- Caliga, ii. [189], [405]; iv. [429]; vi. [207].
- Caligula, the Emperor, i. [279]; ii. [143]; iii. [51]; vi. [2], [104], [230], [349].
- Calingæ, ii. [42], [134].
- Calingi, ii. [47].
- Calippus, iv. [127].
- Callaica, vi. [445].
- Callaina, vi. [427], [428].
- Callais, vi. [444].
- Callarias, ii. [399].
- Calliblephara, iv. [495]; vi. [299].
- Callicia, v. [62].
- Callicles, vi. [186], [269].
- Callicrates, i. [270]; ii. [162], [163]; vi. [323].
- Callidemus, i. [372].
- Callimachus, i. [371]
- —quoted, [267], [310], [318].
- Callimachus (the artist), vi. [188].
- Callimachus (the physician), iv. [388].
- Callimus, vi. [365].
- Callionymus, vi. [30].
- Calliphanes, i. [270].
- Callipolis, i. [225], [308].
- Callistratus, vi. [467].
- Callisthenes, iii. [156], [157].
- Callistratus, vi. [170].
- Callistus, vi. [329].
- Callitriche, ii. [348].
- Callitrichos, iv. [415], [416], [417]; v. [132], [133].
- Callon, vi. [168].
- Calpas, ii. [2].
- Calpe, i. [152].
- Caltha, iv. [318].
- Caltrop, iv. [355].
- Calves, man only has them, iii. [89].
- Calves (animals), ii. [329].
- Calvinus, Domitius, iii. [99].
- Calvus, the orator, vi. [216].
- And [see] “Macer.”
- Calycadnus, i. [449].
- Calydne, i. [484].
- Calydon, i. [275].
- Calymna, i. [323].
- Calypso, Islands of, i. [213].
- Calyx, v. [238].
- Camarina, i. [218].
- Cambalidus, ii. [79].
- Cambyses, ii. [92]; vi. [332].
- Camel, ii. [276]; iii. [58]; v. [308], [309]
- —its feet, iii. [89]
- —its genitals, iii. [92].
- Cameleopard, ii. [277]
- —when first seen at Rome, [277].
- Camelodunum, i. [109].
- Camerinum, i. [328].
- Camillus, i. [248]; vi. [119], [158].
- Cammaron, v. [218-222].
- Cammarus, v. [220]; vi. [62].
- Cammock, iv. [355].
- Camomile, v. [186].
- Camp, luxury of the Roman in perfumes, iii. [168].
- Campania, i. [195]
- —its roses, iii. [169]
- —its wheat, iv. [41]
- Campaspe, vi. [259].
- Campi Lapidei, i. [176].
- Campion rose, vi. [425].
- Campter, vi. [314].
- Campus Martius, vi. [333], [334].
- Canachus, vi. [169], [180], [322].
- Canal from the Nile to the Red Sea, ii. [92].
- Canaries (islands), ii. [107].
- Canary grass, v. [264].
- Cancamum, iii. [142].
- Cancer (the disease), remedies for, v. [359], [360].
- Cancer, sign of, transforms crabs into serpents, ii. [427].
- Candace, Queen, ii. [101].
- Candahar, ii. [57].
- Candaules, vi. [247].
- Candelæ, vi. [123].
- Candia, i. [313].
- Candle rushes, iii. [411].
- Cane (place), ii. [64].
- Canephori, vi. [314].
- Canine madness, ii. [136].
- [See] “Hydrophobia.”
- Canine teeth, iii. [56], [58].
- Cannabis, iv. [198], [297], [298].
- Cannæ, i. [230].
- Cannibalism, ii. [122].
- [See] “Anthropophagi.”
- Canobus, i. [420].
- Canoes, ii. [65].
- Canon, vi. [171].
- Canopus, i. [420], [479].
- Cantabri, i. [361].
- Cantabrica, v. [112].
- Cantharias, vi. [459].
- Cantharis, iv. [55].
- Cantharus (artist), vi. [185].
- Cantharus (fish), vi. [61].
- Cantharus, ii. [330].
- Cantharides, iii. [41]; v. [303], [403], [404], [405].
- Cantharite wine, iii. [246].
- Canusium, i. [228].
- Capena, i. [189].
- Caper, iii. [206], [207]; iv. [194], [264], [265].
- Caper-plant, v. [252].
- Caphareus, i. [316].
- Caphrena, ii. [72].
- Capillati, i. [255]; iii. [46].
- Capisa, ii. [57].
- Capito, C. Ateius, i. [269].
- Capito, Oppius, ii. [151].
- Capitolinus, Manlius, his singular valour, ii. [171].
- Capnos, v. [42].
- Cappadocia (the country), described, ii. [6], [16].
- Cappadocia (a stone), vi. [445].
- Cappadox, ii. [7].
- Capparis, iii. [206], [207]; iv. [264], [265].
- Capræa, ii. [346], [347].
- Capraria, i. [213].
- Caprification, iii. [312], [313], [530], [531].
- Caprificus, iii. [311], [312], [313].
- Caprimulgus, ii. [521].
- Capsa, i. [395].
- Captatio, iv. [262].
- Capua, i. [198]; vi. [143].
- Carabi, ii. [424].
- Carambis, ii. [4], [501].
- Carambucis, ii. [24].
- Caraway, iv. [194].
- Carbasus, iv. [133]; v. [273].
- Carbo, Cn. Papirius, ii. [153]
- —his death prognosticated by mice, ii. [353].
- “Carbo,” meaning of the word, vi. [423].
- Carbuncle, remedies for, v. [154], [198], [467]; vi. [52], [53].
- Carbunculus (the stone), vi. [420-423], [425].
- Carcasum, i. [179].
- Carcasonne, i. [179].
- Carchedonia, vi. [425].
- Carcine, i. [332].
- Carcinethron, v. [259], [260].
- Carcinias, vi. [459].
- Carcinomata, v. [359], [360]; vi. [52].
- Cardamomum, iii. [123].
- Cardiac disease, iii. [67]; iv. [477].
- Carduelis, ii. [522].
- Carduus, iv. [353].
- Carfiathum, iii. [127].
- Caria, described, i. [458]
- —its name, ii. [230].
- Caricatures, vi. [270].
- Caricæ, iii. [178].
- Carinthia, i. [263].
- Carmania described, ii. [66].
- Carmelus, i. [434].
- Carnac, i. [416].
- Carneades, ii. [175]; v. [98].
- Carnelian, vi. [418], [420], [425], [426], [431].
- Carob, iii. [181], [319]; iv. [516].
- Caryophyllon, iii. [113].
- Caros, v. [185].
- Carpathian Sea, i. [323].
- Carpathum, vi. [25].
- Carpathus, i. [483].
- Carpenters’ woods, iii. [427].
- [See] “Cabinet-work.”
- Carpentoracte, i. [179].
- Carpentras, i. [179].
- Carphos, v. [74].
- Carpinus, iii. [368].
- Carrara marble, vi. [309].
- Carrhæ, i. [443], [444].
- Carrot, iv. [166], [219], [220]; v. [124].
- Carrucæ, vi. [132].
- Carseoli, iii. [516].
- Cartana, ii. [57].
- Carteia, i. [156].
- Cartenna, i. [385].
- Carthage, Great, i. [390]
- —hated by Cato the Censor, iii. [309], [310].
- Cartilage, iii. [77].
- Carvilius, Spurius, vi. [165], [166].
- Carving, ii. [184].
- Caryanda, i. [485].
- Caryatides, vi. [313].
- Caryites, v. [178].
- Carynian wine, iii. [262].
- Caryotæ, iii. [175].
- Carystus, i. [309], [317].
- Casignetes, v. [66].
- Casilinum, siege of, ii. [351].
- Casius, i. [424], [438].
- Casks, iii. [268].
- Caspian Gates, ii. [28]; v. [501].
- Caspian Passes, ii. [21].
- Caspian Sea, i. [453]; ii. [20], [24].
- Cassander, i. [300]; v. [492].
- Cassia, iii. [140], [141], [396].
- Cassiterides, i. [367].
- Cassiteris, ii. [225].
- Cassiteros, vi. [212], [213].
- Cassius Parmensis, v. [522].
- Cassius, Spurius, vi. [154].
- Castabala, ii. [6].
- Castalia, i. [277].
- Castes of India, ii. [44].
- Casthanea, i. [296].
- Castor, Antonius, iv. [304]; v. [80], [81].
- Castor and Pollux (stars), i. [64], [65].
- Castor oil, iii. [287]; iv. [489], [490].
- Castoreum, ii. [297]; vi. [13], [14], [15].
- Castra Cornelia, i. [389].
- Castration, iii. [92].
- Castritius, iv. [205].
- Castulo, i. [164].
- Catabathmos, i. [397].
- Catacecaumene, wine of, iii. [246].
- Catadupi, i. [412]; ii. [97].
- Catagusa, vi. [177].
- Catanance, v. [237].
- Catapulta, ii. [228].
- Cataract, cure of, iii. [53].
- Cataractæ, ii. [526].
- Cataracts, i. [412], [415].
- Catchweed, v. [227].
- Catechu, iii. [113]; v. [51].
- Caterpillars, ii. [552]; iii. [522]; iv. [200].
- Cathæan mountains, ii. [16].
- Catharcludi, ii. [131].
- Catiline, i. [82].
- Catkin, v. [41].
- Catmint, iv. [261], [262].
- Cato the Censor, i. [202], [267]; ii. [150], [175], [176]
- —his high character, [169]
- —his treatment of wines, iii. [267]
- —his hatred to Carthage, [309], [310]
- —his admiration of the cabbage, iv. [185], [235]
- —his bad opinion of the Greeks, v. [375], [376]
- —quotations from his work, i. [10], [188], [232], [241], [248]; iii. [248], [281], [285], [308], [313], [315], [332], [379], [409], [410], [416], [417], [450], [458], [459], [465], [469], [470], [471], [472], [474], [476], [481], [482], [486], [487], [502], [509], [510], [511], [520], [532], [535]; iv. [5], [11], [12], [13], [14], [18], [59], [63], [71], [81], [86], [91], [153], [185], [189], [236], [237], [240]; v. [188], [365]; vi. [373].
- Cato of Utica, i. [4], [389]; ii. [150], [176]; v. [405]; vi. [188].
- Catoblepas, ii. [281].
- Catochitis, vi. [445].
- Catullus quoted, i. [1], [103]; vi. [324], [366], [416]
- —his birth-place, i. [253].
- Catulus, Q., iii. [438].
- Catus, ii. [178].
- Cat worship, ii. [98].
- Cats, ii. [494], [541], [543], [550]; iii. [53], [61]; iv. [58]; v. [334], [360], [363].
- Cats’-eye chalcedony, vi. [438], [443], [449], [452], [458].
- Caucalis, iv. [349], [424].
- Caucasus, Passes of, ii. [1].
- Cauline wine, iii. [244].
- Caunos, i. [459].
- Cautery, vi. [396].
- Cave-snails, ii. [311].
- Cavea, ii. [275]; vi. [350].
- Caverns, windy, i. [71].
- Caves, for weaving, iv. [132].
- Cavnea, iii. [313].
- Caÿster, i. [468].
- Cea, i. [315].
- Cebrenia, i. [476].
- Cebriones, vi. [323].
- Cecrops, i. [289], [290]; ii. [222].
- Cedar, iii. [178]; v. [8], [9].
- Cedræi, i. [422].
- Cedrelates, iii. [179].
- Cedria, v. [8].
- Cedrides, v. [9], [10].
- Cedrium, iii. [361].
- Celadussæ, i. [266].
- Celænæ, i. [461], [491].
- Celandine, v. [114].
- Celeres, vi. [85].
- Celestial prodigies, i. [59], [60]
- —Coronæ, i. [61].
- Celetes, vi. [156].
- Celsus, Cornelius, ii. [240]; v. [370]
- —on gestation, ii. [140].
- Celtiberi, i. [162].
- Cements, vi. [288], [289].
- Cemos, v. [237].
- Cenchramis, vi. [186].
- Cenchreæ, i. [278], [285].
- Cenchris, ii. [532].
- Cenchritis, vi. [459].
- Cendebia, vi. [379].
- Cenomanni, i. [252], [356].
- Censorial laws, vi. [306].
- Centauri, ii. [229].
- Centaurion, v. [103], [104], [105].
- Centauris triorchis, v. [104], [105].
- Centaury, v. [103], [104].
- Centifolia, iv. [312].
- Centipedes, iii. [91]; v. [417].
- Centrones, i. [255].
- Centum capita, iv. [397].
- Centunculus, v. [56].
- Centurion, his mark of authority; iii. [221], [222]
- —instance of one honoured with a crown, iv. [394].
- Centuripa, i. [219].
- Cepæa, v. [184].
- Cephallenia, i. [310].
- Cephenes, iii. [17].
- Cepheus, ii. [99].
- Cephisia, i. [289].
- Cephisodotus, vi. [169], [170], [179], [180], [185], [186], [314].
- Cephisus, i. [291], [292].
- Cepitis, vi. [445].
- Ceponides, vi. [447].
- Ceræ, vi. [244], [245].
- Ceramicus, vi. [285].
- Ceramitis, vi. [445].
- Cerastes, ii. [285]; iii. [45]; iv. [264].
- Cerasus, ii. [9].
- Cerate, iv. [368].
- Ceratia, v. [173].
- Ceratitis, iv. [278].
- Ceraunia, vi. [437], [438].
- Ceraunian Mountains, i. [454]; ii. [16], [20].
- Ceraunus, ii. [7].
- Cerberion, ii. [14].
- Cercina, i. [402].
- Ceres, festivals of, v. [508].
- Cerigo, i. [312].
- Cerintha, iv. [340].
- Cerinthos, iii. [7].
- Ceritis, vi. [445].
- Cerne, ii. [105], [488].
- Ceroma, v. [295].
- Cerrus, iii. [346]; v. [67].
- Ceruse, vi. [210], [220], [238], [239].
- Cervesia, iv. [456].
- And [see] “Beer”
- Cesi, ii. [47].
- Cestros, v. [111], [112].
- Cestrota, iii. [45].
- Cetariæ, ii. [387].
- Ceterach, v. [95], [96].
- Cethegus, Cornelius, iv. [192].
- Ceto, i. [426].
- Ceuta, i. [384].
- Cevennes, i. [174].
- Ceylon, ii. [51]; vi. [59].
- Chabura, v. [485]; vi. [8].
- Chæreas of Athens, ii. [357].
- Chæristus, ii. [276].
- Chæremon, vi. [341].
- Chæronea, i. [291].
- Chaff, iv. [440], [441]
- —used by goldsmiths, [37]
- —used for hay, [104].
- Chakal, ii. [304].
- Chalasis in the egg, ii. [533].
- Chalastra, i. [299]; v. [513].
- Chalazian stone, vi. [367].
- Chalazias, vi. [460].
- Chalcanthum, vi. [197], [200], [201].
- Chalcedon, i. [495]
- —why called the City of the Blind, ii. [388].
- Chalcedony, vi. [329], [388], [412], [413], [418], [419].
- Chalceos, iv. [353].
- Chalcetum, v. [168].
- Chalcis, i. [316], [317].
- Chalcis (fish), ii. [459].
- Chalcitis, vi. [148], [198], [201], [202].
- Chalcophonos, vi. [446].
- Chalcopyrite, vi. [359].
- Chalcosthenes, vi. [285].
- Chaldæi, vi. [424].
- Chalk, used in making bread, iv. [33], [42]
- —described, vi. [300], [301].
- Chalonitis, ii. [78].
- Chalybes, ii. [351].
- Chama, ii. [278].
- Chamæacte, v. [28], [24].
- Chamæcerasus, iii. [323].
- Chamæcissos, v. [35], [54], [126].
- Chamæcyparissos, v. [65].
- Chamædaphne, iii. [333]; iv. [382]; v. [53].
- Chamædrys, v. [52], [53].
- Chamæleon (animal), ii. [302], [303]; v. [315-318]
- —has nothing but lungs in the body, ii. [67]
- —peculiarity of its eyes, iii. [54].
- Chamæleon (plant), iv. [353], [407], [408], [409], [453]; v. [234].
- Chamæleuce, v. [54], [55], [164].
- Chamæmelum, iv. [411], [412].
- Chamæmyrsine, iv. [521].
- Chamæpence, v. [55].
- Chamæpitys, v. [13], [14], [185].
- Chamæplatanus, iii. [106].
- Chamæreps, iii. [174].
- Chamærops, v. [169].
- Chamæsyce, v. [54].
- Chamæzelon, v. [122], [123], [249].
- Chamelæa, iii. [201], [287]; iv. [53], [54], [108], [109].
- Chamois, iii. [44].
- Chamses, v. [314].
- Channe, ii. [391], [467], [468]; vi. [65].
- Chaones, i. [271].
- Chaplets, iv. [304-309], [329], [330], [333], [334].
- Characias, v. [177], [178].
- Character expressed by the eyes, iii. [51], [52].
- Charax, i. [333]; ii. [80], [81].
- Charcoal, iii. [348], [349]; vi. [383].
- Charcoal-blight, iii. [520]; iv. [95], [97].
- Chares (artist), vi. [165], [166].
- Chares of Mitylene, iii. [157].
- Chargers of silver, vi. [134].
- Chariot-horses, ii. [319], [320].
- Charioteers, ii. [217], [319], [320].
- Chariots, invention of, ii. [226], [229].
- Charis, vi. [256].
- Charitoblepharon, iii. [212], [213].
- Charmis, v. [374], [379].
- Charms. [See] “Magic.”
- Charybdis, i. [216].
- Chastity, instances of, ii. [180].
- Chatterer, ii. [528].
- Chatti, i. [347].
- Chauci, i. [346]; iii. [339], [340].
- Cheek-teeth, iii. [59].
- Cheeks, iii. [55]
- —forbidden to tear the, [55].
- Cheese, iii. [84]; v. [322]
- —various kinds of, iii. [85]
- —made of sheep’s milk, [85]
- —of goats’ milk, [85]
- —becomes salt when old, [85]
- —Zoroaster lived on it, [85].
- Cheeses, modern, referred to, iii. [85].
- Chelidonia (plant), ii. [292]; v. [114].
- Chelidonia (stone), vi. [446].
- Chelidoniæ, i. [482].
- Chelidonium, i. [453], [455].
- Chelonia, vi. [446].
- Chelonitis, vi. [446].
- Chelonophagi, ii. [67], [379].
- Chelyon, ii. [379].
- Chemæ, vi. [62].
- Chenalopex, ii. [500].
- Cheneros, ii. [500].
- Chenomyche, iv. [335].
- Cheops, vi. [337].
- Chernites, vi. [357].
- Chernitis, vi. [461].
- Cherry, ii. [9]; iii. [322], [323]; iv. [511].
- Chersinæ, ii. [379],
- Chersiphron, the architect, ii. [183], [184]; vi. [343].
- Chersonesus, i. [305], [327], [333].
- Cherusci, i. [348].
- Chervil, iv. [423].
- Chesnut, i. [296], [318], [319], [485], [494]; iv. [516].
- Chess-board, vi. [391].
- Chest, remedies for diseases of the, v. [164], [165]; vi. [38].
- Chian earth, vi. [299].
- Chian wine, iii. [245].
- Chiaroscuro, vi. [247], [251], [275].
- Chicheling vetch, iv. [450], [451].
- Chickens, ii. [534], [535].
- Chickpea, iv. [46], [450], [451].
- Chicory, iv. [233], [234].
- Childhood, critical periods of, ii. [140].
- Children, when they begin to speak, iii. [94]
- —when to walk, [95].
- Chiliodynamus, v. [102], [103].
- Chilney, island of, ii. [51].
- Chilon, his precepts, ii. [178].
- Chimæra, i. [140], [272], [455].
- Chimpanze, ii. [279].
- Chin, iii. [56].
- China, ii. [36].
- Chinese, possible reference to, ii. [131].
- Chios described, i. [486].
- Chiron, ii. [224]; v. [90], [91], [94], [108].
- Chironia, iv. [468].
- Chironian pyxacanthus, iii. [114].
- Chironion, v. [103], [104].
- Chlampys, i. [419].
- Chloreus, ii. [551].
- Chlorion, ii. [512].
- Chlorite, vi. [446].
- Chloritis, vi. [446].
- Choara, ii. [29].
- Choaspes, ii. [77].
- Choaspitis, vi. [446].
- Cholera, iv. [449].
- Chondris, v. [115], [116], [172].
- Chondrylla, iv. [349], [358], [359], [427].
- Choraules, vi. [388].
- Choromandæ, ii. [131].
- Chresimus, C. Furius, iv. [17].
- Christianity, a possible reference to, v. [425].
- Chromis, ii. [392].
- Chrysalis, iii. [39], [41].
- Chrysanthemum, iv. [380], [381]; v. [186].
- Chryse, ii. [37].
- Chryselectrum, vi. [404], [435].
- Chrysendeta, vi. [70], [92].
- Chrysermus, iv. [456].
- Chryses, i. [495].
- Chrysippus, iv. [301]; v. [371], [372].
- Chrysites, vi. [367].
- Chrysitis, vi. [117].
- Chrysitis (plant), iv. [329].
- Chrysobora, ii. [46].
- Chrysocarpos, v. [33].
- Chrysoceras, i. [307].
- Chrysocolla, vi. [69], [107], [110], [243].
- Chrysocolla (stone), vi. [442].
- Chrysocome, iv. [329], [373].
- Chrysolachanum, v. [241].
- Chrysolampis, vi. [447].
- Chrysolite, vi. [426], [427].
- Chrysolithos, vi. [434], [435].
- Chrysomelum, iii. [293].
- Chrysophrys, vi. [65].
- Chrysopis, vi. [447].
- Chrysopolis, i. [495].
- Chrysoprase, vi. [413], [414], [415], [427], [429].
- Chrysopteron, vi. [427].
- Chydæi, iii. [176].
- Cicada, iii. [31], [32], [33].
- Cicatrization, applications for promoting, v. [461].
- Cicer, iv. [450], [451].
- Cicero, the Orator, i. [199], [202]; vi. [323], [324], [371]
- —eulogium on him, ii. [177]
- —quotations from his works, i. [3], [4], [7], [17], [18], [21], [22], [23], [24], [28], [68], [82], [112], [127], [129], [142], [462]; iii. [456]; iv. [81]; v. [476], [491]; vi. [139], [171], [173], [174], [177], [224], [254].
- Cicero, the Younger, his singular drunkenness, iii. [273].
- Cichorium, iv. [182], [233], [234].
- Cicus, iii. [287], [489].
- Cicuta, v. [140], [141].
- Cilicia described, i. [446].
- Cilium, iii. [55].
- Cimbri, i. [346], [347]; v. [159]; vi. [305]
- —victory over the, ii. [163].
- Cimmerian Bosporus, i. [335]; ii. [13].
- Cimmerium, i. [334]; ii. [14].
- Cimolian earth, vi. [300].
- Cimolus, i. [322].
- Cimon (artist), vi. [248].
- Cinaris, ii. [200].
- Cinædia, i. [445].
- Cinædopolis, i. [485].
- Cincinnatus, iv. [9].
- Cincius, vi. [385].
- Cineas, his extraordinary memory, ii. [164]
- —his witticism, iii. [219].
- Cinnabar, iii. [162]
- —mistake made as to its identity, v. [380].
- Cinnabaris, vi. [120], [121].
- Cinnamolgus, ii. [515].
- Cinnamominum, iii. [164].
- Cinnamomum, iii. [137-140]
- —chaplets of, iii. [140].
- Cinnamon, iii. [155], [156].
- Cinquefoil, v. [122], [123].
- Cippus, story of, iii. [44].
- Circæa, v. [238].
- Circæon, v. [138], [139], [140].
- Circe, i. [193]; ii. [126]; iii. [197]; v. [81].
- Circeii, i. [192], [193].
- Circles suddenly formed in the air, i. [62].
- Circos, vi. [445].
- Circuit of Rome, i. [203].
- Circus Maximus, vi. [346]
- —games of the, ii. [320].
- Cirsion, v. [239].
- Cirta, i. [388].
- Cissanthemos, v. [125].
- Cissitis, vi. [459], [460].
- Cissos, v. [34], [35].
- Cistern water, v. [484].
- Cisterns, vi. [373].
- Cisthos, v. [34].
- Cithæron, i. [290].
- Cities swallowed up by the sea, i. [120].
- Citium, i. [481].
- Citron, iii. [106], [107], [198]; iv. [498]
- —eaten with vinegar, iv. [498].
- Citrus, iii. [159], [192], [194-197]
- —great value of the wood, iii. [194].
- Civet, possible allusion to, ii. [274].
- Civic crown, iii. [341], [342], [344].
- Clarian Apollo, i. [469].
- Clarigation, iv. [391].
- Claudia, ii. [180].
- Claudius, the Emperor, i. [245], [259], [497]; iv. [428]; v. [379]; vi. [262], [354], [417]
- —the colour of his eyes, iii. [51]
- —poisoned, [68].
- Clazomenæ, i. [470]
- —wine of, iii. [245].
- Cleanthes (artist), vi. [229].
- Clefts in the earth, i. [112], [113].
- Clelia, vi. [160].
- Clema, v. [259]. [260].
- Clematis, iv. [339]; v. [35], [56], [57].
- Clematitis, v. [116], [117].
- Cleobulus, i. [373].
- Cleombrotus, ii. [182].
- Cleomenes, vi. [318].
- Cleon, vi. [186].
- Cleonæ, i. [287].
- Cleopatra, iv. [309], [310]
- —swallows a pearl of great value, ii. [439].
- Cleophantus, iv. [302].
- Clepsydra, ii. [239].
- Cliduchus, vi. [171].
- Climacteric, ii. [205].
- Climate, i. [110], [111]
- —inequality of, i. [102], [103], [104].
- Climax Megale, ii. [69].
- Clinical practice, v. [371].
- Clinkstone, v. [446].
- Clinopodium, v. [55], [56].
- Clipping of shrubs, iii. [106].
- Clitarchus, ii. [115].
- Clitus, vi. [261].
- Clitorium, i. [287].
- Clitorius, Lake, v. [477].
- Clivia, ii. [493].
- Clodius, Publius, vi. [157], [206], [346].
- Clodius, Servius, v. [87].
- Cloth, fine, i. [316]
- —different kinds of, ii. [336].
- Clothing derived from trees, iii. [118].
- Clot-burr, v. [120].
- Clouds, i. [69]
- —stones falling from the, i. [88], [89]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [121], [122].
- Clover, iv. [53], [54].
- Cluacina, Venus, iii. [329], [330].
- Clupea, ii. [383]
- —sprattus, [389].
- Clusium, i. [189].
- Clymenus, v. [105].
- Clypea, i. [390].
- Clypei, vi. [227], [228].
- Cnecos, iv. [350].
- Cneorum, iii. [201].
- Cnestron, iii. [201].
- Cnidian Venus, vi. [312].
- Cnidinum, iii. [290].
- Cnidos, i. [460].
- Cnossus, i. [314].
- Coagulum terræ, v. [241].
- Coän Venus, vi. [312].
- Coän vestments, ii. [37]; iii. [26].
- Coatings for colours, vi. [244], [245].
- Cobalt, vi. [107], [109].
- Cobios, v. [180].
- Cobweb blight, iii. [522].
- Cobwebs, v. [410].
- Coccus, iii. [353].
- Coccus Cnidius, v. [242].
- Coccus ilicis, ii. [450].
- Coccygia, iii. [204].
- Cochineal, iii. [353].
- Cochleæ, vi. [62].
- Cochlides, vi. [461], [462].
- Cock, the dunghill, ii. [496], [497]
- —how castrated, [498]
- —one that spoke, [498].
- Cockfighting, ii. [497], [498].
- Cock’scomb, v. [230].
- Cockles, vi. [41], [62].
- Cocles, Horatius, vi. [157], [345].
- Cocolobis, iii. [226].
- Cocoons, iii. [26].
- Codanian Gulf, i. [343].
- Codierite, vi. [407].
- Cœlesyria, i. [423], [438], [439].
- Cœliac flux, iv. [217].
- “Cœlum,” origin of the word, i. [17].
- Cœranus, i. [149].
- Coffins, made of earthenware, vi. [286].
- Coimbra, i. [363].
- Coins, Roman, an account of, vi. [89], [90], [91].
- Colapis, i. [264].
- Cold drinks, iv. [152].
- Coliacum, ii. [54].
- Colias, vi. [61].
- Colic, iii. [71]; v. [155], [156]
- —dogs greatly troubled with, iii. [71].
- Colica described, ii. [11].
- Collatia, i. [205], [230].
- Collegia, the Roman, vi. [286].
- Collyrium, vi. [298].
- Colocasia, iv. [347], [348], [382].
- Colocynthis, iv. [212], [213].
- Cologne, i. [355].
- Colon, iii. [71]
- —affections of the, v. [348], [349].
- Colonies, i. [154], [161].
- Colonna, Cape, i. [289].
- Colopene, ii. [6].
- Colophon, i. [469].
- Colossæ, iv. [329].
- Colossal, paintings, vi. [246]
- —statues, vi. [164], [165], [166].
- Colossus of Rhodes, vi. [165].
- Colostra, iii. [83]; v. [320].
- Colotes, vi. [186], [247], [403], [419].
- Colouring of tissues, vi. [282], [283].
- Colours, of the stars i. [49], [50]
- —of the sky, [60], [61]
- —of wines, iii. [237], [248]; iv. [475]
- —of juices, iii. [325], [326]
- —primary, iv. [326]
- —of flowers, [326], [327]
- —plants delineated in, v. [80]
- —artificial, vi. [325]
- —for painting, [245], [246].
- Colt’sfoot, v. [54], [55].
- Coluber haje, ii. [285].
- Colubraria, i. [211].
- Columella, L. J. M., mentioned, ii. [354]
- —quoted, i. [142]; iii. [457], [490], [491], [499]; iv. [11], [27], [63], [105], [131].
- Columnæ, ii. [105].
- Columns of Hercules, i. [152].
- Columns, vi. [374], [375]
- —of marble, [306], [307].
- Coluthia, vi. [36].
- Colymbades, iii. [283]; iv. [486].
- Comacum, iii. [155], [156].
- Comana, ii. [6].
- Comata, Gallia, why so called, iii. [46].
- Combretum, iv. [319], [369].
- Come, v. [270].
- Comets, i. [55-58].
- Comfrey, v. [231], [232].
- Comitium, iii. [310].
- Commagene (country), i. [443].
- Commagene (plant), v. [390], [391].
- Commagenum, ii. [500]; v. [390], [391]; vi. [466].
- Commiades, iii. [338].
- Commosis, iii. [6].
- Como, i. [248].
- Compartitions, vi. [141].
- Compitalia, vi. [384].
- Complutum, i. [169].
- Compluvium, iii. [500].
- Comum, i. [248].
- Conception, ii. [144], [152].
- Conch, vi. [39].
- Conchylia, ii. [443].
- Conchyliated fabrics, ii. [448].
- Conchylium, vi. [29].
- Conditorium, ii. [157].
- Condochates, ii. [43].
- Condrion, iv. [427].
- Condurdum, v. [162], [163].
- Confarreation, iv. [5].
- Conferva, v. [242].
- Conflagration of the universe, ii. [156].
- Conger, ii. [395], [408].
- Congress, sexual, ii. [141].
- Conimbrica, i. [363].
- Conjuring up of thunder, i. [84].
- Conopas, the dwarf, ii. [157].
- Consentia, i. [209].
- Considia, v. [20].
- Consiligo, v. [112], [113].
- Consingis, ii. [313].
- Constantinople, i. [307].
- Constellations, iii. [489].
- Constructions without iron, vi. [345].
- Contents, table of, as given by the author, i. [11], [12].
- “Conterraneus,” meaning of the term, i. [1].
- Contests by painters, vi. [248], [249].
- Contracts, vi. [82].
- Contributions, voluntary, at Rome, vi. [131].
- Contusions, cured by thapsia, iii. [206]
- —remedies for, v. [358].
- Conventus juridicus, i. [159].
- Convolvulus, iv. [315].
- Convulsions, remedies for, v. [205].
- Conyza, iv. [266], [267], [332], [333].
- Cookery, iv. [203], [431].
- Cooks, iv. [41].
- Cophes, ii. [50], [59].
- Coponius, Q., vi. [287], [322].
- Copper, working of, ii. [224], [225]
- —weapons made of, v. [94]
- —various kinds of, described, vi. [147-155], [189], [190], [191], [193], [194].
- Coptos, i. [407], [416].
- Cora, i. [200].
- Coracesta, v. [62].
- Coracias, ii. [492].
- Coracinus, i. [410]; ii. [394], [404]; vi. [24].
- Coracles, i. [351], [415]; ii. [233]; vi. [212].
- Coral, vi. [10], [11], [12]
- —used for infants, v. [290]; vi. [12].
- Corallis, vi. [445].
- Corallitic stone, vi. [330].
- Coralloachates, vi. [440], [445].
- Corani, vi. [358], [359].
- Corbulo, Domitius, i. [104], [497]; ii. [17], [20], [26], [140].
- Corchoron, v. [136], [137], [138].
- Corchorus, iv. [349], [386].
- Corculus, ii. [178].
- Corcyra, i. [267], [310].
- Cordage, iii. [187].
- Cordi, ii. [331].
- Cordia sebestana, iii. [182].
- Cordial, iv. [424].
- Cordova, i. [163].
- Corduba, i. [162].
- Cordueni, ii. [29].
- Cordus, Cremutius, ii. [239].
- Corfidius, ii. [212].
- Corfinium, i. [231].
- Corfu, i. [310].
- Coriander, iv. [282].
- Corinth, i. [279]
- —capture of, vi. [150], [152], [153].
- Corinthia, v. [63].
- Corinthian brass, vi. [147], [149], [150], [167].
- Corinthian Gulf, i. [178].
- Coriolanus, C. M., i. [206].
- Corioli, i. [206].
- Corison, v. [185].
- Cork, uses of, iii. [354].
- Cork-tree, iii. [354], [524]; v. [7].
- Cormorant, ii. [529].
- Corn, first use of, ii. [220]
- —low prices of, iv. [7], [8]
- —grinding of, [36], [37], [38]
- —prodigies connected with, [60]
- —modes of storing, [104-107].
- Corn marygold, v. [186].
- Corn poppy, iv. [278].
- Cornel, iii. [323]; iv. [516]; v. [31].
- Cornelia, ii. [151], [154], [181].
- Cornelian. [See] “Carnelian.”
- Cornuta, ii. [411], [415]; vi. [60].
- Corocotta, ii. [296], [297].
- Corollæ, iv. [306].
- Corona graminea, iv. [392].
- Coronæ, celestial, i. [61].
- Corone, i. [282].
- Coronea, i. [291].
- Coronopus, iv. [409].
- Corpulence, how caused, iii. [98]
- —how reduced, [98].
- Corruda, iv. [188], [190], [245], [246].
- Corsica described, i. [213].
- Corsoeides, vi. [445].
- Cortex, ii. [380].
- Corundum, vi. [407], [420], [433], [434], [435], [437].
- Corus, i. [74], [77]; iv. [116].
- Corvinus, Valerius Messala, vi. [144].
- Corvus corax, ii. [491].
- Corybantes, i. [313].
- Corycos, i. [449].
- Corycus, i. [314]; v. [482].
- Corymbi, iii. [400].
- Corymbites, v. [180].
- Coryphas, i. [474].
- Coryphia, vi. [36].
- Cos, i. [484]
- —silk of, iii. [26]
- —wines of, [247], [248].
- Cosenza, i. [209].
- Cosmetics, iv. [210], [211], [512]; v. [340], [383]; vi. [220].
- Cossi, iii. [40].
- Cossiæi, ii. [79].
- Cossicius, L., ii. [138].
- Cossis, iii. [519]; v. [459].
- Costus, iii. [119].
- Cosyra, i. [403].
- Cotinus, iii. [371].
- Cotonea, v. [169].
- Cottana, iii. [178].
- Cottiani, i. [255], [257].
- Cottius, i. [255].
- Cotton, ii. [36]; iii. [223], [377]; iv. [134], [135]; v. [273], [274]
- —or silk alluded to, ii. [131]
- —possible origin of the word, iii. [118].
- Cotton-tree, iii. [108], [117], [118], [193], [194].
- Cottonara, ii. [65].
- Cotyledon, v. [143].
- Couches, when first adorned with silver, vi. [134], [135]
- —made of brass, vi. [153].
- Couch-grass, v. [72], [73].
- Cough, v. [163]
- —remedies for, v. [343], [344]; vi. [38].
- Countercharms, v. [290].
- Counter poisons, v. [407], [408]; vi. [19].
- Courage, extreme, ii. [170].
- Coverings of the skin, iii. [81].
- Crabs, ii. [424], [425], [426]; vi. [23], [48]
- —cooked, iii. [21].
- Cracca, iv. [52].
- Cragus, i. [457].
- Cramming poultry, ii. [531].
- Cranes, i. [306]; ii. [501], [509]
- —their instinct, ii. [501]
- —and the Pygmies, ii. [132].
- Crannon, i. [295], [297]; v. [479].
- Crapula, iii. [265], [266]; iv. [237].
- Crassus, L., iii. [438], [439], [440]; vi. [232], [307].
- Crassus, M., the elder, never laughed, ii. [159].
- Crassus, M., i. [443]; ii. [31]; iii. [313], [331]; vi. [129].
- Cratægis, v. [191].
- Cratægonos, v. [238].
- Cratægos, v. [239].
- Cratægum, iii. [390].
- Crater, vi. [285].
- Crateritis, vi. [445].
- Craterus, vi. [320].
- Crates, i. [371].
- Crateus, iv. [302].
- Crathis, v. [476].
- Cratinus, vi. [279].
- Crawfish, vi. [23].
- Crayfish, ii. [423], [424]
- —of monstrous size, ii. [360].
- Cremmyon, i. [288].
- Cremona, i. [252].
- Crepis, iv. [356].
- Cresses, iv. [191], [251], [252].
- Cretaceous earths, vi. [299], [300], [301].
- Cretan Labyrinth, vi. [340], [341].
- Crete, described, i. [313]
- —figs of, iii. [181].
- Crethmos, v. [141], [183], [184].
- Cretica, v. [116], [117].
- Crickets, iii. [34]; v. [418], [439].
- Crimea, i. [333].
- Crimson tint, ii. [450].
- Crinas, v. [373], [374].
- Crissa, i. [276], [277].
- Crista, v. [230], [231].
- Critias, vi. [168].
- Critobulus, ii. [182].
- Critodemus, i. [149].
- Criton, iv. [127].
- Criumetopon, i. [313], [334]; ii. [501].
- Croaking of frogs, iii. [61].
- Crocallis, vi. [446].
- Crocias, v. [460].
- Crocinum, iii. [160].
- Crocis, v. [67].
- Crocodeilopolites, i. [409].
- Crocodile, ii. [287], [288], [289]; v. [314], [315]
- —when first exhibited at Rome, ii. [290], [291]
- —when it does not attack, [331]
- —has a moveable jawbone, iii. [56].
- Crocodilea, v. [314].
- Crocodileon, v. [240].
- Crocomagma, iv. [370].
- Crocotta, ii. [279].
- Crocus, iv. [319], [320], [321], [370].
- Crœsus, i. [451], [466], [474]; vi. [131]
- —his son speaks in his infancy, iii. [94].
- Cromill, iv. [411].
- Cromna, ii. [4].
- Cronian Sea, i. [343], [351].
- Crop of birds, iii. [71].
- Crops, their influences on land, iii. [459]
- —adapted to certain soils, iv. [59], [60].
- Crotalia, ii. [435].
- Croton, iii. [287].
- Crotona, i. [209], [223].
- Crowns, various kinds of, ii. [171]; iii. [342], [343], [344]
- —made of plants, iv. [392], [395]
- —of gold, vi. [86].
- Crows, ii. [490], [491]
- —ill-omened, [491]
- —speaking, [525]
- —shrewdness of, [525], [526].
- Crucibles, vi. [101].
- Crudity, remedies for, iii. [98].
- Crustaceous sea-animals, ii. [423].
- Crustumerium, i. [191].
- Crustumium, i. [241].
- Crystal, v. [306], [394-397].
- Crystallion, v. [135],
- Ctesias, i. [150].
- Ctesibius, ii. [184].
- Ctesicles, vi. [279].
- Ctesilaüs, vi. [179].
- Ctesiphon, ii. [73].
- Cuckoo, ii. [488], [489]
- —thought to be a hawk, [488].
- Cucubalus, v. [241].
- Cucumber, cultivated, iv. [156-160], [210], [211]
- —wild, [207], [208], [209]
- —anguine or erratic, [209], [210].
- Cucumber-fish, ii. [359].
- Cucus, iii. [183].
- Cuenca, i. [170].
- Culeus, iv. [109].
- Cultivation, modes of, by various nations, iv. [60], [61], [62].
- Cumæ, i. [106].
- Cumania, ii. [21].
- Cummin, iv. [103], [262], [263].
- Cuniculus, ii. [349].
- Cunila, ii. [548]; iv. [195], [266], [267].
- Cunila bubula, ii. [292]; iv. [265], [266].
- Cunila gallinacea, iv. [266].
- Cunilago, iv. [266].
- Cupidity for gold, vi. [91].
- Cupping-glasses, vi. [51].
- Cures, i. [233].
- Curetes, ii. [231].
- Curetis, i. [273].
- Curia, vi. [233].
- Curiatii, ii. [135].
- Curio, the Elder, i. [269]; ii. [147].
- Curio, C., the amphitheatre of, vi. [350], [351], [352].
- Curio’s, the family of the, ii. [188].
- Curius, Manius, iv. [8], [165].
- Currant-tree, iii. [226].
- Cursor, Papirius, iii. [469].
- Curtius, his devotedness, iii. [311].
- Curtius, Q., quoted, i. [134].
- Cusenta, iv. [56].
- Cutiliæ, i. [235]; v. [475], [495].
- Cutleek, iv. [223], [224], [225].
- Cuttings, iii. [436]
- —propagation by, iii. [464].
