The Provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar to Diocletian. v. 1

by Theodor Mommsen

INDEX

• Abdagaeses, ii. 44.
• Abgarus, of Edessa, ii. 46 (under Claudius), 68 (under Trajan), 78 (under Severus).
• Abrinca, rivulet, i. [119] n.
• Achaeans, diet, i. [264].
• Achaemenids, dynasty, ii. 2, 3, 10;
  • “seven houses,” 6.
• Achaia, province, i. [255] f. n.;
  • under the emperors, [260].
• Acraephia, inscription, i. [265] n., [273] n.
• Actiads, i. [296] n.
• Actian games, i. [296] n.
• Adane, ii. 288 f.;
  • destroyed, 293 f. n.
• Adiabene, ii. 68, 78 n., 88.
• Adiabenicus, ii. 78 n.
• Adminius, i. [174].
• Adrianopolis, i. [307].
• Adulis, ii. 280, 281, 282, 296.
• Aedemon, ii. 313.
• Aegium, diet of, ii. 264 n.
• Aeizanas, ii. 284 n.
• Aelana, ii. 288.
• Aemilianus, Marcus Aemilius, i. [241].
• Aemilianus, Egyptian tyrant, ii. 251.
• Aethiopia and Aethiopians, ii. 275–278;
  • traffic, 278.
• Afer, ii. 304 n.
• Africa, North, ii. 303;
  • Berber stock, 303–305;
  • Phoenician immigration, 306;
  • government of republic, 306 f.;
  • Caesar’s policy, 307 f.;
  • extent of Roman rule, 308 f.;
  • no strict frontier, 309;
  • province of, 310;
  • two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.;
  • physical conformation, 314;
  • Africano–Numidian territory, 316 f.;
  • war against Tacfarinas and later conflicts, 317–320;
  • Roman civilisation in Mauretania, 320 f.;
  • continuance of Berber language, 325 f.;
  • of Phoenician, 326 f.;
  • coinage, 327 n.;
  • Latin language, 329;
  • Phoenician urban organisation, 329;
  • transformed into Italian, 331;
  • number of towns, 331 n.;
  • Italian colonists, 332;
  • large landed estates, 333 f.;
  • husbandry, 336;
  • corn supplied to Rome, 337;
  • oil and wine, 337 f.;
  • manufactures and commerce, 338 f.;
  • prosperity, 339;
  • roads, 339 f.;
  • introduction of camels, 340;
  • character and culture of people, 340 f.;
  • scholasticism, 342;
  • Christian literature, 343–345;
  • Latin Scriptures, 343 f. n.
• Agonistic institutes, i. [289] n.
• Agonothesia, i. [347] n., [348] n.
• Agricola, Gnaeus Julius, i. [182]–184, [194].
• Agrippa;
  • [see] Herod Agrippa.
• Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, in command on the Danube, i. [22];
  • transference of Ubii, [25];
  • combats in Gaul, [80].
• Agrippa, Marcus Fonteius, i. [218].
• Agrippina (Cologne), i. [119].
• Ahenobarbus, Lucius Domitius, expedition to Elbe, i. [31];
  • dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, [34].
• Ahuramazda, ii. 10 f., 84.
• Alamanni, war with, i. [161] f., [163];
  • raids, [166] f.
• Alani, ii. 62 n., 64, 73, 74 n.
• Albani, ii. 72 f.
• Alexander the Great, basing his empire on towns, not on tribes, ii. 120.
• Alexander II. of Egypt, testament, ii. 232.
• Alexander, son of Cleopatra, ii. 24, 25, 26;
  • installed king of Armenia, 33.
• Alexander Severus, purchases peace in Germany, i. [162];
  • murder, [162]; ii. 91;
  • character, 89 f.;
  • war with Ardashir, 90 n.;
  • nicknamed “chief Rabbi,” 263.
• Alexander of Abonoteichos, i. [350].
• Alexander, Tiberius Julius, ii. 168, 204, 242 n., 246 n.
• Alexandria, in Egypt, under the Palmyrenes, ii. 107, 108 n., 250;
  • number and position of Jews, 165 n., 200 n., 267;
  • Jew–hunt, 192, 193 n.;
  • deputations to Gaius, 193 f.;
  • “Greek city,” 235 f.;
  • chief priest of, 238;
  • exemptions and privileges, 240 n.;
  • libraries, 246, 271;
  • chief officials, 248 n.;
  • distribution of corn, 251 n.;
  • Italian settlement in, 257;
  • mariners’ guilds, 257 n.;
  • comparison with Antioch, 262;
  • Alexandrian Fronde, 263;
  • nicknames, 263;
  • tumults frequent and serious, 264 n., 265;
  • worship, 265 f., 266 n.;
  • old cultus retaining its hold, 267;
  • learned world, 267 f.;
  • physicians and quacks, 268;
  • scholar–life, 269 f.;
  • Museum, 271 f., 272;
  • labours of erudition, 271 f.;
  • “jointure” of Greek science, 273;
  • camp in suburb of Nicopolis, 274.
• Alexandria, in Troas, i. [326] f.
• Alexandropolis, ii. 15.
• Aliso, fortress, i. [34] f., [36];
  • defence by Caedicius, [48].
• Allegorical interpretation, Jewish, ii. 168 f.
• Allobroges, i. [87], [88] n., [91].
• Alps, subjugation, i. [15];
  • military districts, [17] f.;
  • roads and colonies, [19].
• Amasia, i. [331].
• Amâzigh, ii. 303.
• Ambubaia, ii. 133.
• Amida, ii. 115.
• Amisus, i. [331] f.
• Amphictiony remodelled by Augustus, i. [254] n., [255] n.
• Amsivarii, i. [124].
• Amyntas, i. [335] n.; ii. 24, 37.
• Ananias, ii. 102 f.
• Ancyra, i. [341] n., [342] n.
• Anthedon, ii. 210.
• Antigonea, ii. 127 n.
• Antigonus, son of Hyrcanus, ii. 175–178.
• Antinoopolis, ii. 236, 237 n., 297 n.
• Antioch, earthquake at, ii. 68;
  • capture by the Persians (260), 101, 132;
  • and by Aurelian, 109;
  • creation of monarchic policy, 127;
  • capital of Syria, 127;
  • Daphne, 128;
  • water supply, and lighted streets, 129 n.;
  • poverty of intellectual interests, 130;
  • paucity of inscriptions, 132;
  • exhibitions and games, 132;
  • races, 132 n.;
  • immorality, 133;
  • dissolute cultus, 134;
  • fondness for ridicule, 134 f.;
  • support of pretenders, 134;
  • reception of, and capture by Nushirvan, 135;
  • Jew–hunt at, 219.
• Antioch in Pisidia, i. [336] f.
• Antiochus of Commagene, ii. 49, 53;
  • tomb of, 125;
  • his buildings at Athens, i. [278].
• Antiochus Epiphanes, ii. 196.
• Antipater the Idumaean, ii. 174–177.
• Antoninus Pius: wall from Forth to Clyde, i. [187] n.;
  • conflicts in Britain under, [188] n.
• Antonius, Marcus, ii. 22 f.;
  • position in 38 B.C., [23] f.;
  • his army, [24];
  • his aims, [24] f.;
  • children by Cleopatra, [26] n.;
  • preparations for Parthian war, [26] f.;
  • temperament, [27];
  • Parthian war, [27] f.;
  • resistance in Atropatene, [29];
  • retreat, [30], 31;
  • last years in the East, [32];
  • dismisses Octavia seeking reconciliation, [33];
  • punishes those blamed for his miscarriage, [33];
  • attempt on Palmyra, [93];
  • government in Alexandria, [232].
• Apamea in Phrygia, i. [327].
• Apamea in Syria, ii. 136, 141.
• Aper, Marcus, i. [113].
• Apharban, ii. 114.
• Apion, ii. 193, 194 n.
• Apocalypse of John: conception of Roman and Parthian empires as standing side by side, ii. 1 n.;
  • pseudo–Nero of, 64 f.;
  • directed against the worship of the emperors, 196, 197–199 n.
• Apollinaris, Gaius Sulpicius, ii. 342.
• Apollo, Actian, i. [295] f.
• Apollonia, i. [201] f., [299].
• Apollonius of Tyana, i. [350].
• Appian, historian, ii. 221 f., 223.
• Appuleius of Madaura, ii. 341, 342.
• Appuleius, Pseudo–, Dialogue of the gods quoted, ii. 266 n.
• Apri, i. [306].
• Apronius, Lucius, i. [125].
• Apulum, i. [228].
• Aquae Sextiae, i. [78], [81].
• Aquileia, i. [197] f., [231], 233.
• Aquincum, i. [228];
  • contra–Aquincum, [249].
• Aquitania, wars, i. [64], [80];
  • coins, [79] n.;
  • province, [88];
  • cantons of, [96].