- Cuvier quoted, ii. [134], [136], [137], [139], [156], [244], [258], [262], [263], [266], [276], [278], [279], [280], [282], [283], [285], [288], [289], [290], [291], [302], [303], [304], [305], [307], [308], [311], [321], [350], [352], [359], [360], [361], [362], [364], [365], [367], [369], [377], [378], [379], [380], [382], [383], [384], [385], [386], [388], [389], [390], [391], [392], [393], [394], [395], [396], [397], [398], [399], [400], [401], [404], [405], [406], [407], [408], [409], [410], [411], [412], [413], [415], [416], [417], [418], [419], [420], [422], [423], [424], [425], [426], [427], [428], [429], [431], [432], [434], [436], [437], [441], [443], [444], [415], [450], [451], [462], [453], [454], [455], [458], [459], [460], [461], [462], [463], [464], [466], [467], [471], [472], [474], [475], [476], [478], [479], [481], [482], [483], [484], [487], [488], [489], [490], [492], [500], [506], [507], [511], [512], [513], [514], [515], [516], [519], [522], [523], [526], [527], [528], [529], [530], [533], [534]; iii. [1], [2], [3], [4], [10], [11], [16], [23], [25], [27], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [39], [42], [43], [45], [48], [50], [57], [58]; iv. [188].
- Cyamias, vi. [459].
- Cyamos, iv. [347], [348].
- Cyanæan Islands, i. [338].
- Cyanos (plant), iv. [328].
- Cyanos (stone), vi. [432].
- Cybele, i. [492].
- Cybindis, ii. [488].
- Cybium, ii. [386]; vi. [21].
- Cychranius, ii. [504].
- Cyclades, i. [317].
- Cyclaminos, v. [125], [126].
- Cyclopes, i. [217]; ii. [122], [223].
- Cyclopean walls, i. [199]
- —architecture, i. [284].
- Cydius, vi. [275].
- Cydnus, i. [448]; v. [475].
- Cydonea, i. [488].
- Cydonia, iii. [292], [293].
- Cyllene, i. [280], [287].
- Cymæ, iv. [185], [239]; v. [48].
- Cyme, i. [472].
- Cyna, iii. [118].
- Cynægirus, vi. [248].
- Cynamolgi, ii. [104], [295].
- Cynapanxis, v. [49].
- Cynips, iii. [351].
- Cynips psenes, iii. [41].
- Cynocephali, ii. [100], [130], [135], [348]; vi. [434].
- Cynocephalia, v. [429].
- Cynoglossos, v. [110].
- Cynoïdes, v. [135].
- Cynomorion, iv. [455].
- Cynopolis, i. [417], [418].
- Cynopos, vi. [62].
- Cynops, iv. [357].
- Cynorrhodos, ii. [317]
- —a cure for hydrophobia, v. [84].
- Cynosbaton, iii. [207].
- Cynosbatos, iii. [412]; v. [49].
- Cynosdexia, vi. [62].
- Cynosorchis, v. [240].
- Cynossema, i. [308].
- Cynosura, ii. [539].
- Cynozolon, iv. [407], [408], [409].
- Cynthus, i. [319].
- Cyparissa, i. [282].
- Cyparissias, v. [180].
- Cyperos, iv. [362], [363], [364].
- Cypira, iv. [363].
- Cypiros, iv. [359], [362].
- Cypræa, or cowry, ii. [413].
- Cypress, iii. [397], [398], [399]; v. [7], [8].
- Cyprinum, iii. [161], [163], [164], [165], [289].
- Cyprinus, ii. [464].
- Cypros, iii. [146].
- Cyprus described, i. [480].
- Cyprus, (the tree), iii. [146].
- Cypseli, ii. [521].
- Cyrenaica, i. [395]; iii. [399]; iv. [145], [146]
- —the mice of, [350]
- —the trees of, iii. [200].
- Cyrene, i. [396], [397]; iv. [431]
- —destitute of grass, ii. [32], [33].
- Cyrni, ii. [132].
- Cyrus, i. [451], [472]; ii. [33], [70]
- —his great memory; ii. [164].
- Cyrus (the river), ii. [18].
- Cythera, i. [312].
- Cytheris, ii. [270].
- Cythnius, ii. [477].
- Cythnos, i. [318].
- Cytinus, iv. [500].
- Cytis, ii. [94].
- Cytisus, iii. [208], [209].
- Cytitis, vi. [446].
- Cytorus, ii. [4].
- Cyzicus, i. [489]; vi. [233].
- D.
- Daci, i. [329], [330]; ii. [145].
- Dacia described, i. [329].
- Dactyli (fish), ii. [475].
- Dactyli, Idæan, ii. [225].
- Dactyliothecæ, vi. [390].
- Dactylos, v. [73].
- Dactylus (grape), iii. [320].
- Dædalus, i. [458]; iv. [131]
- —his inventions, ii. [226].
- Daffodil, iv. [367].
- Dahæ, ii. [34].
- Daisy, iv. [328]; v. [162].
- Dalion, ii. [115].
- Dalmatia described, i. [259].
- Dama, ii. [347].
- Damaratus, i. [190]; vi. [229], [283].
- Damascena, iii. [178], [295].
- Damascus, i. [431], [432]
- —the Seven Sleepers of, ii. [211].
- Damasonion, v. [129], [130].
- Damastes, i. [371].
- Damion, iv. [302].
- Damon, ii. [241].
- Damophilus, vi. [284].
- Damsons, iii. [178], [295].
- Danaüs, ii. [233].
- Dandaguda, ii. [47].
- Dandelion, iv. [349].
- Danger, prognostics of, from animals, ii. [294], [295].
- Danube, i. [250], [262], [328]; v. [481].
- Danuvius, v. [481].
- Daphnea, vi. [447].
- Daphnoïdes, iii. [141]; v. [57].
- Dardæ, ii. [45].
- Dardanelles, i. [305], [307].
- Dardani, i. [272], [297].
- Dardanum, i. [478].
- Dardanus, i. [200].
- Darius, ii. [27], [92]
- —his chest of perfumes, iii. [159].
- Dark, persons who could see in the, iii. [51].
- Darnel, iv. [55], [442], [454].
- Dascusa, ii. [19].
- Dassaretæ, i. [272].
- Dasypus, ii. [349], [543]; iii. [81].
- Dates, iii. [169], [172], [174-177]
- —consecrated to the gods, [176]
- —green, ill effects of, on Alexander’s soldiers, [177].
- Date-bread, iii. [169].
- Date-palm, iii. [143].
- Date-wine, iii. [169], [175].
- Dathiathum, iii. [127].
- Datis, vi. [248].
- Daucus, v. [123].
- Daulis, i. [277].
- Daylight, how regulated, i. [105], [106].
- Days, irregularity of, i. [50], [51]
- —longest and shortest, [108], [109]
- —how computed, [110]
- —in the year, vi. [162].
- Davy, Sir H., quoted, vi. [240], [245].
- Dead, closing the eyes of, iii. [53]
- —remedies derived from, v. [292], [293].
- Dead-nettle, iv. [404], [405].
- Death, signs of, ii. [208]
- —the greatest of blessings, ii. [219].
- Deaths, sudden, ii. [213-217]
- —happy, ii. [216]
- —unhappy, [217].
- Decapolis described, i. [431].
- Decay, certain trees proof against, iii. [422].
- Decii, v. [279].
- Decius, P., iii. [343].
- Deculo, ii. [554].
- Decuman path, iii. [501].
- Decuries of judges, vi. [82], [83].
- Defrutum, iii. [246], [249], [269], [270].
- Delian brass, vi. [151].
- Deliratio, iv. [65].
- Delos, i. [318], [319], [337], [338]
- —the perfumes of, iii. [160].
- Delphi, i. [277]
- —laurel of, iii. [332].
- Delta, i. [407].
- Demetrius (artist), vi. [180].
- Demetrius (geographer), vi. [385].
- Demetrius (physician), ii. [355].
- Demetrius Phalereus, vi. [159].
- Demetrius Poliorcetes, i. [279]; vi. [165], [266].
- Democlides, iii. [158].
- Democracy, ii. [227].
- Democrates, Servilius, v. [420].
- Democritus (artist), vi. [186].
- Democritus, the philosopher, i. [149]; ii. [219]; v. [424]
- —his foresight, iv. [95], [117]
- —visits the East, v. [82]
- —on plants, [64-68].
- Demodamas, ii. [33], [115].
- Demodes, iii. [157].
- Demonnesos, i. [496].
- Demosthenes, ii. [174].
- Demostratus, vi. [467].
- Demoteles, vi. [385].
- Denarii, weight of, ii. [53].
- Dendritis, vi. [461].
- Dendroïdes, v. [180].
- Denia, i. [170], [211].
- Dentatus, M. Curius, ii. [153].
- Dentatus, L. Siccius, ii. [170]; iv. [393].
- Dentifrices, v. [517]; vi. [365].
- Depilatories, iii. [265]; v. [215], [465]; vi. [55], [56].
- Depth of the sea, i. [130].
- Derbices, ii. [32].
- Derceto, i. [439].
- Dertona, i. [186].
- Dessert, iii. [102].
- Destinies at the birth of man, ii. [203].
- Deuteria, iii. [251].
- Dgiggetai, ii. [326].
- Dia, i. [315].
- Diachyton, iii. [250].
- Diacodion, iv. [279].
- Diadochos, vi. [447].
- Diadumenos, vi. [171].
- Diaglaucia, v. [247], [248].
- Diagoras, iii. [158].
- Dial in the Campus Martius, vi. [334], [335].
- Diallage, vi. [412].
- Dials, i. [106], [109].
- Diamond, vi. [405], [406]
- —dust of, vi. [464].
- Diana, i. [408]
- —Temple of, at Ephesus, i. [117]; iii. [218], [423]; vi. [343], [344], [375].
- Dianium, i. [211].
- Diapasma, iii. [166]; iv. [366].
- Diapason, i. [53].
- Diaphragm, iii. [70].
- Diatichon, vi. [372].
- Diaxylon, v. [45].
- Dibapha, ii. [448]; iv. [326].
- Dicæarchus, i. [95], [149].
- Dichroïte, vi. [407].
- Dictamnos, iv. [260]; v. [115], [116].
- Dies fasti, vi. [76].
- Diet on figs, iv. [504].
- Dieuches, iv. [302].
- Digestion, v. [296].
- Diglito, ii. [75].
- Dill, iv. [274].
- Dimensions of the earth, i. [143-146].
- Dindymus, i. [489].
- Dinochares, the architect, i. [419]; ii. [184]; vi. [209].
- Dinomenes, vi. [169], [181].
- Diocæsarea, ii. [6].
- Diocles, iv. [301].
- Diodorus of Priene, ii. [357]; iii. [338].
- Diodorus the physician, v. [420].
- Diodorus Siculus, i. [270]
- —quoted, ii. [79].
- Diodotus, Petronius, iv. [302].
- Diogenes the Cynic, ii. [160].
- Diognetus, ii. [115].
- Diomedes, i. [227], [228], [265], [304]
- —birds of, ii. [526]
- —tomb of, [526].
- Diomedia, i. [265].
- Dion of Colophon, ii. [357].
- Dion Cassius quoted, i. [141], [264].
- Dionysias, vi. [447].
- Dionysius (artist), vi. [319].
- Dionysius, physician, iii. [158].
- Dionysius, Cassius, ii. [357], [555].
- Dionysius Periegetes, i. [372].
- Dionysodorus, vi. [388].
- Dionysonymphas, v. [66].
- Diophanes, ii. [357].
- Dioptase, vi. [410].
- Dioscoron, i. [224].
- Dioscurias, ii. [11].
- Diospolis, i. [416].
- Diospyron, v. [253], [254].
- Diotimus, v. [369].
- Diphryx, vi. [204], [205].
- Diphyes, vi. [447].
- Dipœnus, vi. [308], [309].
- Dipsacos, v. [242], [243].
- Dipsas, iv. [516].
- Dirce, i. [291]; vi. [318], [319].
- Diribitorium, iii. [419]; vi. [346].
- Discobolus, vi. [173].
- Discovery, voyages of, i. [98], [99].
- Disease, new forms of, ii. [119]; v. [152]
- —various instances of, ii. [206].
- Diseases, which affect certain classes, ii. [208]
- —infinite in number, [209]
- —of bees, iii. [22]
- —of trees, [517-526], [527], [530]
- —the most painful, v. [86], [87]
- —of females, [210-214], [361-364], [462], [463]
- —of infants, [364].
- Disposition, influence of aliments upon, iv. [435], [436].
- Distances, of the stars, i. [52]
- —comparative, of places, ii. [108].
- Dittander, iv. [195], [270].
- Dittany, iv. [260], [261]; v. [115].
- Dium, i. [314],
- Diver (bird), ii. [513].
- Divers, ii. [527].
- “Dives,” the surname, vi. [129].
- Divination, art of, ii. [179], [229], [230], [487].
- Divisions of the globe, i. [151], [152].
- Diyllus, ii. [242].
- Dnieper, i. [331].
- Dniester, i. [330].
- Dodder, v. [174].
- Dodecatheos, v. [88].
- Dodona, i. [133], [272], [276]; vi. [342].
- Dogs, exposed, ii. [88]
- —ruling as kings, [103]
- —their fidelity, [312], [313]
- —their memory, [314]
- —their scent, [315]
- —cross breeds of, [314], [315];
- —and crocodiles of Egypt, [315]
- —generation of, [316]
- —of Laconia, [542]
- —troubled with colic, iii. [71]
- —their spitefulness, v. [114], [115]
- —crucified, [391]
- —remedies derived from, [391], [392].
- Dog-burr, v. [71].
- Dog-fish, ii. [377], [433], [456], [457], [458].
- Dog-nettle, iv. [351], [352].
- Dog-plant, v. [114], [115].
- Dog-rose, v. [84].
- Dog-star, i. [67].
- Dog-wolf, ii. [279].
- Dolichos, iii. [433].
- Dolium, iii. [221], [269].
- Dolopes, i. [275].
- Dolphin, ii. [461]; vi. [35], [36]
- —attacks the crocodile, ii. [288], [289]
- —described, [368-371]
- —its love for human beings, [372], [373], [374]
- —its love for music, [374]
- —helps men to fish, [374], [375], [376]
- —other marvels relative to, [376], [377]
- —of the Ganges, [384].
- Domitianus, the Emperor, i. [3]; vi. [144], [370].
- Don, ii. [14].
- Donax, v. [36]; vi. [58].
- Dongola, ii. [99].
- Donusa, i. [321].
- Dorade, ii. [397]; vi. [19].
- Dorcas, ii. [352].
- Doripetron, v. [173].
- Doris (country), i. [293].
- Doris (plant), iv. [410].
- Doriscus, i. [305].
- Dormice, ii. [351], [352].
- Dorotheus, iii. [157].
- Dorsal spine, iii. [63].
- Dory, ii. [404].
- Dorycnium, v. [303].
- Dorylæum, i. [471].
- Doryphoros, vi. [171].
- Dosiades, i. [372].
- Dositheus, iv. [127].
- Dossennus, i. [275].
- Douching, v. [108].
- Douma Thebaica, iii. [143].
- Draave, i. [263].
- Draconitis, vi. [447].
- Dracontium, v. [57], [58], [60].
- Dracunculus, v. [37], [57], [58], [60]; vi. [62].
- Dragon, or serpent, v. [395]
- —its enmity to the elephant, ii. [258]
- —its size, [261]
- —where found, [261]
- —its crest, [261]; iii. [43]
- —man saved by a, ii. [273].
- Dragon’s-blood, vi. [121], [245].
- Draining, iii. [448].
- Draus, i. [263].
- Dreams, ii. [165]
- —signification of, ii. [553]
- —what animals are subject to, ii. [553]
- —at will, v. [317].
- Drepana, i. [218].
- Drepanis, iii. [90].
- Drepanum, i. [217].
- Drilo, i. [260].
- Drink, abstinence from, iii. [99]
- —perfumes in, iii. [168].
- Drinking, of animals, ii. [550]
- —for wagers, iii. [366].
- Drinking-horns, iii. [45].
- Drones, iii. [10], [11].
- Droppings from leaves, iii. [474], [475].
- Dropsy, ii. [159]; v. [198], [199], [356], [456]; vi. [49].
- Drosolithos, vi. [452], [460].
- Druggists, their fraudulence, vi. [195]
- —their ignorance, [223].
- Drugs, varying prices of, vi. [143], [144].
- Druids, iii. [435], [436]; v. [42], [390], [426].
- Drunkard, described, iii. [272].
- Drunkenness, described, iii. [270-274]
- —antidotes to, [526]; iv. [237], [513].
- Druppa, iii. [154], [279].
- Drusillanus Rotundus, vi. [134].
- Drusus, ii. [162]; iii. [19]; iv. [185]; v. [98], [328].
- Dryitis, vi. [459].
- Dryophonon, v. [243].
- Dryopteris, v. [243].
- Drypetis, iii. [279].
- Dubius Avitus, vi. [167].
- Ducks of Pontus, v. [79].
- Ductility of gold, vi. [96].
- Dugong, iii. [57].
- Dugs of animals, iii. [82], [83].
- Duillius, Caius, vi. [157].
- Dulce, iii. [250].
- Dulichium, i. [311].
- Dung-beetle, iii. [34].
- Dunghill, plant growing upon, v. [69].
- Dupondius, vi. [89].
- Durability of wood, iii. [423], [424].
- Duracinus grape, iii. [220], [232].
- Duracinus peach, iii. [294].
- Duration of life, prognostics of, iii. [96].
- Duris, ii. [241].
- Dust productive of worms, iii. [41].
- Dwarfish and deformed tribes, ii. [131].
- Dwarfs, ii. [157]; iii. [91].
- Dyeing, ii. [224]; iii. [392]; iv. [138], [390], [391], [409]; v. [193]; vi. [28], [362]
- —walnuts used for, iii. [316].
- Dyers’ weed, vi. [108].
- Dyme, i. [280].
- Dyris, i. [381].
- Dyrrhachium, i. [227], [261].
- Dysentery, remedies for, v. [441], [442].
- E.
- Eagles described, ii. [481], [508]; v. [513]
- —different kinds of, ii. [481-484]
- —their characteristics, [484]
- —the figure of, used as the Roman standard, [485], [486]
- —fight with dragons, [486]
- —affection shown by, [486]
- —incubation of, [539].
- Eagle-fish, ii. [411].
- Eale, ii. [279].
- Eared plants, iv. [357].
- Earrings, costly, iii. [48].
- Ears, people without, ii. [103]
- —large, [134]
- —particulars relative to, iii. [48], [49]
- —tingling of the, v. [284]
- —diseases of, [337], [338], [416], [417], [418]; vi. [33], [34].
- Earth, nature of the, i. [91-94]
- —form of, [94]
- —if surrounded by the Ocean, [98], [99], [100]
- —what part inhabited, [100-103]
- —middle of the world, [102]
- —prodigies connected with, [115], [116]
- —dimensions of, [143], [144]
- —smell of, iii. [167]
- —new and spontaneous productions of, [399]
- —flavour of, [451].
- Earthenware, vi. [286], [287].
- Earthquakes, i. [111-116], [471], [472], [473].
- Earths, various kinds of, iii. [452], [453], [454]
- —how washed, vi. [298], [299]
- —of Egypt, [237]
- —of Eretria, [239], [298]
- —of Ebusus, [303]
- —of Galata, [303].
- Eastern Ocean, ii. [33].
- Ebony, iii. [108], [109]; v. [37].
- Ebro, i. [361].
- Ebulum, v. [127], [198].
- Ebusus, i. [211], [212], [404]; vi. [303].
- Ecbatana, ii. [88].
- Ecbolas, iii. [263].
- Ecdippa, i. [434].
- Echecrates, his mare, ii. [543].
- Echeneïs, ii. [412], [413], [414]; vi. [2], [3]
- —used in enchantments, ii. [413], [414].
- Echeon, v. [412].
- Echinades, i. [274], [310].
- Echinopodes, iii. [7].
- Echinus, i. [322].
- Echios, v. [120].
- Echis, iv. [410].
- Echites, v. [56].
- Echitis, vi. [459].
- Echo, sevenfold, vi. [345].
- Eclipses, i. [31], [34], [36-39], [62]
- —where visible, [104], [105]
- —of the sun, vi. [450].
- Ecnephias, i. [79].
- Ἐκτραπέλοι, ii. [158].
- Ectypa, vi. [284], [454].
- Edessa, i. [443].
- Edonus, i. [309].
- Eels, ii. [408], [409].
- Eelskins used for flogging, ii. [411].
- Egagropile, iii. [72].
- Egelasta, v. [502].
- Eggs, purification with, ii. [487]
- —various kinds of, [532-538]
- —augury derived from, [535], [536]
- —hatched by artificial heat, [536]
- —how best kept, [539]
- —sucked by serpents, [548], [549]
- —remedies derived from, v. 585-588.
- Eggshells, superstition as to breaking, v. [282].
- Eglantine, iii. [412]; iv. [310], [311], [313]; v. [48], [49], [84].
- Egnatia, i. [227].
- Egypt, described, i. [406], [416]
- —routes through, to the Red Sea, ii. [63], [64], [65]
- —its trees, iii. [180]
- —its grapes, [246]
- —its beer, [274]
- —its modes of cultivation, iv. [61]
- —the cruelty of its kings, v. [155]
- —marvellous works in, vi. [334-341].
- Egyptian thorn, iii. [183]; v. [43]
- —plum-tree, iii. [184]
- —earth, vi. [237]
- —jasper, vi. [429].
- Elæomeli, iii. [290]; iv. [494].
- Elam, ii. [68].
- Elaphites, i. [267].
- Elaphoboscon, iv. [422], [423]; v. [115].
- Elaphonnesus, i. [496].
- Elate, iii. [155]; iv. [495], [496].
- Elatea, i. [292].
- Elaterium, iv. [207-210].
- Elatine, v. [243], [244].
- Elatus, v. [475].
- Elba, i. [214], [348].
- Elder, iii. [411], [412]; v. [23], [24].
- Elecampane, iv. [167], [168], [222].
- Electricity, i. [84].
- Electrides, i. [266], [352], [397], [398].
- Electrum. [See] “Amber.”
- Electrum (metal), vi. [105].
- Electuary, v. [52].
- Elelisphacus, iv. [449], [450].
- Elements, i. [18], [19]
- —three, destitute of taste and smell, iii. [324].
- Elenchi, ii. [435].
- Elephants, mentioned, i. [9]; v. [308]
- —an account of, ii. [244-259]
- —their notions of religion, [244], [245]
- —when first harnessed, [245]
- —bastard kind of, [245]
- —trained to dance, [245]
- —on the tight rope, [246]
- —their docility, [247]
- —wonderful feats by, [247]
- —their instinct, [248]
- —used in war, [249]
- —their modesty, [250]
- —their love for women, [250]
- —their regard for justice, [251]
- —when first seen in Italy, [251]
- —fights by, in the Circus, [252], [253], [254]
- —combats of, [252], [253]
- —their appeals to human sympathy, [254]
- —their merciful disposition, [255]
- —how caught and trained, [255], [256]
- —how hunted, [256]
- —African and Indian, [257]
- —their gestation, [258]
- —their teeth and tusks, [259]
- —where found, [259]
- —their enmity to the dragon, [259]
- —their sagacity, [260]
- —their teeth, iii. [58], [59]
- —their hide, [80]
- —their voice, [94].
- Elephantiasis, v. [152], [154], [155], [311].
- Elephantis, v. [369].
- Eleusis, i. [289].
- Eleutheræ, i. [291], [314].
- Elicius, Jupiter, i. [84].
- Elis, i. [281].
- Elk, ii. [263].
- Elleborine, v. [244].
- Elm, iii. [370]; v. [22], [23]
- —the wood, its uses, iii. [422]
- —propagation of, [467], [468].
- Elops, ii. [399].
- Elpenor, tomb of, iii. [329].
- Elpis and the lion, ii. [271].
- Elymais, ii. [68].
- Emathii, i. [297].
- Embalming the dead, iii. [66], [161]; v. [8].
- Embassy from Rome to Alexander the Great, i. [194].
- Emblems, vi. [322].
- Emboliaria, ii. [203].
- Embroidery, ii. [337].
- Emeralds, vi. [409-413].
- Emerita, i. [365].
- Emery, vi. [464].
- Emesa, i. [439].
- Emmaus, i. [428].
- Emodian Mountains, ii. [38], [42].
- Empedocles, iii. [100].
- Emperors, Roman, deified, i. [181].
- Empetros, v. [244].
- Empirics, sect of, v. [372].
- Emporetica, iii. [189].
- Emydes, vi. [15].
- Encardia, vi. [448].
- Encaustic, vi. [234], [272], [273], [282].
- Enchanters, ii. [126], [127]
- —their influence on the moon, i. [31].
- Enchantments, remedies for, v. [331], [332].
- See also “[Magic],” &c.
- Enchrysa, iv. [410], [411].
- Endive, iv. [182], [183], [233], [234], [235].
- Endymion, i. [31].
- Engadda, i. [431].
- Engedi, i. [431].
- Engraving, ii. [184].
- Enhæmon, iii. [134], [135]; iv. [485].
- Enhydris, v. [430]; vi. [23], [35].
- Enhygros, vi. [460].
- Eningia, i. [344].
- Enipeus, i. [295].
- Enna, i. [219].
- Enneacrunos, i. [289]; v. [491].
- Enneaphyllon, v. [245].
- Ennemoser’s “History of Magic,” quoted, ii. [127].
- Ennius, ii. [176].
- Enorchis, vi. [448].
- Entertainments, wine used at, iii. [254], [255].
- Entrails, inspection of, iii. [66-70]
- —head of the, [68].
- Eon, iii. [203], [204].
- Epaminondas, i. [286].
- Ephedra, v. [166].
- Ephemera, iii. [42].
- Ephemeron, v. [147], [148].
- Ephesus, i. [468]
- —Temple of Diana at, [117]; iii. [218], [423]; vi. [343], [344], [375]
- —wine of, iii. [246].
- Ephialtes, ii. [316].
- Ephippus, iii. [157].
- Ephorus, i. [371].
- Ephyre, i. [279].
- Ephyri, i. [275].
- Epicharmus, iv. [302].
- Epicurus, his garden, iv. [150]
- —portraits of him worn, vi. [224], [225].
- Epidamnum, i. [261].
- Epidaurus, i. [260], [284], [285].
- Epidius, C., iii. [535].
- Epigenes, i. [149].
- Epiglossis, iii. [62].
- Epilepsy, v. [196], [197], [353], [354], [451], [452], [453]; vi. [47]
- —in quails, ii. [505].
- Epileus, ii. [488].
- Epimedion, v. [244], [245].
- Epimelas, vi. [449].
- Epimenides, ii. [211].
- Epipactis, v. [244].
- Epipetron, iv. [349], [350].
- Epiphanæa, i. [440].
- Epiphania, i. [444].
- Epirus described, i. [271]
- —oxen of, ii. [327].
- Epithymon, v. [174], [175].
- Epodes, vi. [65].
- Equestrian order, particulars connected with, vi. [83-86].
- Equestrian statues, vi. [156], [160].
- Equisætis, iv. [91]; v. [203], [204].
- Equisætum, v. [203], [204].
- Equites, inspection of the, iii. [384]
- —particulars connected with, [83-86].
- Equus hemionus, ii. [326].
- Equus October, v. [327], [328].
- Erannoboas, ii. [43].
- Erasistratus, ii. [182]; iii. [100]; v. [372].
- Eratosthenes, i. [150].
- Erebinthus, i. [496].
- Eretria, i. [317].
- Eretrian earth, v. [239], [293].
- Ergastula, iv. [9].
- Erica, iii. [201]; v. [28].
- Ericæum, iii. [14].
- Eridanus, i. [243].
- Erigeron, v. [146], [147].
- Erigonus, vi. [280].
- Erineon, iv. [507].
- Erinna, vi. [173].
- Eriophorus, iv. [142].
- Eriphia, v. [67], [68].
- Erithace, iii. [7].
- Erithacus, ii. [511].
- Ermine, ii. [308].
- Eros, Staberius, vi. [302].
- Erotylos, vi. [448].
- Eructation, absence of, ii. [160].
- Ervilia, iv. [23], [52].
- Ervum, iv. [451], [452].
- Erymanthus, i. [287].
- Eryngium, iv. [396], [397].
- Erysimum, iv. [36], [453], [454].
- Erysipelas, iv. [213]; v. [199], [200], [357], [456]; vi. [49].
- Erysisceptrum, iii. [146], [147]; v. [45].
- Erysithales, v. [205].
- Erythallis, vi. [448].
- Erythia, i. [369].
- Erythinus, ii. [391], [467], [468]; vi. [57].
- Erythræ, i. [469].
- Erythræa, i. [369].
- Erythraïcon, v. [191].
- Erythras, ii. [66], [87].
- Erythrodanus, v. [38], [39].
- Eryx, i. [218], [219].
- Esseda, vi. [215].
- Essedones, i. [335]; ii. [34], [123].
- Essenes, i. [430], [431].
- Este, i. [252].
- Eternity of matter, iii. [450].
- Etesiaca, iii. [229].
- Etesiæ, i. [76], [77].
- Etesian stone, vi. [367].
- Etruria described, i. [186].
- Etrurian observations on thunder and lighting, i. [81-85].
- Euagon of Thasos, ii. [357].
- Euanthes, ii. [355].
- Eubœa described, i. [316].
- Eubulides, vi. [186].
- Euchir, ii. [232]; vi. [187], [283].
- Euclase, vi. [413].
- Euclea, v. [131].
- Euclid, i. [149].
- Eucnemos, vi. [183].
- Euctemon, iv. [128].
- Eudemus, v. [378].
- Eudicus, v. [523].
- Eudoxus of Cnidoe, i. [78], [149].
- Eudoxus of Cyzicus, ii. [114].
- Euganei, i. [254], [255].
- Eugenia, iii. [224].
- Euhemerus, vi. [385].
- Eulæus, ii. [62], [79], [80].
- Eumachus, i. [371].
- Eumeces, vi. [448].
- Eumenes, King, i. [308]
- —invents parchment, iii. [186].
- Eumithres, vi. [448].
- Eunicus, vi. [185].
- Eunuchs, iii. [47], [81], [92]; v. [31]; vi. [139].
- Euonymos, iii. [203].
- Eupatoria, ii. [5].
- Eupatoria (plant), v. [103].
- Eupetalos, vi. [448].
- Euphorbia, i. [383]; iv. [228], [264], [278], [281]; v. [14], [15], [54], [68], [107], [108], [177-190], [261].
- Euphorbus, v. [108].
- Euphranor, vi. [169], [181], [274], [275], [303].
- Euphrates, i. [441], [446]; ii. [72].
- Euphron, iii. [158].
- Euphronius, ii. [357].
- Euphrosynum, v. [109].
- Eupompus, vi. [174], [255].
- Eureos, vi. [448].
- Euripi, ii. [253]; vi. [270].
- Euripice, iv. [364].
- Euripides, iv. [423]; vi. [467].
- Euripus, i. [292], [316], [323].
- Europa and Jupiter, iii. [105].
- Europe, the boundaries of i. [153]
- —the gulfs of, [153]
- —islands of, [210]
- —north of, described, [339]
- —measurement of, [369].
- Europus, ii. [28].
- Eurotas, i. [283].
- Eurotias, vi. [448], [449].
- Eurus, i. [73]; iv. [116].
- Eurymedon, i. [459].
- Eusebes, vi. [449].
- Euthycrates, vi. [170], [176].
- Euthymus, deified in his life-time, ii. [199].
- Eutychides, vi. [170], [319].
- Eutychis of Tralles, ii. [137].
- Euxine, i. [326], [338]
- —described, ii. [1]
- —islands of, ii. [22].
- Euxinidas, vi. [255].
- Evacuations, an Animal that has no passage for the, iii. [40], [41].
- Evander, i. [286]; vi. [162].
- Evenus, i. [275].
- Evergreens, iii. [373], [374].
- Evil eye, ii. [127].
- Evonymitæ, ii. [100].
- Exacum, v. [104].
- Excæcaria agallochum, iii. [115].
- Excellence, man of the greatest, ii. [179].
- Excretions, human, remedies derived from, v. [294], [295].
- Exebenus, vi. [44].
- Exedum, v. [71].
- Exercise, v. [296].
- Exocœtus, ii. [406].
- Exonychon, v. [253], [254].
- Expiations for lightning, iii. [302].
- Extraction of substances from the flesh, v. [461], [462]; vi. [51].
- Eye, a beast that kills with the, ii. [281].
- Eyes, particulars relative to the, iii. [49]
- —colour of, [50], [51]
- —seeing in the dark, [50], [51], [53]
- —expressive of the character, [51], [52]
- —pupils of, [52], [53]
- —diseases of, [53]
- —of certain animals will grow again when removed, [54]
- —remedies for diseases of, v. [136], [335], [336], [411-416]; vi. [29], [30].
- Eye-brows, iii. [49].
- Eye-lashes, iii. [54]
- —fall of, with some persons, [54].
- Eye-lids, iii. [54], [55]
- —affections and diseases of the, v. [410], [411]; vi. [29], [30], [31].
- F.
- Fabaria, i. [344].
- Fabariæ, iv. [45].
- Faber (fish), ii. [404].
- Fabianus, i. [148].
- Fabii, family of the, ii. [188]; vi. [230].
- Fabius Maximus, iv. [393]
- —saves Rome, iv. [393].
- Fabricius, vi. [137], [138], [161].
- Fabrics that rival flowers in colour, iv. [326], [327].
- Fabulous birds, ii. [530].
- Face, iii. [49]
- —diseases of, v. [340], [341], [342]
- —remedy for spots on, v. [432], [443]; vi. [35].
- Factio, ii. [217], [505].
- Factus, iii. [286].
- Facundus Novus, vi. [334], [335].
- Fæcatum, iii. [251].
- Fagutal, iii. [355].
- Falconry, in an early state, ii. [488].
- Falernian wine, iii. [240], [254]; iv. [270], [271].
- Falernum, i. [195].
- Falisci, i. [188].
- Fallow deer, iii. [44].
- False incense, iii. [356], [357].
- Famine at Casilinum, ii. [351].
- Famous trees, iii. [432], [433].
- Fangs of serpents, iii. [57], [58].
- Fannius Palæmon, iii. [188].
- Far, iv. [19], [24], [31], [32], [33].
- Farfarum, v. [54], [55].
- Farfugium, v. [54], [55].
- Farina, iv. [33].
- Farm-house, iv. [13], [14], [15].
- Farm-steward, iv. [15].
- Farnese Bull, vi. [319].
- Farrago, iv. [20], [52].
- Farreum, iv. [5].
- Fascinations, ii. [127].
- Fascinus, v. [290].
- Fasti, vi. [76].
- Fat, iii. [76]
- —drawn off, iii. [76]
- —various kinds of, v. [324], [325], [326].
- Fatui, v. [256].
- Fauces, iii. [64].
- Fauces Caudinæ, i. [229].
- Fauni, ii. [316].
- Fausta, her fecundity, ii. [135].
- Faustian wine, iii. [240].
- Faventia, i. [242].
- Favenza, i. [242].
- Favonius, i. [74]; iv. [116].
- Fear, iii. [80].
- Feathers of the eagle consume those of other birds, ii. [485].
- Fecundation of trees, iii. [381].
- Fecundity, ii. [135], [136], [137].
- Federate towns, i. [155].
- Fée, M., his labours on Pliny, iii. [105]; v. [272].
- Feeding of animals, diversities in the, ii. [548].
- Feet, iii. [89]
- —of birds, ii. [490]; iii. [90]
- —of animals, from two to a hundred, [91]
- —diseases of the, v. [192], [352], [353], [447], [446].
- Fel terræ, v. [104].
- Felt, ii. [335].
- Feltre, i. [252].
- Female sex, remedies derived from, v. [301], [302].
- Females, once pregnant only, ii. [130]
- —in what cases more courageous than males, iii. [92]
- —diseases of, v. [210], [211], [212], [360-364], [462], [463]; vi. [53], [54], [55].
- Fenestella, ii. [354].
- Feniculum, ii. [293].
- Fennel, iv. [296], [297].
- Fennel-giant, iii. [204], [205]; iv. [198], [199], [298], [299].
- Fenugreek, v. [74], [75].
- Ferentum, i. [230].
- Fern, v. [245], [246].
- Feronia, i. [188].
- Ferret, ii. [349]; v. [392].
- Ferula, iii. [204], [205].
- Ferulaceous plants, iv. [198].
- Fescennia, i. [189].
- Fescennine songs, iii. [315].
- Fetialis, iii. [436].
- Fevers, remedies for, v. [197], [198], [354], [355], [453-456]; vi. [47].
- Fezzan, i. [398].
- Fibulæ, vi. [74], [87].
- Ficarii, iii. [41].
- Ficedula, ii. [511].
- Ficus religiosa, ii. [129].
- Ficus sycamorus, iii. [180].
- Fidenæ, i. [206].
- Fidentia, i. [242].
- Fidustius, M., ii. [189].
- Field mice, i. [68]; ii. [351].
- Field nard, iv. [318], [319].
- Figs, iii. [173], [307-311], [313], [531]; iv. [502-507]
- —the cause of a war, iii. [309], [310].
- —Indian, [109], [110]
- —of Alexandria, [180]
- —of Cyprus, [181]
- —wine made from, [257].
- Figures, natural, in stone, vi. [309].
- Filberts, i. [198], [199]; iii. [316].
- Filicula, v. [175].
- Filix, v. [245], [246].
- Filters for wine, iii. [270].
- Fine flour, iv. [442], [443].
- Fingers, iii. [86]
- —peculiarities in the, [86]
- —maladies of the, v. [458].
- Fins of fish, ii. [408].
- Fir, iii. [357], [359]
- —gigantic, iii. [419].
- Fire, the marvels of, i. [141], [142], [143]; vi. [383]
- —how first preserved, ii. [226]; iii. [206]
- —animal found in, iii. [42]
- —obtained from wood, iii. [421]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [122].
- Firmus, iv. [205].
- Fiscus, ii. [171].
- Fish, tame, i. [317]
- —diet on, ii. [134]
- —their faculties, [367], [368], [369]
- —species of, how many, [381]
- —the largest, [381], [382]
- —not found in the Euxine, [387], [388]
- —why they leap above the surface, [390]
- —auguries derived from, [391]
- —that have no males, [391], [392]
- —that have a stone in the head, [392], [393]
- —that conceal themselves during the winter, [393], [394]
- —that are taken at stated times only, [395]
- —that conceal themselves in summer, [396]
- —pickled alive, [403]
- —enormous prices of, [403]
- —not everywhere equally esteemed, [404]
- —their gills and scales, [405], [406]
- —that have a voice, [406]
- —that come on land, [406], [407]
- —time for catching them, [407]
- —classification of, [407]
- —their fins and modes of swimming, [408]
- —flat, [411]
- —that fly, [415]
- —that shine at night, [415]
- —destitute of blood, [416]
- —soft, [416]
- —maladies of, [460], [461]
- —generation of, [460], [461-465]
- —that are both oviparous and viviparous, [465], [466]
- —peculiarities in their spawning, [466]
- —that impregnate themselves, [466]
- —aged, [467]
- —that come on land, [471], [472]
- —that have the best hearing, [547]
- —tame, [547]
- —that have the finest sense of smell, [547]
- —teeth of, iii. [57]
- —bones of, [77]
- —how poisoned, v. [118]
- —consulted, [480]
- —poisonous, [480], [481], [482]
- —instincts of, vi. [7]
- —marvelous properties of, [8]
- —that eat from the hand, [8]
- —oracular responses by, [8], [9]
- —that are bitter, salt, or sweet, [9], [10]
- —glue made from, [31], [32].
- Fishermen, hardiness of, v. [511].
- Fish-preserves, ii. [467], [469], [547].
- Fistula, remedies for, v. [200].
- Fitches, iv. [40], [51], [451], [452].
- “Flaccus,” the surname, iii. [48].
- Flamen, iv. [44]
- —Dialis, v. [327], [328].
- Flamens, apex of the, iv. [430].
- Flamingo, ii. [528], [529], [530].
- Flammeum, iv. [327].
- Flanatic Gulf, i. [251].
- Flavius, Cneius, iii. [156]; vi. [76], [77].
- Flavus, Alfius, ii. [476].
- Fleawort, v. [135].
- Flexible glass, vi. [381].
- Flight of birds, ii. [504], [506], [520].
- Flies, produce maggots, ii. [546]
- —when drowned, come to life, iii. [43]
- —rub their eyes, [91].
- Flint, vi. [360], [371], [372], [448].
- Floating islands, i. [122], [123].
- Floating of dead bodies, ii. [158].
- Flock, iv. [134].
- Floralia, iv. [99].
- Florence, i. [189].
- Flour, iv. [33], [34].
- Flower of Jove, iv. [333], [337].
- Flower of salt, v. [506], [507].
- Flower of wine, iii. [269].
- Flowers, the colours of, iv. [304], [317], [326], [327]
- —their odours, [321-323]
- —the blossoming of, [336], [337], [338]
- —duration of, [339].
- Fluor spar, vi. [392], [394], [433].
- Flute reeds, iii. [405], [408].
- Flutes, treble and bass, iii. [408].
- Fly-catcher, ii. [511].
- Flying-fish, ii. [415]; iii. [81].
- Foal-foot, iii. [121], [122].
- Fœtus, how formed, iii. [64].
- Foliatum, iii. [165].
- Food, abstinence from, iii. [99]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [125].
- Forcing-beds, iv. [156].
- Forehead, iii. [49].
- Foreknowledge of the future in sleep, ii. [553].
- Formacean walls, vi. [289].
- Formation of insects, ii. [45].
- Formentera, i. [211].
- Formiæ, i. [194].
- Formulæ, v. [279-283], [286].
- Fornacalia, iv. [4].
- Fortunate Islands, i. [367], [368]; ii. [107].
- Fortune, worshipped as the great divinity, i. [23]
- —statue of, ii. [338]
- —temple of, vi. [171].
- Forum of Augustus, ii. [215].
- Forum Boarium, vi. [151].
- Forum Julii, i. [178].
- Fossils, i. [322]; vi. [358], [360].
- Fountains and rivers, wonders of, i. [131-138].
- Fowls, the best kinds of, ii. [536]
- —diseases of, [536].