• Arabia, ii. 13;
  • Roman, what it included, 143 f.;
  • institution of province by Trajan, 152;
  • west coast of, 284 f.;
  • Homerites, 286 f.;
  • Felix, 285, 289;
  • policy of Augustus, 290;
  • expedition of Gallus, 290 f.;
  • state of the coast, 291 n.;
  • expedition of Gaius, 293 n.;
  • injury to its commerce, 293.
• Arachosia, ii. 13, 15.
• Aradus, ii. 138 n.
• Aramaic language, ii. 164.
• Arbela, ii. 4, 88.
• Archaism, Greek, i. [282] n.
• Archelaus of Cappadocia, ii. 41.
• Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, ii. 183 f.
• Architecture, Syrian, ii. 156 f.
• Ardashir (Artaxares), ii. 81 n., 83 n., 84, 85, 89 n., 91.
• Arelate, i. [86], [89];
  • amphitheatre, [106].
• Aretas, ii. 148 n., 149 f. n., 150 f.
• Argentoratum, i. [119], [147], 159.
• Ariarathes of Cappadocia, ii. 33.
• Ariobarzanes, ii. 38, 39.
• Aristobulus, of Chalcis, ii. 49.
• Aristobulus, prince of Judaea, ii. 175 f.
• Aristotle’s recommendation to Alexander, ii. 241.
• Armenia, ii. 6, 19, 20, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40 f.;
  • Parthian appanage for second son, 51, 60;
  • Roman policy as to, 50–52;
  • subdued by Corbulo, 53 f.;
  • under Parthian prince vassal to Rome, 60 f.;
  • Roman province under Trajan, 67 f., 70 f.;
  • becomes again vassal–state, 72;
  • Parthian invasion, 74 f., 80 n., 89 f., 92, 102, 104, 112 n., 113, 114 n., 115 n.
• Arminius, i. [43];
  • defeat of Varus, [46] f.;
  • combats with Germanicus, [54];
  • attack on Maroboduus, [60] f.;
  • desertion of Inguiomerus, [61];
  • civil war and end, [62].
• Arnobius, ii. 345.
• Arrianus, Flavius, ii. 20 n., 73 n.
• Arsaces, founder of Parthian dynasty, ii. 3, 4, 6.
• Arsaces, son of Artabanus, ii. 42.
• Arsacids and their rule, ii. 3–12 el. Arsamosata, ii. 56, 59.
• Arsinoe, ii. 280, 291 f.
• Art, constructive, in Gaul, i. [115];
  • in Syria, ii. 156 f.
• Artabanus (III.), king of the Parthians, ii. 40–45.
• Artabanus (IV.), ii. 87 f.
• Artageira, ii. 40.
• Artavazdes of Armenia, ii. 28–33.
• Artavazdes of Atropatene, ii. 28, 29, 32.
• Artaxares;
  • [see] Ardashir.
• Artaxata, ii. 48, 53 f., 75.
• Artaxes, ii. 33–38.
• Artaxias of Armenia, ii. 42 f.
• Asander, i. [312], [313] n.
• Ascalon, ii. 212.
• Asia Minor: natives and colonists, i. [320];
  • Hellenism, [321] f.;
  • formation of new centres, [322];
  • provinces of, [323];
  • territories added to empire, [323] f.;
  • senatorial and imperial government, [323] f.;
  • changes in boundaries of provinces and vassal–states, [324] n.;
  • municipal vanity, [328] n.;
  • honorary Hellenism, [344];
  • leagues of Hellenism, [343], [344] n.;
  • representatives, [344] n.;
  • land–diets and land festivals, [344] f.;
  • provincial priests and Asiarchs, [345] f.;
  • superintendence of emperor–worship, [348];
  • system of religion, [350];
  • public safety, [350];
  • occupying force, [350] f.;
  • justice in, [352] n.;
  • constitution of towns, [352] f.;
  • clubs, [353];
  • free autonomous communities, [354];
  • urban life, [354] f.;
  • prosperity, [354] f.;
  • defects of municipal administration, [357];
  • roads, [358] n.;
  • trade, [359] f.;
  • commerce, [360];
  • supplies teachers and physicians to Italy, [361], [365];
  • literary activity, [362];
  • instruction, [362];
  • sophistic system, [362]–366.
• Asia, Roman: extent of province, i. [325];
  • coast–towns, [325] f.;
  • inland townships, [326] f.;
  • position under Romans, [327];
  • urban rivalries, [329] f.;
  • legions in, ii. 63.
• Asiarchs, i. [345]–347 n.
• Asklepios, i. [350].