- Foxes, their craftiness, ii. [295].
- Fox-glove, iii. [121].
- Fraces, iii. [286].
- Frankincense, iii. [124-129]
- —carriage and high price of, [128], [129].
- Frantic laurel, iii. [431], [432].
- Frescoes, vi. [291].
- Free towns, i. [155].
- Freedmen, who have become famous, vi. [301], [302].
- Free-stone, vi. [368].
- Frejus, i. [178].
- Fresh water in the sea, i. [479].
- Friendships of animals, ii. [551], [552].
- Frisii, i. [349].
- Friuli, i. [253].
- Frogs, vi. [21], [22], [32], [34], [35], [38], [39]
- —the generation of, ii. [462], [463]
- —dumb, [353]
- —the tongue of, iii. [61], [62].
- Frog-fish, ii. [452].
- Fruiting of trees, iii. [384], [385].
- Fruits, wines made from, iii. [256], [257]
- —foreign, [297-300]
- —modes of keeping, [303-307]
- —juices of, [323-326]
- —various natures of, [326], [327], [328].
- Fucinus, i. [232].
- Fucus, iii. [209]
- —ericoides, [210]
- —vesiculosus, [210]
- —avarice, [210].
- Fuel, wood for, iii. [348], [349].
- Fugitive stone, vi. [344], [345].
- Fuller quoted, vi. [387].
- Fulling, ii. [224]; vi. [300], [301].
- Fulvius, L., ii. [190].
- Fumitory, v. [142].
- Fundament, remedies for diseases of, v. [187], [350], [351], [445]; vi. [44].
- Fundanian wine, iii. [241].
- Funerals, perfumes burnt at, iii. [137].
- Funereal games, ii. [232].
- Fungi, iii. [351], [352]; iv. [429], [430], [431].
- Furunculi, v. [200].
- Fuseli quoted, vi. [235].
- Fustic, iii. [371].
- G.
- Gabalium, iii. [142].
- Gabbaras, the giant, ii. [157].
- Gabienus, his death, ii. [213].
- Gabii, i. [201].
- Gabinius, i. [376].
- Gadara, i. [432].
- Gades, Straits of, i. [151], [152], [210], [368].
- Gadfly, iii. [35]
- —becomes blind, iii. [42], [43].
- Gadis, i. [368].
- Gæanis, vi. [456].
- Gaëta, i. [194].
- Gagæ, i. [455].
- Gagates, vi. [361], [362].
- Gait, iii. [89].
- Galactite, vi. [449].
- Galatia described, i. [491].
- Galaxias, i. [449].
- Galba, Sulpicius, vi. [385].
- Galbanum, iii. [152]; v. [10].
- Galen quoted, i. [111]
- —an opinion of, alluded to, ii. [152], [153].
- Galena, vi. [112], [118], [212], [218].
- Galeobdolon, v. [246].
- Galeopsis, v. [246].
- Galeos, vi. [12], [63].
- Galerita, iii. [43].
- Galgulus, ii. [506], [515], [548]; v. [452].
- Galion, v. [246].
- Gall, iii. [68], [69]; v. [327], [328]
- —animals destitute of, iii. [68]
- —of extraordinary size, [68]
- —persons without it, [69]
- —double, [69]
- —of the bull, [69].
- Gallæcia, i. [363].
- Gallaica, vi. [449].
- Galli castrate themselves, iii. [92].
- Gallia, Narbonensis, i. [174]
- —Togata, [237]
- —Belgica, [353].
- Gallic nard, iv. [369], [370].
- Gallic Ocean, islands of, i. [349].
- Gallidraga, v. [249].
- Gallio, Annæus, v. [496].
- Gallipoli, i. [225], [305], [307], [308].
- Gallnut, iii. [350]; v. [5].
- Gallus, Ælius, ii. [90].
- Gallus, river, i. [493]; v. [474].
- Gallus, Sulpicius, i. [36], [147].
- Gamala, i. [427].
- Gamecocks, ii. [498].
- Games, sacred, iii. [343].
- Gamphasantes, i. [405].
- Gander, ii. [499].
- Gangaridæ, ii. [44].
- Ganges, ii. [43], [131].
- Gangites, ii. [484].
- Gantæ, ii. [499].
- Garama, i. [399].
- Garamantes, i. [392], [401], [404], [405].
- Garden, pleasures of the, iv. [149-154].
- Garden-grounds, laying out of, iv. [154].
- Gardens, statues in, iv. [150].
- Gargara, i. [474], [475].
- Garlands, iv. [304-309], [329], [330], [333], [334].
- Garlic, iv. [174], [175], [176], [225-228].
- Garnet, vi. [420], [421].
- Garum, ii. [403]; iv. [227]; v. [507], [508].
- Gassinade, vi. [449].
- Gates of Rome, i. [203].
- Gaugamela, ii. [71].
- Gauls, invasion of Asia by, i. [492]
- —their invasion of Italy, iii. [103]
- —besiege Rome, vi. [75], [76].
- Gausapa, ii. [333], [335].
- Gaza, i. [423].
- Gazæ, ii. [28].
- Gazelle, ii. [347], [352].
- Gebanitæ, iii. [128], [129], [130].
- Gecko, ii. [299]; iii. [31].
- Gedrosi, ii. [360].
- Gedrosia, ii. [50]
- —trees of, iii. [115].
- Gedrusi, ii. [59].
- Geese, hatching of, ii. [538].
- Gegania, vi. [152].
- Gela, i. [219].
- Gelduba, iv. [166].
- Gellianus, i. [269].
- Gellius, Cneius, ii. [239].
- Geloni, i. [335].
- Gelotophyllis, v. [66].
- Gemitorian Steps, ii. [314].
- Gemursa, v. [155].
- Generals, exhibitions by, of their victories, vi. [233], [234].
- Generation, ii. [144], [149], [150], [152], [153], [540-544].
- Genesara, Lake of, i. [429].
- Geneva, Lake of, i. [175].
- Genita Mana, v. [391].
- Genitals, remedies for diseases of, iii. [350], [351]; v. [445], [446]; vi. [45].
- Genius, men of, ii. [173].
- Gennesareth, Sea of, i. [429].
- Genoa, i. [185].
- Genre-painters, vi. [268].
- Gentian, v. [105], [106].
- Genua, i. [184]
- —wines of, iii. [242].
- Genuini, iii. [59].
- Geodes, vi. [360], [364], [365], [444], [446], [449], [456]
- —enhydros, [460].
- Geometry, ii. [183].
- Ger, i. [382].
- Geræstus, i. [316].
- Geranion, v. [195].
- Geranitis, v. [459].
- Gergitha, i. [474].
- Germ, iii. [496].
- Germanicus, i. [469]; ii. [319], [330]; v. [85]
- —his death, iii. [67].
- Germany described, i. [345].
- Germination of fruit, iii. [382]
- —of trees, iii. [381], [382].
- Gerra, ii. [84].
- Gerres, vi. [62].
- Gerrhæ, v. [501].
- Gerricula, vi. [62].
- Geryon, i. [369].
- Geskleithron, ii. [123].
- Gesoriacum, i. [350], [353].
- Gestatio, v. [296].
- Gestation, period of, ii. [139], [140].
- Getæ, i. [329].
- Geum, v. [166].
- Ghauts, ii. [46].
- Gibbon’s History, quoted, i. [346], [348].
- Gibraltar, i. [152].
- Gigantic trees, iii. [419], [420].
- Gilding, vi. [98], [99], [124], [295]
- —frauds committed in, vi. [114].
- Gills of fish, ii. [367], [405], [406].
- Gilthead, ii. [395]; vi. [19].
- Ginger, iii. [112].
- Gingidion, iv. [219], [220].
- Ginnus, ii. [326].
- Ginseng, iv. [285].
- Giraffe, ii. [277].
- Girasol opal, vi. [437], [456].
- Gith, iv. [195], [270], [271].
- Gladiators, their combats painted, vi. [246]
- —their mode of cure, vi. [384].
- Gladiolus, iv. [359]; v. [134].
- Glæsaria, i. [344]; vi. [401].
- Glæsariæ, i. [351].
- Glæsum, vi. [401].
- Glanis, ii. [452].
- Glans, iii. [341], [345].
- Glass, i. [434]
- —broken, how to mend, v. [388]
- —the discovery and manufacture of, vi. [379-382].
- Glastum, iv. [389], [390].
- Glauce, ii. [498].
- Glaucias, iv. [303].
- Glaucides, vi. [187].
- Glaucion, the artist, vi. [276].
- Glaucion (plant), iv. [278]; v. [247], [248].
- Glauciscus, vi. [53].
- Glaucus, ii. [396].
- Glaux, v. [247].
- Gleucinum, iii. [289]; iv. [492].
- Globe, divisions of the, i. [151], [152].
- Glossopetra, vi. [449].
- Glottis, ii. [504].
- Glow-worm, iii. [34].
- Glue, iii. [427]; v. [358].
- Gluttony, v. [169], [297].
- Glycera, iv. [305]; vi. [273],
- Glycyrrhiza, iv. [351], [399], [400]; v. [217].
- Glycyside, v. [88], [89], [248], [249].
- Gnaphalium, v. [249].
- Gnats, iii. [2], [42]; v. [469].
- Gnesios, ii. [483].
- Gnu, ii. [282].
- Goats, ii. [339]
- —their propagation, [339], [340]
- —their intelligence, [340]
- —shearing of, [341]
- —not sacrificed to Minerva, [342]
- —destructive to trees, [342]
- —suckled by birds, [521]
- —collect laudanum on their beard, iii. [133]; v. [171].
- Goat-lettuce, iv. [228].
- Goatsucker, ii. [521].
- Goblets, wooden, iii. [420].
- God, opinions upon the existence of, i. [20]-25.
- Gods, plurality of, i. [20], [21]
- —their respective trees, iii. [102].
- Goitre, vi. [402].
- Gold, a place where it is buried in the earth, ii. [79]
- —excavated by ants, iii. [39]; vi. [99], [442], [443]
- —an account of, [69], [70]
- —its first recommendation, [71]
- —rings made of, [71-75], [76-82]
- —quantity of, possessed by the ancients, [75], [76]
- —crowns made of, [86]
- —uses made of by females, [87], [88]
- —cupidity for, [91], [92], [93]
- —coronets made of, [94], [95]
- —high value set upon, [96], [97], [98]
- —cloth of, [98]
- —how found, [99-104]
- —statues made of, [105], [106]
- —remedies derived from, [106], [107].
- Golden Fleece, vi. [94].
- Golden Horn, i. [307]; ii. [388].
- Golden Palace of Nero, vi. [95], [185], [271], [349], [370].
- Gold-mines, ii. [22], [123], [225]; vi. [99], [104].
- Goldsmiths, iv. [37].
- Golgi, i. [481].
- Gonger, vi. [62].
- Goniæa, vi. [450].
- Good fortune in the same family, instances of, ii. [187], [191], [199].
- Goose, its liver artificially increased, ii. [344]
- —its asserted bashfulness, [496]
- —its vigilance, [498]
- —saves the Capitol, [498]; v. [391]
- —sacred, ii. [498]
- —falls in love, [498]
- —its wisdom, [499]
- —its feathers, [499], [500].
- Gooseberry, v. [49].
- Goosefoot, v. [236].
- Goosegrass, v. [71], [227], [390], [391].
- Gordian Knot, i. [490].
- Gordiucome, i. [490].
- Gordium, i. [492].
- Gorgades, ii. [106].
- Gorgasus, vi. [284].
- Gorgias, vi. [106].
- Gorgonia, vi. [450].
- Gorgoniæ, iii. [212].
- Gortyna, i. [286], [314].
- Gossypium, iv. [134], [135]; v. [274].
- [See] “Cotton.”
- Goths, i. [346].
- Gourds, iv. [158-161], [212], [213].
- Gout, v. [192]
- —remedies for, v. [352], [353], [447]; vi. [46], [47].
- Government of bees, iii. [18].
- Gracchanus, Junius, vi. [144].
- Gracchi, ii. [149], [154].
- Gracchus, C., ii. [237].
- Gracilis, Turannius, i. [267].
- Græcanic pavements, vi. [378].
- “Græcia,” the name, i. [288], [293].
- Græcinus, Julius, iii. [275].
- Græcostasis, ii. [237].
- Græcula, iii. [224].
- Græcus, i. [293].
- Grafting, iii. [295], [298], [302], [467], [477-485]
- —marvels of, [484].
- Grain, different kinds of, iv. [19-24]
- —grown in the East, [31], [32]
- —diseases of, [54], [55], [56]
- —remedies for them, [57], [58], [59].
- Grain of Cnidos, iii. [201]; v. [242].
- Grain of wood, iii. [414].
- Gramen, v. [72], [73].
- Grampus, ii. [359].
- Granæum, iv. [43].
- Granatum, iii. [200].
- Granicus, i. [476], [489].
- Granius, v. [368].
- Grapes, the nature of, iii. [218-222]
- —smoked, [221]
- —of Egypt, [246]
- —solstitial, [256]
- —modes of keeping, [304-307]
- —how protected from insects, [517]
- —remedies from fresh; iv. [461]
- —from preserved, [461], [462].
- Grape-fish, ii. [359]; vi. [57], [65].
- Grape-husks, iv. [463].
- Grape-stones, iv. [462].
- Graphia, vi. [229], [255].
- Graphis, vi. [255].
- Grasshoppers, iii. [31], [32], [33]
- —eaten, [32]
- —have no mouth, [32]
- —countries without, [32], [33]
- —some without a voice, [33].
- Gratidianus, Marius, vi. [159].
- Graviscæ, i. [188]
- —wines of, iii. [242].
- Great year, revolution of the, ii. [480], [481].
- Greece, trees of, iii. [201].
- Greek-nuts, iv. [513], [514].
- Greek weights and measures, iv. [386], [387].
- Greeks, hated by Cato the Censor, ii. [176]
- —their credulity, [283], [284]
- —the opinion of Cato upon them, v. [375].
- Greffe-Diane, iii. [484].
- Gremil, v. [253].
- Grey partridge, ii. [529].
- Griffins, ii. [123], [530].
- Grinding of corn, iv. [33], [37], [38].
- Gromphæna, v. [167], [469].
- Grotto del Cane, i. [121], [122].
- Ground strawberry, iii. [320].
- Groundsel, v. [146].
- Grouse, ii. [528].
- Groves, consecrated, iii. [535].
- Growth of plants, iv. [177], [178].
- Grunting, iii. [94].
- Gryllus, v. [439].
- Grynia, i. [473].
- Gubbio, i. [239].
- Guests, inferior wine given to, iii. [253].
- Guinea-fowls, ii. [528].
- Gulfs of Europe, i. [153].
- Gullet, iii. [62], [64].
- Gum, v. [42], [43]
- —nine kinds of, iii. [184], [185]
- —acacia, v. [43], [44]
- —ammoniac, iii. [144], [145]; v. [11]
- —Arabic, iii. [134]
- —de Lecce, [134]
- —tragacanth, [202].
- Gutones, i. [346].
- Guttalus, i. [348].
- Guzerat, ii. [48].
- Gyara, i. [321]
- —the mice of, ii. [350].
- Gyges, ii. [199].
- Gymnasia, v. [294], [295].
- Gymnastic games, ii. [232].
- Gymnetæ, i. [404]; ii. [133].
- Gymnosophists, ii. [129]; iii. [110].
- Gynæcanthe, iv. [468].
- Gypsies, ii. [13], [15].
- Gypsum, vi. [376]
- —wine treated with, iii. [266]
- —used in making alica, iv. [43]
- —taken internally, [269].
- Gyrini, ii. [462].
- H.
- Habron, vi. [261], [281].
- Hadramaut, ii. [87], [90].
- Hadrobolon, iii. [116].
- Hæbudes, i. [351].
- Hæmatites, vi. [356], [362], [363].
- Hæmatitis, vi. [451].
- Hæmatopus, ii. [527].
- Hæmorrhage, v. [203], [358], [359]
- —methods of arresting, v. [458]; vi. [50].
- Hæmorrhoïs (serpent), iv. [226].
- Hæmus, Mount, i. [272], [302], [303], [306]; v. [492].
- Hagnon, vi. [92].
- Hail, i. [90], [91].
- Hair, iii. [81], [82]
- —facts relative to, [46], [47]; v. [291]
- —cutting of, iii. [417]
- —applications for, v. [214].
- Hair of Isis (plant), iii. [212].
- Hair-pencil, vi. [250].
- Halcyon, ii. [512], [513]; vi. [36].
- Halcyon days, i. [76]; ii. [512], [513]; iv. [82].
- Halcyoneum, vi. [35], [37].
- Halcyonium, ii. [513].
- Haliacmon, i. [298]; v. [476].
- Haliætus, ii. [483], [484].
- Halicacabum, iv. [385].
- Halicarnassus, i. [462].
- Halieuticon of Ovid quoted, vi. [65], [66], [67].
- Halimon, iv. [419], [420].
- Halipleumon, vi. [68].
- Halonnesos, i. [325].
- Halus, v. [169].
- Halys, ii. [5], [6].
- Hamaxobii, i. [330].
- Hammitis, vi. [450].
- Hammochrysos, vi. [459].
- Hammon, Jupiter, i. [395].
- Hammoniacum (resin), iii. [144], [145]; v. [11].
- Hammoniacum (salt), v. [502].
- Hammonis cornu, vi. [451].
- Hammonitrum, vi. [381].
- Hams, iii. [87], [88].
- Hands, iii. [80].
- Handwriting, iii. [91].
- Hanging, baths, ii. [468]
- —city, vi. [343]
- —gardens, iv. [150]; vi. [343].
- Hannibal, i. [164], [227], [230], [493], [494]; ii. [19]; vi. [78], [112], [161], [290], [305]
- —at the gates of Rome, iii. [310].
- Hanno, i. [99], [378], [499]; ii. [106].
- Happiness, supreme, instances of, ii. [186].
- Happy, men pronounced most, ii. [199]
- —why Arabia was so called, iii. [136], [137].
- Hares, different species of, ii. [348], [349]
- —sleep with the eyes open, iii. [52]
- —with a double liver, iii. [68].
- Haricot bean, iv. [47].
- Harmodius, vi. [155], [177], [179].
- Harmoge, vi. [235].
- Harmony of the spheres, i. [17]
- —of the stars, [52], [53].
- Harpalus, iv. [128].
- Harpasa, i. [465].
- Harpocrates, vi. [88].
- Harrowing, iv. [66], [67].
- Hartwort, iv. [221], [288], [289]; v. [71].
- Harvesting, iv. [103], [104].
- Hasheesh, v. [65].
- Hasta pura, ii. [170].
- Hatching, ii. [534-537].
- Hawks, ii. [487], [488], [519]; iv. [229]
- —pursue the chase with men, ii. [488].
- Hawkweed, iv. [229], [230].
- Hay-grass, v. [257].
- Haymaking, iv. [89], [92].
- Hazel nuts, iii. [316]; iv. [515].
- Head, induration of the bones of, ii. [118]
- —in animals, iii. [46]
- —bones of the, [47]
- —hardest in the parrot, [47]
- —wounds in the, v. [409], [410]
- —how strengthened, [298]
- —diseases of, [334].
- Head-ache, remedies for, v. [409], [410].
- Health indicated by the urine, v. [301].
- Hearing, acuteness of, ii. [163].
- Heart, iii. [64], [65], [66]
- —inspected for divination, [66]
- —found wanting in the victims, [66]
- —in what cases it will not burn, [67].
- Hearth, prodigies connected with, vi. [384].
- Hebrus, i. [303], [305].
- Hecale, iv. [426]; v. [184].
- Hecatæus, vi. [139], [185].
- Hecatæus of Abdera, ii. [114].
- Hecatæus of Miletus, i. [370].
- Hecatompylos, ii. [29].
- Hecuba, i. [308].
- Hederine, v. [33].
- Hedge-hogs, ii. [308], [309]
- —their quills used for carding, [309].
- Ἡδύοσμον, iv. [193].
- Hedysmata, iii. [161].
- Hedystratides, vi. [139].
- Hegesias (artist), vi. [182].
- Hegesias (historian), ii. [242].
- Hegias, vi. [181], [182].
- He-goat, the wonderful effects of its blood, iv. [207]; vi. [407].
- Height, measurement of, ii. [158]; vi. [338]
- —of man, iii. [377].
- Helena, iv. [377]; v. [81].
- Helenium, iv. [333], [376], [377]
- —wine made from it, iii. [259].
- Helianthes, v. [66].
- Helice, i. [280].
- Helices, v. [62].
- Helichrysos, iv. [380], [381].
- Helicon, i. [278], [290].
- Heliocallis, v. [66].
- Heliodorus, vi. [187], [319].
- Heliodorus Periegetes, vi. [146].
- Helion, v. [23], [24].
- Heliopolis, i. [418]; vi. [331].
- Helioscopios, v. [179].
- Helioscopium, iv. [413], [414], [415].
- Helioselinon, iv. [179], [248].
- Heliotropium (plant), iv. [356], [413], [414], [415].
- Heliotropium (stone), vi. [450].
- Helix, iii. [401].
- Helix neritoïdea, ii. [311].
- Helix pomatia, ii. [311].
- Hellanicus, i. [371].
- Hellas, i. [278], [288].
- Hellebore, i. [277]; v. [96-101].
- Hellen, i. [293].
- Hellespont, i. [326]
- —described, i. [488].
- Helops, vi. [66].
- Helos, i. [282].
- Helots, ii. [227].
- Helvennaca, iii. [227], [250]; iv. [476].
- Helvetii, i. [355].
- Helxine, iv. [353], [406]; v. [115].
- Hemerobion, iii. [42].
- Hemerocalles, iv. [333], [376].
- Hemina, Cassius, iii. [156].
- Hemionion, v. [95], [96], [228], [229].
- Hemlock, v. [140], [141];
- —wine, an antidote to the effects of, iii. [238].
- Hemp, iv. [198], [297], [298].
- Henbane, v. [91], [92].
- Heneti, ii. [4].
- Heniochi, ii. [10], [11], [12], [22].
- Henna, iii. [146]; iv. [492].
- Henry II. of France, ii. [153].
- Henry V. of England, his saying, iii. [404].
- Hepatites, vi. [363], [364].
- Hepatitis, vi. [458].
- Hephæstiades, i. [221].
- Hephæstitis, vi. [450].
- Hepsema, iii. [248].
- Heptaphonon, v. [345].
- Heraclæa, i. [298].
- Heracleon, v. [107].
- Heracleopolites, i. [408].
- Heracleos, v. [253], [254].
- Heracleotici, ii. [425].
- Heraclia, i. [224], [273].
- Heraclides of Heraclæa, i. [373]; iii. [158].
- Heraclides of Tarentum, iii. [158].
- Heraclides (artist), vi. [276].
- Heraclides (physician), vi. [145].
- Heraclion, vi. [355].
- Heraclium, iv. [268], [269], [270], [278], [279].
- Herat, ii. [58].
- Herb mastich, iii. [147].
- Herba pratensis, iv. [14].
- Herbalists, their malpractices, iv. [372].
- Herbs, wines made from, iii. [259], [260]
- —juices and flavours of, iv. [202], [203].
- Herculanea (ants), v. [432].
- Herculaneum, i. [197].
- Hercules, i. [157], [177], [304], [318], [369], [375]; ii. [33], [48], [55]; v. [103], [298]
- —and Iphicles, ii. [144]
- —temple of, at Rome, [508]
- —Fictilis, vi. [286]
- —Carthaginian statue of, [321].
- Hercules, Pillars of, i. [152].
- Hercynian Forest, i. [329], [348]; ii. [528]; iii. [341].
- Herdonea, i. [230].
- Hermaphrodite, ii. [136]; iii. [92].
- Hermaphroditism in fish, ii. [391].
- Hermaphroditus, ii. [136].
- Hermesias, v. [66].
- Hermias, tomb of, vi. [410].
- Herminei, vi. [411].
- Hermippus, v. [470].
- Hermit-crab, ii. [426], [451].
- Hermopolis, i. [412].
- Hermotimus of Clazomenæ, ii. [211].
- Hermuaidoion, vi. [450], [451].
- Hermunduri, i. [347].
- Hermupoa, v. [92], [93], [94].
- Hernia, remedies for, vi. [44].
- Herodotus, when he wrote his History, iii. [108]
- —quoted, i. [331], [333], [335], [337], [405], [414], [425], [452], [466], [487], [491]; ii. [24], [34], [89], [512], iii. [137]; vi. [336], [337], [338], [414].
- Heroic exploits, instances of, ii. [167].
- Herons, ii. [538], [539].
- Heroöpolis, ii. [92].
- Herophilus, iii. [100]; v. [82], [372].
- Heroüm, iv. [417].
- Herpes, v. [460].
- Hesiod, his father’s birth-place, i. [472]
- —mentioned, ii. [242]
- —quoted, i. [272]; ii. [200]; iii. [216], [352]; iv. [425], [474]; v. [301].
- Hesperian Promontory, i. [380].
- Hesperides, i. [375]; vi. [400]
- —Gardens of the, iv. [149]
- —Islands of the, ii. [106].
- Hesperu Ceras, ii. [105].
- Hestiatoris, v. [66].
- Hesus, v. [426].
- Hesychius quoted, i. [285].
- Hexapolis, Æolian, i. [487].
- Hexecontalithos, vi. [451].
- Hibernia, i. [351].
- Hibiscum, iv. [218].
- Hicesius, iii. [338].
- Hickory-nut, iii. [317].
- Hiddekel, ii. [75].
- Hides of animals, iii. [80], [81].
- Hierabotane, v. [121], [122].
- Hieracitis, vi. [451].
- Hieracium, vi. [197].
- Hierapolis, i. [122], [160]; vi. [9].
- Hieratica, a kind of paper, iii. [188].
- Hieres, islands of, i. [213].
- Hiericus, i. [427], [428]; iii. [175].
- Hiero, King, ii. [356].
- Hieromnemon, vi. [448].
- Hierosolyma, i. [428], [431].
- High farming, iv. [15].
- Hilarus, C. Crispinus, ii. [150].
- Hillæ, iii. [71].
- Himalaya, ii. [38].
- Himantopodes, i. [406].
- Himera, i. [218].
- Himilce, i. [164].
- Himilco, i. [99], [499].
- Hindoo mythology, vi. [400].
- Hindú Kúsh, i. [454]; ii. [33].
- Hinnulus, ii. [325].
- Hippace, v. [111].
- Hipparchus, i. [37], [148]
- —his doctrine on the stars, [59].
- Hippo Diarrhytus, i. [389]; ii. [373].
- Hippo Regius, i. [388].
- Hippocampus, vi. [25], [29].
- Hippocentaur, ii. [137].
- Hippocrates, ii. [182], [241]; v. [371]
- —his precepts, [156].
- Hippocrene, i. [291].
- Hippodamantian wine, iii. [246].
- Hippoi, ii. [425].
- Hippolapathon, iv. [287].
- Hippomanes, ii. [321]; v. [339], [340], [365].
- Hippomarathron, iv. [296], [297].
- Hipponax, vi. [308].
- Hippophaes, iv. [401], [402].
- Hippophæston, iii. [434]; v. [250], [251].
- Hippopheos, v. [174], [175].
- Hippophlomos, v. [138], [139], [140].
- Hippophobas, v. [64].
- Hippopodes, i. [143].
- Hippopotamus, iii. [318], [319]
- —described, ii. [290], [291]
- —when first exhibited at Rome, [290]
- —bleeds itself, ii. [291]
- —its hide, iii. [80].
- Hippos, vi. [63].
- [See] “Hippoi.”
- Hipposelinon, iv. [180], [248].
- Hippuris, v. [203], [204].
- Hippurus, ii. [394].
- Hirpi, insensible to fire, ii. [128].
- Hirpirni, i. [225], [229].
- Hirtius, Quintus, iv. [204].
- Hissing, iii. [94].
- Histropolis, i. [305].
- Hive-moths, iii. [22].
- Hoeing, iv. [66].
- Hogs, ii. [342]
- —their propagation, [342]
- —diseases of, [343]
- —their brutishness, [343]
- —their intelligence, [343], [344]
- —choice parts of, [344].
- Holcus, v. [250].
- Holland’s Translation of Pliny, quoted, i. [419]; ii. [39], [56]; iv. [501]; v. [31], [236], [237], [254], [278], [282], [323], [378], [399], [406], [417], [440]; vi. [9], [60], [63], [75], [103], [106], [111], [122], [133], [137], [205].
- Holm-oaks, iii. [353]; v. [455]
- —aged, iii. [430], [431].
- Holochrysos, iv. [328], [373].
- Holoschœnus, iv. [361], [364].
- Holosteon, v. [250].
- Holothuria, ii. [458].
- Holothuria pentactes, ii. [359].
- Homer, his tomb, i. [321]
- —his poems honoured by Alexander, ii. [173]
- —his works quoted, i. [73], [117], [194], [209], [214], [274], [279], [287], [292], [293], [296], [310], [311], [325], [404], [412], [476], [484], [489], [490]; ii. [4], [132], [156], [236], [334]; iii. [186], [193], [197], [343], [386], [451], [456]; iv. [14], [35], [139], [150], [321], [360], [377], [412], [473]; v. [28], [81], [87], [88], [108], [282], [381], [423]; vi. [60], [71], [74], [75], [105], [213], [263], [265], [276], [323]
- —misquoted, v. [494].
- Homona, i. [450].
- Hones, vi. [370], [440].
- Honey, iii. [6], [8], [9], [10]
- —the qualities of, [11], [12]
- —peculiar kinds of, [12], [13]
- —how tested, [14]
- —wild, [14], [15]
- —when gathered, [14], [15]
- —of Attica, iv. [332]
- —from the olive, [340]
- —poisonous, [341], [342]
- —maddening, [342], [343]
- —untouched by flies, [343]
- —remedies derived from, [434], [435].
- Honey-comb, iii. [11].
- Honey-dew, v. [22].
- Honeysuckle, v. [105].
- Honied wine, ii. [215]; iii. [245]; iv. [437], [438].
- Honours, examples of, ii. [189].
- Hoofs of animals, ii. [549]; iii. [89], [90]
- —how renewed when worn, [45].
- Hoopoe, ii. [511]; iii. [43].
- Hops, iv. [347].
- Horace, his birth-place, i. [228]
- —his works quoted, [4], [22], [86], [129], [139], [192], [193], [227]; ii. [529], [533]; iii. [523]; iv. [131], [174], [509]; vi. [175], [317], [324].
- Horaion, iii. [13].
- Horatii, ii. [135].
- Horehound, iv. [289], [290], [291], [292].
- Horminum, iv. [36], [454].
- Hormiscion, vi. [451].
- Horn, how bent, iii. [45]
- —pictures upon, [45].
- Hornbeam, iii. [368].
- Horned fish, ii. [411].
- Horned owl, ii. [492]; v. [400]
- —funereal, ii. [492].
- Horned pheasant, ii. [530].
- Horned poppy, iv. [278].
- Hornets, iii. [24], [25].
- Horns, of a gigantic ant, iii. [39]
- —various kinds of, [44], [45], [46]
- —moveable, [44]
- —on the human head, [44].
- Hornstone, vi. [455].
- Horse, the first use of, ii. [229]
- —wild, [363] —the nature of, [317]
- —of Alexander, [317]
- —of Cæsar, [317], [318]
- —tombs of, [318]
- —Semiramis enamoured of one, [318]
- —weeping, [318]
- —its sense of propriety, [318]
- —dance by, [318]
- —grief of, [318], [319]
- —its intelligence, [319]
- —duration of its life, [320]
- —its generation, [320], [321], [322]
- —its paces, [322]
- —its gall not in the liver, iii. [69]
- —hermaphrodite, [92]
- —blood of, used by the Sarmatians, iv. [38].
- Horse-radish, wild, iv. [48].
- Hortensius, i. [196]; ii. [496]; vi. [167]
- —wines left by, iii. [255].
- Horus, v. [420], [468]; vi. [88].
- Hostilia, the bees of, iv. [341].
- Hostilius, Hostus, iii. [343].
- Hostilius, Tullus, i. [84]; v. [280], [281], [282].
- Hot drinks, v. [296].
- Hot springs, i. [133], [195], [266]; v. [472].
- Houseleek, iv. [58], [349]; v. [143], [144].
- Houses first built, ii. [222].
- Human beings beloved by dolphins, ii. [372], [373], [374].
- Human sacrifices, i. [334]; ii. [122]; v. [426].
- Hundred-plant drink, v. [112].
- Hunger, how allayed, iii. [99].
- Hunting-nets, iv. [133], [134].
- Hurricane, i. [79].
- Hyacinth, iv. [337], [381].
- Hyacinthos (stone), vi. [434].
- Hyades, i. [67]; iv. [87].
- Hyæna, ii. [296]; iii. [54]; v. [309-314]; vi. [451].
- Hyæna (fish), vi. [66].
- Hyænia, vi. [451].
- Hyalin quartz, vi. [438], [439].
- Hyampolis, i. [292].
- Hybla, i. [220]
- —honey of, iii. [12].
- Hybrid goats, ii. [346]
- —swine, [346].
- Hydaspes, ii. [41], [47].
- Hydrargyros, vi. [99], [124].
- Hydri, v. [397].
- Hydrocele, remedies for, v. [446].
- Hydrolapathum, iv. [287].
- Hydromancy, v. [427]; vi. [461].
- Hydromel, iv. [435], [436], [437].
- Hydromeli, iii. [261]; v. [498].
- Hydrometer, v. [485], [486].
- Hydrophobia, ii. [316], [317]; iv. [248]; v. [84], [331], [405], [436], [407]; vi. [23], [210].
- Hydruntum, i. [226].
- Hydrussa, i. [315].
- Hyginus, i. [268].
- Hygremplastrum, vi. [212].
- Hylas, ii. [555].
- Hymen, imperforate, ii. [154].
- Hymettus, i. [289]
- —honey of, iii. [12].
- Hyophthalmos, vi. [459].
- Hyoscyamos, v. [91], [92].
- Hyoseris, v. [250].
- Hypæpæ, i. [472].
- Hypanis, i. [332], [335]; v. [493]
- —the short-lived insect of the, iii. [42].
- Hypasis, i. [107]; ii. [41], [47].
- Hypatodorus, vi. [169].
- Hypecoön, v. [251].
- Hypenemia, ii. [538], [539].
- Hyperborei, i. [336], [337]; ii. [23], [24].
- Hypericon, v. [185].
- Hyphear, iii. [434].
- Hypochœris, iv. [349].
- Hypocisthis, v. [172].
- Hypoglossa, v. [251].
- Hyrcania, tree of, iii. [115].
- Hyrcanian Sea, i. [453]; ii. [24], [30].
- Hyrcanus, the dog, ii. [313].
- Hyriæ, i. [292].
- Hysge, ii. [450].
- Hysginian tint, ii. [450].
- Hysginum, iv. [381].
- Hyssop, v. [133], [134].
- Hysteria, v. [355].
- I
- Iacchus, Fescennius, vi. [67].
- Iadera, i. [259].
- Iaia, vi. [281].
- Ialysos, i. [483].
- Ian, M., his collations of Pliny, vi. [1], [465].
- Ianthinum, iv. [326].
- Iapydes, i. [262].
- Iasione, iv. [358], [423], [424].
- Iaspis, vi. [414], [430], [431].
- Iasponyx, vi. [431].
- Iatraliptics, v. [371]
- Iatronices, v. [373].
- Iazyges, i. [329].
- Iberia, ii. [20].
- Iberis, v. [112], [113].
- Iberus, i. [361].
- Ibex, ii. [346], [347].
- Ibis, ii. [291], [507], [529]
- —black, [512].
- Icaros, i. [320].
- Icasium, i. [386].
- Icetidas, v. [369].
- Ichneumon, ii. [286-289].
- Ichnusa, i. [216].
- Ichthyocolla, vi. [31], [32].
- Ichthyophagi, ii. [59]; iii. [98], [289].
- Iconicæ, vi. [155].
- Iconium, i. [452].
- Icterias, vi. [452].
- Ictinus, vi. [63].
- Ictis, v. [392].
- Ida, i. [314], [474].
- Idæa herba, v. [251].
- Idæan bramble, v. [50].
- Idæi dactyli, vi. [452].
- Idalium, i. [481].
- Idocrase, vi. [404].
- Idumæa, i. [425].
- Igilgili, i. [386].
- Iguvium, i. [239]
- —oil of, iv. [494].
- Ilerda, i. [166].
- Iliac passion, remedies for, v. [442].
- Iliad, contained in a nut-shell, ii. [162].
- Ilium, i. [477].
- Ill omen, birds of, ii. [461]
- —trees of, iii. [385].
- Illecebra, v. [144], [145].
- Illiberis, i. [175].
- Illyricum described, i. [257], [265].
- Ilus, tomb of, iii. [431].
- Ilva, i. [214].
- Imagination, effects of the, ii. [146].
- Imagines, iv. [346].
- Imaüs, i. [454]; ii. [42], [124].
- Imbros, i. [324].
- Immortelle, iv. [308], [328].
- Immusulus, ii. [487].
- Impetigo, Greek charm for, v. [254].
- Impia, v. [70].
- Impotence, iv. [298].
- Inarime, i. [214].
- Incendiary bird, ii. [492], [493].
- Incisions in trees, iii. [529], [530].
- Incisors, iii. [58], [59].
- Incubation of birds, ii. [512], [534]-537.
- India, the conquests of, i. [302]
- —the nations of, ii. [38]
- —expeditions to, of Alexander, [39], [40], [41], [360], [361]; iii. [138], [211], [212]; vi. [27]
- —of Seleucus, ii. [41]
- —voyages to, [60]-63
- —wonders of, [129]
- —terrestrial animals of, [280].
- Indian ass, iii. [89], [90]
- —fig, [109], [110]
- —ink, ii. [417]; vi. [241]
- —olive, iii. [111]
- —thorn, [109].
- Indian Ocean, plants of, iii. [211]
- —monsters of, ii. [359].
- Indica (stone), vi. [452].
- Indicum, vi. [143], [241], [242], [243].
- Indiges, Jupiter, i. [193].
- Indigestion, iii. [98].
- Indigo, vi. [143], [242], [243], [452].
- Indurations, remedies for, v. [357].
- Indus, ii. [46].
- Inequality of climates, i. [102], [103], [104].
- Infants, swathing of, ii. [118],
- —born with teeth, [153]
- —dreams of, [553]
- —never cry in the womb, iii. [94]
- —diseases of, v. [364], [465], [466], [467]; vi. [56], [57].
- Influences of the seasons, i. [67], [68], [69].
- Ingævones, i. [343].
- Inguinalis, v. [188], [229].
- Ink, v. [2], [3]
- —Indian, ii. [417]; vi. [241]
- —of the sæpia, [58].
- Inoculation of trees, iii. [477].
- Insanity, Lake of, v. [478].
- Insects, the minuteness of, iii. [1], [2]
- —why so called, [1]
- —whether they respire, ii. [3]
- —voice of, [3]
- —whether they have blood, [3]
- —their bodies, [4], [5]
- —wings of, [33]
- —parasitical, iii. [40]
- —feet of, [95]
- —that breed in leguminous plants, iv. [415].
- Instinct of animals, ii. [248].
- Interamna, i. [233].
- Interbreeding of fish, ii. [464].
- Intercalation, iv. [76].
- Interlunium, iv. [112].
- Intoxication, remedies for, v. [468].
- Introduction to the work, i. [1]-11.
- Inundations, i. [116].
- Invalids, peaches recommended for, iii. [294].
- Inventions, v. [77].
- Inventors of various things, ii. [219].
- Iol, i. [386].
- Iolcos, i. [296].
- Iolite, vi. [407].
- Iollas, iii. [158].
- Ion, vi. [169].
- Ionia described, i. [466].
- Ionian Sea, i. [265].
- Ios, i. [321].
- Irinum, iii. [160].
- Irio, iv. [36], [453], [454].
- Iris (plant), iv. [324], [325], [371], [372].
- Iris (stone), vi. [438], [439].
- Iritis, vi. [439].
- Iron, discovery of, ii. [225]
- —the art of working, [225]
- —rings of, vi. [78]
- —an account of, [205-209], [210], [211].
- Irrigation, iii. [528], [529]; iv. [68].
- Irving, Washington, indebted to the story of Epimenides, ii. [211].
- Isatis, iv. [229].
- Isauria described, i. [450].
- Ischæmon, v. [111].
- Ischia, i. [214].
- Isidorus, C. Cæcilius Claudius, vi. [130].
- Isidorus of Charax, i. [150].
- Isigonus, ii. [241].
- Isinglass, vi. [31], [32].
- Isis, hair of, iii. [212].
- Iskenderun, i. [447].
- Islands, suddenly formed, i. [117], [118], [119]
- —united to the main land, [119]
- —of Europe, [210].
- Ismaron, i. [304].
- Ismenias (musician), vi. [388].
- Ismenias (writer), vi. [468].
- Isoscinnamomum, iii. [141].
- Isocrates, ii. [174].
- Isodomon, vi. [372].
- Isopyron, v. [251], [252].
- Isox, ii. [382].
- Issa, i. [259], [260].
- Issos, i. [447].
- Istævones, i. [347].
- Ister, i. [250], [262], [328].
- [See] also “Danuvius.”
- Isthmian games, i. [285].
- Isthmus of Corinth, i. [278], [279].
- Istria, i. [251].
- Istropolis, i. [328].
- Italy, described, i. [180]
- —its praises enlarged upon, [181], [182]; vi. [464], [465]
- —its shape, i. [183]
- —forbidden to be dug for minerals, [257]
- —the country of the vine, iii. [215], [218]
- —when generous wines were first made in, [251]
- —its climate, v. [158]
- —practice of magic in, [425], [426]
- —its high rank among nations, vi. [464], [465].
- Itch, remedies for, v. [360].
- Ithaca, i. [311].
- Iton, iv. [144].
- Iulis, vi. [39], [63].
- Iviza, i. [211].
- Ivory, ii. [247]; iii. [103]
- —fossil, ii. [247].
- Ivy, iii. [376], [399]-403; v. [32]-35.
- Ixias, iv. [407], [408], [409]; v. [234].
- Iÿnx, iii. [90].
- J.
- Jackal, ii. [97], [304].
- Jackdaw, ii. [493], [503]
- —guilty of stealing, [508].
- Jaculus, ii. [285].
- Jaffa, i. [426]; ii. [364].
- Janiculum. i. [204].
- Jannes, v. [425].
- Janus, vi. [90], [315].
- Jason, the Argonaut, i. [207]; ii. [9], [26], [233].
- Jason, of Pheræ, ii. [206].
- Jasper, vi. [425], [429], [430], [431], [445].
- Jaundice, remedies for, iv. [438]; v. [200], [354], [452].
- Jawbone, iii. [56].
- Jaxartes, ii. [25].
- Jay, ii. [522].
- Jealousy in females, v. [397].
- Jerboa, ii. [308].
- Jericho, i. [427], [428]; iii. [175].
- Jerome, Saint, quoted, vi. [267].
- Jerusalem, i. [428], [431].
- Jet, vi. [361], [362].
- Jewels, vi. [386], [387], [388]
- —displayed at Rome by Pompeius Magnus, vi. [390], [391].
- Jews, vent their rage upon the, balsamum of Judæa, iii. [148]
- —their rites, v. [508], [509].
- Jew-stone, vi. [443], [456], [457], [460].
- Jhelum, ii. [41], [47].
- John, Saint, i. [321].
- John the Baptist, i. [430], [431].
- Joints, diseases of, v. [202], [203].
- Jomanes, river, ii. [41], [42].
- Jonquil, iv. [244].
- Joppa, i. [426]; ii. [364].
- Jordanes, river, i. [427], [428], [429].
- Josephus quoted, i. [427], [428], [431], [432], [467]; ii. [75].
- Joshua, i. [395].
- Jovis gemma, vi. [452].
- Juba, King, i. [383], [498]; ii. [82]; iii. [125].
- Judæa, described, i. [427]
- —its balsamum, iii. [148]
- —its palm-trees, [169].
- Judices, v. [378]; vi. [82], [83].
- Jugerum, iv. [4], [5]
- —grain required for sowing a, [71], [72].
- Jugglers, iii. [58].
- “Juglans,” origin of the word, iii. [317].
- Juices of fruits, iii. [323-326]
- —of trees, [412].
- Jujube, iii. [297].
- Julia, ii. [198], [199], [535], [536]
- —her depravity, [143].
- Julius Cæsar, i. [58], [62], [168], [241], [256], [279], [390]; ii. [166]; iv. [188]; v. [283]; vi. [155], [232], [233], [324], [346]
- —his epistles quoted, iii. [241], [242]
- —wine given by him at his banquets, [255]
- —Pliny borrows from his account of the yew, [360]
- —his reformation of the calendar, iv. [76].
- Jumna, ii. [41], [42].
- Juncinum, iii. [289].
- Juniper, iii. [178], [380], [381]; v. [24], [25]
- —wine from the, iv. [478].
- Juno, v. [485]
- —Temple of, at Rome, vi. [322].
- Jupiter, feasts of, v. [121]
- —Temple of, at Rome, vi. [322].
- Jupiter’s beard (shrub), iii. [372].
- Jura, i. [174].
- Jurisdictio, i. [159].
- Jus Latii, i. [155].
- Justin quoted, i. [177], [225].
- Juvenal quoted, i. [21], [301], [321]; ii. [541]; iv. [144]; vi. [70], [80], [305].
- K
- Kæmpfer quoted, vi. [4].
- Kaffa, i. [334].
- Kastri, i. [277].
- Keeping of fruits, iii. [303-307].
- Κήποι, ii. [278].
- Kermes-berry, ii. [450]; iii. [353]; iv. [390]; v. [4], [5].
- Kertsch, i. [327], [334].
- Kestril, ii. [519].
- Khimara, i. [272].
- Kidneys, iii. [73], [74]
- —stags with four, [73].
- Kidney-bean, iv. [47].
- Killing of animals, the first, ii. [235].
- Kingfisher, ii. [512], [513]; vi. [36].
- Kipes for fishing, v. [361].
- Kirmanshah, ii. [79].
- Kissing, as a salutation, v. [153].
- Kite, ii. [490].
- Knees, iii. [87], [88].
- Knot-grass, v. [259].
- Kohl, iii. [54]; vi. [115].
- Kokend, ii. [33].
- Κόσμος, i. [17].
- Kraken or korven, ii. [362].
- Kurds, ii. [29].
- L
- Labeo, Antistius, ii. [554].
- Labeo, C. Atinius, ii. [193].
- Labeo, Titidius, vi. [230].
- “Labeo,” origin of the name, iii. [56].
- Laberius, ii. [476].
- Laborium, i. [195].
- Labourers, their wines, iii. [234], [251]
- —fed on figs, [113].
- Labranda, vi. [8].
- Labrum Venereum, v. [148], [242], [243].
- Labrusca, iii. [255]; iv. [464], [465].
- Labyrinth, i. [418]; vi. [339]-342
- —of Crete, vi. [184].
- Laccadives, ii. [51].
- Lacedæmon, i. [283].
- Lacinium, i. [223].
- Laconia described, i. [283].
- Lactes, iii. [71].
- Lactoris, v. [68].
- “Lactuca,” whence derived, iv. [181].
- Lacus, iv. [109].
- Lacydes and his goose, ii. [499].
- Ladanum, iii. [132], [133], [134]; v. [171], [172].
- Læstrygones, i. [194].
- Lagara, wine of, iii. [243].
- Lagenæ, iii. [242].
- Lagine, v. [56].
- Lagopos, ii. [529]; v. [173], [174].
- Laina, iii. [132].
- Laippus, vi. [170], [176].
- Laïs, v. [368].
- Laletanum, wine of, iii. [244].
- Lalisiones, ii. [326].
- Lambs, ii. [331].
- Lamia, L., ii. [210].
- Lamia (fish), ii. [411].
- Lamium, iv. [404], [405]; v. [254].
- Lamp-black, iii. [259], [263]; vi. [241].
- Lamp-stands, vi. [152].
- Lampedusa, i. [403].
- Lampido, ii. [188].
- Lamprey, ii. [394].
- Lampsacus, i. [308], [389].
- Lanata, iii. [297].
- Land, fishes that live upon, ii. [471], [472]
- —buying of, iv. [11], [12], [13]
- —manuring of, iv. [68], [69]
- —laying out of, iv. [114-117].
- Lands, separated by the sea, i. [119]
- —changed into sea i. [119], [120]
- —swallowed up by the sea, i. [120].
- Landslips, i. [115], [116]; iii. [527].
- Language, iii. [95].
- Lantern-fish, ii. [415].
- Laocoön, the Belvedere, vi. [320].
- Laodice, ii. [146].
- Laodicea, i. [437], [441], [460].
- Lapathum, iv. [287], [288].
- Lapdogs, i. [267]
- —nursing of, v. [437].
- Lapidaries, vi. [389].
- Lapis lazuli, vi. [432].
- Lapithæ, i. [295].
- Lappa, iv. [358].
- Lappa boaria, v. [194].
- Lappa canaria, v. [71].
- Lappago, v. [192], [193].
- Lapsana, iv. [188], [241].
- Lapwing, ii. [512].
- Lar, v. [285].
- Larch, iii. [357], [359], [414], [416]; v. [13].
- Lard, v. [324], [325], [326].
- Lares, iii. [331]
- —Compitales, i. [203].
- Larinus, vi. [63].
- Larisa, i. [294].
- Lartius Licinius, v. [480].
- Larvæ, iii. [519].
- Laser, i. [396], [398]; iii. [399]; iv. [145], [147], [432], [433], [434].
- Laserpitium, iv. [144]-147, [148].
- Latace, v. [159].
- Latera, Lake, ii. [374].
- Lathyris, v. [252].
- Laticlave tunic, ii. [331], [335], [447]
- —purple, [442].
- Latium described, i. [191].
- Latin confederacy, i. [205].
- Latin Festival, v. [233].
- Latiniensian wines, iii. [242].
- Latinitas, i. [155].
- Latmus, i. [467].
- Latona, i. [319].
- Latro, Porcius, iv. [263].
- Laughing-plant, v. [66].
- Laughter, absence of, ii. [159]
- —description of, iii. [70], [71]
- —persons die with, when pierced, [71]
- —connected with the spleen, [73].
- Laurea, Tullius, v. [473].
- Laurel, oil of, iii. [288]
- —varieties of, [332], [333], [334]
- —anecdotes connected with, it, [334-337]
- —never struck by lightning, [335]
- —crackles in the fire, [335]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [516-519].
- Lauriotis, vi. [203].
- Lauron, wine of, iii. [244].
- Laurus cassia, iii. [153].
- Lavender, iii. [120]; iv. [338]; v. [169].
- Laver, v. [172].
- Laws, first introduction of, ii. [220].
- [See] also “Twelve Tables.”
- Layers, trees propagated from, iii. [475], [476], [477].
- Leæna, her fortitude, ii. [164]; vi. [179].
- Lead, vi. [112], [212-218].
- Lead-wort, v. [141], [142].
- Leaf-gold, vi. [96], [97].
- Leather, tanning of, iii. [201]
- —preparation of, v. [38]
- —dyeing of, [71].
- Leaven, iv. [38], [39].
- Leaves, trees that never lose their, iii. [118]
- —of trees described, [374-379]
- —of plants, iv. [356].
- Lebanon, i. [435].
- Lebedos, i. [469].
- Lecanomancy, v. [427].
- Lecheæ, i. [278].
- Lectisternia, vi. [10].
- Leda (plant), iii. [133].
- Leeches, vi. [29], [51].
- Leeks, iv. [173], [174], [223], [224], [225]
- —juice of, poisonous, [174].
- Lees, of sapa, iv. [484]
- —of wine, [482], [483]
- —of vinegar, [483].
- Legacy-hunting, iii. [217].
- Legion, the fifth, iii. [43].
- Leguminous grain, iv. [106], [107].
- Leguminous plants, iv. [43], [44], [81]
- —insects that breed in, iv. [455].
- Leleges, i. [292], [478].
- Lemanus, Lake, i. [175].
- Lemnisci, iv. [306].
- Lemnos described, i. [324]
- —earth of, vi. [236], [237]
- —Labyrinth of, vi. [341].
- Lemonium, v. [122].
- Lenæus, Pompeius, v. [78], [79].
- Lentils, iv. [46], [448], [449].
- Lentisk, iii. [132], [323]; v. [17], [19], [20].
- Lentulus, ii. [147].
- Leochares, vi. [169], [182], [316], [317].
- Leonatus, ii. [60].
- Leonidas, tutor of Alexander, iii. [128].
- Leontice, v. [133].
- Leontios, vi. [460].
- Leontiscus, vi. [174].
- Leontopetalon, v. [252].
- Leontophonus, ii. [310].
- Leontopodion, v. [173].
- Leopard, how produced, ii. [264], [265].
- Lepanto, i. [175].
- Lepas, vi. [63].
- Lepidi, family of the, ii. [145].
- Lepidotis, vi. [452].
- Lepidus, M., ii. [181]; vi. [272], [324], [348].
- Lepis, vi. [194], [195].
- Lepontii, i. [254], [255].
- Leprosy, v. [153].
- Leptis, i. [391], [393].
- Leptophyllos, v. [180].
- Leptorragæ, iii. [220].
- Lerida, i. [166].
- Lernæa, a parasitical class of insects, ii. [390].
- Leros, i. [322].
- Lesbias, vi. [452].
- Lesbos, described, i. [487]
- —wines of, iii. [245].
- Lethargus, iv. [461].
- Lethargy, v. [198], [355]; vi. [49].
- Lethe, v. [477].
- Letters, origin of, i. [424]; ii. [220], [221]
- —ancient, [236].
- Lettuce, iv. [180], [181], [182], [228-232].
- Leucacantha, iv. [405]; v. [263].
- Leucacanthos, iv. [353].
- Leucadia, i. [274].
- Leucanthemum, iv. [378]; v. [263].
- Leucanthemus, iv. [411], [412].
- Leucanthes, iv. [383].
- Leucatas, i. [494].
- Leucate, i. [274].
- Leuce, i. [315], [471].
- Leuce (plant), v. [254], [255].
- Leuceoron, v. [173].
- Leucimna, i. [310].
- Leucochrysos, vi. [435], [453].
- Leucocoüm, iii. [247], [248].
- Leucogæa, vi. [449], 476.
- Leucographis, v. [255].
- Leucographitis, vi. [449].
- Leucopetra, i. [210].
- Leucophoron, vi. [98], [99], [237], [238].
- Leucophthalmos, vi. [452].
- Leucopœcilos, vi. [453].
- Leucosyri, ii. [7].
- Leucrocotta, ii. [279].
- Leuctra, i. [283].
- Libadion, v. [104].
- Libanian wine, iii. [262].
- Libanochrus, vi. [453].
- Libanotis, iv. [203], [267].
- Libanus, i. [435].
- Libations, iii. [262].
- Libella, vi. [89].
- Liber (the divinity), i. [290]; ii. [167]; vi. [316].
- Libera, vi. [316].
- Liberal arts, iii. [217]; iv. [391].
- Libethra, i. [296].
- Libo, Scribonius, vi. [346].
- Library, first public, ii. [177].
- Libs, iv. [116].
- Liburnia described, i. [257].
- Liburnica, ii. [365].
- Libya, i. [374]
- —Mareotis, described, i. [401].
- Lilybæum, i. [218].
- Libycum, iv. [245], [246].
- Libyphœnices, i. [390].
- Libyssa, i. [494].
- Lice, remedies for, iii. [40]; v. [409].
- Lichen, remedies for the disease, iv. [208]; v. [152], [153], [154], [160], [161]; vi. [35].
- Lichens, iii. [145], [146]
- —on plumtrees, iv. [508].
- Liciniani, ii. [150].
- Life, the duration of, ii. [132], [133], [200-205]
- —the frailty of, [141], [142]
- —the uncertain tenure of, [206]
- —persons who have returned to, [210]
- —whether the blood is the principle of, iii. [80].
- Light, emitted from the eyes of dead fish, iii. [54]
- —from rotten wood, [54].
- Lightning, particulars connected with, i. [69], [70], [84], [85], [86]; v. [471]
- —its effects, i. [81], [82]
- —objects struck by, [86]
- —not struck by, [86], [87]
- —of a remarkable nature, ii. [200]
- —expiation for, iii. [302], [310].
- Liguria described, i. [184].
- Ligurians, i. [185].
- Ligusticum, iv. [265].
- Ligustrum, iii. [146]; v. [32].
- Lily, iv. [314], [315], [316], [366], [367].
- Limbs, of animals, iii. [43]
- —superfluous, [95].
- Lime (tree), iii. [366], [367]; v. [23].
- Lime (for building), vi. [373], [375].
- Limestone, iii. [455].
- Limeum, v. [254].
- Limonia, iv. [425], [426].
- Limoniatis, vi. [453].
- Limonion, iv. [233].
- Limonite, vi. [363].
- Limyra, i. [455].
- Linden-tree, iii. [366], [367]; v. [23].
- Lindos, i. [483].
- Linen, iv. [132], [133]; v. [273]
- —when first dyed, iv. [138]
- —bleaching of, iv. [279].
- Lingua (plant), v. [69].
- Lingulaca, v. [132], [133].
- Linnet, ii. [522].
- Linozostis, v. [92], [93], [94].
- Linseed, iv. [135], [294], [295].
- Linus (river), v. [475].
- Lion, how produced, ii. [264], [265], [266]
- —different species of, [266]
- —its food, [266], [267]
- —attacks men, [267]
- —its alleged clemency, [267], [271]
- —its anger and courage, [268]
- —terrified by the crowing of a cock, [269]
- —when first exhibited at Rome, [269]
- —how caught, [270]
- —wonderful feats by, [270]
- —harnessed, [270]
- —its gratitude, [271], [272]
- —killed by the leontophonus, [310]
- —killed by a dog, [315]
- —its breath fœtid, iii. [97]
- —remedies derived from, v. [308].
- Lion-crab, ii. [425].
- Lipara, i. [221].
- Liparæ, vi. [219].
- Liparæan islands, i. [221].
- Liparea, vi. [453].
- Liparis, river, i. [450]; v. [478].
- Lips, iii. [56].
- Liqueurs, iii. [247].
- Liquorice, iv. [351], [399], [400]; v. [110], [163], [217].
- Lirinon, iv. [314].
- Lisbon, i. [364].
- Liternum, ii. [311]; iii. [234].
- Litharge, vi. [117], [118].
- Lithontriptics, v. [444]; vi. [28].
- Lithospermum, v. [253], [254].
- Live iron, vi. [209].
- Liver, of the goose used for food, ii. [499]
- —described, iii. [67], [68]
- —wanting in victims, [68]
- —sometimes double, [68]
- —increase of, with the moon, [70]
- —its powers of preservation, [70]
- —remedies for complaints of, v. [344]
- —remedies for pains in, [438], [439]; vi. [39].
- Livia Augusta, her longevity, iii. [239]
- —omen of the laurel, [336].
- Livy, ii. [114]
- —his birthplace, i. [252]
- —his works quoted, [5], [87], [88], [105], [143], [187], [224], [229], [297], [478]; ii. [136].
- Livy, the Younger, i. [497].
- Lixos, i. [375], [376].
- Lizards, ii. [299], [312]; v. [397], [402], [403], [414], [415], [417]
- —gigantic, ii. [312]
- —spotted, iii. [31].
- Loadstone, vi. [209], [355]. [356].
- Localities of trees, iii. [370], [371], [372].
- Lochia polyrrhizos, v. [116], [117], [118].
- Lochius, Publilius, vi. [301], [302].
- Loci, iii. [75].
- Lockets, v. [435].
- Locri, i. [222].
- Locrians, Epicnemidian, i. [192].
- Locris described, i. [276].
- “Locuples,” derivation of the word, iv. [5].
- Locusta (the botanic term), iv. [455].
- Locusts, ii. [133]; iii. [55], [56], [57]
- —plagues of, [36], [37]
- —eaten, [37]
- —remedies derived from, v. [403].
- Loins, remedies for pains in the, v. [344], [345], [440], [441].
- Loligo, ii. [389], [416], [417].
- Lollia Paulina, her pearls, ii. [437], [438].
- Lollius, M. ii. [438].
- Lomentum, vi. [108], [109], [142].
- Lonchitis, v. [134].
- Long life, indications of, iii. [96].
- Longompori, ii. [103].
- Longula, i. [206].
- Longulanus, C. Severus, ii. [148]; vi. [303].
- Lopadusa, i. [403].
- Lophius piscatorius, ii. [412].
- Lora, iii. [234], [251],
- Loretum, iii. [337].
- Lorum, vi. [72].
- Lotapea, v. [425].
- Lotometra, iv. [412], [413].
- Lotophagi, i. [393].
- Lotus, iii. [439]; iv. [358], [412]; v. [3], [4]
- —of Africa, iii. [198]
- —of Egypt and the Euphrates, [199], [200]
- —aged, [430].
- Louis XIV. of France, ii. [153].
- Louse-plant, iv. [464].
- Lovage, iv. [194], [195], [265].
- Luca, i. [187].
- Lucan, his “Pharsalia” quoted, i. [57], [86], [107], [117], [177], [185], [241], [261], [375], [413], [431]; ii. [37], [283]; iv [124], [226], [280], [321], [481], [516]; v. [73], [129].
- Lucania described, i. [207].
- Lucanian oxen, ii. [251].
- Lucanus, C. Terentius, vi. [246].
- Lucanus (a beetle), v. [454].
- Lucca, i. [187].
- Lucentum, i. [164].
- Lucerne (plant), iv. [53], [54].
- Lucian, his birth-place, i. [443].
- Lucifer, i. [29].
- Lucilius, C., mentioned, ii. [355]
- —quoted, vi. [377].
- Lucretius, T., mentioned, ii. [554]
- —quoted, i. [133], [205]; ii. [137], [553]; iv. [138], [321].
- Lucrinus, Lake, i. [196]; ii. [372]
- —emissary of, vi. [354].
- Lucullan marble, vi. [325].
- Lucullus, L., i. [306]; ii. [8], [9]; v. [87], [159]; vi. [285], [302]
- —his largesses in wine, iii. [255]
- —introduces the cherry into Italy, [322]
- —his want of moderation, v. [297].
- Lucullus. M., i. [338].
- Ludius, vi. [270].
- Lugdunensis (Gallia) described, i. [355].
- Lugdunum, i. [357].
- Luna, i. [187]
- —wines of, iii. [242]
- —marble of, vi. [325].
- Lungs, iii. [67].
- Luperci, vi. [155].
- Lupines, iv. [49], [50], [452], [453].
- Lupus (fish), ii. [392], [399].
- Lurco, M., Aufidius, ii. [496]
- Lusitania described, i. [363]
- —its fertility, ii. [322].
- Lustra, vi. [228].
- Lustration, ii. [522].
- Lutarius, ii. [402].
- Luxor, i. [416].
- Luxury, appliances of, found in the sea, ii. [429]
- —excesses of, iii. [167], [168]
- —in woods, [429].
- Lycanthropy, ii. [283].
- Lycaon, the animal, ii. [304].
- Lycaonia described, i. [451].
- Lycapsos, v. [252], [253].
- Lyceas, vi. [385].
- Lychnis (plant), iv. [313], [337], [381]
- —agria, v. [131].
- Lychnis (stone), vi. [424], [425].
- Lychnitis, v. [127], [128].
- Lychnomancy, v. [427].
- Lycia described, i. [455].
- Lycium, iv. [499], [501]; v. [50], [51], [103].
- Lycius, vi. [169], [182].
- Lycophthalmos, vi. [459].
- Lycus, the physician, iii. [157].
- Lycus, river, ii. [3], [8].
- Lydda, i. [428].
- Lydia described, i. [465].
- Lygdinus, vi. [330].
- Lygos, v. [26].
- Lyncestis, i. [299].
- Lyncarium ii. [310]; vi. [404], [405].
- Lynx, ii. [278]. [284], [310]; v. [319]; vi. [398].
- Lyons, i. [357].
- Lyron, v. [129], [130].
- Lysander, i. [308].
- Lysias, vi. [319].
- Lysimachia, v. [106].
- Lysimachos (stone) vi. [453].
- Lysimachus the historian, ii. [357].
- Lysimachus strangles a lion, ii. [270].
- Lysippus, ii. [184]; vi. [169], [174], [175], [176].
- Lysistratus, vi. [169].
- Lyson, vi. [187].
- Lystra, i. [492].
- Lytarmis, ii. [24].
- M.
- Mabog, i. [439]
- Macaron, i. [339].
- Mace, iii. [114].
- Macedonia described, i. [261], [297].
- Macedonicus, Q. Metellus, ii. [149], [193], [194].
- Macer, Æmilius, ii. [477].
- Macer, Calvus Licinius, iv. [204]; vi. [144].
- Macir, iii. [114].
- Mackerel, ii. [386], [387].
- Macrobii, ii. [101], [132], [133].
- Macrobius quoted, vi. [458].
- Macrocollum, iii. [190].
- Macron Teichos, i. [305].
- Mad dog, bite of, ii. [316], [317]; iv. [248]; v. [83], [84], [331], [405], [406], [407]; vi. [23], [210].
- Maddening honey, iv. [342].
- Madder, iv. [148]; v. [38], [39].
- Madeira, ii. [106].
- Madness, canine, ii. [316]
- —caused by animals licking the skin, iii. [61].
- Madon, v. [107].
- Madrepores, iii. [210], [211]; v. [225].
- Mæander, i. [461], [463], [467].
- Mæcenas, C. Cilnius, ii. [476].
- Mæcenatian wines, iii. [242].
- Mæna, ii. [413].
- Mænalus, i. [287].
- Mænian column, ii. [238].
- Mænius, C., vi. [156].
- Mæonia, i. [465].
- Mæotis (fish), vi. [63].
- Mæotis. [See] “Palus Mæotis.”
- Maggots, ii. [546]; iii. [42]
- —in the brains of stags, [48].
- Magi, ii. [70]; iv. [380], [383], [384], [398], [410], [414]; v. [31], [62], [64], [65], [66], [67], [124], [159], [293], [398], [428]; vi. [21].
- Magic (including amulets, charms, enchantments, philtres, spells, and superstitions), i. [83], [84]; iii. [30], [435], [534], [535]; iv. [18], [44], [49], [60], [102], [105], [178], [199], [234], [243], [325], [336], [372], [373], [380], [385], [398], [414], [445], [496], [510]; v. [22], [28], [30], [31], [35], [42], [46], [47], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70], [71], [73], [82], [87], [89], [97], [125], [131], [139], [159], [160], [188], [189], [191], [248], [254], [256], [257], [265], [266], [269], [279], [281], [282], [283], [284], [285], [286], [287], [288], [289], [291], [292], [293], [294], [298], [299], [301], [302], [304], [305], [306], [307], [309], [310], [311], [312], [313], [316], [317], [331], [339], [340], [345], [346], [349], [350], [354], [355], [361], [364], [365], [366], [367], [390], [394], [395], [398], [399], [400], [410], [411], [421], [422], [423], [424], [425], [426], [427], [428], [429], [435], [436], [439], [440], [441], [443], [448], [451], [453], [454], [455], [456], [458], [463], [464], [466], [467], [468], [522]; vi. [3], [4], [11], [12], [19], [21], [22], [23], [32], [39], [47], [48], [57], [205], [210], [327], [328], [360], [361], [362], [404], [405], [408], [424], [429], [431], [434], [437], [438], [441], [442], [444], [446], [447], [448], [449], [450], [451], [453], [461].
- Magical plants, v. [62-68].
- Magicians, v. [159]
- —their practices, v. [313]
- —and Magic, a history of, v. [421-429].
- Magma, iii. [166].
- Magna Græcia, i. [182]
- —described, i. [222].
- Magnes, vi. [355].
- Magnesia described, i. [296].
- Magnet, vi. [209], [356], [356].
- Magnetes, i. [471].
- Magnitude of the stars, i. [85], [86].
- Mago, his writings, iv. [10]
- —quoted, iii. [488]; iv. [360], [361].
- Magon, i. [212].
- Magpie, ii. [508], [522].
- Magydaris, iv. [147], [148].
- Maiæ, ii. [425].
- Maigre, ii. [392], [396].
- Majorca, i. [211].
- Makron Teichos, iii. [208].
- Mala, iii. [293].
- Malaca, i. [156].
- Malache, iv. [284].
- Malachite, vi. [429].
- Maladies, in which wine should be administered, iv. [274], [275], [276]
- —peculiar to various nations, v. [271], [272].
- Malaga, i. [156].
- Malea, i. [283].
- Maledictions, iii. [82].
- Maleus, ii. [46].
- Maleventum, i. [229].
- Maliac Gulf, i. [293].
- Mallet-shoots, iii. [148].
- Mallos, i. [447].
- Mallow-tree, iv. [156].
- Mallows, iv. [218], [282]-285.
- Malobathrum, iii. [153]; iv. [493].
- Malope, iv. [284].
- Maltha, i. [138], [139]; vi. [375].
- Malum terra, v. [288].
- Malundrum, v. [167], [168].
- Malvane, i. [385].
- Malvoisie, iii. [244].
- Mamertine wines, iii. [242].
- Mammæ, iii. [82].
- Mamurra, vi. [324].
- Man, his obligations to Nature, ii. [117]
- —the only tearful animal, [118]
- —his helplessness, [119]
- —the frail tenure of his life, [120]
- —his inhumanity to man, [120]
- —diversified powers and might of Nature displayed in, [121]
- —his brain, iii. [47], [48]
- —his face, [49]
- —his forehead, [49]
- —his eye-brows, [49]
- —his eyes, [49], [50], [51]
- —peculiarities in his members, [86]
- —resembled by the ape, [86], [87]
- —his audacity, iv. [130], [131]
- —remedies derived from, v. [276], [277], [278], [286], [287], [288].
- Mancinus, L. H., vi. [231].
- Mandi, ii. [133].
- Mandragora, v. [138], [139], [140].
- Mandrake, of Scripture, iv. [397]
- —superstitions as to, v. [139].
- Manes, existence of the, ii. [218].
- Manfredonia, i. [227].
- Manganese, vi. [330], [380].
- Mangrove, iii. [117].
- Mani, ii. [455], [456].
- Manilius, M. ii. [554]
- —his alleged work quoted, i. [19], [26], [57].
- Manilius Antiochus, vi. [302].
- Manna, iii. [115], [128]; v. [25].
- Manteium, ii. [8].
- Mantichora, ii. [280], [297].
- Mantinea, i. [286].
- Mantua, i. [252].
- Manure, iii. [456-460], [472], [481].
- Manuring, of trees, iii. [531], [532]
- —of land, iv. [68], [69].
- Mapalia, i. [387].
- Maple, iii. [367]; v. [21].
- Marathon, i. [290]
- —battle of, vi. [248].
- Marble, i. [388], [496]; iii. [439]; vi. [306]-309, [323]-328
- —coloured, vi. [224].
- Marcasite, vi. [440].
- Marcellus, M., ii. [166]; iii. [68]; vi. [390].
- March, Ides of, iv. [84].
- Marchantia, v. [161].
- Marcia, i. [81].
- Marcian Waters, v. [487].
- Marcion, v. [369].
- Marcipor, vi. [81].
- Mare that conquered when with foal, ii. [543].
- Mareotis, Lake, i. [401], [419].
- Mares impregnated by the wind, i. [365]; ii. [322].
- Margarides, iii. [175].
- Margiane, ii. [31].
- Margus, ii. [31].
- Maria, tomb of, vi. [409].
- Mariandyni, ii. [3].
- Marius, C., i. [176], [195], [199]; ii. [485]; iii. [88], [89]; iv. [13]; vi. [73], [136].
- Mariva, ii. [89].
- Marjoram, iv. [268], [334], [335].
- Market-dues, iv. [152], [153].
- Marl, iii. [453], [454], [455].
- Marmaridæ, i. [397].
- Marmaritis, v. [64].
- Maronean wine, ii. [236].
- Marriage customs, ii. [336]; iii. [315], [316]; v. [382].
- Marrow, iii. [63], [76]; v. [327]
- —spinal, iii. [76], [77]
- —human, produces serpents, ii. [345].
- Marrubium, iv. [290], [271], [292].
- Mars, ii. [23]
- —Ultor, vi. [206].
- Marsi, ii. [126]; v. [81].
- Marsian War, ii. [137]; iii. [329], [332].
- Marsus, Domitius, vi. [221].
- Marsyas, i. [234], [461], [462]; ii. [281]; iv. [307]; v. [478], [479].
- Marsyas of Macedon, iii. [157].
- Marten, ii. [308].
- Martial quoted, i. [92], [122], [249]; ii. [333]; iv. [184], [430]; v. [19]; vi. [80], [92], [131], [132], [182], [266], [402].
- Martinet, ii. [521].
- Marum, iii. [147].
- Marvellous works in Egypt, vi. [334-340].
- Marvels connected with fire, vi. [383].
- Masks of Comedy, v. [134].
- Masinissa, i. [387], 391— ii. [150], [201].
- Maspetum, iv. [146].
- Massagetæ, ii. [34].
- Massaris, iii. [155]; iv. [461].
- Massæsyli, i. [383].
- Massic wine, iii. [241].
- Massica, i. [195].
- Massicot, vi. [240].
- Massilia, i. [177]
- —wines of, iii. [242].
- Mastich, iii. [132]; v. [17], [19], [20].
- Mastos, v. [214].
- Masts, invention of, ii. [235].
- Mastya, ii. [3].
- Matapan, i. [282].
- Mattiacum, v. [479].
- Mauri, i. [383].
- Mauritania, the two kingdoms of, i. [374].
- Maurusii, i. [383].
- Mausoleum described, vi. [316], [317].
- Mausolus, v. [106]; vi. [316], [324].
- Maximus, the dwarf, ii. [157].
- Maxula, i. [390].
- Mead, iii. [261].
- Meal, various kinds of, iv. [441], [442].
- Measures, Greek and Roman—[See] “Introduction to vol. iii.”
- —invention of, ii. [226].
- Mecenius, Egnatius, slays his wife, iii. [252].
- Mecon aphrodes, v. [261].
- Meconis, iv. [231].
- Meconitis, vi. [453].
- Meconium, iv. [277].
- Medea, i. [258], [266], [306]; ii. [10]; v. [81]; vi. [453].
- Media described, ii. [28], [69].
- Medica, iv. [53], [54].
- Medicaments for trees, iii. [532], [533], [534].
- Medicinal compositions, remarks in disparagement of, iv. [439], [440].
- Medicinal remedies borrowed from animals, ii. [291]-294.
- Medical art, origin of the, ii. [224]; v. [370]
- —the frauds of, [3]
- —the practice of, [156], [157], [158], [376-381]
- —changes in the system of, [374].
- Mediolanum, i. [247].
- Medion, v. [255].
- Mediterranean, trees and shrubs of, iii. [209], [210].
- Medius, iv. [302].
- Medusa, ii. [106].
- Medusæ, vi. [46].
- Medlar, iii. [314]; iv. [512].
- Megabyzus, vi. [261], [275].
- Megalium, iii. [164].
- Megara, i. [289]— iv. [244]
- —prophecy of the fall of, iii. [418], [419].
- Megaris, i. [288].
- Megasthenes, i. [499].
- Megisba, ii. [53].
- Mela, M. Annæus, iv. [174].
- Mela, Pomponius, i. [268]
- —quoted, i. [177], [336], [337], [364], [403], [405].
- Melamphyllos, iv. [421].
- Melampodes, ii. [179]
- —understood the language of birds, [530].
- Melamprasion, v. [236].
- Melampsythium, iii. [248].
- Melanaëtos, ii. [481].
- Melanchlæni, ii. [11].
- Melancholy, remedies for, v. [355].
- Melancoryphus, ii. [511]; vi. [428], [442].
- Melancranis, iv. [361].
- Melandrya, ii. [385].
- Melanthion, iv. [270], [271].
- Melanthius, vi. [245], [303].
- Melanurus, vi. [9], [63].
- Melas, i. [449].
- Meleager, i. [275], [322].
- Meleagrides, ii. [507]; iv. [151].
- Meles, ii. [310].
- Melichloros, vi. [460].
- Melichrus, vi. [460].
- Melichrysos, vi. [436].
- Melicraton, iii. [261].
- Melilote, iv. [330], [335], [336], [374].
- Melinum, iii. [161]; iv. [497]; vi. [238].
- Melissophyllum, iv. [247], [248], [340], [373], [374].
- Melissus, C. Mæcenas, ii. [240]; v. [299].
- Melitæi, i. [267].
- Melite, i. [267].
- Melitene, i. [442]; ii. [7].
- Melitinus, vi. [360], [361].
- Melitites, iii. [250]; iv. [438].
- Melligo, iii. [6].
- Melons, iv. [158].
- Melothron, iv. [466], [467].
- Members of man, peculiarities in, iii. [86].
- Memnon, ii. [99]
- —birds of, [506]
- —statue of, vi. [328], [329].
- Memnonia, vi. [453].
- Memnonides, ii. [506]; iv. [151].
- Memory, ii. [164], [165]
- —loss of, [165]
- —seat of, iii. [88].
- Memphis, i. [409].
- Menæchmus, i. [372]; vi. [145], [182], [183].
- Menander, ii. [357]; iv. [205]; vi. [146].
- Menander, the poet, ii. [175]; v. [423], [523]; vi. [323]
- —quoted, iv. [28], [295], [519]; vi. [30].
- Menapii, i. [353].
- Menas, vi. [302].
- Mendes, the unguents of, iii. [160], [161].
- Menecrates (artist), vi. [302].
- Menecrates, the poet, ii. [357].
- Menenius Agrippa, vi. [131].
- Menestratus, vi. [317].
- Meninx, i. [402].
- Menismini, ii. [135].
- Menodorus, vi. [187].
- Menogenes the cook, ii. [147].
- Menstrual discharge, ii. [151], [152]
- —marvels connected with, v. [304-307].
- Menstruation, ii. [150], [151], [152]; iv. [199].
- Mentastrum, iv. [256].
- Mentor, the artist, ii. [185]; vi. [135], [138].
- Mentor and the Lion, ii. [271].
- Mephitis, Temple of, i. [122].
- Mercurialis, v. [92], [93], [94].
- Merges, iv. [103].
- Merida, i. [366].
- Mermaids, ii. [363].
- Mer-men, ii. [363].
- Meroë, i. [107], [411]; ii. [100], [101].
- Meroïs, v. [65].
- Merops, ii. [516].
- Mesembria, i. [306].
- Mesogitic wine, iii. [246].
- Mesoleucon, v. [254], [255].
- Mesoleucos, vi. [454].
- Mesopotamia, i. [444]; ii. [70].
- Messages, by pigeons, ii. [519].
- Messala, the censor, ii. [147].
- Messala, M. V., ii. [477]; vi. [144]
- —owed his healthiness to wine, iii. [243].
- Messala, vi. [221].
- Messalina, ii. [541]; v. [373].
- Messalinus, Cotta, iii. [276].
- Messana, i. [217].
- Messapia, i. [225].
- Messene, i. [282].
- Messenia, i. [282].
- Messina, i. [217].
- Mestus, i. [304].
- Metæ, i. [34].
- Metagonitis, i. [387].
- Metalla, vi. [350], [351].
- Metals, soldering of, vi. [111].
- Metapontum, i. [224].
- Metellus, L., ii. [131], [192]; iv. [8].
- Metellus, Q., ii. [191], [192].
- Metellus, the pontiff, his articulation, iii. [62].
- Meteorites, vi. [438].
- Meteors, i. [59], [60], [63], [64].
- Methone, i. [282], [296].
- Methora, ii. [46].
- Methymna, i. [487].
- Metimanus, ii. [150].
- Meton, iv. [127].
- Metopium, iii. [161], [162], [288], [289].
- Metrodorus, artist and philosopher, vi. [277], [303].
- Metrodorus, of Chios, iv. [303].
- Metrodorus, of Scepsis, i. [270].
- Meum, iv. [295], [296].
- Meuse, i. [348].
- Mevania, i. [239].
- Mica, vi. [369].
- Micciades, vi. [308].
- Mice, of Pontus, ii. [308]
- —that swallow gold, [350], [351]
- —various kinds of, [350], [351]
- —prognostics derived from, [350]
- —that gnaw iron, [350]
- —singing, [351]
- —of the Nile, [472]
- —their fecundity, [544], [545]
- —remedies derived from, v. [392].
- Also [see] “Mouse.”
- Micipsa, i. [391].
- Micon, vi. [141], [186], [241], [249], [281].
- Mictis, i. [351].
- Micton, iv. [303].
- Midas, vi. [71].
- Migration of birds, ii. [503]-506.
- Milan, i. [247], [248].
- Mildew, iii. [529]; iv. [96], [97].
- Miletus (place), i. [466], [467].
- Miletus (writer), v. [368].
- Milfoil, v. [61], [221].
- Miliaria, iv. [455].
- Militaris, v. [68].
- Military services, gifts for, vi. [86].
- Milk, offerings of, i. [4]
- —particulars relative to, iii. [83]
- —in woman, [83]
- —in animals, [83]
- —what is the thinnest, [84]
- —the richest, [84]
- —curdled, iv. [257], [258]
- -impregnated by plants, v. [116]
- —of Arcadia, [116]
- —woman’s, remedies from, [302], [303]
- —medicinal uses of, [319]-322.
- Milky Way, iv. [98].
- Millefolium, v. [61].
- Millepedes, v. [417].
- Millet, iv. [38], [444]
- —wine from, iii. [256].
- Milliarium aureum, i. [203].
- Millstones, vi. [339].
- Milo, T. Annius, i. [88]; vi. [346], [347].
- Milo the wrestler, ii. [161]; vi. [440].
- Miltiades, vi. [248].
- Miltites, vi. [363], [364].
- Miltos, vi. [120].
- Miltwaste, v. [228], [229].
- Mimas, i. [469].
- Mimosa, iii. [184]; v. [43], [67].
- Mind, greatness of, ii. [166]
- —vigour of, [166].
- Mineral waters, v. [485], [494], [493], [496]
- —extravagant use of, [496].
- Minerals of Spain, i. [173], [174].
- Minerva Musica, vi. [180].
- Minium, vi. [119], [120-124].
- Minorca, i. [211].
- Minos, ii. [89].
- Minsas, v. [63].
- Mint, iv. [192], [193], [256-259].
- Minturnæ, i. [195].
- Minute works of art, ii. [163]; vi. [184], [323].
- Minyanthes, iv. [375].
- Miraculous properties of wines, iii. [262].
- Mirage, ii. [135].
- Mirmillo, ii. [148].
- Mirror-stone, iv. [344]; vi. [368], [369].
- Mirrors, vi. [126], [127], [214], [280], [422].
- Misenum, i. [196].
- Mistletoe, iii. [391], [433-436]; v. [5], [6].
- Mists, i. [91]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [122].
- Misy, iv. [144]; vi. [198], [199], [200].
- Mithrax, vi. [453].
- Mithridate, iv. [515]; v. [79], [130], [380].
- Mithridates, King, i. [333]; ii. [19]; iv. [515]; v. [78], [79], [102]; vi. [92], [390], [451], [467]
- —his extraordinary memory, ii. [165].
- Mithridatia, v. [102].
- Mitra, ii. [91].
- Mitulus, vi. [41].
- Mitylene, i. [487], [488].
- Mnaseas, vi. [467].
- Mnason, vi. [267].
- Mnemonics, ii. [165].
- Mnemosyne, fountain of, v. [477].
- Mnesides, iii. [158].
- Mnesigiton, ii. [243].
- Mnesitheus, iv. [388].
- Mocha-stone, vi. [440].
- Modellers, ancient, vi. [284], [285], [286].
- Modelling, the art of, vi. [283], [284], [285].
- Modena, i. [242].
- Modogalinga, ii. [45].
- Mœnus, ii. [384].
- Mœris, Lake, i. [409]; vi. [336].
- Mœsia, i. [264].
- Molar stones, vi. [359].
- Molemonium, v. [168].
- Moles (abortions), ii. [151].
- Moles (animals), ii. [353]
- —have no sight, iii. [50]
- —remedies derived from, v. [429].
- Mollugo, v. [192], [193].
- Molluscum, iii. [368].
- Mollusk, vi. [65].
- Molochitis, vi. [429].
- Molon, v. [165], [166].
- Moly, v. [87], [88].
- Molybdæna (plant), v. [141], [142].
- Molybdæna (metal), vi. [112], [118], [218], [219].
- Molybditis, vi. [117].
- Mona, i. [109], [351].
- Monapia, i. [351].
- Monarchy, ii. [227].
- Monboddo, Lord, his theory, ii. [134].
- Mongols, ii. [9], [15].
- Monkeys, ii. [347].
- Monoceros, ii. [281].
- Monochromes, vi. [247].
- Monocoli, ii. [130].
- Mons Sacer, the secession to, iv. [152], [153].
- Monsters, human, ii. [136], [137]; iii. [95].
- Month, work to be done in each, iv. [81]-108.
- Moon, particulars connected with the, i. [31]-34, [36]-40
- —its effect upon fish, ii. [424]
- —its influence, iii. [415], [417], [480]; iv. [97], [107], [110], [111]
- —revolutions of, [111], [112]
- —conjunction of, [101]
- —prognostics from, [119], [120].
- Moons, several seen at once, i. [63].
- Moral disposition, indications of from the appearance, iii. [96].
- Morbus pediculosus, ii. [191], [209].
- Morimarusa, i. [342].
- Morini, i. [353].
- Morion, v. [138], [139], [140].
- Mormorion, vi. [453].
- Mormyr, vi. [65].
- Morochthos, vi. [453].
- Morphew, remedies for, v. [461].
- Morphnos, ii. [482].
- Morse, iii. [57].
- Mortar, vi. [373].
- Mortars, stones for, vi. [367].
- Mosa, i. [348].
- Mosaic pavements, vi. [378], [379].
- Moses, v. [425].
- Moss, iii. [154]; v. [499].
- Moss agate, vi. [440].
- Mossylum, ii. [96].
- Motacilla, ii. [551]; vi. [446].
- Moths, iii. [22], [41].
- Motions of the stars, i. [47], [48].
- Mountain green, vi. [107], [108].
- Mourning, signs of, iii. [398].
- Mouse, of Egypt, ii. [308]
- —increase of its liver, iii. [70].
- And [see] “Mice.”
- Mouse-barley, iv. [445], [446]; v. [250].
- Mouth, the grasshopper has none, iii. [32]
- —remedies for sores of the, v. [431].
- Mouths of the Nile, i. [420].
- Mucianus, L., i. [148]; ii. [138].
- Mucianus, the augur, ii. [487].
- Mud-mullet, ii. [402].
- Mugwort, v. [107].
- Mulberries, iii. [319], [320]; iv. [508], [509].
- Mulc, vi. [457].
- Mule-gnat, iii. [21]; v. [469].
- Mules, ii. [323]
- —their nature, [324], [325]
- —barren, [325]
- —other peculiarities of, [326]
- —shod with gold, vi. [132].
- Mulio, iii. [21]; v. [469].
- Mullet, ii. [397], [398], [401], [402], [403].
- Mulsum, ii. [215]; iii. [246]; iv. [437].
- Multipedes, v. [417].
- Mulucha, i. [385].
- Mummies, the coffins of, iii. [180].
- Mummius, his capture of Corinth, vi. [163], [232].
- Munatius, P., iv. [307].
- Munda, i. [461]; vi. [358].
- “Mundus,” the term, i. [13], [14], [17].
- Municipia, i. [154].
- Muræna, ii. [394], [407-411]; iv. [299]; vi. [6], [7]
- —preserves for the, ii. [469].
- Murex, ii. [413], [428], [441-445]; vi. [29].
- Muria, v. [503], [504], [509].
- Murrhine vessels, vi. [70], [286], [392], [393], [394].
- Murrhitis, vi. [454].
- Murviedro, i. [166].
- Mus, P. Decius, iv. [393].
- Mus cabirinus, ii. [308].
- Musa, Antonius, iv. [182]; v. [372].
- Musæa, vi. [366], [391].
- Musæus, iv. [387].
- Muscatella wine, i. [195].
- Muses, i. [290], [296].
- Museum, the Sallustian, ii. [157].
- Mushrooms, iv. [428], [429].
- Music, theatrical, iii. [408].
- Musical, inventions, ii. [230]
- —scale applied to the pulsation, v. [372].
- Musmon, ii. [339]; v. [329].
- Mussels, vi. [41]
- —gigantic, vi. [5].
- Must, iii. [249], [250]
- —how prepared, [263], [264]
- —properties of, iv. [468], [469].
- Mustaceum, iii. [332].
- Mustard, iv. [197], [288], [289], [290].
- Mustela (fish), ii. [401].
- Mutina, i. [60], [142], [242].
- Muza, ii. [64].
- Muziris, ii. [65].
- Mya margarifera, ii. [437].
- Myagrus (plant), v. [256].
- Myagrus (artist), vi. [188].
- Myax, vi. [40].
- Mycenæ, i. [284].
- Mycon, vi. [152].
- Myconian wine, iii. [246].
- Myconos, i. [318]; iii. [46].
- Myes, ii. [436].
- Mygdones, i. [299].
- Mygdonia, i. [301].
- Myiagros, ii. [507].
- Myiodes, the divinity, v. [408].
- Myisca, vi. [41].
- Mylasa, i. [463].
- Myoctonon, v. [220].
- Myosota, v. [255], [256].
- Myosotis, v. [255], [256].
- Myosoton, v. [224].
- Myra, i. [456].
- Myriandros, i. [438].
- Myrica, iii. [202]; v. [29], [30], [31].
- Myriophyllon, v. [61].
- Myriza, v. [61], [62].
- Myrmecides, the sculptor, ii. [163]; vi. [323], [454].
- Myrmecitis, vi. [459].
- Myrobalanum, iii. [142], [143]; iv. [495].
- Myron, vi. [168], [169], [173], [174], [318].
- Myrrh, iii. [129-132]
- —prices of, [131].
- Myrrha, v. [61], [62].
- Myrrhine. [See] “Murrhine.”
- Myrrhina, iii. [253].
- Myrrhis, v. [61], [62], [195].
- Myrsilus, i. [372].
- Myrsineum, iv. [296], [297].
- Myrsinitis, vi. [454].
- Myrtidanum, iii. [257]; iv. [521].
- Myrtis, v. [195].
- Myrtites, iii. [257].
- Myrtle, iii. [328]
- —anecdotes relative to, [328], [329]
- —varieties of, [330], [331]
- —used for wines, [331]
- —used in ovations, [331], [332]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [519].
- Myrtoän Sea, i. [309], [317].
- Myrtopetalos, v. [259], [260].
- Mys, vi. [139].
- Mysia described, i. [488].
- Mystus, wine of, iii. [246].
- Myxa plum, iii. [178].
- Myxon, vi. [33].
- N.
- Nabatæi, i. [422]; ii. [88]; iv. [364].
- Nabun, ii. [277].
- Nails, the human, iii. [87]
- —peculiarities in the, [87]
- —paring of, v. [285]
- —maladies of, [458]
- —malformed, vi. [53].
- Napata, ii. [99].
- Naphtha, i. [139]; v. [476]; vi. [293], [294].
- Naples, i. [197].
- Napy, iv. [197].
- Narbonensis, i. [174]
- —wines of, ii. [243].
- Narbonne, i. [174], [175].
- Narcissinum, iii. [161].
- Narcissitis, vi. [459].
- Narcissus, iv. [316], [367], [368].
- Nard, iii. [119], [120], [121]; iv. [369], [370]
- —Indian, iii. [165].
- Nardinum, iii. [165].
- Narona, i. [260].
- Narthex, iii. [205].
- Nasamones, i. [397]; ii. [126].
- Nasamonitis, vi. [454].
- Nassa, ii. [421].
- Nasturtium, iv. [191], [251], [252].
- “Nasutus,” the term, iii. [55].
- Nations, how affected by climate, i. [110], [111]
- —exterminated by animals, ii. [295]
- —modes of cultivation pursued by various, iv. [61]
- —maladies peculiar to certain, v. [271], [272].
- Natrix, v. [256].
- Nature, considered by Pliny to be identical with God, i. [25]
- —her ingenuity displayed in the insect world, iii. [1], [2]
- —the providence manifested by, iv. [396]
- —her wondrous powers, v. [1]
- —a comparative view of, vi. [464].
- Naucerus, vi. [183].
- Naucratis, i. [408], [421].
- Naucydes, vi. [169], [183].
- Naulochum, i. [277], [467].
- Naumachia, iii. [416], [419].
- Naupactus, i. [275].
- Nauplius, sailing, ii. [422].
- Nausicaa, vi. [265].
- Naustathmus, i. [218].
- Nautilus, ii. [419], [429].
- Navalia, vi. [321].
- Navel-wort, v. [143].
- Navigation, i. [97], [98].
- Navius, Attus, iii. [310], [311]; vi. [157].
- Nasica, Scipio, ii. [179].
- Naxos, i. [320]
- —stone of, vi. [327].
- Nealces, vi. [266], [279], [280].
- Neapolis, i. [197].
- Nearchus, ii. [115].
- Nearer Spain described, i. [164].
- Nebritis, vi. [454], [460].
- Necepsos, i. [148].
- Nechthebis, vi. [332], [341].
- Neck, iii. [63]
- —remedies for pains in the, v. [343].
- Necklaces of amber, vi. [401].
- Necron, Isle of, vi. [395].
- Nectarites, iii. [259].
- Negropont, i. [316].
- Nemausum, i. [179], [180].
- Nemea, i. [287].
- Nemean Games, iv. [192].
- Nemesis, i. [290]; vi. [310]
- —seat of, iii. [88].
- Nenuphar, v. [107].
- Neoptolemus of Paros, iii. [100].
- Nep, iv. [261], [262].
- Nepos, Cornelius, i. [147].
- Nereïds, ii. [363], [364].
- Neritus, i. [311].
- Nero, the Emperor, i. [279], [288]; ii. [26], [99], [149]; iii. [92], [137]; iv. [15], [428]; v. [358]; vi. [109], [167], [175], [183], [185], [216], [246], [261], [393], [402], [403], [409]
- —his birth, ii. [143]
- —his sight, iii. [51]
- —his use of thapsia, [206]
- —his study of magic, v. [428].
- Nero, Tiberius, his rapid journey, ii. [162].
- “Nervus,” the term, ii. [160]; iii. [77].
- Nervii, i. [354].
- Nepenthes, iv. [377]; v. [81].
- Nests of birds, ii. [513], [514], [515].
- Nettle, iv. [351], [352], [402], [403], [404]
- —eaten, [352].
- Neuras, v. [128], [129], [262].
- Neuroïdes, iv. [233].
- Neurospastos, v. [49].
- New birds, the, ii. [529].
- New Carthage, i. [157], [163], [170].
- Niam Niams, the, a people with tails, ii. [134].
- Nicæa, i. [184], [493].
- Nicæus, the wrestler, ii. [145], [146].
- Nicander, ii. [357].
- Nice, i. [184].
- Nicephorion, ii. [71].
- Niceratus (artist), vi. [183], [186].
- Niceratus (writer), v. [523].
- Niceros, vi. [268].
- Nicias (artist), vi. [275], [276].
- Nicias (general), i. [38].
- Nicias (writer), vi. [467].
- Nicknames, ii. [147].
- Nicobulus, iii. [157].
- Nicolaüs of Damascus, iii. [176].
- Nicomachus, vi. [245], [267], [268].
- Nicomedes, King, ii. [313].
- Nicomedia, i. [494].
- Nicophanes, vi. [268], [297].
- Nicopolis, i. [274]; ii. [19].
- Niger, Sextus, iii. [156].
- Niger, Trebius, ii. [355].
- Niger, river, i. [382].
- Night-hawk, ii. [488], [539].
- Nightingale, ii. [509], [510]
- —white, ii. [510].
- Nightmare, ii. [316]; v. [89], [256], [449].
- Nightshade, iv. [384], [385], [386]; v. [266].
- Nigidius Figulus, ii. [114]
- —quoted, [152].
- Nigris, i. [395], [404]; ii. [281].
- Nigritæ, i. [404].
- Nile, alluvion of the, i. [117]; iii. [186]; v. [81]
- —description of, i. [410]
- —promoter of fertility, ii. [135], [136]
- —mice of the, [472]
- —water of, like glue, iii. [189].
- Nilion, vi. [429].
- Nilometer, i. [414].
- Nineveh, ii. [27], [70].
- Ninguaria, ii. [108].
- Ninus, the city, ii. [27], [70].
- Niobe, the fountain, i. [284].
- Niobe and her children, the group of, vi. [315].
- Nipparene, vi. [454].
- Nipples, only in man the male has them, iii. [82].
- Nismes, i. [179], [180].
- Nisus (bird), ii. [551].
- Nisyros, i. [484], [485].
- Nitre, iv. [164].
- Nitrum, v. [512-519].
- No, i. [416], [418].
- Noctua, ii. [492].
- Noir antique, vi. [325].
- Nola, i. [198].
- Nomades, i. [335], [387]; ii. [83], [90], [134].
- Nomenclator, vi. [81].
- Nomentum, i. [233]
- —vines of, iii. [223].
- Nomes of Egypt, i. [407].
- Nonacris, i. [287].
- Nonius Struma, vi. [416].
- Norici, i. [262].
- Northern regions of Europe described, i. [339].
- Nostrils, the, iii. [55], [56]
- —exponents of ridicule, [55]
- —discharges of blood from, [79]
- —remedies for diseases of, v. [145], [150].
- Notia, v. [71]; vi. [454].
- Novara, i. [247].
- Novaria, i. [247].
- Nulo, Mount, ii. [130].
- Numa, Pompilius, i. [84], [233]; iv. [4]; vi. [10]
- —his books discovered, iii. [191], [192]
- —his law on wine, [252].
- Numantia, i. [171]; vi. [132].
- Numenius, ii. [86].
- Numidia, described, i. [387]
- —the marble of, vi. [325].
- Numidicæ, ii. [528].
- Nundinæ, iv. [6], [7]; v. [285].
- Nurseries for plants, iii. [464-467].
- Nus, the river, v. [477].
- Nut, the several varieties of, iii. [315-319].
- Nut-galls, iii. [350].
- Nutriment, iii. [97].
- Nyctalopy, ii. [341]; iv. [335]; v. [336], [337].
- Nyctegreton, iv. [335].
- Nyma, v. [256].
- Nymphæ, iii. [17].
- Nymphæa, v. [107].
- Nymphæa heraclia, v. [132].
- Nymphæa nelumbo, iv. [45].
- Nymphæa pteris, v. [245], [246].
- Nymphæum, i. [142], [261].
- Nymphæus, i. [295].
- Nymphodorus, i. [270].
- Nysa, ii. [50].
- O.
- Oak, i. [285]; iii. [341], [342].
- Oar, invention of the, ii. [235].
- Oäsites, i. [409].
- Oats, iv. [54], [55], [56], [446], [455].
- Obelisks, iii. [419]; vi. [331-334]
- —at Rome, vi. [333], [334], [335].
- Obliquity of the zones, i. [102].
- Obsian glass, vi. [381].
- Obsian stone, vi. [381], [382], [455], [463].
- Obsidian, vi. [381], [382], [455], [463].
- Occhus, iii. [115].
- Oce, iii. [90].
- Ocean, surrounding the earth, i. [98], [99], [100].
- Ocelis, ii. [64].
- Ochra, vi. [237].
- Ochre, vi. [235], [236], [363]
- —red, [120]
- —yellow, [140], [141].
- Ocimoïdes, v. [55], [56].
- Ocimum, iv. [191], [249], [250], [356]
- —cursed when sown, [178].
- Ocinum, iii. [511]; iv. [52], [53].
- Ocriculum, i. [191], [239].
- Ocrisia, vi. [384].
- Octavius, Cneius, vi. [158], [159].
- Oculata, vi. [63].
- Oculus, iii. [496].
- Odd numbers, v. [287].
- Odinolytes, vi. [4].
- Odontitis, v. [257].
- Odours, the nature of, iv. [321], [322], [323].
- Odrysæ, i. [303].
- Œa, i. [393], [401].
- Œnanthe, ii. [511], [512]; iii. [155], [161]; iv. [380], [460]
- —oil of, iv. [488], [489].
- Œnanthinum, iii. [255], [289].
- Œneus, i. [275].
- Œnophorus, vi. [177].
- Œnopides, iv. [128].
- Œsophagus, iii. [64].
- Œsypum, iii. [133]; v. [383], [384], [385].
- Œtum, iv. [349].
- Ogygia, i. [223].
- Oica, vi. [454].
- Oil, first use of, ii. [226]
- —of œnanthe, iv. [488], [489]
- —of almonds, [490]
- —of laurel, [490], [491]
- —of chamæmyrsine, [491]
- —of cypress, [491]
- —of citrus, [491]
- —of walnuts, [491]
- —of Cnidium, [491]
- —of mastich, [491]
- —of balanus, [492]
- —of cyprus, [492]
- —of balsamum, [492], [493]
- —of henbane, [493]
- —of lupines, [493]
- —of narcissus, [493]
- —of radishes, [493], [494]
- —of sesame, [494]
- —of lilies, [494]
- —of Selga, [494]
- —of Iguvium, [394]
- —of pitch, [494].
- And [see] Olive oil.
- Oils, artificial, iii. [162], [163], [286-291]; iv. [488-494].
- Oleander, v. [37].
- Oleaster, iii. [285], [287].
- Olenum, i. [280].
- Oleron, i. [360].
- Oliaros, i. [319].
- Olisipo, i. [364], [365]; vi. [422].
- Olive, Indian, iii. [111]
- —of Arabia, [135]
- —omphacium made from, [154]
- —the history of, [277]
- —its introduction into Europe, [277]
- —its growth, [277], [278]
- —its nature, [278]
- —varieties of it, [278-284]
- —victors crowned with its leaves, [284], [285]
- —culture and preservation of, [285], [286]
- —wild, [418], [419]
- —aged trees of, [430], [431]
- —culture of, [486], [487], [488]
- —leaves of, iv. [484]
- —blossom of, [484], [485].
- Olive oil, iii. [278], [279]
- —where produced, [279], [280]
- —its qualities, [280], [281]
- —nature of, [284]
- —making of, [286].
- —remedies derived from, iv. [488].
- Olives, white, iv. [485]
- —black, [486].
- Ollar stone, vi. [368].
- Ololygones, iii. [62].
- Olusatrum, iv. [193], [194], [248].
- Olympia, i. [281]
- —Games at, ii. [232]; v. [408], [493].
- Olympiads, i. [281].
- Olympias of Thebes, iv. [303].
- Olympias, wind, iii. [523].
- Olympicus, vi. [468].
- Olympiodorus, iii. [157].
- Olympus, i. [295], [489].
- Olynthos, i. [304].
- Olyra, iv. [441].
- Olyros, i. [280].
- Omani, ii. [83].
- Ombre (fish), ii. [393].
- Ombria, vi. [454].
- Omens, iii. [94], [313], [336]
- —from poultry, [479]
- —from birds, [509]
- —from bees, iii. [19]
- —evil, [68]
- —fortunate, [70]
- —from trees, [395].
- Also [see] “Portents.”
- Omentum, iii. [73].
- Omphacium, iii. [153], [154], [255], [459], [460], [488].
- Omphalocarpos, v. [227], [228].
- On, i. [418].
- Onager, ii. [324]; v. [332], [351].
- Onear, v. [196].
- Onesicritus, i. [150]; ii. [60].
- Onions, iv. [168], [169], [171], [173], [176], [222].
- Onitis, iv. [268].
- Onobrychis, v. [62].
- Onochilis, iv. [356].
- Onochilon, iv. [410], [411].
- Onoclia, v. [238].
- Onopordon, v. [258].
- Onopyxos, iv. [353].
- Onosma, v. [257].
- Onotheres, v. [196].
- Onyches (fish), ii. [428], [475].
- Onyx, vi. [329], [419], [420], [431].
- Oönæ, i. [342].
- Opal, vi. [415], [416], [417], [436], [437].
- Ophicardelon, vi. [455].
- Ophiogenes, ii. [125]; v. [237].
- Ophion, v. [329].
- Ophir, vi. [380].
- Ophites, vi. [327], [367].
- Ophiusa, v. [65].
- Ophrys, v. [214], [215].
- Ophthalmic preparations, iv. [208]; vi. [367].
- Opici, v. [376].
- Opilius, Aurelius, v. [368].
- Opimian wine, ii. [237]; iii. [254].
- Opium, iv. [230], [231], [275], [276], [277].
- Opobalsamum, iii. [149].
- Opocarpathon, v. [332]; vi. [25], [40].
- Opopanax, iii. [152].
- Oporice, v. [52].
- Oppius, C., iii. [99].
- Opuntia, iv. [358].
- Opus, i. [292].
- Orach, iv. [419], [420].
- Orage, iv. [282], [283]; v. [241].
- Orange (town), i. [178].
- Orata, Sergius, ii. [468].
- Oratis, ii. [67].
- Orbis (fish), vi. [7], [9], [24].
- Orca, ii. [365], [366].
- Orcades, i. [351].
- Orchis, v. [189], [190], [240].
- Orchomenus, i. [286], [294]
- —seed of, iii. [405], [406], [407].
- Orcus, i. [296].
- Oreoselinon, iv. [180], [248].
- Orestes, his body found, of gigantic size, ii. [156].
- Origanum, iv. [266], [268]; v. [90]
- —Heracleotic, iv. [266-270].
- Orion, ii. [156].
- Orios, v. [259], [260].
- Oritæ, ii. [134].
- Oritis, vi. [454].
- Ornithogale, iv. [357], [358].
- Orobanche, iv. [455].
- Orobethron, v. [172].
- Orobia, iii. [128].
- Orobus, iv. [51].
- Orodes, ii. [31].
- Orontes, i. [437], [438].
- Oropus, i. [290].
- Orpheus, i. [303], [305]; iv. [301]; v. [423].
- Orphus, ii. [395].
- Orpiment, vi. [104], [105], [220].
- Orpine, v. [67].
- Orthagoriscos, vi. [9], [24].
- Ortolan, ii. [504].
- Ortospanum, ii. [41].
- Ortygia, i. [319].
- Ortygometra, ii. [504].
- Oruros, ii. [72].
- Oryges, ii. [346].
- Oryx, i. [67]; iii. [89], [90]
- —its body a preventive of thirst, ii. [550].
- Oscines, ii. [495].
- Osiris, i. [417].
- Osiritis, v. [429].
- Ossa, i. [295].
- Osseous stones, vi. [358].
- Ossifrage, ii. [487].
- Ossuna, i. [161].
- Osthanes, v. [277], [365], [366], [424], [425].
- Ostia, i. [192]
- —construction of the harbour at, ii. [366]; iii. [420]; vi. [333].
- Ostraceum, vi. [55].
- Ostracias, vi. [455].
- Ostracites, vi. [360].
- Ostracitis, vi. [444], [455].
- Ostrich, ii. [478], [479].
- Ostrys, iii. [202], [203].
- Osyris, v. [258].
- Otho, M., iii. [167].
- Othoninum, iv. [135].
- Othonna, v. [257].
- Otis, ii. [500].
- Otranto, i. [226].
- Otter, vi. [35].
- Otus, ii. [156], [504].
- Outline painting, vi. [229].
- Ovations, myrtle used in, iii. [331], [332].
- Ovid, his birth-place, i. [231]
- —his place of banishment, [306]
- —his “Halieuticon,” ii. [391]— vi. [6], [65]
- —probably mistranslated by Pliny, iii. [352]
- —mentioned, iv. [126]
- —his works quoted, i. [4], [19], [26], [38], [43], [44], [82], [84], [100], [119], [131], [135], [199], [214], [219], [232], [234], [243], [258], [265], [306], [472], [493]; ii. [90], [106], [338], [409], [545]; iii. [44], [82], [133], [332], [385], [424], [529], [535]; iv. [44], [84], [99], [197], [293], [337], [346], [426]; v. [41], [283], [397], [434], [474], [476], [477]; vi. [6], [7], [65], [66], [68], [173], [187], [206], [260], [264], [277], [315], [318], [345], [397].
- Oviedo, i. [172].
- Oviparous animals, ii. [532].
- Ovum anguinum, v. [389].
- Owl, horned, ii. [492].
- Owlet, ii. [492], [494].
- Oxalis, iv. [287].
- Oxen, the generation of, ii. [326], [327]
- —of the best quality, [327]
- —peculiarities in, [329]
- —not killed by the ancients, [328]
- —with powers of speech, [330]
- —fed on fish, iii. [98].
- Oxus, ii. [32].
- Oxycedrus, iii. [178].
- Oxygala, v. [323], [324].
- Oxylapathum, iv. [287].
- Oxymeli, iii. [261]; iv. [481].
- Oxymyrsine, iv. [521]; v. [143].
- Oxys, v. [268].
- Oxyschœnos, iv. [361].
- Oyster-beds, i. [196]
- —artificial, ii. [467], [468].
- Oyster-bread, iv. [39].
- Oysters, ii. [458], [463], [464], [468], [469]; vi. [25-28]
- —of neither sex, ii. [546]
- —have no hearing, [547]
- —have sense of touch, [548]
- —when wholesome to eat, vi. [26]
- —of gigantic size, vi. [27], [28].
- Ozæna, ii. [420].
- Ozænitis, iii. [120].
- Ozolæ, i. [276].
- P.
- Pachynum, i. [217], [218].
- Pactolus, i. [465].
- Pacuvius, vi. [230].
- Padua, i. [252].
- Padus, i. [243], [246].
- Padusa, i. [244].
- Pæanitis, vi. [456].
- Pædagogus, vi. [88].
- Pæderos (plant), iv. [421].
- Pæderos (stones so called), vi. [417], [433], [436].
- Pænula, ii. [333].
- Pæonia, v. [88], [89], [248], [249].
- Pæstum, i. [208].
- “Pætus,” origin of the name, iii. [53].
- Pagæ, i. [278], [288].
- Pagasa, Gulf of, i. [324].
- “Page,” origin of the English word, vi. [88].
- Pagur, ii. [425]; vi. [48].
- Pain, endurance of, ii. [164]
- —intensity of, v. [86], [87].
- Painters, journeymen, thefts by, vi. [122], [123]
- —celebrated, [246-268].
- Painting, the art of, ii. [184]; vi. [223], [224], [228], [229], [230], [231], [232], [234], [235], [245], [246-282]
- —invention of, ii. [236]
- —use of chrysocolla in, vi. [108], [109]
- —cinnabaris used in, vi. [121], [122], [123].
- Pala, iii. [110].
- Palæmon, Rhemmius, his successful culture of the vine, ii. [235], [236].
- Palæogoni, ii. [51].
- Palæphatus, v. [420].
- Palæsimundus, ii. [53].
- Palæstina, i. [425].
- Palamedes, ii. [229].
- Palantium, i. [286].
- Palatium, i. [286].
- Palencia, i. [171].
- Paleness, how produced, v. [328].
- Palibothra, ii. [42], [43], [45].
- Palimpissa, v. [18].
- Palinurum, i. [208].
- Palinurus, i. [208].
- Paliurus, iii. [200], [381]; v. [46].
- Palladium, rescue of the, ii. [192].
- Palladius quoted, iv. [303].
- Pallene, i. [300].
- Pallium, vi. [275].
- Palm, iii. [169-174], [200], [460]; iv. [494], [495]
- —leaves of, iii. [377]
- —used for writing, [186]
- —wine from the, [257].
- Palm (a measure), vi. [290].
- Palm-stones, vi. [358].
- Palma, i. [211], [235].
- Palmensian wines, iii. [242].
- Palmyra, i. [445].
- Paludamentum, iv. [390].
- Palus Mæotis, i. [98], [99], [326]; ii. [1], [2], [14].
- Pampeluna, i. [169].
- Pamphagi, ii. [104].
- Pamphile, iii. [26].
- Pamphilus, the actor, ii. [147].
- Pamphilus, the artist, vi. [255], [273].
- Pamphylia described, i. [452].
- Panaces, asclepion, v. [89]
- —heracleon, [90], [94]
- —chironion, [90]
- —centaurion or pharnacion, v. [90], [91]
- —siderion, [91].
- Panænus, vi. [247], [248], [374].
- Panætius, i. [498].
- Panathenaicon, iii. [161].
- Panax, iii. [152]; iv. [203], [265].
- Pancaste, vi. [259].
- Panchrestos, iv. [509], [510], [511].
- Panchrus, vi. [455].
- Panchrysos, ii. [94].
- Pancration, iv. [234].
- Pancratium (plant), v. [261], [262].
- Pandæ, ii. [48].
- Pandion, King, ii. [65].
- Pandore, ii. [133].
- Panels for painting, iii. [414].
- Paneros, vi. [455].
- Pangæum, i. [302], [303].
- Pangonus, vi. [455].
- Panhormus, i. [218].
- Panic (grain), iv. [21], [38], [444].
- Panormus, i. [280].
- Panorpis, iii. [30], [35].
- Panotii, i. [343].
- Pantellaria, i. [403].
- Panthera, or leopard, its gratitude, ii. [272], [273]
- —description of, [274]
- —singular antidote used by, [293]
- —remedies derived from, v. [219].
- Pantherinæ, iii. [196].
- Panticapæum, i. [327], [334].
- Panticapes, i. [332].
- Papaverata, ii. [337].
- Paper, the discovery of it, iii. [185], [186]
- —how made, [186], [187]
- —various kinds of, [186-190]
- —qualities of, [189], [190]
- —defects in, [190], [191]
- —scarcity of, [193]
- —remedies derived from, v. [37].
- Paphlagonia described, ii. [3].
- Papirius, L., ii. [140]
- —his vow, iii. [253].
- Pappus, iii. [204]; iv. [354]; v. [146], [147].
- Paps of animals, iii. [82], [83].
- Papyrus, iii. [185-189], [193]; v. [36].
- Also, [see] “Paper.”
- Parabeste, ii. [57].
- Parætonium (place), i. [397].
- Parætonium (a plaster), vi. [238].
- Paralion, iv. [279], [280].
- Paralios, v. [179].
- Parallels, division of the earth into, ii. [110].
- Paralysis, remedies for, v. [450].
- Parapanisus, the river, i. [341].
- Parapotamia, iii. [155].
- Parasitical insects, ii. [459]; iii. [40].
- Parasitical plants, iii. [207], [206], [433], [434]; iv. [199].
- Parchment, invention of, iii. [186].
- Pard, ii. [265], [272], [274], [250].
- Pardalianches, ii. [293]; v. [218-222].
- Pardalion, v. [252].
- Pardalios, vi. [460].
- Pardalium, iii. [161].
- Pardon of the gods, how asked, iii. [88].
- Parentalia, iv. [44].
- Pargetting, vi. [374].
- Parian Chronicle, i. [319].
- Parian marble, vi. [309].
- Parietary, iv. [357].
- Parilia, iv. [159].
- Parisii, i. [356].
- Parks for wild animals, ii. [345].
- Parma, i. [183], [242].
- Parmenio, i. [473].
- Parmeniscus, iv. [127].
- Parnassus, i. [277].
- Paropanisus, the mountains of, ii. [33], [46].
- Paros, i. [319].
- Parra, ii. [512]; iv. [101].
- Parrhasia, i. [286].
- Parrhasius, vi. [251-254].
- Parrot, ii. [522], [523]
- —has the hardest head, iii. [47].
- Parrot-seed, iv. [350].
- Parsley, iv. [192], [246], [247].
- Parsnip, iv. [165], [166], [218], [219], [222]; v. [124].
- Parthenion, v. [92], [93], [94].
- Parthenis, v. [106].
- Parthenium, iv. [383], [406], [407].
- Parthenope, i. [197].
- Parthia, described, ii. [68]
- —the waters of, v. [484].
- Parthians, their cookery, ii. [531]; iii. [107]
- —eat grasshoppers, [32]
- —eat locusts, [37]
- —their tainted breath, [97]
- —their drunkenness, [274]
- —the Roman expedition against, [313]
- —their delicate bread, iv. [40].
- Partridge, i. [323]; ii. [516], [517]; iv. [357], [406], [417]
- —of Paphlagonia has a double heart, iii. [65].
- Parturition, methods of facilitating, v. [463], [464].
- Pasines, ii. [81].
- Pasiteles, vi. [137], [145], [285], [319], [321].
- Passagarda, ii. [70].
- Passernices, vi. [370].
- Paste used for making paper, iii. [191]; iv. [443].
- Pastern bones, iii. [90].
- Pastinaca (fish), ii. [408], [411], [452], [460]; vi. [24], [25]
- —venomous, [12].
- Pastinaca erratica (plant), v. [124].
- Also, [see] “Parsnip.”
- Patala, ii. [51].
- Patale, i. [108]; iii. [119].
- Patara, i. [456].
- Patavium, i. [252].
- Patetæ, iii. [176].
- Patmos, i. [321].
- Patna, ii. [43], [45].
- Patræ, i. [279].
- Patras, i. [279].
- Patrobius, vi. [289].
- Patrocles the geographer, ii. [39], [115].
- Patroclus (artist), vi. [169].
- Paul, Saint, i. [201], [267], [297], [300], [304], [447], [456], [457], [491], [492].
- Paulinus, Pompeius, vi. [133].
- Paulus, L. Æmilius, i. [302]; vi. [171], [277], [346].
- Pausanias quoted, i. [215], [278].
- Pausias, iv. [305]; vi. [273], [274].
- Pausilypum, i. [214]; ii. [467].
- Pavements, vi. [376-379].
- Paxos, i. [310].
- Peaches, iii. [293], [294], [296]; iv. [508]
- —of Persia, poisonous, iii. [296]
- —Pliny’s singular notions as to, iv. [508].
- Peacock, ii. [495], [496]
- —its vanity, [495]
- —fattened for food, [496]
- —remedies derived from, v. [413].
- Peahen, ii. [538].
- “Pearl,” alleged origin of the word, vi. [66].
- Pearl oyster, ii. [481], [432], [436], [437].
- Pearls, ii. [430-436]
- —when first used at Rome, [440]
- —of Britain, [437]
- —costliness of, [437], [438], [439].
- Pears, iii. [300-303]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [502].
- Pease, iv. [46].
- Pebbles, white and black, ii. [187].
- Pectines, ii. [428].
- Pectoral, iv. [291].
- Pectunculus, vi. [64].
- “Pecunia,” origin of the word, iv. [5]; vi. [89].
- Pedius, his supreme happiness, ii. [199].
- Pedius, Q., vi. [231].
- Pegasi (beasts), ii. [279].
- Pegasi (birds), ii. [530].
- Pegasus, i. [291].
- Pegma, vi. [94].
- Pelamides, ii. [385].
- Pelagiæ, ii. [444].
- Pelasgi, i. [187].
- Pelecinon, v. [262].
- Pelican, ii. [527], [528].
- Peligni, i. [231].
- Pelion, i. [295].
- Pella, i. [298]; v. [491]; vi. [264].
- Pellitory, iv. [357].
- Peloponnesus described, i. [278].
- Pelops, his rib, v. [288].
- Pelops, the writer, v. [523].
- Pelorides, vi. [41].
- Pelorus, i. [209], [217], [219].
- Pelusium, i. [420].
- Peneus, i. [295], [296].
- Penicilli, v. [520].
- Penicillus, vi. [250].
- Pennyroyal, iv. [259], [260], [261].
- Pentapetes, v. [122], [123].
- Pentadactyli, vi. [62].
- Pentaphyllon, v. [122], [123].
- Pentapolis, i. [395].
- Pentelicus, i. [289].
- Pentorobus, v. [88], [89], [248], [249].
- Peony, v. [88], [89], [248], [249].
- Peparethos, wine of, iii. [247].
- Peplis, iv. [280], [281]; v. [261].
- Pepones, iv. [157], [211].
- Pepper-tree, iii. [111], [112], [113], [396].
- Pepperwort, iv. [203], [269], [270].
- Peræa, i. [427].
- Peraticum, iii. [116].
- Perch, ii. [395].
- Percnos, ii. [482].
- Perdicium, iv. [357], [383], [406], [407].
- Perekop, Gulf of, i. [332].
- Perfumes, burnt at funerals, iii. [137]
- —extravagance in, [137]
- —a description of, [160-165]
- —mixed with oil, [166].
- Perga, i. [452].
- Pergamum, i. [478].
- Pergula, iv. [307].
- Periander, i. [498].
- Periboëtos, vi. [177].
- Pericarpum, v. [131], [132].
- Pericles, vi. [179]
- —adventure of his slave, iv. [407].
- Periclymenos, v. [261], [262]; vi. [188].
- Perileucos, vi. [456].
- Perillus, vi. [168], [187].
- Perimula, ii. [47], [431].
- Periphoretos, vi. [172].
- Peristereon, v. [121], [122].
- Peristereos, v. [130].
- Periwinkle (plant), iv. [339], [382]; v. [57].
- Periwinkles (fish), ii. [427], [428], [470]
- —gigantic, [470].
- Perna (fish), vi. [66].
- Perorsi, i. [404].
- Perpressa, iv. [368], [369]; v. [186].
- Perperene, i. [474]; v. [482].
- Perrhæbi, i. [271], [275].
- Persea, iii. [296].
- Persepolis, ii. [69].
- Perseus, King, i. [299], [302].
- Persia, trees of, iii. [117].
- Persian Gulf, ii. [66]
- —trees of, iii. [117].
- Persian tree, iii. [182].
- Persians, their use of perfumes, iii. [136].
- Persica, iii. [296].
- Persicon napy, v. [268], [269].
- Persis, the province of, ii. [68].
- Persolata, v. [124].
- Personata, iii. [348].
- Pertinax Helvius, i. [186].
- Perugia, i. [190].
- Perusia, i. [190].
- Pescara, i. [231].
- Pesoluta, iv. [386].
- Pessinus, i. [492].
- Petasus, vi. [342].
- Petauristæ, iii. [40].
- Peter, Saint, i. [426].
- Petilium, iv. [328].
- Petorita, vi. [215].
- Petosiris, i. [148].
- Petrichus, iv. [205].
- Petrifactions, v. [482]; vi. [438], [461].
- Petritan wine, iii. [246].
- Petroleum, i. [138]; v. [478].
- Petronius, P., ii. [99].
- Petronius, T., vi. [393].
- Petroselinum, iv. [248].
- Peucedanum, v. [126].
- Peucestes, vi. [176].
- Peucini, i. [348].
- Pezenas, i. [180].
- Pezica, iv. [144].
- Phædrus quoted, ii. [315]; iii. [102]; iv. [13].
- Phaëthon, i. [243]; vi. [397].
- Phagrus, ii. [393]; vi. [48].
- Phalacrocorax, ii. [529].
- Phalangion (plant), v. [263].
- Phalangitis, v. [263].
- Phalangium (insect), ii. [353]; iii. [29]; v. [400].
- Phalaris, v. [264]; vi. [187]
- —the first tyrant, ii. [227].
- Phaleræ, ii. [170]; vi. [77].
- Phalerides, ii. [528].
- Phalerum, i. [289].
- Phallovitroboli, vi. [70].
- Phanagoria, ii. [14].
- Phanias, iv. [388].
- Phaon, i. [274]; iv. [398].
- Pharanitis, vi. [433].
- Pharnaces, ii. [128]; v. [90].
- Pharos, i. [479]; vi. [339].
- Pharsalia, i. [294], [295]; v. [159].
- Pharusii, i. [406].
- Pharynx, iii. [62].
- Phaselis, oil of, iv. [494].
- Phasganion, v. [134], [135].
- Phasiolon, v. [251], [252].
- Phasis, ii. [10].
- Phaulias, iii. [433].
- Phausia, v. [482].
- Phazania, i. [398].
- Pheasant, ii. [528].
- Phellandrion, v. [264].
- Phellos, i. [456].
- Phellusa, i. [488].
- Phemonoë, ii. [554].
- Pheneus, i. [287].
- Phengites, vi. [369], [370].
- Pheos, iv. [401].
- Pheræ, i. [280], [283], [294].
- Pherecydes, i. [112]; ii. [209].
- Phiala, i. [413]; ii. [331].
- Phidias, ii. [185]; vi. [168], [170], [171], [247], [310], [311].
- Philadelphus, Ptolemæus, ii. [92], [93], [94].
- Philæ, i. [415].
- Philæni, i. [393].
- Philanthes, iv. [356].
- Philanthropos, v. [71], [227], [228].
- Philemon (geographer), i. [373].
- Philemon (poet), ii. [555].
- Philetæria, v. [102], [103].
- Philinus, iv. [303].
- Philip, King, i. [300], [304];
- his wound, ii. [183].
- Philippi, i. [304].
- Philippopolis, i. [303].
- Philippus of Medma, iv. [127].
- Philiscus, vi. [319].
- Philistides Mallotes, i. [372].
- Philistina, i. [245].
- Philistion, iv. [302].
- Philistus, ii. [356]; iii. [100].
- Philochares, vi. [229].
- Philocles, vi. [229].
- Philon, ii. [184]; vi. [188].
- Philonides, i. [373].
- Philostephanus, ii. [242].
- Philoxenus (artist), vi. [268].
- Philoxenus (poet), vi. [467].
- Philtres, ii. [321]; iv. [219].
- Also, [see] “Magic.”
- Philyra, iv. [306]; v. [2].
- Philyræ, iii. [366].
- Phlegra, i. [300].
- Phlegræan Plains, i. [197].
- Phlius, i. [280], [281].
- Phloginos, vi. [455].
- Phlogitis, vi. [460].
- Phlomis, v. [127], [128].
- Phlomos, v. [127].
- Phlox, iv. [333], [334], [336].
- Phocæ, ii. [369].
- Phocis described, i. [276].
- Phœnice (country) described, i. [433].
- Phœnice (barley), iv. [445], [446].
- Phœnicitis, vi. [456], [459].
- Phœnicobalanus, iii. [143]; iv. [495].
- Phœnicopterus, ii. [528].
- Phœnicurus, ii. [511].
- Phœnix, ii. [479], [480], [481]; iii. [43].
- Pholöe, i. [287].
- Phonolite, vi. [446].
- Phorinean wine, iii. [248].
- Phradmon, vi. [168].
- Phrenion, iv. [379].
- Phrenitis, remedies for, v. [198], [452], [453].
- Phryganea, iii. [42].
- Phryganion, v. [455].
- Phrygia described, i. [490].
- Phrygian stone, vi. [362].
- Phryne, vi. [178], [259], [312].
- Phrynion, v. [128], [129], [262].
- Phthia, i. [294].
- Phthiotis, i. [294].
- Phthiriasis, ii. [191], [209]; iv. [227]; v. [206], [468]
- —internal, iv. [165].
- Phthirophagi, ii. [11].
- Phthisis, remedies for, v. [355], [356].
- Phu, iii. [121]; iv. [370].
- Phycis, ii. [414].
- Phycitis, vi. [456].
- Phycos, iii. [209], [210].
- Phycos thalassion, v. [193].
- Phylace, i. [297].
- Phylarchus, ii. [241].
- Phyllis, iii. [385], [386].
- Phyllon, v. [263].
- Phyllos, iv. [405].
- Physalus, ii. [454].
- Physema, ii. [432].
- Physeter, ii. [361].
- Physicians, an account of, v. [372-376]
- —their ignorance, v. [377], [378], [380]; vi. [120], [121], [194], [195]
- —their avarice, v. [379]
- —their cruelty, v. [381].
- Physiognomists, vi. [260].
- Physiognomy, observations upon, iii. [96].
- Physis, vi. [462].
- Phyteuma, v. [263].
- Piacenza, i. [242].
- Picarel, vi. [45].
- Picatum, iii. [238]; iv. [476]; vi. [371].
- Picenum, i. [235].
- Picris, iv. [359], [417].
- “Pictor,” the surname, vi. [230].
- Pictures, high prices of, ii. [184].
- Picus, ii. [495].
- Pie, ii. [515], [522], [523].
- Pieria, i. [294].
- Pig. [See] “Swine.”
- Pigeons, an account of, ii. [517-520]
- —messages by, [519]
- —high prices of, [520].
- Pigments, vi. [235].
- Pileus, vi. [267].
- Pilgrims to Saint Jago, ii. [428].
- Pimpernel, v. [137].
- Pina, ii. [436].
- Pinaster, ii. [292], [356].
- Pindar, his name honoured by Alexander, ii. [174]
- —his writings quoted, i. [297].
- Pindus, i. [273], [293], [295].
- Pine, i. [246]; iii. [355], [356].
- Pine-nuts, iii. [292]; iv. [512].
- Pinites succinifer, vi. [397], [401].
- Pinna, ii. [450].
- Pinnotheres, ii. [426], [451].
- Pinus cedrus, iii. [178].
- Piombino, i. [187].
- Pip (in poultry), ii. [537]; v. [32], [41].
- Piperitis, iv. [203], [267], [268].
- Piræicus, vi. [268].
- Piræus, i. [289].
- Pirates, ii. [97].
- Pisa, i. [287].
- Pisæ, i. [287].
- Pisaurum, i. [238].
- Piscenæ, i. [180].
- Pisces, the Constellation, ii. [407].
- Pisciculus, Junius, vi. [321].
- Pisidia described, i. [451].
- Piso, L., i. [147]; iii. [67], [273], [276].
- Pissasphaltos, iii. [364]; v. [18], [19].
- Pisselæon, iii. [288]; v. [18]; vi. [297].
- Pissinum, iii. [290]; iv. [494].
- Pissoceros, iii. [6].
- Pistacia, iii. [178].
- Pistachio-nuts, iii. [317]; iv. [515].
- Pistoia, i. [190].
- Pistorium, i. [190].
- Pistrix, ii. [361].
- Pitane, i. [473].
- Pitch, iii. [264-267], [361], [362]
- —remedies derived from, v. [17].
- Pitch-oil, iii. [290].
- Also, [see] “Pisselæon.”
- Pitch-tree, iii. [356], [357]; v. [13].
- Pitched wines, iii. [238]; iv. [476]; vi. [371].
- Pithecusa, i. [214].
- Pituita, ii. [537].
- Pityocampæ, v. [404].
- Pityus, ii. [12].
- Pityusa, i. [312]; v. [14], [15].
- Pityussæ, i. [211].
- Placentia, i. [242].
- Plague, its course, ii. [208].
- Plaice, ii. [407].
- Plaids, probable allusion to, ii. [338].
- Planaria, i. [213].
- “Plancus,” origin of the name, iii. [89].
- Plancus, i. [10]; ii. [147], [440].
- Plane-tree, iii. [103-106]
- —aged, [431]
- —remedies derived from, v. [20], [21].
- Planets, i. [19], [20], [27-31], [40], [41], [42], [48], [49]
- —their influence on human life, ii. [204].
- Plangus, ii. [482].
- Plant of Fulvius, v. [187].
- Plantago, v. [109], [129], [130].
- Plants, wines made from, iii. [257], [258]
- —propagated by seed, [460], [461]
- —propagation of, [461-487]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [125]
- —growth of, [155], [156]
- —roots of, [170]
- —blossoms of, [170], [171]
- —growth of, [177], [178]
- —of which there is but one kind, [179]
- —sown at the autumnal equinox, [197]
- —garden, maladies of, [199], [200]
- —for bees, [339], [340]
- —stems of, [355], [356]
- —leaves of, [356]
- —eared, [357]
- —properties of, [389]
- —for colouring the body, [389], [390]
- —for dyeing, [90], [391]
- —that grow on the head of a statue, v. [68], [69]
- —on the banks of a river, [69]
- —in a sieve, [69]
- —upon a dunghill, [69]
- —moistened with the urine of a dog, [69]
- —wild, [77], [78], [79]
- —delineated in colours, [80]
- —authors who have written upon, [80], [81], [82]
- —medicinal properties of, [83], [84], [85]
- —enquiries of the ancients into, [217], [218]
- —ages of, [270]
- —how their efficacy may be ensured, [271].
- Plastæ, vi. [284].
- Plaster of Paris, vi. [330].
- Plastering, vi. [374].
- Plastice, vi. [163].
- Platanista, ii. [384].
- Platæ, i. [291].
- Platea, ii. [522].
- Plating, vi. [215].
- Plato, i. [148]; ii. [174]; iv. [436]
- —his works quoted, i. [120]; vi. [174].
- Platyceros, iii. [44].
- Platyophthalmon, vi. [115].
- Platyphyllos, v. [188].
- Plautus, mentioned, iii. [275]
- —quoted, i. [261], [396]; iv. [40], [107], [145], [150], [346]; v. [391], [485].
- Plinthia, Fountain of, v. [480].
- Pliny, addresses Titus Vespasianus, i. [1]-11
- —states the object of his work, [5], [6]
- —the sources whence derived, [6], [7]
- —alludes to his Roman History, [6], [7]
- —inveighs against plagiarism, [7], [8]
- —against empty titles of books, [8]
- —states the general design of his work, [9]
- —his work on Grammar, [9]
- —his contempt for his slanderers, [10], [11]
- —his opinions on the Deity, [20-25]
- —does not believe in a superintending Providence, [22], [23]
- —inveighs against superstition and infidelity, [23]
- —against human pride, [24]
- —considers Nature identical with God, [25]
- —laments the perverseness of mankind, [93]
- —enlarges in praise of Italy, [181]
- —guilty of adulation, [181]
- —his death noticed, [197]
- —censures others for credulity, [376]
- —inveighs against falsehood, [381]
- —proofs of his own credulity, [405], [406]
- —exclaims against luxury, ii. [55]
- —a probable lapse of memory by, [80]
- —his gloomy views of human life, [118], [119]
- —his credulity, [121]
- —possible error by, [127]
- —his credulity, [132]
- —his visit to Africa alluded to, [138]
- —repines at the frail tenure of life, [141]
- —his metaphorical style, [142]
- —his superstition, [151], [152], [155]
- —his opinion on the final conflagration of the world, [156]
- —his hatred of war, [166]
- —his desponding views on human happiness, [187]
- —repines at the frailty of, [207]
- —thinks a short life desirable, [207]
- —considers sudden death a blessing, [213]
- —his singular notion as to a happy death, [216]
- —denies the immortality of the soul, [218]
- —censures the credulity of the Greeks, [283], [284]
- —a mistake made by, [318]
- —his work on the use of the javelin, [320]
- —exclaims against luxury, [438], [439]
- —errors committed by, [488]; iii. [104]
- —exclaims against extravagance in perfumes, [137]
- —a mistake made by, [155]
- —inveighs against luxury, [167], [168]
- —his ignorance of vegetable physiology, [197]
- —errors committed by, [203], [205]
- —exclaims against avarice and disregard of knowledge, [216], [217]
- —against drunkenness, [270-274]
- —refers to his visit to the Chauci, [339]
- —a mistake probably committed by, [352]
- —errors committed by, [359], [365], [374]
- —a mistake probably made by, [387]
- —errors committed by, [390], [392]
- —error in transcribing, [441]
- —takes a more cheerful view of things, iv. [3]
- —commends old times, [8], [9]
- —misquotes Columella, [27]
- —error committed by, and his probably imperfect knowledge of Greek, [56], [57]
- —his ambiguous language, [99]
- —accidental omission by, [114]
- —contemplates a work, probably, which he did not write, [150]
- —inveighs against luxury, [150], [151]
- —against gluttony, [152]
- —mistakes made by, [163], [179], [180]
- —contradicts himself, [206], [207]
- —mistakes probably made by, [216], [266]
- —two errors committed by, [279]
- —contradicts himself, [321]
- —mistake made by, [323]
- —errors probably committed by, [334], [338]
- —a lapse of memory by, [361]
- —exclaims against profligacy, [390]
- —against luxury and effeminacy, [395]
- —against the derision of his enemies, [395]
- —mistakes probably made by, [397], [399], [406]
- —error committed by, [410]
- —mistakes probably made by, [413], [422], [460]
- —errors committed by, [464], [492]
- —mistake probably made by, [495]
- —his singular notion as to peaches, [508]
- —error probably committed by, [508]
- —his credulity, [520]
- —commends the ancient manners, v. [3]
- —errors probably committed by, [3], [4], [23]
- —instances of his credulity, [64-67]
- —repines at the general indifference to knowledge, [77], [78]
- —refuses to credit some marvels, [82]
- —inveighs against magic, [87]
- —a possible lapse of memory by, [100]
- —mistake made by, [104]
- —mistake probably made by, [106]
- —absurd error committed by, [111]
- —singular mistake made by, [131]
- —mistake possibly made by, [137]
- —inveighs against magic, [159], [160]
- —against gluttony, [169]
- —admires the research of the ancients, [218], [219]
- —his belief in first causes, [219]
- —error committed by, [236]
- —inveighs against magic, [237]
- —error committed by, [240]
- —error probably committed by, [273]
- —his great but unsuspecting credulity, [275]
- —his horror of cruelty, [276], [278]
- —approves of suicide, [278]
- —inveighs against magicians, [307]
- —his rare attempts at wit, [318]
- —inveighs against magic, [355]
- —exclaims against immorality, [378]
- —inveighs against the Greeks, [381]
- —against magic, [395], [400], [427]
- —mistake probably made by, [509]
- —his credulity, vi. [2], [3]
- —effusion of wit, [21]
- —mistake made by, [25]
- —exclaims against avarice, [68], [69]
- —against obscenity, [70]
- —against the use of gold, [71]
- —against vast retinues of slaves, [81]
- —mistake made by, [116]
- —effusion of wit, [129]
- —laments the downfall of Roman morals, [136], [137], [138]
- —his credulity, [205]
- —mistake made by, [245]
- —commends the simplicity of ancient times, [271]
- —exclaims against luxury, [306]
- —commends the ancient simplicity, [349]
- —exclaims against the depravity of taste, [351], [352]
- —inveighs against luxury, [391], [392]
- —against the falsehoods of magic, [405]
- —instances of his credulity, [407], [408]
- —mistake made by, [422]
- —exclaims against the practices of magic, [434], [450].
- “Pliny’s graft,” iii. [478].
- Plistolochia, iv. [284]; v. [116], [117].
- Plistonicus, iv. [302].
- Plocamus, Annius, ii. [53].
- Plotius, L., betrayed by his perfumes, iii. [169].
- Plough, first use of, ii. [226], [227]
- —described, iv. [62].
- Ploughing, iv. [62-66]
- —seasons for, iii. [359].
- Plover, ii. [527].
- Plum, iii. [294], [295], [296]; iv. [507], [508]; v. [236]
- —of Egypt, iii. [184].
- Plumbago (plant), v. [141], [142].
- Plutarch quoted, i. [79], [157], [302]; iv. [407].
- Pluto, i. [219].
- Pnigitis, vi. [299].
- Po, i. [186], [243].
- Podium, vi. [402].
- Poetry, origin of, ii. [231].
- Poison, animals that live on, ii. [548]; iii. [98]
- —of serpents, iii. [57], [58]
- —taken internally, [323]
- —remedies for, v. [130], [332], [333], [334], [407], [408]; vi. [19]
- —in rings, vi. [80].
- Poisonous, fungi, iv. [430]
- —honey, iv. [431], [432].
- Polecat, ii. [310].
- Polemonia, v. [102], [103], [127].
- Polenta, iv. [28], [29], [442].
- Poles of the magnet, vi. [356], [357].
- Poles, or stakes, iii. [494], [495].
- Poley, iv. [325], [326], [356], [372], [373].
- Polias, vi. [460].
- Polium, iv. [325], [326], [356], [372], [373].
- Pollio, Asinius, i. [310]; ii. [177], [239]; vi. [318].
- Pollio, Carvilius, vi. [134].
- Pollio, Nævius, the giant, ii. [156].
- Pollio, Romilius, his old age, iv. [437], [438].
- Pollio, Vedius, his cruelty, ii. [410].
- Polyacanthos, iv. [353].
- Polyanthemum, iv. [353].
- Polybius, i. [370]
- —the voyage of, [378]
- —his history quoted, [169].
- Polycles, vi. [169], [170], [183], [319].
- Polycletus, vi. [152], [168], [171], [172].
- Polycnemon, v. [209].
- Polycrates, vi. [81], [82], [386], [387].
- Polycritus, iii. [157].
- Polydorus, i. [305].
- Polygala, v. [262].
- Polygnotus, vi. [141], [185], [241], [249].
- Polygonatos, iv. [405].
- Polygonoïdes, v. [57].
- Polygonos, v. [259], [260].
- Polyidus, vi. [188].
- Polymita, ii. [338].
- Polypi, ii. [407], [408], [416-421]; vi. [36], [50]
- —sailing, ii. [410]
- —their hatred of cunila, [548].
- Polypodion, v. [175], [176], [243].
- Polypus of the nose, v. [176].
- Polythrix, v. [132]; vi. [460].
- Polytrichos, iv. [415], [416], [417].
- Polyzonos, vi. [460].
- Pomegranate, iii. [200], [201]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [498]-502.
- Pomes described, iii. [293], [294].
- Pometia, i. [204]; ii. [154].
- Pompeii, i. [82], [197]; iii. [228]
- —wines of, iii. [244].
- Pompeiopolis, ii. [5].
- Pompeius, Cneius, i. [161].
- Pompeius Magnus, i. [164], [414], [424]; ii. [35]; v. [78], [79]; vi. [390], [391]
- —his theatre, ii. [136]
- —resemblance to him, [147]
- —his conquests, [167].
- Pompeius, Sextus, ii. [213], [391].
- Pompholyx, vi. [202], [203].
- Pompilos, ii. [388], [419].
- Pomponianus, Scipio, vi. [225].
- Pomponius, Sextus, iv. [440].
- Pomptine Marshes, i. [194].
- Pontic mouse, ii. [550].
- Pontica, vi. [455].
- Pontus, animals of, iii. [69].
- Also, [see] “Euxine.”
- Poplar, iii. [154], [376]; v. [21], [22]
- —used for training the vine, iii. [218].
- Poppæa, v. [340]; vi. [132], [403]
- —bathes in asses’ milk, iii. [84]
- —the funeral of, [137].
- Poppy, iv. [196], [275-279]
- —when to sow, [81]
- —used for linen, [138].
- Porcelain, vi. [392].
- Porcupine, ii. [305].
- Porphyrio, ii. [530], [537].
- Porphyrites, vi. [328].
- Porpoise, ii. [377].
- Porrigo, remedies for, iv. [227]; v. [409].
- Porsena, King, i. [84]; vi. [160], [206]
- —his Labyrinth, vi. [342].
- Port Mahon, i. [212].
- Portico of Octavia, i. [164].
- Porto Fino, i. [185].
- Portents, v. [280], [281], [282].
- Also, see “[Magic],” “[Omens],” and “[Prodigies].”
- Portraits, vi. [224-228]
- —waxen, iv. [346].
- Porus, ii. [48].
- Posca, iii. [266]; iv. [219].
- Posia, iii. [282], [283].
- Posias, vi. [280], [281].
- Posideum, i. [466].
- Posidonius (artist), vi. [139], [188].
- Posidonius (philosopher), i. [149].
- Posilippo, i. [214].
- Posis, vi. [285].
- Potamaugis, v. [65].
- Potamogiton, v. [172].
- Poterion, v. [128], [129], [262].
- Pothos, iv. [338].
- Potidæa, i. [300].
- Potter’s wheel, ii. [226].
- Pottery, invention of the art of, ii. [225]
- —works in, vi. [286], [287].
- Poultices, iv. [447].
- Poultry, the art of cramming, ii. [531]
- —law as to, [531]
- —remedies derived from, v. [399].
- Pozzuolane, iii. [420]; vi. [289], [373].
- Pozzuolo, i. [196].
- Præcordia, iii. [70].
- “Prælegare,” meaning of the word, vi. [87].
- Præneste, i. [201].
- Prætetianum, iii. [239].
- Prætexta, ii. [337], [338], [411], [447], [448]; vi. [72].
- Prætutia, i. [235]
- —wines of, iii. [242], [246].
- Pramnian wine, ii. [237].
- Prase, vi. [429].
- Prasii, ii. [52].
- Prasion (plant), iv. [268], [290], [291], [292].
- Prasion (stone), vi. [429].
- Prasoïdes, vi. [427].
- Prason, iii. [210].
- “Prata,” derivation of the word, iv. [12].
- Praxagoras, iv. [301].
- Praxiteles, ii. [185]; vi. [169], [177], [178], [272], [311], [312], [313].
- Precepts most useful in life, ii. [178].
- Precious stones, first use of, vi. [366]
- —engraving on, [389], [390]
- —defects in, vi. [411]
- —that suddenly make their appearance, [461]
- —artificial, [462], [463]
- —forms of, [462]
- —mode of testing, [463].
- Precocity, instances of human, ii. [158]
- —sign of an early death, [209]
- —in trees, iii. [389].
- Pregnancy, ii. [141].
- Prester, iv. [280], [474]; vi. [20].
- “Prevarication,” meaning of the word, iv. [64].
- Priaponnesus, i. [485].
- Priapus, i. [326], [485], [489].
- Prices, of trees, iii. [438], [439]
- —of drugs, vi. [143], [144]
- —immoderate, of statues, [163], [164].
- Priene, i. [467].
- Primary colours, iv. [326].
- Primipilus, iv. [394].
- Pristæ, vi. [173].
- Pristis, ii. [359].
- Privernian wine, iii. [241].
- Privet, iii. [372]; v. [32].
- Prochyta, i. [214].
- Procilius, ii. [354].
- Proconnesus, i. [496]; ii. [144].
- Procreation at will, v. [67].
- Proculeius, C., ii. [196]; vi. [376].
- Prodigies, i. [115], [116]; v. [280], [281], [282]
- —celestial, i. 596
- —connected with trees, iii. [526], [527]
- —connected with the hearth, vi. [384].
- Production of plants, the natural order of, iii. [379], [380].
- Products of trees, iii. [119].
- Prœtus, the daughters of, v. [96].
- Progeny, numerous, ii. [149], [150].
- Progne, i. [307].
- Prognostics, as to length of life, iii. [96]
- —derived from the sun, iv. [117], [118], [119]
- —from the moon, [119], [120]
- —from the stars, [120], [121]
- —from thunder, [121]
- —from clouds, [121]
- —from mists, [122]
- —from water, [122], [123]
- —from tempests, [123]
- —from aquatic animals and birds, [123], [124]
- —from quadrupeds, [124], [125]
- —from plants, [125]
- —from food, [125].
- Promenade, arched, vi. [339].
- Prometheus, ii. [226]; vi. [71], [386].
- Propagation of plants, iii. [461-467].
- Propolis, iii. [6], [7]; iv. [346], [434]; v. [22].
- Propontis, islands of, i. [496].
- Propylæum, vi. [318].
- Prose, first writer in, ii. [231].
- Proserpin, i. [219].
- Proserpinaca, v. [264].
- Prostypa, vi. [284].
- Protesilaüs, i. [297], [308]; iii. [431].
- Protogenes, vi. [188], [257], [258], [259], [264-267].
- Protropum, iii. [240], [250].
- Proverbs, i. [8], [10], [229]; vi. [256], [262].
- Pruning, iii. [509-515]
- —errors in, [531].
- Prusa, i. [493], [494].
- Prusias, i. [493]; ii. [154].
- Psetta, ii. [396].
- Pseudoanchusa, iv. [410].
- Pseudobunion, v. [61].
- Pseudodictamnon, v. [115], [116], [172].
- Pseudonard, iii. [120].
- Psimithium, vi. [219], [220].
- Psittacus, ii. [522], [523].
- Psoricon, vi. [199].
- Psychotrophon, v. [111], [112].
- Psylli, i. [393]; ii. [125], [289]; iii. [30]; v. [129].
- Psythium, iii. [248].
- Pteris, v. [245], [246].
- Pteron, vi. [317].
- Pterophoros, i. [336].
- Pterygia, v. [510].
- Ptisan, iv. [28], [29], [446].
- Ptolemæus, i. [440]; iii. [157]; vi. [260].
- Ptolemais, i. [396], [434]; ii. [94].
- Ptyas, v. [497].
- Publicani, vi. [84], [85].
- Publicius, ii. [147].
- Public-houses, ii. [459].
- Publius Syrus, ii. [344].
- Puce, ii. [450].
- Pucinum, wine of, iii. [239].
- Pulcher, Claudius, vi. [231].
- Pulegium, iv. [259], [260].
- Pulmentarium, iii. [303]; iv. [32].
- Pulmo marinus, ii. [458]; vi. [46].
- Puls, iv. [32], [443].
- Pulsation, v. [372].
- Pumpkins, iv. [157].
- Pumice, vi. [365], [366], [367].
- Punic apple, iii. [200], [201]; iv. [498-502].
- Punjaub, ii. [16].
- Pupils of the eyes, double, ii. [127], [128]
- —the nature of, iii. [52], [53].
- Purgatives, iv. [518], [519].
- Purification, vi. [292]
- —of the city of Rome, ii. [492], [493].
- Purple, i. [435]; ii. [442]-450
- —vestments, [442], [443]
- —when first used at Rome, [447].
- Purples, ii. [441]-445.
- Purpurariæ, ii. [106].
- Purpurissum, vi. [242].
- Purslain, iii. [204]; iv. [280], [281], [282].
- Purulent eruptions, remedies for, v. [357].
- Puteal, iii. [310].
- Puteoli, i. [196], [214].
- Pycnocomon, v. [175].
- Pydna, i. [298], [300].
- Pygargus, ii. [347], [482], [483].
- Pygmies, i. [306], [464]; ii. [101], [132].
- Pylos, i. [282].
- Pyracantha, v. [46].
- Pyrallis, ii. [551]; iii. [42].
- Pyramids of Egypt, i. [418]; vi. [335-338].
- Pyrausta, iii. [42].
- Pyren, vi. [459].
- Pyrene, i. [157].
- Pyrenees, i. [166], [360], [361], [363].
- Pyrgoteles, ii. [184]; vi. [389].
- Pyrites, vi. [359].
- Pyritis, vi. [460].
- Pyromachus, vi. [170], [183], [184].
- Pyropus, vi. [189].
- Pyrosachne, iii. [201].
- Pyrrhic dance, ii. [231].
- Pyrrho, ii. [160].
- Pyrrhocorax, ii. [529].
- Pyrrhopœcilon, vi. [331].
- Pyrrhus, King, i. [226]; ii. [128]; iii. [70]; v. [288]
- —his jewel, vi. [387], [388].
- Pythagoras (artist), vi. [168], [174].
- Pythagoras, the philosopher, i. [29], [52], [486]; vi. [159]
- —his opinion on beans, iv. [44]
- —his work on plants, v. [62], [63]
- —his visit to the East, [82].
- Pythagorean philosophers, i. [148], [149].
- Pythagorean philosophy, the, iii. [192].
- Pytheas (artist), vi. [140].
- Pytheas, the geographer, i. [150].
- Pythius, vi. [130].
- Pythonoscome, ii. [502].
- Pyxacanthus, Chironian, iii. [114].
- Q.
- Quadrupeds, prognostics derived from, iv. [124], [125].
- Quails, ii. [503], [504]
- —subject to epilepsy, [505]
- —not eaten, [505].
- Quartz, vi. [371], [372], [453].
- Queen-bee, iii. [10], [17].
- Quercus, iii. [346].
- Quicklime, vi. [373].
- Quicksets, iii. [499], [502].
- Quicksilver, swallowing of, iv. [220]
- —description of, vi. [113], [114].
- Quinces, i. [488]; iii. [392], [393], [398]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [496], [497].
- Quincunx, iii. [468].
- Quindecimviri, ii. [191]; v. [280].
- Quinquatria, iv. [159]; vi. [280].
- Quinquefolium, v. [122], [123].
- Quintii, family of the, vi. [78].
- Quinzy, remedies for, v. [161], [434], [435], [436].
- Quorra, i. [395].
- R.
- Rabbits, i. [212]; ii. [348], [349]
- —of Bætica have a double liver, iii. [70].
- Rabelais quoted, ii. [304], [414]; v. [427].
- Rachias, ii. [53].
- Radicula, iv. [148], [149]; v. [39], [40].
- Radishes, iv. [161-165], [215-218].
- Ragwort, v. [146].
- Raia, ii. [411].
- Rain, place where there is none, i. [123]
- —its influence upon plants, iii. [442], [443]
- —signs of, iv. [124].
- Rainbow, i. [89], [90]
- —its influence, iii. [451].
- Rain-water, v. [483].
- Raisin wine, iii. [249].
- Raisins of the sun, iii. [249]; iv. [463], [464].
- Ram, ii. [332]
- —in love with a woman, ii. [498].
- Rameses, i. [418].
- Rampions, iv. [507]; v. [72].
- Ranunculus, iv. [248], [379]; v. [148], [149], [150].
- Rape, iv. [47], [48], [161], [213], [214].
- Raphanos agria, v. [180], [181].
- Rascasse, vi. [30].
- Raspberry, v. [50].
- Ratumenna, the horses of, ii. [320].
- Raurici, i. [355].
- Raven, ii. [491], [492]
- —speaking, [524], [525]
- —used for hunting, [525].
- Ravenna, i. [241].
- Razors, invention of, ii. [237].
- Razor-sheath, ii. [547]; iii. [50].
- Realgar, vi. [220], [240].
- Reaping-hook, iv. [92].
- Reate, i. [133], [233]
- —asses of, ii. [323].
- Receding of the sea, i. [116], [117].
- Reclining-chairs, iii. [409].
- Red hair, iv. [483]; v. [342].
- Red ochre. [See] “Ochre.”
- Red Sea, ii. [66]
- —gulfs of, [91]
- —monsters of, [360]
- —trees of, iii. [117]
- —plants of, [211]
- —marvels of, vi. [5], [6].
- Reddle, vi. [363].
- Rediculus, the field of, ii. [525].
- Red-throat, ii. [511].
- Reed-beds, iii. [493].
- Reeds, iii. [403]-409; v. [35], [36]; vi. [58]
- —gigantic, ii. [129]; iii. [405]
- —scented, v. [36].
- Regal unguent, iii. [166].
- Reggio, i. [209], [243].
- Regillus, Lake, vi. [86].
- Register of the Triumphs, i. [497].
- Regret, deaths from, ii. [181].
- Regulus, Atilius, iv. [11].
- Reindeer, ii. [304].
- Relief, vi. [454].
- Religious ideas attached to certain parts of the body, iii. [88].
- Religious observances, iii. [92].
- Remedies derived from man, v. [276], [277], [278], [286], [287], [288]
- —from the dead, [292], [293].
- Remora, ii. [412], [413], [414]; vi. [2], [3].
- Rennet, ii. [298]; iii. [84].
- Repositorium, ii. [379]; iv. [125]; vi. [132].
- Reproduction of stone, vi. [358].
- Reseda, v. [265], [266].
- Resemblance, of children to parents, ii. [145]
- —strong, instances of, [145]-148.
- Resin, iii. [361], [362], [363]
- —cedar, [179]
- —medicinal properties of, v. [15], [16], [17].
- Respiration, iii. [67], [97]
- —of insects, ii. [3]
- —of fish, [367], [368].
- Reticulated building, vi. [373].
- Revolutions of the planets, i. [27-31].
- Rex, Q. Marcius, vi. [352].
- Rex Sacrorum, iii. [66].
- Reynolds, Sir Joshua, quoted, vi. [263].
- Rhacoma, v. [265].
- Rhagiane, ii. [28].
- Rhamnos (plant), v. [50].
- Rhamnus (place), i. [290].
- Rhamsesis, vi. [331], [332].
- Rhætian wines, iii. [242].
- Rhenus, i. [348], [349], [350].
- Rhegium, i. [208], [209], [216].
- Rhine, i. [348], [349], [350].
- Rhinoceros, ii. [278]; iii. [46], [89], [90].
- Rhinocolura, i. [425].
- Rhion, i. [275].
- Rhizophora mangle, iii. [117].
- Rhodanus, i. [175].
- Rhodes, described, i. [483]
- —wines of, iii. [248]
- —Colossus of, vi. [165].
- Rhodinum, iii. [160], [289].
- Rhoditis, vi. [461].
- Rhododendron, iii. [373], [374]; v. [37].
- Rhodope, i. [272], [299], [303].
- Rhodopis, vi. [338].
- Rhodussæ, i. [496].
- Rhœas, iv. [278], [379].
- Rhœcus, vi. [283], [342].
- Rhœteum, i. [477].
- Rhoïtes, iii. [257].
- Rhombus, ii. [389], [396], [452].
- Rhone, i. [175].
- Rhopalon, v. [107].
- Rhubarb, v. [265].
- Rhus, v. [38]
- —erythros, [38].
- Rhysaddir, i. [385].
- Ribes, iii. [74].
- Rice, iv. [28].
- Riches, immense, instances of, vi. [93], [94], [129], [130], [131].
- Ricinus (plant), iii. [287].
- Ridicule, how expressed, iii. [55].
- Rimini, i. [241].
- Ringdove, ii. [508], [518].
- Rings, curtain, iii. [183]
- —gold, vi. [71-75]
- —right of wearing, [76]
- —how worn, [80].
- Riphæan Mountains, i. [336]; ii. [23].
- Risardir, i. [379].
- River-crab, vi. [23].
- River-frog, vi. [21].
- River-snail, vi. [24].
- Rivers, wonders of, i. [131-138].
- Roach, ii. [391].
- Rob, iii. [249].
- Robigalia, iv. [99].
- Robur, excrescences of the, v. [6].
- Rocket (plant), iv. [250], [251].
- Rocks split with vinegar, iv. [480].
- Rodarum, v. [69], [70].
- Rome, described, i. [202]
- —sway of, v. [218]
- —tutelary deity of, [282]
- —siege of, by the Gauls, vi. [75], [76]
- —painters of, [229], [230], [231]
- —paintings exhibited at, [231]-234
- —marvellous buildings at, [345]-355.
- Romulus, i. [202], [204]; iv. [3]; vi. [158]
- —his inspection of wines, iii. [252]
- —and Remus, suckled by a wolf, iii. [310].
- Roots, of trees, iii. [393]
- —loosening of, [390], [394]
- —of plants, [491], [492]; iv. [170]
- —plants without, [142].
- Ropes, materials for, iv. [141].
- Roscius, the actor, ii. [185].
- Rosemary, iv. [203]; v. [40].
- Roses, iv. [310-314], [364], [365], [366]
- —of Pæstum, i. [208]
- —oil of, iii. [289].
- Rostra, ii. [238]; iii. [342]; vi. [156].
- Rostrum, iii. [342].
- Royal disease, why jaundice was so called, iv. [488].
- Rubellio, vi. [57].
- Rubellite, vi. [405].
- Rubeta, ii. [298]; iii. [98]; iv. [102]; v. [128], [303]; vi. [22].
- Rubia, iv. [148]; v. [38], [39].
- Rubico, i. [241].
- “Rubric,” the word, vi. [123].
- Rubrica, vi. [120], [236], [237].
- Rubrius, the actor, ii. [147].
- Ruby, vi. [420-425].
- Rue, iv. [191], [192], [252-256].
- Rufus, Julius, v. [154].
- Rufus, Messala, ii. [239].
- Rufus, P. Cornelius, ii. [206].
- Rufus, Suillius, ii. [140].
- Rufus, Vibius, iii. [276].
- Rumex, iii. [7]; iv. [287].
- Ruminalis, iii. [310].
- Rumination, ii. [549], [550].
- Rumpotinus, iii. [219]; v. [69].
- Runners have the spleen cauterized, iii. [73].
- Rupicapra, ii. [346], [347].
- Ruptures, remedies for, v. [205].
- Ruscus, iv. [521]
- —hypophyllum, [518].
- Rush, iii. [403], [411]; iv. [361]
- —sweet-scented, iii. [144]; iv. [364].
- Rust, vi. [209], [210], [211].
- Rut, earth from a, v. [429].
- Rutubis, i. [379].
- Rutupæ, oysters of, vi. [27].
- Rye, iv. [31], [52].
- S.
- Saave, i. [263].
- Saba, iii. [124].
- Sabæi, ii. [87]; iii. [124].
- Sabbath, v. [480].
- Sabelli, i. [232].
- Sabini, i. [191], [234], [235].
- Sabinus Fabianus, iv. [126].
- Sabinus, Masurius, ii. [239].
- Sabinus, Titius, ii. [313].
- Sabis, the divinity, iii. [128].
- Sabota, iii. [128].
- Sabrata, i. [399].
- Sacæ, ii. [33], [34].
- Sacal, vi. [399].
- Saccharon, iii. [114].
- Sachets, iii. [166].
- Sacopenium, iv. [195], [196], [274], [275].
- Sacrament, the Holy, a possible reference to, v. [427].
- Sacred rites, wines not used in, iii. [263].
- Sæpia (fish), ii. [359], [389], [416], [417]; vi. [31]
- —ink of the, [58].
- Sæpia (colour), vi. [241].
- Sætabis, i. [170].
- Saffron, iv. [319], [320], [321], [370].
- Saffron-water, iv. [321].
- Sagapenon, iv. [195], [196], [274], [275].
- Sagaris, ii. [2].
- Sagda, vi. [456].
- Sage, iv. [449], [450]; v. [164].
- Sagmen, iv. [391].
- Saguntum, i. [166]
- —Temple at, iii. [424].
- Sailcloth, iv. [132].
- Sails, invention of, ii. [235].
- Saïs, i. [408], [421].
- Sala, i. [377].
- Salads, iv. [153].
- Salamander, ii. [545], [546]
- —eaten by the wild boar, iii. [98]
- —poisonous, [98]
- —remedies from, v. [397].
- Salamis, i. [315].
- Salarian Way, v. [506].
- Salerno, School of health at, i. [207]; iv. [167], [214], [223].
- Salernum, i. [207].
- Salicastrum, iv. [465], [466].
- Salii, iv. [309].
- Salinuca, iv. [325], [372].
- Salivation, v. [254].
- Sallee, i. [377].
- Sallustius Dionysius, v. [523].
- Salmon, ii. [404].
- Salona, i. [259].
- Saloniani, ii. [150].
- Salpa, ii. [404].
- Salpe, v. [369].
- Salsugo, v. [506], [507].
- Salt, why the sea is, i. [129], [130]
- —towers of, ii. [84]
- —good for cattle, [549]
- —water, plants benefited by, iv. [201]
- —an account of, v. [500-506]
- —nature of, [509-512]
- —“Salt,” figurative use of the word, [505], [506].
- Salted cake, iv. [4].
- Salted fish, vi. [20], [21].
- Salted wines, iii. [247], [248].
- Saltpans, v. [503].
- Saltpetre, v. [512].
- Salvia, iv. [449], [450]; v. [164].
- Salvitto, ii. [147]; vi. [225].
- Salvius, ii. [161].
- Samaria described, i. [425], [427].
- Sammonium, i. [313].
- Samnites, i. [232]
- —their arms, ii. [160].
- Samolus, v. [42].
- Samos, i. [485]
- —earth of, vi. [298]
- —stone of, v. [365].
- Samosata, i. [443].
- Samothrace, i. [324]
- —rings of, vi. [79].
- Samothracia (stone), vi. [456].
- Sampsuchinum, iii. [163].
- Sampsuchum, iv. [334], [335], [378], [370].
- Sancus, the divinity, ii. [336].
- Sand, used in bread, iv. [37]
- —various kinds of, v. [490], [499]
- —used for cutting marble, vi. [326]
- —for making glass, [379], [381].
- Sandalides, iii. [175].
- Sandaliotis, i. [216].
- Sandaraca, vi. [220], [239], [240].
- Sandaraca (of bees), iii. [7].
- Sandaresos, vi. [424].
- Sandastros, vi. [423], [424].
- Sandix, v. [39]; vi. [240].
- Sangarius, ii. [3].
- Sangenon, vi. [417], [436].
- Sangualis, ii. [487].
- Sanguiculus, v. [348].
- Sanguinaria, v. [259], [260].
- Sanguisuga, ii. [259].
- Sanni Heniochi, ii. [10].
- Santarem, vi. [216].
- Santerna, vi. [110].
- Saone, i. [175].
- Sap of trees, iii. [379], [383]; v. [164].
- Sapa, iii. [248], [264], [269], [270]; iv. [481], [482]
- —lees of, [484].
- Sapenos, vi. [433].
- Sapphire, vi. [420], [427], [434], [435], [437].
- Sapphiros, vi. [432].
- Sappho, i. [274]; iv. [398].
- Sappinia, iii. [292].
- Saraceni, i. [422].
- Saracens, ii. [88].
- Sarcitis, vi. [456].
- Sarcocolla, iii. [185]; v. [52].
- Sarcophagus, i. [124]; vi. [357].
- Sarda, vi. [418], [420], [425], [426], [443].
- Sardanapalus, i. [447].
- Sardes, i. [465].
- Sardines, v. [264].
- Sardinia, i. [215]
- —earth of, vi. [300].
- Sardonic laugh, ii. [208].
- Sardonyx, vi. [387], [417], [418].
- Sarepta, i. [435].
- Saripha, iii. [207].
- Sarmatæ, i. [329]
- —their horses, ii. [320].
- Sarmati, i. [344].
- Samiatia described, i. [329].
- Saronic Gulf, i. [278], [285].
- Sarpedon, his letter, iii. [193].
- Sarsaparilla plant, iii. [402].
- Sartago, iii. [362].
- Sasernæ, the, ii. [554].
- Sasonis, i. [267].
- Satarchæ, i. [333].
- Satrapies, ii. [50], [51], [57].
- Saturnia, i. [204].
- Saturninus, L. Volusius, ii. [150]; iii. [79].
- Satyrion, v. [190], [191], [192].
- Satyrs, i. [406]; ii. [132], [348], [549].
- Satyrus, vi. [467].
- Sauritis, vi. [456].
- Sauromatæ, ii. [13].
- Saurus (artist), vi. [322].
- Saurus (fish), vi. [38].
- Savin, v. [41].
- Savus, i. [263].
- Sawfish, ii. [359].
- Saxifragum, iv. [415], [416], [417].
- Saxum, vi. [300].
- Scævola, Q. Mutius, iii. [275].
- Scalabis, i. [365].
- Scaldis, i. [353].
- Scales, ii. [405]
- —fish without, v. [508].
- Scales of iron, vi. [211], [212].
- Scallions, iv. [171], [173].
- Scallops, ii. [417]; vi. [43], [44].
- Scamander, i. [476].
- Scammony, v. [176], [177].
- Scandia, i. [351].
- Scandinavia, i. [343]
- —the island of, ii. [263].
- Scandix, iv. [349], [423].
- Scapus, iii. [189].
- Scarabæus, v. [416], [454]
- —nasicornis, iii. [34].
- Scaritis, vi. [459].
- Scars, obliteration of, v. [209], [210], [260].
- Scarus, ii. [400], [401].
- Scaurus, M., vi. [163], [306], [307], [349], [350], [390].
- Scenitæ, i. [422], [445]; ii. [74], [83], [86].
- Scepsis, i. [474].
- Scheda, iii. [190].
- Schillerspath, vi. [412].
- Schirri, ii. [151].
- Schistos, vi. [363].
- Schœni, v. [64].
- Schorl, vi. [453].
- Sciadeus, vi. [64].
- Sciæna, ii. [393].
- Sciapodæ, ii. [130].
- Sciatica, v. [441].
- Scilly Islands, i. [367]; vi. [212].
- Scincus, ii. [288]; v. [318].
- Scinde, ii. [51].
- Scio, i. [486].
- Scipio Africanus, the Elder, ii. [143]; iii. [235].
- Scipio Africanus, the Younger, ii. [525]; vi. [132]
- —his funeral mentioned, ii. [194]
- —the first who shaved constantly, [237].
- Scipio, L., Asiaticus, i. [4].
- Scipio, L., his memory, ii. [164].
- Scipio, Metellus, ii. [355].
- Scipios, nickname given to the, ii. [147].
- Scironian Rocks, i. [289].
- Scolex of copper, vi. [197], [198].
- Scolopendra, ii. [452]; iii. [35]; v. [417].
- Scolymos, iv. [299], [353], [354], [425], [426].
- Scomber, ii. [386]; v. [508].
- Scopa regia, iv. [318]; v. [95].
- Scopas, vi. [313], [314], [316], [317], [324], [343].
- Scops, ii. [530], [531].
- Scordotis, v. [102].
- Scoria of copper, vi. [194].
- Scoria of lead, vi. [218].
- Scorpæna, ii. [464]; vi. [64].
- Scorpio (plant), iv. [350], [352], [405]; v. [128], [270].
- Scorpion, iv. [381], [414]; v. [222], [284]
- —which injures the natives only, ii. [354]
- —an account of, iii. [29], [30], [31]
- —winged, [30]
- —remedies for the sting of, v. [330], [331].
- Scorpion-fly, iii. [30].
- Scorpion-grass, iv. [350], [352], [405]; v. [110].
- Scorpitis, vi. [459].
- Scorpiuron, iv. [413], [414], [415].
- Screech-owl, ii. [492]
- —with teats, iii. [82].
- Scripture quoted, i. [156], [201], [304], [380], [418], [422], [423], [425], [426], [428], [429], [430], [431], [432], [433], [434], [435], [436], [440], [442], [452], [456], [457], [460], [474], [492]; ii. [75], [90]; iv. [122], [397]; v. [425], [509]; vi. [30], [79], [115], [259].
- Scrofa, G. Tremellius, iii. [99].
- Scrofula, why so called, ii. [343]
- —remedies for, v. [161], [162], [342], [434], [435], [436]; vi. [37].
- Sculptors, celebrated, vi. [308-323].
- Sculptures at Rome, vi. [315], [316].
- Scumbling, vi. [263], [265].
- Scutari, i. [495].
- Scutcheons, grafting by, iii. [483], [484], [485].
- Scybelites, iii. [248].
- Scylacium, i. [222].
- Scylla, i. [209], [216], [217].
- Scyllæum, i. [209], [284].
- Scyllis, vi. [278], [380].
- Scyritæ, ii. [131].
- Scyros, i. [319], [321].
- Scythe, iv. [91], [92].
- Scythia, described, i. [329], [330]; ii. [36]
- —the peoples and tribes of, [34], [122]; v. [110], [111]
- —the animals of, ii. [262].
- Scythian Ocean, ii. [23].
- Scythians, their cavalry, ii. [318]
- —poison their arrows, iii. [97], [98].
- Scythice, v. [110]. [111], [163].
- Scythopolis, i. [432].
- Sea, the, i. [97], [98], [128], [129], [130]
- —receding of, [116], [117]
- —ebb and flow of, [124-128]
- —largest animals in, ii. [358], [361]
- —monsters of, [359], [460]
- —animals of, [459], [460]
- —a list of, vi. [59-65]
- —water of, mixed with wines, iii. [247]
- —remedies derived from, v. [496], [497], [498]
- —voyages by, advantages of, [496], [497].
- Sea-blackbird, ii. [389].
- Sea-cabbage, iv [241]; vi. [39].
- Sea-calf, ii. [298], [369], [380], [381]; vi. [24].
- Sea-dogs, or dogfish, ii. [377], [433], [456], [457], [458].
- Sea-dragon, ii. [416].
- Sea-eagle, great, ii. [482], [483].
- Sea-elephant, ii. [364].
- Sea-fennel, v. [141].
- Sea-fish, when first eaten at Rome, vi. [10].
- Sea-fleas, ii. [459],
- Sea-fox, ii. [452].
- Sea-frog, ii. [412], [452]; vi. [21].
- Sea-hare, iii. [59], [460]; v. [332]; vi. [4], [5].
- Sea-holly, iv. [397].
- Sea-kite, ii. [415].
- Sea-lice, ii. [459]; vi. [33].
- Sea-lizard, vi. [33].
- Sea-locust, ii. [423], [424].
- Sea-lungs, ii. [458]; vi. [46].
- Sea-men, ii. [363]; vi. [60].
- Sea-mew, ii. [513].
- Sea-mice, ii. [406], [466]; iii. [59]; vi. [29].
- Sea-monster to which Andromeda was exposed, ii. [364].
- Sea-needle, ii. [466].
- Sea-nettle, ii. [453], [454]; v. [187].
- Sea-ram, ii. [364], [452].
- Sea-raven, vi. [61].
- Sea-scallop, ii. [248], [249].
- Sea-scorpion, vi. [53].
- Sea-serpents, ii. [362].
- Sea-snails, preserves for, ii. [470].
- Sea-sparrow, ii. [407].
- Sea-spider, ii. [416], [460].
- Sea-stars, ii. [458], [474]; vi. [19].
- Sea-swallow, ii. [415].
- Sea-thrush, ii. [389].
- Sea-trees, ii. [362]; vi. [60].
- Sea-urchin, ii. [427]; iii. [58]; vi. [25].
- Sea-weasel, vi. [12].
- Sea-weed, v. [193], [232]; vi. [28].
- Sea-wheels, ii. [363], [467].
- Sea-wolves, ii. [488].
- Sea-wort, iv. [21]; vi. [39].
- Seals (animals), ii. [369]; vi. [74], [79].
- Seals (for letters), vi. [389], [390], [431].
- Sealskin, vi. [46].
- Seasons, the, i. [66], [67], [68]
- —for sowing, iv. [72], [73], [74]
- —epochs of, [78], [79]
- —signs of, [93], [94].
- Sebaste, i. [427].
- Sebastia, ii. [6].
- Sebennys, wine of, iii. [246].
- Sebosus, i. [147].
- Secale, iv. [52].
- Secundilla, the giantess, ii. [157].
- Secundus, Pomponius, ii. [238].
- Securidaca, v. [262].
- Sedigitæ, iii. [86].
- Sedition caused by a raven speaking, ii. [524].
- Sedum, iv. [58]; v. [144].
- Seed, iii. [460], [461]
- —quality of, iv. [69], [70]
- —at what age unproductive, [69], [70].
- Seed-plots, iii. [464-467].
- Segesta, iv. [4].
- Segobriga, i. [171].
- Segontia, i. [172].
- Seia, iv. [4]; vi. [370].
- Σελάχη, ii. [412].
- Selago, v. [41], [42].
- Selenite, vi. [368], [369].
- Selenitis, vi. [456].
- Selenomancy, vi. [449].
- Seleucia, i. [438], [440]; ii. [73].
- Seleucides, ii. [507].
- Selgicum, iii. [290]; iv. [494].
- Selinus, i. [218], [220], [448].
- Selinusian earth, vi. [299].
- Sellæ, i. [272].
- Semiramis, ii. [6], [33]; vi. [93]
- —in love with a horse, ii. [318].
- Semnion, v. [65].
- Semper mustum, iii. [249].
- Seneca, L., Annæus, ii. [114]; iii. [235]
- —his works quoted, i. [60], [61], [64], [70], [73], [77], [81], [83], [85], [92], [97], [101], [113], [114], [117], [119], [121], [128], [132], [135], [136], [413], [414]; ii. [40], [76].
- Senogallia, i. [238].
- Senones, i. [243], [356].
- Senses, ii. [546], [547].
- Sensitive plant, v. [67].
- Sensitiveness of water animals, ii. [451].
- Sentiments, expression of the, iii. [95].
- Sentius, C., iii. [255].
- Sepiussa, i. [485].
- Seplasia, iii. [357]; vi. [143], [195].
- Seps, iv. [516]; v. [407].
- Septa, iii. [419]; vi. [316].
- Septentrional Ocean, i. [341]; ii. [20].
- Septimuleius, vi. [91].
- Septuagint, i. [479].
- Sepulchres adorned with chaplets, iv. [308].
- Sequani, i. [355].
- Seræ, ii. [54], [55].
- Serapias, v. [189], [190].
- Serapio, vi. [269].
- Serapion, the philosopher, i. [149].
- Serenus, Annæus, poisoned, iv. [430].
- Seres, ii. [35], [132]; iii. [101], [107], [117]; vi. [208], [465], [466].
- Sergius, M., his valour, ii. [172].
- Sergius, Paulus, i. [148].
- Serica, ii. [36].
- Serichatum, iii. [142].
- Seriphium, v. [235]; vi. [41].
- Seriphus, i. [318].
- Seris, iv. [235].
- Serpent-charmers, ii. [125]; iii. [58].
- Serpentine, vi. [367].
- Serpents, i. [92], [194], [212]
- —their power of fascination, ii. [261]
- —of immense size, [261], [262]
- —their combats with stags, [301], [302]
- —that injure strangers only, [253], [254]
- —oviparous, [540]
- —produced from human marrow, [545]
- —how driven away, [548]
- —suck eggs, [548], [549]
- —liking for wine, [549]
- —attacked by the spider, [552]
- —affection shown by, [552]
- —teeth of, iii. [57], [58]
- —poison of, [57], [58]
- —with feet, [90]
- —eaten by swine, [97]
- —a shrub full of, [115]
- —their antipathy to certain trees, [365], [366]
- —remedies for injuries inflicted by, v. [118], [119], [328], [329], [330], [392], [396], [397]; vi. [20].
- Serpents’ eggs (adder gems), v. [388], [389], [390].
- Serpents’ Island, i. [331].
- Serrani, family of the, iv. [132].
- Serranus, iv. [9].
- Serratula, v. [111], [112].
- Sertorius, Q., i. [166]; ii. [168]; iv. [394]
- —and the white hind, ii. [301].
- Serum, iii. [84].
- Servia, i. [264].
- Servility condemned, iii. [217].
- Servius on Virgil quoted, i. [194], [410], [455].
- Servius Tullius, King, i. [143]; vi. [384].
- Sesambri, ii. [103].
- Sesame, ii. [90]; iv. [36], [444].
- Sesamoïdes, iv. [444], [445].
- Sesculysses, i. [8].
- Seselis, ii. [299].
- Sesostris, ii. [92]; vi. [94].
- Sesothes, vi. [331].
- Sestos, i. [308]; ii. [486].
- Setia, i. [195].
- Setine wines, iii. [239]; iv. [471].
- Sevenfold echo, vi. [345].
- Severus, Cassius, v. [288].
- Sewers at Rome, vi. [347], [348].
- Sex, indications of, before birth, ii. [141]
- —changes of, [138]
- —children of one, [149]
- —of issue, how ensured, v. [93], [289]
- —in trees, iii. [359].
- Sextiæ, v. [472].
- Sextilius, v. [368].
- Sexual congress, the, v. [292], [297].
- Sexual parts of animals, iii. [91], [92].
- Sexual passions, stimulants of the, v. [365], [366].
- And [see] “Aphrodisiacs.”
- Shad, vi. [65].
- Shadows, when and where there are none, i. [107], [108]
- —thrown by trees, iii. [473].
- Shaking lands, i. [122].
- Shakspeare quoted, ii. [143], [153].
- Shame, iii. [80].
- Sharks, ii. [456], [457], [458].
- And [see] “Dog-fish.”
- Shaving, the practice of, ii. [236], [237].
- Sheba, ii. [87].
- Sheep, ii. [331]
- —their propagation, [331]
- —covered, [332]
- —colonic, [332]
- —their wool, [333], [334], [335]
- —shapes of, [338], [339].
- She-goat, destructive to the olive, iii. [291], [292].
- Shell-fish, ii. [458]
- —various kinds of, [428], [429]
- —why honoured at Cnidos, [413], [414]
- —generation of, [463].
- Shells of Venus, ii. [429].
- Shepherd’s dog, ii. [315].
- Shields, invention of, ii. [227]
- —with portraits, vi. [227], [228].
- Shingles (disease), v. [24], [199].
- Shingles (for building), iii. [101], [355].
- Ships, invention of, ii. [233], [234]
- —of war, [234], [235], [236]
- —building of, iii. [416]
- —colouring of, vi. [245].
- Shiverings, cold, remedies for, v. [449], [450].
- Shoes, invention of, ii. [224]
- —mullet-coloured, [402].
- Shooting stars, iv. [120].
- Shop-paper, iii. [189].
- Shortlived trees, iii. [432].
- Shortness of life, indications of, iii. [96].
- Shoulders, remedies for diseases of, v. [436].
- Showers of milk, blood, flesh, iron, wool, and tiles, i. [87], [88].
- Shrewmouse, its bite venomous, ii. [353].
- Shrubs, wines made from, iii. [260]
- —used for training the vine, [495-517].
- Shushan, ii. [62].
- Sibyl, i. [474]; ii. [179]
- —her books, iii. [193].
- Sicelicon, v. [135].
- Sicily described, i. [216].
- Sickle, iv. [91], [92].
- Sicyon, i. [280].
- Side, which is the strongest, ii. [158]
- —remedies for pains and affections in the, v. [164], [440], [441].
- Sideboards, vi. [132], [135].
- Sideration, iii. [520].
- Siderite, vi. [407].
- Siderites, vi. [407].
- Sideritis (plant), v. [94], [95], [162].
- Sideritis (a stone), vi. [355], [454], [456], [457].
- Sideropœcilos, vi. [456], [457].
- Sidon, i. [435]; vi. [380].
- Siege, usages at, v. [281], [282].
- Sieve, plants that grow in a, v. [69].
- Siga, i. [385].
- Sigeum, i. [308], [476].
- Sight, acuteness of, ii. [162]
- —theory of, iii. [50], [51], [52]
- —mole destitute of, iii. [50]
- —of snails, iii. [50].
- Sigilmessa, i. [382].
- Signets, vi. [74], [79], [81], [389], [390].
- Signia, i. [201].
- Signine composition, vi. [288].
- Signine wines, iii. [241]; iv. [471].
- Signum, vi. [167].
- Siguenza, i. [172].
- Sikhs, ii. [47].
- Sil, vi. [140], [141].
- Silanion, vi. [169], [183].
- Silanus, D., iii. [275]; iv. [10].
- Silanus, M., ii. [149].
- Silaüs, v. [186].
- Sile, iv. [221].
- Siler, v. [31].
- Silex, vi. [371], [372].
- Sili, v. [71].
- Silicia, iv. [51], [52]; v. [74], [75].
- Siligo, iv. [29], [32], [33], [35], [440].
- Siliqua, iii. [181], [368].
- Siliquastrum, iv. [267], [268].
- Silk, ii. [36]; iii. [26], [27], [377]; v. [273]
- —or cotton, alluded to, ii. [131]
- —vestments of, iii. [26], [27]
- —chaplets of, iv. [309].
- Silkworm, iii. [25], [26]
- —larvæ of, [25]
- —of Cos, [26].
- Sillig, his labours on Pliny, iv. [519]; v. [272]; vi. [1].
- Sillybum, iv. [425]; v. [168].
- “Silo,” the name, iii. [56].
- Silphium, i. [396], [398]; iv. [431], [432].
- Silures, i. [351].
- Silurus, i. [410]; ii. [108], [382], [383].
- Silver, used on the stage, vi. [94]
- —how found, [111], [112], [113]
- —scoria of, [116]
- —gilding of, [124]
- —testing of, [125], [126]
- —colouring and enamelling of, [128]
- —various uses of, [137], [138]
- —artists in, [138], [139], [140].
- Silver chalk, iii. [454]; vi. [301].
- Silver lead, vi. [191].
- Silver mines, vi. [112].
- Silver plate, luxury in, vi. [131], [132]
- —frugality of the ancients in, [132], [133]
- —enormous prices of, [135], [136].
- Simia hamadryas, ii. [348].
- Simiæ, menstruation of the, ii. [151].
- Similago, iv. [34].
- Simoïs, i. [476].
- Simon, vi. [187].
- Simonides, i. [322]; ii. [165], [231].
- Simonides, the Younger, ii. [116].
- Simus, the writer, iv. [388].
- “Simus,” the name, iii. [56].
- Sindbad, the Sailor, and the story of Aristomenes, iii. [66].
- Sindos, ii. [13].
- Sinews, remedies for diseases and affections of, v. [202], [203], [358], [457], [458]; vi. [50].
- Singara, i. [444].
- Singing, aided by plates of lead, vi. [216].
- Singing of birds, iii. [94]
- —how prevented, vi. [272].
- Sinigaglia, i. [238].
- “Sinister,” meaning of the word, vi. [72].
- Sinon, ii. [229].
- Sinope, ii. [4].
- Sinopis, vi. [235], [236].
- Sinuessa, v. [474].
- Siphnus, i. [318].
- Sipontum, i. [227].
- Sipylum, i. [470].
- Siræum, iii. [248].
- Sirbonian Lake, i. [425].
- Sirbytum, ii. [103].
- Sirenes (bees), iii. [17].
- Sirens, i. [197]; ii. [530].
- Siriasis, iv. [414]; v. [465], [466], [467].
- Sirius, ii. [316]; iii. [11].
- Sisymbrium, iv. [197], [293].
- Sittacene, ii. [78].
- Sium, iv. [424], [425]; v. [172].
- Size, instances of unusual, ii. [155], [156], [157].
- Skarpanto, i. [483].
- Skate, vi. [33].
- Skin, coverings of the, iii. [81].
- Skirrets, iv. [166-169], [220].
- Sky, colours of the, i. [60], [61]
- —rattling of arms in, [88].
- Slabs of marble, vi. [324], [325], [326].
- Slave-dealing, ii. [148]; iv. [381].
- Slavery, introduction of, ii. [227].
- Slaves, iii. [373]; iv. [9], [381]; vi. [79], [81], [129], [130], [302]
- —sold at high prices, ii. [185], [186].
- Sleep, of fish, ii. [367]
- —of other animals, [552], [553]
- —the mind retiring into itself in, ii. [553]
- —animals without, iii. [48]
- —provocatives of, v. [467].
- Slips, propagation by, iii. [464].
- Slugs, v. [409].
- Smaragdus, vi. [388], [408], [414].
- Smarides, vi. [45].
- Smegma, vi. [204].
- Smell of juices, iii. [325], [326].
- Smilax, the maiden, and the youth Crocus, iii. [402].
- Smilax, the plant, iii. [402].
- Smilis, vi. [342].
- Smintheus, i. [475].
- Smoked wines, iv. [473].
- Smoke-plant, v. [142].
- Smoking, instances of the practice of, iv. [362]; v. [55], [164], [356]; vi. [220].
- Smoothing of paper, iii. [190].
- Smyrna, i. [470].
- Smyrnium, iv. [203]; v. [266], [267].
- Smyrus, vi. [64].
- Snails, ii. [311]
- —valued as a food, [312]
- —destitute of sight, iii. [50]
- —used as a diet, v. [437], [438]
- —remedies derived from, [463].
- Snapdragon, v. [131].
- Sneezing, v. [297].
- Snow, region of, i. [336]
- —reddened by insects, iii. [42]
- —used for cooling water, v. [486].
- Snow-partridge, ii. [529].
- Snow-water, v. [483].
- Soap, v. [342].
- Soapstone, vi. [368], [458].
- Soapwort, v. [162].
- Social War, vi. [78].
- Socondion, vi. [433].
- Socrates (artist), vi. [277], [318].
- Socrates (philosopher), his sedateness, ii. [159]
- —the wisest of men, [178]; vi. [159]
- —how put to death, v. [140].
- Soft fish, ii. [416].
- Soft stones, vi. [371].
- Sogdiani, ii. [33].
- Soils, the various kinds of, iii. [446-455]
- —crops adapted to certain, iv. [59], [60].
- Solanum, v. [266].
- Soldering of metals, vi. [111].
- Sole (fish), ii. [388], [396].
- “Solecism,” origin of the word, i. [448].
- Solen, ii. [547]; iii. [50]; vi. [64].
- Soles of the feet, iii. [89]
- —perfumed, [167].
- Soli, i. [448].
- Solinus quoted, i. [202], [234], [333]
- —a mistake by, ii. [137].
- Solipuga, ii. [295]; iv. [445]; v. [403].
- Solis gemma, vi. [456].
- Solo, iv. [303].
- Solstice, the winter, iv. [82], [83]
- —the summer, [92-97].
- Solstitial grapes, iii. [256].
- Somphus, iv. [212].
- Sonchos, iv. [426], [427]; v. [314].
- Sonticus morbus, vi. [361].
- Sophocles, iv. [387]
- —his burial, ii. [174]
- —his death, [213]
- —his works quoted, iv. [25], [375].
- Soracte, i. [121]; ii. [128].
- Soranus, Valerius, i. [11], [102].
- Sorbs, iii. [314]; iv. [512].
- Soriculata, v. [273].
- Sornatius, v. [522].
- Sorrel, iv. [287]; v. [258].
- Sorus, vi. [64].
- Sory, vi. [198], [199].
- Sosigenes, i. [30], [148]; iv. [76].
- Sosimenes, iv. [302].
- Sostratus, vi. [174], [339].
- Sotacus, vi. [385].
- Sotades, i. [498].
- Sotira, v. [368].
- Souchet, iv. [383].
- Soul, its immortality denied, ii. [218]
- —in plants, iii. [101].
- Sour apples, iv. [497].
- Sour-krout, iv. [167], [236].
- Southernwood, iv. [334], [377], [378]; v. [106], [232].
- Sow, womb of the, iii. [75]
- —a great delicacy, [75].
- Sow-bread, v. [125], [126].
- Sow-thistle, iv. [426], [427].
- Sowing, rotation in, iv. [68]
- —seed required for, [71], [72]
- —proper times for, [72], [73], [74]
- —winter, [79], [80].
- Spa, v. [476].
- Spagas, iii. [265].
- Spain described, i. [153], [160]
- —how colonized, [157]
- —its minerals, [173], [174]
- —its high rank among nations, vi. [465].
- Spalatro, i. [259].
- Spanish broom, v. [28].
- Sparganion, v. [122], [123].
- Sparrow, ii. [518].
- Sparta, i. [283].
- Spartacus, iii. [331]; vi. [93].
- Spartel, i. [374].
- Sparus, vi. [457].
- Spartopolias, vi. [460].
- Spartum, iii. [7], [187]; iv. [139-142]; v. [28], [29].
- Spathe, iii. [155]; iv. [495], [496].
- Specillum, ii. [215].
- Specular iron, vi. [356], [363].
- Specular stone, iv. [344]; vi. [368], [369].
- Spells. [See] “Magic.”
- Spelt, iv. [19], [24], [31], [32].
- Sperchius, i. [293].
- Sphacos, iv. [449], [450]; v. [12].
- Sphæromancy, v. [427].
- Sphæx, iii. [24].
- Sphagnos, iii. [145], [146]; v. [12].
- Sphere, invention of the, ii. [230].
- Sphingia, ii. [95], [100].
- Sphingium, ii. [549].
- Sphinx, ii. [118], [279]; vi. [167], [389]
- —Egyptian, [336], [337].
- Sphondyle, v. [271].
- Sphragis, vi. [237], [431].
- Sphyrene, vi. [66].
- Spiders, attack the serpent, ii. [552]
- —an account of, iii. [27]
- —their webs, [27], [28]
- —generation of, [29]
- —remedies derived from, v. [415], [416].
- Spignel, iv. [295], [296].
- Spikenard, iii. [120].
- Spilumene, vi. [177].
- Spina regia, iii. [107], [208].
- Spinal marrow, iii. [63].
- Spinelle ruby, vi. [420].
- Spinning, invention of, ii. [224]; iv. [136].
- Spinther, the actor, ii. [147].
- Spinturnix, ii. [493].
- Spiræ, vi. [375].
- Spissum, iii. [167].
- Spitter, iii. [44].
- Spitting of blood, remedies for, v. [343], [344].
- Spittle, human, kills serpents, ii. [126]
- —particulars relative to, v. [288], [289], [290]
- —of females, [304].
- Splanchnoptes, iv. [407]; vi. [183].
- Spleen, iii. [73]
- —animals without, [73]
- —cauterized in runners, [73]
- —small in certain animals, [73]
- —remedies for diseases and affections of, v. [181], [182], [345], [346], [439], [440]; vi. [41], [42].
- Spleenwort, v. [228], [229].
- Splenion, v. [95], [96].
- Spodium, iv. [485], [505]; vi. [202], [203]
- —of lead, [218].
- Spodos, vi. [202], [203].
- Spoleto, i. [240].
- Spoletum, i. [240].
- Spondylium, iii. [153]; v. [12].
- Spondylus, vi. [65].
- Sponges, ii. [454], [455], [456]; v. [519-522].
- Spongites, vi. [362].
- Spongitis, vi. [457].
- Sponsalia, ii. [437].
- Spontaneous growth of trees, iii. [394], [395], [396].
- Spoonbill, ii. [522].
- Sporades, i. [320].
- Spotted marble, vi. [325].
- Sprains, remedies for, v. [200], [357].
- Spring flowers, iv. [336], [337].
- Spring-wagtail, ii. [522].
- Springs, hot. [See] “Hot springs.”
- Spurge, iv. [228]; v. [177], [179], [180].
- Squalls, i. [79], [80].
- Squalus, ii. [289], [412].
- Squatina, ii. [380], [411], [452].
- Squill, iv. [241], [242], [243]
- —vinegar, [241], [242], [480], [481].
- Squillace, i. [222].
- Squinting, iii. [53].
- Squirrel, ii. [310], [311].
- Stabiæ, i. [206].
- Stachys, v. [55].
- Stacte, iii. [130], [131].
- Stag-beetle, iii. [33]
- —used as an amulet, [34]
- —remedies derived from, v. [454].
- Stagira, i. [301].
- Stagmint, v. [209].
- Stagonia, iii. [128].
- Stagonitis, iii. [152].
- Stags, an account of, ii. [299-302]
- —ruminate, [549]
- —maggots in their brain, iii. [48]
- —with four kidneys, [73].
- Stag-wolf, ii. [284].
- Stakes, iii. [495].
- Stalactites, v. [482].
- Standard of the Roman legions, ii. [485], [486].
- Stanko, i. [484].
- Stannum, vi. [212], [214], [215].
- Staphis, iv. [464].
- Staphyle, iv. [466], [467].
- Staphylinos, iv. [218], [219].
- Staphylodendron, iii. [368].
- Staphylus, i. [373].
- Starch, iv. [19], [20], [446].
- Starfish, ii. [458], [474].
- Starlings, ii. [506], [507], [524].
- Stars, an account of the, i. [19], [20], [23], [25-31], [35], [36], [42-50], [52], [53], [59], [64]
- —first observations of the, ii. [235]
- —their influence on fish, [397]
- —arrangement of, according to days and nights, iv. [74-77]
- —rising and setting of, [77], [78]
- —prognostics derived from, [120], [121].
- Star-thistle, iv. [401].
- Statice, v. [172], [173].
- Statine wine, iii. [241]; iv. [471].
- Statonian wine, iii. [242].
- Statue, plants growing on the head of, v. [68], [69].
- Statues, of gold, vi. [105], [106]
- —of silver, [136], [137]
- —of brass, [154-158]
- —of iron, [206]
- —the heads of, changed, [224].
- Statyellæ, v. [472].
- Steatitis, vi. [458].
- Steatomata, v. [110].
- Stelephuros, iv. [357].
- Stelis, iii. [434].
- Stellio, iii. [31]; v. [397], [402], [403]
- —figurative use of the name, v. [451].
- Stemmata, vi. [278].
- Stems of plants, iv. [355], [356].
- Stephaneplocos, iv. [305]; vi. [273].
- Stephanomelis, v. [205].
- Stephanus, vi. [318].
- Stephanusa, vi. [177].
- Stergethron, v. [144].
- Sterile trees, iii. [202].
- Sterility, iv. [97-101]
- —remedies for, iv. [101], [102].
- Stertinius, Q., v. [373].
- Stesichorus, ii. [510].
- Sthenelus, Acilius, iii. [234], [235].
- Sthennis, vi. [169], [187].
- Stibi, vi. [115], [116].
- Stilo, Ælius, ii. [477].
- Stimmi, vi. [115], [116].
- Sting-ray. [See] “Pastinaca.”
- “Stipendium,” meaning of the word, vi. [89].
- Stobolon, iii. [132].
- Stobrum, iii. [135], [136].
- Stœbe, iv. [401].
- Stœchades, i. [212].
- Stœchas, v. [169], [266].
- “Stolo,” origin of the name, iii. [440].
- Stolo, Licinius, iv. [8].
- Stomach, an account of the, iii. [64]
- —remedies for pains and affections of, v. [164], [165], [344], [437], [438].
- Stomatice, iv. [499], [509], [510], [511]; v. [38].
- Stomoma, vi. [194], [195].
- Stone, reproduction of, vi. [358].
- Stone of Armenia, vi. [327].
- Stone of Assos, vi. [357], [358].
- Stone of Naxos, vi. [327].
- Stone of Scyros, vi. [357].
- Stone of Siphnos, vi. [368].
- Stone of Tibur, vi. [324].
- Stone-crop, iv. [411]; v. [144].
- Stone-moss, v. [254].
- Stone-quarries, when first opened, ii. [223].
- Stones of fruit, iii. [326], [327].
- Stones, showers of, i. [66].
- Stonework, various kinds of, vi. [372], [373].
- Storax, iii. [136], [151], [152]; v. [11].
- Storks, ii. [501], [502], [503], [508].
- “Strabo,” meaning of the name, ii. [147]; iii. [53].
- Strabo, his acute vision, ii. [162].
- Strabo, the geographer, his birth-place, ii. [6]
- —his work quoted, i. [117], [134], [141], [171], [188], [223], [225], [231], [236], [281], [292], [293], [297], [300], [301], [311], [313], [315], [316], [317], [323], [328], [329], [332], [334], [344], [376], [422], [424], [447], [449], [452], [454], [458], [459], [464], [466], [468], [473], [478], [485], [486], [487], [488], [491]; ii. [3], [4], [5], [8], [11], [12], [32], [34], [70], [71], [73], [90], [96].
- Strabo of Lampsacus, ii. [242].
- Strainers for wine, iv. [475].
- Strategies, ii. [19].
- Stratiotes, v. [68].
- Stratonice, vi. [278], [279].
- Stratonicus, vi. [139], [184], [185], [187].
- Strawberry, iii. [320].
- Strength, instances of extraordinary, ii. [160], [161].
- Strepsiceros, ii. [347]; iii. [44].
- Strictura, vi. [207].
- Strigil, v. [145].
- Strix, iii. [82].
- Strix scops, ii. [530], [531].
- Strombi, vi. [49].
- Stromboli, i. [222].
- Strongyle, i. [222].
- Strongylion, vi. [183], [184].
- Strophiolum, iv. [304], [305].
- Strumus, v. [148], [149], [150], [241].
- Struthea, iii. [293].
- Struthiocamelus, ii. [478], [479].
- Struthion, v. [39], [40].
- Struthopodes, ii. [131].
- Strychnon, iv. [384], [385]; v. [241], [266].
- Strymon, i. [302], [303].
- Stubbing, iv. [66].
- Stucco, vi. [374].
- Studiosus, the gladiator, iii. [86].
- Studious men, hellebore for, v. [97], [98].
- Stuppa, iv. [136].
- Sturgeon, ii. [383], [384], [398], [399]; vi. [66].
- Stymmata, iii. [161].
- Stymphalis, i. [133]; iii. [43].
- Stymphalus, i. [286].
- Styptics, v. [48].
- Styx, i. [136]; v. [470].
- Suani, ii. [11], [22].
- Suari, ii. [46].
- Subdialis, vi. [377].
- Subiaco, i. [234], [235].
- Subis, ii. [493].
- Subjugus, v. [469].
- Sublaqueum, i. [234].
- Sublician Bridge, vi. [345].
- Subsolanus, i. [73]; iv. [116].
- Subtegulana, vi. [377].
- Subulo, iii. [44].
- Suckers of trees, iii. [463].
- Suculæ, i. [67]; iv. [87].
- Sudines, vi. [385].
- Sudis, vi. [66].
- Sudras, ii. [44].
- Suessa Pometia, i. [204]
- —its destruction, ii. [154].
- Suessiones, i. [354].
- Suet, v. [326], [327].
- Suetonius Paulinus, i. [382], [497].
- Suevi, i. [347].
- Suez, i. [423].
- Suffocations, hysterical, iii. [75].
- Sugar, iii. [114].
- Suilli, iv. [430].
- Sulmo, i. [231]; iii. [529]; vi. [208].
- Sulphate of lime, vi. [376].
- Sulphur, vi. [291], [292], [293].
- Sulphur-wort, v. [126].
- Sulpicius Gallus, i. [36].
- Sulpicius, Servius, v. [367].
- Sumach, iii. [179], [180]
- —used for preparing leather, [180]
- —remedies derived from, v. [38].
- Summanus, i. [82]; v. [391].
- Summer flowers, iv. [437], [438], [439].
- Summer honey, iii. [13].
- Sun, an account of the, i. [34], [38], [39], [50], [51]
- —several seen at once, [62], [63]
- —prognostics derived from the, iv. [417], [418], [419].
- Sun-dial, the first at Rome, ii. [238]
- —in the Campus Martius, vi. [334], [335].
- Sunfish, vi. [24].
- Sunflower, iv. [413], [414], [415].
- Sunium, i. [289].
- Supercilia, iii. [55].
- Superficies, how calculated by Pliny, ii. [109].
- Superfœtation, ii. [144], [349], [543].
- Supernatia, iii. [294].
- Superstition, i. [23], [24].
- Superstitions. See “[Absurdities],” and “[Magic].”
- Superstitious beliefs, relative to animals, v. [366], [367]
- —of various kinds, [283-286], [298], [299].
- Supplication, attitudes of, iii. [88].
- Sura, Mamilius, ii. [355], [554].
- Sura, the proconsul, ii. [147].
- Surnames, derived from trees, iii. [440]
- —from agriculture, iv. [5].
- Surrentum, i. [197]
- —wines of, iii. [241]; iv. [470].
- Sus babiroussa, ii. [345].
- Susa, ii. [62], [79].
- Susinum, iii. [163], [165].
- Sutlej, ii. [41], [47].
- Swallows, i. [307]; ii. [505], [506], [521]
- —avoid the city of Thebes, [505]
- —used for carrying messages, [505]
- —an account of, [513], [514]
- —at the mouth of the Nile, [514]
- —incapable of being taught, [526].
- Swallow-wort, v. [56], [114].
- Swammerdam quoted, ii. [428].
- Swans, ii. [502], [503]
- —their singing, [503].
- Sweat, the, iii. [78].
- Sweet apples, iv. [497].
- Sweet wines, iii. [248], [249], [250].
- Sweet-scented calamus, iii. [144]
- —sweet-scented rush, iii. [144]; iv. [364].
- Sweet-wort, iii. [274].
- Swiftness, in runners, ii. [161]
- —in animals, iii. [67].
- Swine, living, gnawed by mice, iii. [76]
- —of Illyricum, have solid hoofs, [89]
- —eat serpents, [97]
- —their mode of feeding, [349], [350]
- —the grease of, v. [324], [325], [326].
- Swordfish, ii. [359], [390]; vi. [8].
- Syagri, iii. [175].
- Sybaris, i. [224]
- —the destruction of, ii. [163]
- —the cavalry of, [318].
- Sybaris, the river, v. [476].
- Syce, v. [261].
- Sycitis, vi. [461].
- Syene, i. [107], [414], [415]— ii. [97].
- Sygaros, ii. [88].
- Sylla, the Dictator, i. [85], [206], [316]; v. [206]; vi. [323], [389]
- —his success and dreadful death, ii. [190], [191]
- —his memoirs, iv. [394]
- —his triumph, vi. [76].
- Symboli, Port of the, i. [334].
- Syme, i. [484].
- Sympathy, iv. [206]; v. [1]; vi. [12], [13], [407].
- Symphyton petræon, v. [231], [232].
- Symplegades, i. [338].
- Symplegma, vi. [314].
- Synnephitis, vi. [449].
- Synochitis, vi. [461].
- Synodontitis, vi. [457], [459].
- Synodus, vi. [457].
- Syphax, i. [385].
- Syracuse, i. [217].
- Syrbotæ, ii. [101], [134].
- Syreon, v. [71], [72].
- Syria described, i. [423]
- —Antiochia described, i. [436]
- —the trees of, iii. [178].
- Syricum, vi. [240].
- Syrie, i. [469].
- Syringia, iii. [405].
- Syringitis, vi. [457].
- Syrites, iii. [74].
- Syron, v. [165], [166].
- Syrtes, i. [391].
- Syrtitis, vi. [457].
- T.
- Tabanus, iii. [35].
- Table-napkins, i. [1], [170]
- —of asbestus, iv. [136], [137].
- Tables, large, iii. [195], [196], [197].
- Tablets, writing, iii. [186].
- Tacapa, iii. [388]
- —its fertility, iv. [67].
- Tachos, i. [471].
- Tacitus, Cornelius, ii. [158].
- Tacitus, the historian, quoted, i. [136], [330], [347], [450].
- Tacompsos, ii. [98].
- Tadmor, i. [445].
- Tadpoles, ii. [462], [463]; vi. [50].
- Tænarum, i. [282], [283].
- Tagasta, i. [395].
- Tagliamento, i. [249].
- Tagus, i. [264].
- Tails, men with, ii. [134]
- —of insects, iii. [35]
- —of animals, [92], [93].
- Talc, vi. [368], [369], [446].
- Talgæ, i. [399].
- Tallies, iii. [372].
- Tallow, v. [326], [327].
- Talpona, iii. [229].
- Tamarica, v. [29], [30].
- Tamaricus, river, v. [480].
- Tamarindus Indica, iii. [110], [111].
- Tamarisk, iii. [374]; v. [29], [30].
- Tamarix, v. [29], [30].
- Taminia, iv. [446], [465], [468].
- Tanagra, i. [292].
- Tanaïs, i. [327], [335]; ii. [14].
- Tanaquil, ii. [336]; vi. [384].
- Tanarus, i. [244].
- Tangier, i. [374].
- Tannin, iv. [461], [484], [487], [500], [508], [519]; v. [6].
- Tanning, iv. [499].
- Tanos, vi. [413].
- Taos, vi. [459].
- Tapeworm, remedies for, v. [348], [349].
- Taphiusan stone, vi. [365].
- Taphræ, i. [334].
- Taposiris, vi. [41].
- Taprobane, ii. [134], [430]; vi. [59]
- —described, ii. [51].
- Tar, iii. [361]
- —water, v. [18].
- Tarandrus, ii. [304].
- Tarantula, v. [401].
- Tarbelli, v. [472].
- Tarda, ii. [500].
- Tarentine red, ii. [447].
- Tarquinii, i. [190]
- —Lake of, i. [123].
- Tarquinius Priscus, vi. [72], [229], [347], [384].
- Tarquinius Superbus, i. [204]; iii. [193]; iv. [150], [196], [197].
- Tarquitius, i. [146].
- Tarraco, i. [166]; iv. [133]
- —wines of, iii. [244].
- Tarragona, i. [166].
- Tarshish, i. [156], [369].
- Tarsus, i. [447].
- Tartessos, i. [156], [399].
- Tarum, iii. [142].
- Tarutius, iv. [126].
- Tarvisium, i. [248].
- Tasitia, v. [478].
- Tattooing, practice of, ii. [8]; iv. [389]
- —a probable allusion to, ii. [145].
- Taurica, i. [333].
- Taurini, i. [247].
- Tauriscus, vi. [139], [318].
- Tauromenian wine, iii. [242].
- Tauron, ii. [241].
- Taurus (bird), ii. [522].
- Taurus (range of), i. [453].
- Taxilla, ii. [41].
- Taygetus, i. [283].
- Teal, ii. [528].
- Teats, iii. [75].
- Teazel, v. [148].
- Tecolithos, vi. [362], [443], [457].
- Tectæ, ii. [332].
- Tectosages, i. [492].
- Teeth, the human, ii. [153], [154], [155]
- —superstition as to, [155]
- —serrated, [549]; iii. [56], [61]
- —an account of, [56], [57]
- —canine, [56], [58], [60]
- —hollow, [57]
- —of fish, [57]
- —of serpents, [57], [58]
- —of other animals, [58]
- —marvels connected with, [59], [60]
- —cut in old age, [59]
- —double row of, [60]
- —never changed, [60]
- —age of animals estimated from, [60], [61]
- —human, venom in, [61]
- —remedies for diseases of, v. [145], [146]
- —remedies derived from the human, [291].
- Tegea, i. [286].
- Telchius, ii. [12].
- Telephanes, v. [177].
- Telephion, v. [267], [268].
- Telephus, v. [94]; vi. [211].
- Telestis, vi. [268].
- Telinum, iii. [164].
- Telis, v. [74].
- Telmessus, i. [457].
- Telmissus, i. [462].
- Tembrogius, ii. [3].
- Temetum, iii. [252].
- Temesvar, i. [306].
- Tempe, i. [296]
- Tempests, i. [80]
- —prognostics derived from, iv. [122].
- Temples, ornaments of, made of brass, vi. [153]
- —marvels connected with, [344].
- Temsa, i. [209].
- Temulentia, iii. [253].
- Tenedos, i. [488].
- Teneriffe, ii. [108].
- Tenesmus, remedies for, v. [348], [349].
- Tenites, vi. [436].
- Tenos, i. [318].
- Tents (surgical), v. [520].
- Tentyra, i. [407].
- Tentyris, i. [417].
- Tentyritæ, ii. [289].
- Tephrias, vi. [328].
- Tephritis, vi. [457].
- Terebinth, iii. [179]; v. [12], [13], [16].
- Terebinthine, iii. [179], [357]; v. [16].
- Teredo, iii. [2], [22], [367], [425].
- Terence quoted, i. [318].
- Tereus, i. [307].
- Tergeste, i. [250].
- Tergilla, iii. [275].
- Terpander, ii. [231].
- Terrace-pavements, vi. [377].
- Terracina, i. [194].
- Terrestrial animals, generation of, ii. [540]-544.
- Tesseræ or watchwords, ii. [229].
- Testes, iii. [92]
- —injuries of the, [92]
- —remedies for diseases of, v. [187].
- Testudo, ii. [288].
- Tethalassomenon, iii. [248].
- Tethea, vi. [39].
- Tetrao, ii. [500].
- Tetrarchies, i. [432], [433].
- Tettigometra, iii. [32].
- Tettigonia, iii. [31].
- Teucer, the artist, vi. [140].
- Teucer, the hero, i. [481].
- Teuchites, iv. [364].
- Teucria, v. [52], [53].
- Teuthalis, v. [259], [260].
- Teuthrion, iv. [326].
- Teutoni, i. [346].
- Text of Pliny, its defective state, vi. [1].
- Thalami, ii. [330].
- Thalassægle, v. [65].
- Thalassites, iii. [248].
- Thalassomeli, v. [498].
- Thales, i. [37]; iv. [127]; vi. [338].
- Thalictrum, v. [268].
- Thamyris, ii. [231].
- Thapsia, iii. [205], [206].
- Thapsus, i. [391].
- Thasos, i. [324]
- —wines of, iii. [245]
- —grapes of, [262].
- Theamedes, iv. [207]; vi. [356], [357].
- Theangalis, v. [66].
- Theatre, of Pompeius, vi. [350]
- —of Scaurus, [163], [349], [350].
- Theatres, awnings for, iv. [138]
- —saffron-water used in, [321].
- Thebaic stone, vi. [331], [367].
- Thebaïs, i. [407].
- Thebasa, i. [493].
- Thebes, in Bœotia, i. [290]
- —the taking of, vi. [174].
- Thebes, the Corsian, i. [277].
- Thebes, in Egypt, i. [416]; vi. [343].
- Thebes, in Thessaly, i. [294].
- Thelycardios, vi. [457].
- Thelygonon, v. [191], [213], [214], [239].
- Thelyphonon, v. [128], [218-221].
- Thelypteris, v. [245], [246].
- Thelyrrhizos, vi. [457].
- Themiscyra described, ii. [8].
- Themison, iii. [100]; v. [372].
- Theobrotion, v. [64], [65], [66].
- Theochrestus, vi. [467].
- Theodorus, ii. [226]; vi. [184], [283], [342].
- Theodosia, i. [334].
- Theomenes, vi. [467].
- Theomnestus, vi. [145], [188], [267].
- Theon, vi. [280].
- Theon Ochema, i. [380]; ii. [104].
- Theophrastus, i. [9], [10], [270]
- —quoted, [193], [194]; iii. [197], [441], [478], [525]; iv. [208]; vi. [366], [461].
- Theopompus, i. [150].
- Theramne, i. [283].
- Theriaca, grapes of the, iv. [463].
- Theriace, v. [384], [396]
- —composition of, iv. [299], [300].
- Therimachus, vi. [169], [256].
- Therionarca, v. [65], [124].
- Thermæ, Gulf of, i. [300], [324].
- Thermopylæ, i. [294].
- Theseus, i. [289]; iv. [426].
- Thesion, iv. [359], [417].
- Thesmophoria, v. [26].
- Thespiades, vi. [321].
- Thespiæ, i. [290]; v. [475].
- Thesproti, i. [271].
- Thessalonica, i. [300].
- Thessalus, v. [373].
- Thessaly described, i. [294]
- —its witchcraft, v. [423].
- Thibii, ii. [127].
- Thieldones, ii. [322].
- Thirst, successfully resisted, ii. [159]
- —how prevented in Gætulia, [550]
- —how allayed, iii. [99].
- Thistles, various kinds of, iv. [190], [191], [299], [351], [353], [354], [401], [425], [426]; v. [45], [239].
- Thlaspi, v. [268], [269].
- Thomna, iii. [128].
- Thorn, iv. [421]; v. [43-46].
- Thorn, Egyptian, iii. [183].
- Thorn, Indian, iii. [109].
- Thorn, royal, iii. [207], [208].
- Thorn, thirsty, iii. [211].
- Thorybethron, v. [173].
- Thos, ii. [304].
- Thoth, the Egyptian month, v. [256].
- Thrace described, i. [302].
- Thracia (stone), vi. [457].
- Thranis, vi. [65].
- Thrasimenus, i. [116].
- Thrason, vi. [188].
- Thrasyllus, i. [149].
- Thread, gold, vi. [98].
- Threshing-floor, iv. [70], [102].
- Thrissa, vi. [65].
- Throat, iii. [63], [64]
- —remedies for affections of, v. [433].
- Thrushes, ii. [506], [509]
- —fattened, ii. [501].
- Thryallis, v. [127], [128].
- Thryselinum, v. [135].
- Thucydides, i. [119], [270], [474]; ii. [175].
- Thule, i. [109], [145], [352]; ii. [113].
- Thunder, i. [69], [70], [80-83], [86]
- —ascribed to Jupiter, [51], [52]
- —prognostics from, iv. [121]
- —truffles produced by, [144].
- Thurii, wines of, iii. [243].
- Thyatira, i. [468].
- Thymbræum, iv. [293].
- Thyme, iv. [292], [293], [331], [332], [375], [376].
- Thymelæa, iii. [201].
- Thynias, ii. [22].
- Thynni, ii. [385].
- Thynnis, vi. [65].
- Thyon, iii. [197].
- Thyrea, i. [283].
- Thyrsus, iii. [187].
- Thysdris, ii. [138].
- Tiber, i. [191], [192].
- Tiberias, i. [429].
- Tiberius, the Emperor, i. [264]; ii. [197], [198]; iii. [241], [272]; iv. [156], [174], [188], [189]; v. [283], [390], [426]; vi. [81], [234], [381]
- —could see in the dark, iii. [51].
- Tibur, stone of, vi. [324].
- Tiburnus, iii. [431].
- Ticks, various kinds of, iii. [40], [41].
- Tides, an account of the, i. [124-128].
- Tifernum, i. [240],
- Tifernus, i. [231].
- Tiga, i. [395].
- Tigers, when first seen at Rome, ii. [275]
- —their nature, [275], [276].
- Tigranes, ii. [82].
- Tigranocerta, ii. [19].
- Tigress, instinct of the, ii. [248].
- Tigrinæ, iii. [196].
- Tigris, ii. [62], [75].
- Tiles, the invention of, ii. [222]
- —an account of, vi. [368].
- Tiliaventum, i. [249].
- Timæus, i. [30], [148], [372]; vi. [145], [222].
- Timagenes, i. [270].
- Timanthes, vi. [251], [254], [255].
- Timarchides, vi. [188].
- Timarchus, vi. [170].
- Timarete, vi. [249], [281].
- Timaris, vi. [455].
- Timaristus, iv. [368].
- Timavus, i. [266].
- Timber, felling of iii. [415], [416], [417].
- Time, Roman reckoning of, ii. [125].
- Time-pieces, the first, ii. [237].
- Timictonia, vi. [459].
- Timocles, vi. [170].
- Timomachus, vi. [277].
- Timon the misanthrope, ii. [160].
- Timosthenes, i. [371].
- Timotheus, the musician, ii. [231].
- Timotheus, the sculptor, vi. [188], [316], [317].
- Tin, i. [351]
- —first use of, ii. [225]
- —an account of, vi. [212].
- Tinea, iii. [425].
- Tingi, i. [374].
- Tinning, vi. [214].
- Tinnunculus, ii. [519], [532].
- Tinting of flowers, iv. [317].
- Tinus, iii. [333].
- Tipasa, i. [386].
- Tiphe, iv. [31], [35].
- Tiresias, vi. [456].
- Tiridates, v. [428].
- Tiro, Sabinus, iv. [204].
- Tiro, Tullius, i. [147].
- Tiryns, i. [284].
- Tisicrates, vi. [176], [187]
- —colouring of, [282], [283].
- Tithymalis, v. [179].
- Tithymalon, iv. [279], [280].
- Tithymalos, v. [177-180].
- Titidius Labeo, vi. [230].
- Titles of Greek works, i. [7].
- Titus, the Emperor, i. [2], [147]; vi. [320].
- Tlepolemus, iv. [302].
- Tmolus, i. [465]; ii. [203]
- —wines of, iii. [245], [246].
- Toad, vi. [22].
- See also “[Bramble-frog],” and “[Rubeta].”
- Tobit, cure of his father’s blindness, vi. [30].
- Toes, eight on each foot, ii. [130].
- Toga, statues clad in the, vi. [155].
- Toga Phryxia, ii. [337].
- Toga picta, ii. [443].
- Toga prætexta, ii. [337], [338], [411], [447], [448]; vi. [72].
- Toga pura, ii. [336].
- Toga undulata, ii. [336].
- Toledo, i. [171].
- Toletum, i. [171].
- Tolosa, i. [180].
- Tomentum, ii. [335]; iv. [184].
- Tomi, i. [306]; vi. [65].
- Tonberos, ii. [58].
- Tone, vi. [235], [236].
- Tongres, v. [476].
- Tongue, of various animals, iii. [61]
- —asperities of, in some, [61].
- Tonsillary glands, iii. [62]
- —remedies for diseases of, v. [342].
- Tooth of wolf used as an amulet, iii. [59].
- Tooth-ache, remedies for, v. [338], [339], [430], [431]; vi. [34].
- Toothpicks, v. [19].
- Tooth-wort, v. [245], [257].
- Toparchies of Judæa, i. [427].
- Topaz, vi. [427], [434], [435].
- Topazos, vi. [426], [427].
- Tophus, iii. [447], [448]; vi. [371].
- Toranius, his trick upon Antony, ii. [148].
- Torch-tree, iii. [358]; v. [19].
- Torcs of gold, vi. [86].
- Tordylon, v. [71], [72].
- Toreutic art, vi. [171], [247], [256].
- Tornadoes, i. [80].
- Torone, i. [300].
- Torpedo, ii. [396], [411], [451], [456]; vi. [4].
- Torquatus, his defeat of the Gaul, vi. [75].
- Torquatus, Novellius, the drunkard, iii. [272], [273].
- Torques, ii. [171]; vi. [86].
- Tortivum, iii. [268].
- Tortoise, vi. [15-18].
- Tortoise shell, ii. [379]; iii. [429]; vi. [16].
- Tortona, i. [186].
- Touchstones, vi. [125], [327], [328].
- Toulouse, i. [180].
- Tourmaline, vi. [356], [398], [404], [405], [424], [425], [448], [453].
- Towers, by whom first erected, ii. [223].
- Toxica, iii. [360]; iv. [397]; v. [10], [333].
- Toxicum, v. [171].
- Trabea, ii. [337], [447].
- Trachin, i. [294].
- Trachinia, v. [269].
- Trachonitis, i. [433].
- Trafalgar, Cape, i. [156].
- Tragacanthe, iii. [202].
- Tragelaphus, ii. [302].
- Tragemata, iii. [177].
- Tragi, ii. [455].
- Tragion, iii. [201], [202].
- Tragonis, v. [269], [270].
- Tragopan, ii. [530].
- Tragopogon, iv. [349]; v. [270].
- Tragoriganum, iv. [268].
- Tragos, iii. [202]; v. [270].
- Tragum, iv. [29].
- Tragus, ii. [455]; vi. [65].
- Trajan, the Emperor, his death, i. [448].
- Tralles, i. [464].
- Transpadana, i. [246].
- Transplanting, iii. [468-471], [487-491].
- Trapezus, ii. [9].
- Travertine, vi. [371].
- “Treacle,” origin of the word, iv. [300]; v. [380].
- Treasury, the Roman, vi. [95].
- Trebellian wine, iii. [243].
- Trebizond, ii. [9].
- Trebula, wine of, iii. [244].
- Trees, their place in the system of Nature, iii. [101]
- —early history of, [102]
- —consecrated to peculiar divinities, [102]
- —uses of, [103]
- —exotic, [103]
- —of huge size, [105]
- —of India, [107], [108]
- —of Asia, [115], [116]
- —of Persia, [117]
- —that grow in the sea, [117]
- —that never lose their leaves, [118]
- —products of, [119]
- —exhibited in triumphal processions, [147]
- —of Syria, [178]
- —of Phœnicia, [178]
- —of Egypt, [180]
- —in which fruits germinate one beneath the other, [182]
- —of Æthiopia, [193], [194]
- —of Mount Atlas, [194], [195]
- —of Cyrenaica, [200]
- —of Asia and Greece, [201]
- —of the Mediterranean, [209], [210]
- —gigantic, in the Indian Seas, [212]
- —of the Troglodytic Sea, [212]
- —methods of grafting, [302]
- —countries that have none, [339]
- —wonders connected with those of the North, [340], [341]
- —various products of, [350], [351]
- —the bark of, [354], [255]
- —those of which the wood is valued, [365]
- —localities of various, [370], [371]
- —species of, [373]
- —evergreen, [373], [374]
- —leaves of, [374-379]
- —blossoms of, [380], [383]
- —fecundation of, [381]
- —which bear the whole year, [385]
- —which bear no fruit, [385]
- —looked upon as ill-omened, [386], [387]
- —which soonest lose their fruit or flowers, [386]
- —unproductive in some localities, [387]
- —their mode of bearing, [387]
- —in which the fruit appears first, [387]
- —with two crops in a year, [388]
- —which become old most rapidly or most slowly, [389], [390]
- —with various products, [390]
- —differences in their trunks and branches, [391], [392]
- —roots of, [391]
- —trunks of, [391], [392]
- —branches of, [391], [392]
- —bark of, [393]
- —which grow spontaneously, [394], [395], [396]
- —changes in their nature, [397]
- —juices of, [412]
- —veins and pores of, [413], [414]
- —the felling of, [415]
- —size of, [417]
- —largest in size, [419]
- —some proof against decay, [422], [423]
- —age of, [429], [430], [431]
- —shortlived, [432]
- —famous, [433]
- —enormous prices of, [438], [439]
- —surnames derived from, [440]
- —influence of weather upon, [441], [442]
- —their mode of bearing, [460]
- —which never degenerate, [461], [462]
- —interval left between, [472], [473]
- —shadow thrown by, [473], [474]
- —growth of, [475]
- —which grow from cuttings, [486]
- —diseases of, [517-524], [527], [530]
- —which are injurious to one another, [525], [526]
- —prodigies connected with, [526], [527]
- —incisions in, [529], [530]
- —mode of manuring, [531], [532]
- —medicaments for, [532], [533], [534].
- Trefoil, iv. [330], [331], [374], [375].
- Trent, i. [252].
- Treviso, i. [248].
- Triarius, ii. [8].
- Triballi, i. [297].
- Tribes of Rome, iv. [6].
- Tribulum, iv. [103].
- Tribulus, iv. [351], [355], [400], [401].
- Tribuni ærarii, vi. [83].
- Tributanus, the gladiator, ii. [160].
- Tributes paid in silver, vi. [93].
- Trichecum dugong, ii. [361].
- Trichecum manatum, ii. [361], [370].
- Trichecus rosmarinus, ii. [364].
- Trichias, ii. [389].
- Trichomanes, iv. [415], [416], [417]; v. [268].
- Trichrus, vi. [457].
- Tricoccum, iv. [413], [414], [415].
- Tricongius, iii. [272].
- Tridentum, i. [252].
- Triens, the story of the Servilian, vi. [205].
- Trieste, i. [250].
- Trifoline wines, iii. [244].
- Trigarium, vi. [464].
- Trigarius, vi. [109].
- Trigemenian Gate, iv. [7].
- Triglitis, vi. [459].
- Triophthalmos, vi. [458].
- Triorchis, ii. [487]; iii. [92]; v. [105].
- Tripatinium, vi. [287].
- Tripolium, v. [167].
- Tripudia solistima, ii. [497].
- Triton, the river, i. [394], [412].
- Tritons, ii. [362], [363].
- Trispithami, ii. [132].
- Triumphs, usages at, v. [290], [291]; vi. [73].
- Triumpilini, i. [254].
- Trixago, v. [52], [53].
- Troas described, i. [476].
- Trochi, ii. [467].
- Trochilus, ii. [288], [551].
- Trœzen, i. [284]; v. [475]
- —wine of, iii. [262].
- Troglodytæ, i. [134], [329], [398], [404]; ii. [95], [96], [130], [134], [379]; iii. [45], [124], [142], [143]; v. [478]; vi. [426], [427].
- Troglodytic Sea, iii. [212], [213].
- Troglodytica, i. [103], [107], [108]; vi. [451]
- —described, ii. [93].
- Trogus Pompeius, ii. [240].
- Trophonius, v. [477]; vi. [176].
- Trophy erected on the Alps, i. [256].
- Trossuli, vi. [85], [86].
- Trowsers, i. [173].
- Troxallis, v. [439], [460].
- Truffles, iv. [142], [143], [144].
- Trumpet-fish, ii. [391], [396].
- Trunks of trees, iii. [391], [392].
- Trychnum, iv. [384], [385].
- See also “[Strychnon].”
- Trygon, ii. [460].
- Tuber (fruit) iii. [297], [467].
- Tuber (truffle), iv. [142], [143], [144].
- Tuber terræ, v. [125], [126].
- Tubero, C. Ælius, ii. [210].
- Tubero, Q., i. [147].
- Tuccia, v. [279].
- Tuditanus, C. Sempronius, i. [251]; iii. [156].
- Tufa, iii. [447], [448]; vi. [357], [371].
- Tullius, the dwarf, ii. [157].
- Tumours, remedies for, v. [201], [202]
- —inflamed, remedies for, [188], [189].
- Tungri, waters of, v. [476].
- Tunica recta, ii. [336].
- Tunny, ii. [382], [385]-388.
- Turbith, v. [224].
- Turbot, ii. [389], [396], [452].
- Turcæ, ii. [15].
- Turcomania, ii. [75].
- Turduli, ii. [155].
- Turf, iii. [340].
- Turin, i. [247].
- Turnips, iv. [48], [49], [161], [162], [214], [215]
- —wine from, iv. [478].
- Turnsole, iv. [413], [414], [415].
- Turpentine, iii. [179], [357]; v. [16].
- Turpentine-tree, iii. [179]; v. [12], [13], [16].
- Turpilius, vi. [230].
- Turquoise, vi. [427], [428].
- Tursio, ii. [377]; vi. [66].
- Turtles, described, ii. [369]; vi. [15]
- —various kinds of, ii. [377], [378], [379]
- —how taken, [378], [379]
- —propagation of, [378], [379]
- —without tongue or teeth, iii. [64].
- Tuscan architecture, vi. [285].
- Tuscany, modern, the wines of, iii. [229].
- “Tusci,” origin of the name, i. [187].
- Tusculum, i. [202].
- Tuscus, Fabricius, i. [269].
- Tussilago, v. [164].
- Twelve Tables, Laws of the, iii. [55]; iv. [6], [306], [307]; v. [281], [426].
- Twins, ii. [138].
- Tyana, ii. [6].
- Tylos, the island of, ii. [85]; iii. [117], [118].
- Tympania, ii. [432].
- Tympanum, iv. [115].
- Tymphæi, i. [275].
- Tyndaris, i. [219].
- Typhon (wind), i. [57], [79].
- Tyra, river, i. [330].
- “Tyrant,” meaning of the word, ii. [227].
- Tyrian purple, ii. [447], [449].
- Tyrrheni, i. [187].
- Tyrus, i. [434].
- U.
- Ubii, i. [355].
- Ulcers, remedies for, v. [206-209], [359], [458], [459], [460]; vi. [52].
- Ulex, vi. [103].
- Uliarus, i. [360].
- Ulophonon, iv. [407], [408], [409].
- Ultramarine, vi. [432].
- Ulula, ii. [492].
- Ulysses, vi. [265], [267].
- Umber, vi. [239].
- Umbilicus, iv. [113].
- Umbri, i. [187], [191].
- Umbri, sheep so called, ii. [339].
- Umbria described, i. [237].
- Umbricius Melior, ii. [554].
- Unedo, iii. [321]; iv. [516].
- Unguents, iii. [159]
- —when first used, [159], [160]
- —various kinds of, [160-165]
- —regal, [166]
- —mode of testing, [166]
- —boxes for, [166]
- —excesses of luxury in, [167], [168]
- —when first used by the Romans, [169], [170].
- Ungulus, vi. [73].
- Unicorn, ii. [279], [281].
- Union of Greece and Italy by a bridge, contemplation of, i. [226].
- Union of high qualities with purity, ii. [169].
- Unions, unnatural, ii. [134]
- —unproductive, ii. [148], [149].
- Ura, i. [445].
- Urang-utang, ii. [106].
- See also “[Satyrs].”
- Uranoscopos, vi. [30].
- Urceolaris, iv. [407].
- Uredo nivalis, i. [87].
- Urine, human, remedies derived from, v. [299], [300], [301]
- —incontinence of, vi. [46].
- Urinum, ii. [537], [538], [539].
- Urna, iii. [45].
- Urtication, iv. [402], [403].
- Urus, ii. [262]
- —horns of the, iii. [45].
- Usta, vi. [239].
- Uterus, position of the fœtus in the, ii. [139]
- —of animals in, [544]
- —described, iii. [75].
- Utica, i. [389]
- —Temple at, iii. [424].
- Uvula, iii. [62].
- V.
- Vaccinium, iii. [373].
- Vacuna, i. [234].
- Vagienni, i. [243].
- Valens, Vettius, v. [373], [378].
- Valens, Vinnius, ii. [161].
- Valeria, ii. [153]; vi. [160].
- Valeria (an eagle), ii. [481].
- Valerian, iii. [121]; iv. [370]; v. [102].
- Valerianus, i. [269]; ii. [354].
- Valerius Flaccus quoted, i. [49].
- Valerius Maximus, ii. [240]
- —quoted, i. [143].
- Valgius, C., iv. [300]; v. [78].
- Vallum, iii. [342].
- Valtelline, i. [255].
- Vandili, i. [345].
- Vanishing men, ii. [135].
- Vannius, i. [330].
- Vappa, iii. [241], [266].
- Var, i. [174].
- Variæ, ii. [508].
- Varicose veins, remedies for, iii. [88]; v. [353].
- Varro, M., his statue erected in his lifetime, ii. [176]
- —how buried, vi. [286], [287]
- —his works quoted, i. [147], [235], [260]; ii. [35]; iii. [304], [374], [525]; iv. [44], [53], [63], [81], [103], [106], [438], [448]; v. [157], [394], [408]; vi. [285], [342], [384].
- Varro, P. Atacinus, i. [268].
- Varus, the slaughter of, ii. [198].
- “Varus,” the origin of the name, iii. [89].
- Vectis, i. [351].
- Veientana, vi. [457].
- Veii, i. [190].
- Veins, iii. [78]
- —varicose, [88]; v. [353].
- Vejovis, iii. [424].
- Vela, iv. [453].
- Velia, Lake, v. [474].
- Velinus, i. [234].
- Veliturnum, iii. [105]
- —wine of, [241].
- Venafrum, i. [198]
- —oil of, iii. [279].
- Venedi, i. [344].
- Veneering, iii. [195], [196], [427], [428], [429].
- Veneris crines, vi. [457].
- Venom in the human teeth, iii. [61].
- Venomous, sea-animals, ii. [459], [460]
- —animals that are, will not die of hunger, [549].
- Ventidius, P., ii. [189].
- Vents in the earth, i. [121].
- Venus, worship of, i. [481].
- Venus Anadyomene, vi. [259], [260], [261].
- Venus’ comb, v. [70], [71].
- Venus de Medici, vi. [312], [318].
- Venus’ hair, vi. [457].
- Venusia, i. [228].
- Veratrum, v. [96], [97], [98].
- Verbascum, v. [127].
- Verbena, iv. [391].
- Verbenaca, v. [121], [122].
- Verbenarius, iv. [391].
- Verdigris, its medicinal efficacy, v. [94]
- —an account of, vi. [195-198].
- Vergiliæ, i. [68]; iv. [79], [88], [89].
- Vermifuge, iv. [452].
- Vermilion, derivation of the word, v. [5]
- —an account of, vi. [119], [120].
- Verona, i. [252].
- Verres, vi. [167].
- Verrius Flaccus, i. [269].
- Versipellis, the story of, ii. [283].
- Vervain, v. [121], [122], [130].
- Vervain mallow, v. [224].
- Vespasiani, family of the, i. [203].
- Vespasianus, the Emperor, iii. [140]; vi. [184], [271].
- Vesper, i. [29].
- Vessels of burden, of gigantic size, vi. [333].
- Vestal Virgins, v. [290].
- Vestalis, Fabius, ii. [240].
- Vestilia, ii. [140].
- Vestinus, iv. [387].
- Vestorius, vi. [142].
- Vesuvius, i. [197].
- Vetches, iv. [46], [51], [450], [451].
- Veternum, v. [355].
- Vettonica, v. [111], [112].
- Vetus, Antistius, v. [473].
- Vianiomina, i. [262].
- Viator, iv. [9].
- Vibius, ii. [147].
- Vicissitudes, instances of remarkable, ii. [189].
- Victims for sacrifice, ii. [329]; iii. [79].
- Victoriatus, v. [8], [14]; vi. [90].
- Vienna, i. [262].
- Vigintiviri, ii. [212].
- Vinalia, iv. [99].
- Vincapervinca, iv. [338], [339], [382]; v. [57].
- Vindex, Julius, iv. [263].
- Vine, first cultivation of, ii. [226]
- —the nature of, iii. [215], [218]
- —cultivation of, [218]-221
- —ninety-one varieties of it, 222-233
- —remarkable facts connected with it, 233-236
- —profits derived from its culture, [234], [235], [236]
- —shoots of, pickled, [263]
- —training of it, [409]
- —the proper situation for it, [444], [445]
- —grafting of, [482]
- —culture of, [495-517]
- —various kinds of, [499], [500]
- —its uses, iv. [457], [458]
- —leaves and shoots of, [458], [459]
- —cuttings of, [462].
- Vine, wild, iii. [255]; iv. [464], [465]; v. [232].
- Vinedressers’ reed, iii. [408], [409].
- Vinefretter, iii. [534].
- Vinegar, iii. [257], [266], [268]; iv. [478], [479], [480]
- —lees of, [483].
- Vintage, iv. [109], [110], [111].
- Violet, iv. [317], [318], [368].
- Violet-purple, ii. [447].
- Vipers, ii. [311]; v. [395], [396], [412]
- —flesh of, eaten, ii. [133]
- —torpor of, [311].
- Vipio, ii. [530].
- Virgil, the poet, where he died, i. [226]
- —his birth-place, [252]
- —his works forbidden to be burnt, ii. [176]
- —his works quoted, i. [58], [64], [78], [95], [100], [110], [121], [131], [132], [187], [208], [233], [305], [321], [335], [403]; ii. [127], [328], [329]; iii. [20], [21], [24], [124], [152], [217], [223], [228], [231], [232], [242], [246], [278], [297], [302], [372], [393], [398], [442], [444], [447], [448], [459], [461], [464], [470], [473], [475], [477], [479]; iv. [15], [16], [17], [38], [45], [57], [59], [62], [64], [65], [67], [72], [73], [75], [85], [102], [104], [110], [111], [117], [119], [122], [123], [124], [131], [154], [182], [311], [315], [316], [340], [344], [454]; v. [25], [41], [365], [381]; vi. [71], [139], [179], [240], [320], [383]
- —mistranslated by Pliny, iii. [352].
- Virgin Waters, v. [488].
- Viscera, the, iii. [70]
- —remedies for pains in, v. [437].
- Viscum, iii. [391], [434], [435]; v. [6].
- Vistula, i. [344], [348].
- Visula, iii. [225].
- Visurgis, i. [348].
- Vital spirit, iii. [65].
- Vitality, signs of in man, iii. [96].
- Vitellius, the Emperor, vi. [164], [287], [288].
- Vitellius, P., iii. [67].
- Vitex, v. [26], [27], [28].
- Vitiparra, ii. [515].
- Vitriol, vi. [200], [295].
- Vitruvius Pollio, mentioned, iii. [437]
- —quoted, i. [450]; vi. [242], [377].
- Vivaria, ii. [345].
- Viviparous animals without hair, ii. [381].
- Voice, of insects, ii. [3]
- —of animals, iii. [92], [93]
- —of man, in a measure forms his physiognomy, [95]
- —its varieties, [95]
- —how deadened, [95]
- —how heightened, [95].
- Volcanius, vi. [285].
- Volcanoes, i. [139], [140]
- —submarine, v. [473].
- Volcatius, ii. [313].
- Vologesus, ii. [73].
- Volsinii, i. [190]; vi. [162].
- Volsinium, i. [83].
- Volterra, i. [190].
- Volturnus, i. [73]; iv. [116].
- Vomit, the only animals that, iii. [71].
- Vomits, the use of, iv. [403].
- Vopisci, ii. [144].
- Voyages, of discovery, i. [98], [99]
- —to India, ii. [60]-63
- —speedy, instances of, iv. [130]
- —for the recovery of health, v. [13].
- Vulcan, i. [324].
- Vulture, great European, ii. [486].
- Vultures, an account of, ii. [486]
- —how put to flight, iii. [97]
- —how attracted, [97]
- —remedies derived from, v. [398], [399].
- Vulva, iii. [75].
- W.
- Wagtail, ii. [551]; vi. [446].
- Walking-sticks, iii. [205].
- Wall-nightingale, ii. [511].
- Wall-paintings, vi. [270].
- Wall-wort, v. [127].
- Walls, when first built, ii. [223]
- —formation of, vi. [289], [290], [291]
- —of houses, [324].
- Walnuts, iii. [315]; iv. [514], [515].
- Wanley, Nathaniel, quoted, ii. [136].
- Warm springs, i. [133], [195], [266]; v. [472].
- Warts, remedies for, v. [209], [210]; vi. [53].
- Wasps, iii. [24], [25], [98].
- Water, an account of, i. [96], [97], [98]
- —peculiar properties of, [135], [136], [137]
- —how made potable, v. [2]
- —remarkable facts connected with, [471]
- —properties of, [472]
- —remedies derived from, [473]
- —impurities of, [484], [485]
- —modes of testing, [485], [486], [487]
- —boiled, [486], [487]
- —mode of searching for, [488], [499]
- —differences in, [489], [490], [491]
- —qualities of, [491], [492]
- —modes of conveying, [494]
- —fresh at sea, [499].
- Water-chesnut, iv. [355].
- Watering of gardens, iv. [201], [202], [203].
- Water-organ, ii. [372].
- Water-parsley, iv. [424].
- Water-pipes, v. [494].
- Water-plants, iii. [403].
- Water-spouts, i. [80].
- Water-warblers, ii. [510], [511].
- Waters, productive of insanity, v. [474]
- —remedial for calculi, [474]
- —curative of wounds, [475]
- —preventive of abortion, [475]
- —which remove morphew, [475]
- —which colour the hair, [476]
- —which colour the body, [476], [477]
- —which aid or impede the memory, [477]
- —which affect the senses, [477]
- —which improve the voice, [477]
- —which cause a distaste for wine, [477], [478]
- —which produce inebriety, [477], [478]
- —which serve as a substitute for oil, [478]
- —salt and bitter, [478]
- —which throw up stones, [478], [479]
- —which cause laughter, [479]
- —which are a cure for love, [479]
- —which preserve their warmth, [479]
- —in which all things sink, [479]
- —in which nothing will sink, [479], [480]
- —of a deadly nature, [480], [481], [482]
- —which petrify, [482]
- —their wholesomeness considered, [482], [483], [484]
- —which have suddenly appeared or ceased, [492], [493].
- Wax (bees’), iii. [6], [7], [17]; iv. [345], [346]
- —writing-tablets of, iii. [186]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [438].
- Wax-colours, vi. [244], [245], [272].
- Wax of the human ear, remedies derived from, v. [291].
- Wealth, immense, instances of, vi. [93], [94], [129], [130], [131].
- Weasel, odour of, fatal to the basilisk, ii. [282]
- —remedies derived from, v. [392].
- Weather, states of the, i. [69]
- —peculiarities of, [91]
- —its influence upon trees, iii. [441], [442].
- Weaving, invention of, ii. [223].
- Webs of spiders, iii. [27], [28].
- Wedge drawn by a bird from a tree, v. [82].
- Weevil, iv. [105], [441].
- Weight of the body, ii. [158].
- Weights, invention of, ii. [226]
- —Greek and Roman, iv. [386], [387]—and Introduction to Vol. III.
- Wells, invention of, ii. [223]
- —an account of, v. [491].
- Weser, i. [348].
- Wheat, an account of, iv. [25], [26], [27]
- —Africa productive of, [35], [36]
- —remedies derived from, [440].
- Wheat-meal, iv. [440].
- Whetstones, iv. [91]; vi. [370].
- Whey, iii. [84].
- Whirlwinds, i. [57], [79], [80].
- Whispering-gallery, iii. [95].
- White lead, vi. [219], [220].
- White squall, iv. [122].
- White thorn, eaten, iv. [338]
- —remedies derived from, v. [43].
- White vine, iv. [466], [467].
- Whitening, iii. [454]; vi. [301].
- Wicks of lamps, iv. [362], [489].
- Wiesbaden, v. [479].
- Wild animals, parks for. ii. [345].
- Wild boar, ii. [344], [345]
- —the flesh of, a delicacy, [345]
- —eats the salamander, iii. [98].
- Wild fig, iii. [311], [312], [313]
- —remedies derived from, iv. [505], [506], [507].
- Wild honey, iii. [14].
- Wild myrtle, iv. [521].
- Wild olive, leaves of, iv. [487], [488].
- Wild plants, v. [77], [78], [79].
- Wild plums, iv. [508].
- Wild pomegranate, iv. [501].
- Wild thyme, iv. [197], [198], [292], [293].
- Wild vine, iii. [255]; iv. [464], [465]; v. [232].
- Will, remedies depending on the, v. [295], [296].
- Willow, iii. [409], [410]; v. [25], [26].
- Willow-beds, iii. [492], [493].
- Willow-herb, v. [196].
- Wind-egg, ii. [537], [538], [539].
- Windows, iii. [303]; vi. [142], [143].
- Winds, an account of the, i. [70-79]; iii. [445]
- —predicted, i. [222]
- —invention of the theory of, ii. [230]
- —the theory of explained, iv. [113], [114]
- —the points of, [114-117].
- Wine, honied, ii. [215]; iii. [246]; iv. [437], [438].
- Wine-cellars, iii. [268], [269].
- Wine-cure, ii. [183].
- Wine-lees, iii. [268]; iv. [482], [483].
- Wine-lofts, iii. [254], [263].
- Wine-press, iv. [109], [110].
- Wine-vessels, iii. [268], [269], [279].
- Wines, the most ancient, iii. [236], [237], [238]
- —colours of, [237], [248]; iv. [475]
- —pitched, iii. [238]; iv. [476]; vi. [371]
- —nature of, iii. [238], [239]
- —fifty kinds of, [239-245]
- —drugged, [243]
- —healthfulness of, [243]
- —peculiar tastes in, [244], [245]
- —foreign, [245], [246], [267]
- —recommended by Apollodorus, [247]
- —salted, [247], [248]
- —disguising of, [248]
- —sweet, [248], [249], [250]
- —made from raisins, [250]
- —second rate, [251]
- —generous, when first made in Italy, [251]
- —inspection of, [252]
- —women not allowed to drink, [252]
- —laws upon, [252]
- —drunk by the ancient Romans, [253]
- —when several kinds were first served at table, [254]
- —artificial, [256-260]; iv. [477], [478]
- —made from fruit, iii. [256], [257]
- —from plants, [257], [258]
- —aromatic, [258], [259]
- —from herbs, [259], [260]
- —from shrubs, [260]
- —of a miraculous nature, [262]
- —that change their nature, [263]
- —certain, not used in sacred rites, [263]
- —seasoned with pitch and resin, [265], [266], [267]
- —made from corn, [274]
- —medicinal properties of, iv. [469]-473, [477].
- Winged animal, the only one that is viviparous, ii. [540].
- Wings, iii. [33], [34].
- Winking, iii. [54].
- Winter-clothes, iv. [80].
- Winter-sowing, iv. [79], [80].
- Winter-wheat, iv. [29], [32], [33], [35].
- Wisdom, remarkable, instances of, ii. [174].
- Wisdom-teeth, iii. [59].
- Withes, iii. [409], [410].
- Witnesses, summoning of, iii. [88].
- Witwall, v. [452], [508], [512], [515].
- Wolf, Romulus suckled by, ii. [273]
- —an account of the, [282]
- —influence of its eyes, [283]
- —men changed into, [283], [284]
- —its bladder, iii. [74].
- Womb, iii. [75]
- —of the sow, iii. [75].
- Women not allowed to drink wine, iii. [252].
- Wonderful forms of various nations, ii. [122].
- Wonders, of various countries, i. [123], [124]
- —of fountains and rivers, [131-138]
- —of fire, [141], [142], [143].
- Wood, animals that breed in, iii. [40]
- —for furniture, [195], [196], [197]
- —for fuel, [348], [349], [358]
- —the nature of, [417], [418], [420], [421]
- —fire obtained from, [421]
- —the lightest, [422]
- —the durability of, [423], [424], [425]
- —used in building, [426]
- —for carpenters’ work, [427]
- —united with glue, [427].
- Woodcock, ii. [528], [529].
- Woodbine, v. [105].
- Woodlice, v. [417], [436], [440], [441], [450].
- Woodpecker, ii. [494], [508], [515]; iii. [519]; v. [89], [248], [403]
- —its magical power, ii. [494].
- Woodworms, iii. [40].
- Wool, various kinds of, ii. [333]
- —its various colours, [333], [334], [335], [338]
- —dyed purple, [445]
- —remedies derived from, v. [381], [382], [383].
- Wool-fruit, iii. [297].
- Wool-grease, iii. [133]; v. [383], [384], [385].
- Wool-plant, v. [68].
- Woolly sage, v. [221].
- Words, the healing efficacy of, v. [278], [279], [280].
- World, if more than one, i. [13-16]
- —form of, [16]
- —nature of, [16], [17]
- —name of, [17], [18]
- —dimensions of, [53], [54], [55]
- —earth, the middle of, [102].
- Worming of dogs, v. [406].
- Worms eaten, iii. [519].
- Worms, fish so called, ii. [384].
- Wormwood, v. [106]
- —animals that feed on, have no gall, iii. [69]
- —wine made from, [259]
- —remedies derived from, v. [232-235].
- Wounds, remedies for, v. [206], [207], [208], [458], [459], [460].
- Wreaths of corn, iv. [3].
- Wren, ii. [551].
- Wright, Mr. T., on the lead-mines of Britain, vi. [215].
- Wryneck, iii. [90].
- X.
- Xanthos (stone), vi. [452].
- Xanthus, the historian, v. [151].
- Xanthus, the river, i. [456], [476].
- Xenagoras, i. [373].
- Xenocrates, artist, vi. [145], [184].
- Xenocrates of Aphrodisias, iv. [303].
- Xenocrates of Ephesus, iii. [158].
- Xenophilus, ii. [207].
- Xenophon, i. [373]
- —quoted, [452]; iv. [79], [341]; vi. [182].
- Xenophon of Lampsacus, i. [270].
- Xerxes, i. [300], [305], [315], [317], [473]; iii. [526]; v. [424].
- Xiphias, vi. [8].
- Xiphion, v. [134], [135].
- Xuthon, vi. [436].
- Xylobalsamum, iii. [149].
- Xylocinnamomum, iii. [139].
- Xyris, iv. [372].
- Y.
- Yarrow, v. [61].
- Yates, Dr., his “Textrinum Antiquorum” quoted, v. [273], [274]; vi. [98].
- Yeast, iv. [26], [456].
- Yew, iii. [360]; v. [47].
- Z.
- Zachalias, vi. [468].
- Zacynthus, i. [310].
- Zama, i. [395]; v. [477].
- Zancle, i. [221].
- Zara, i. [259].
- Zarephthali, i. [435].
- Zariaspa, ii. [30].
- Zathene, vi. [457].
- Zea, iv. [31].
- Zebu, ii. [328].
- Zeno, iv. [128].
- Zenobia, i. [445].
- Zenodotus, vi. [166], [167].
- Zenothemis, vi. [467].
- Zephyria, ii. [539].
- Zephyrium, i. [210].
- Zephyrus, i. [74]; iv. [116].
- Zethus, vi. [318], [319].
- Zeugitana, i. [388].
- Zeugma, i. [424], [444]; vi. [210].
- Zeus (fish), ii. [404].
- Zeuxis, vi. [170], [250], [251], [252].
- Zigæ, ii. [15].
- Zimpiberi, iii. [112].
- Zingiberi, iii. [112].
- Zirconite, vi. [404].
- Zizyphus, iii. [297].
- Zmilampis, vi. [457].
- Zmyrus, ii. [410].
- Zodiac, signs of the, i. [17], [18], [26], [27], [44];
- an account of, iv. [78-108].
- Zoëla, i. [172]; iv. [133].
- Zoilus, iii. [158].
- Zones, the, i. [100]
- —obliquity of, [102].
- Zoöphytes, ii. [453], [465]; iii. [211], [213].
- Zopissa, iii. [363]; v. [19].
- Zopyron, v. [55], [56].
- Zopyrus, vi. [139].
- Zoraniscæa, vi. [457].
- Zoroaster, ii. [155]; iv. [128]; v. [422], [424]; vi. [11], [437], [448]
- —lived entirely upon cheese, iii. [85].
- Zoster, iii. [210]; v. [199].
- Zythum, iv. [456].
ERRATA. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vol. I. | p. 455, | l. 36, | for “agate,” | read “jet.” |
| — II. | — 537, | — 39, | — “urine-egg,” | — “wind-egg.” |
| — III. | — 326, | — 23, | — “nuts,” | — “Walnuts.” |
| — IV. | — 391, | — 42, | — “on this” | — “on this subject, in B. xxv. c. 59.” |
THE END.
J. BILLING, PRINTER AND STEREOTYPER, GUILDFORD, SURREY.
Transcriber’s Notes:—
The spelling, hyphenation, punctuation and accentuation are as the original, except for apparent typographical errors which have been corrected.
The footnotes for each of the six volumes have been renumbered, the references to notes in other volumes have been changed accordingly.
Apparent errors in the footnotes:—
(footnote numbers in the original are clothed thus [99].) Footnote 1794 [8], p. 224. The reference to Note [18], p. 196 appears to be incorrect.
Footnote 3398 [13], p. 456. See Chapter 56, Note 3241 [55] should read See Chapter 55, Note 3241 [55].
In footnote 24 “See Introduction to Vol. III.” probably refers to the glossary of “GREEK AND ROMAN MONEY, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES MENTIONED BY PLINY.” which follows the Contents section of Volume III.
Index entry for:—
Leucogæa, vi. 449, 476.
should read:—
Leucogæa, vi. 449.
as the last page in the body of the text is numbered 468.
Similarly,
Agrippa, M. vi. 480 is incorrect.
Hyophthalmos, vi. 459.
should read:—
Hyophthalmos, vi. 459.
Dgiggetai, ii. 326. refers to the Mongolian wild ass, the usual spelling being ‘Dziggetai’.