• Asoka, ii. 13, 14 n.
• Astarte, ii. 331.
• Astingi, i. [237].
• Astures, i. [65], [71].
• Asturica Augusta, i. [66].
• Athens: privileged position, i. [254], [258];
  • administration, [276] f.;
  • possessions, [277];
  • Hadrian’s grants, [277] f.;
  • street–riots, [279];
  • state of the language, [281], [282] n.
• Atropatene, ii. 6, 19, 28 f., 33 f., 38.
• Attalia, i. [334].
• Augusta Emerita, i. [64] n.
• Augusta Praetoria (Aosta), i. [19] f.
• Augusta Vindelicorum, i. [19], [20], [154], [196] f.
• Augustamnica, ii. 298.
• Augustan History, falsification as to Postumus, i. [164] n.
• Augustodunum, seat of Gallic studies, i. [112] f.
• Augustinus, Aurelius, picture of Carthage, ii. 341;
  • Itala, 343 n.;
  • Confessions, 345.
• Augustus, the Emperor: expedition against Alpine tribes, i. [16];
  • monument to, above Monaco, [17];
  • roads or colonies in Alps, [19] f.;
  • visit to Germany, [26];
  • German policy and motives for changing it, [56]–59;
  • visits Spain, [64];
  • organisation of towns there, [68] f.;
  • organisation of the three Gauls, [84] f.;
  • restricted franchise of Gauls, [98];
  • altar at Lugudunum, [94];
  • altar for Germanic cantons, [35], [97], [118];
  • discharge of Batavian guards, [121];
  • project of connecting Rhine and Danube, [148];
  • projects as to Britain not carried out, [172];
  • reasons for and against its occupation, [172];
  • conviction of its necessity, [173] f.;
  • arrangements on the Danubian frontier, [195] f.;
  • Illyricum subdued, [201];
  • settlement of veterans in Dalmatia, [202];
  • his Amphictiony, [254] f.;
  • dealings with Greece, [261];
  • treatment of Athens, [277];
  • insurrection at, [279];
  • foundation and privileges of Nicopolis, [294] f.;
  • colonies in Macedonia, [301];
  • pacification of Cilicia and Pisidia, [335] f.;
  • diets and festivals for, in Asia Minor, [345];
  • cancels debtors’ claims there, [357];
  • decorum of, ii. 26 n.;
  • first arrangements in East, 34 f.;
  • policy open to him, 36;
  • inadequate measures, 36 f.;
  • in Syria (20 B.C.), 37 f.;
  • mission of Gaius to East, 39;
  • Nicolaus Damascenus on his youth, 168;
  • treatment of the Jews, 171 f.;
  • dealing with Herod’s testament, 182, 184;
  • attitude towards Jewish worship, 187;
  • annexation of Egypt, 232 f., 239;
  • Egyptian titles, 244;
  • policy as to south–western Arabia, 290;
  • expedition of Gallus, 290 f.;
  • of Gaius, 293;
  • repression of piracy in Red Sea, 298;
  • colonisation in Mauretania, 333;
  • death, i. [50].
• Aurelianus, defeats the Juthungi, i. [166];
  • combats with the Goths on Danube, [248] f.;
  • against the Palmyrenes, ii. 108 f.;
  • battle of Hemesa, [109] n., [110] n.;
  • destruction of Palmyra, [111] n.
• Aurelius Antoninus, Marcus, Germany under, i. [160];
  • Chattan war, [161];
  • Roman wall in Britain attacked, [188];
  • Marcomanian war, [229] f.;
  • his qualities, [232];
  • progress of war, [232] f.;
  • takes name of Germanicus, [234];
  • terms laid down for the vanquished, [234];
  • second war, [235];
  • death, [235];
  • Parthian war under Marcus and Verus, ii. 74 f.;
  • embassy to China, 302.
• Aures, ii. 317, 318, 320.
• Ausonius, i. [109], [113], [114] n.
• Autonomy, idea of, ii. 120.
• Autricum, i. [91].
• Auzia, ii. 319, 325.
• Aventicum, i. [129].
• Avestâ, ii. 10.
• Axidares, ii. 66 n.
• Axomis, kingdom of, ii. 281 n.;
  • extent and development, 282 f.;
  • Rome and the Axomites, 284;
  • envoys to Arvidian, 284;
  • relation to piracy, 298.
• Azania, ii. 289.
• Bactra, ii. 14, 15 n., 18.
• Bactro–Indian empire, ii. 14, 16 n.
• Baetica, i. [67];
• • towns with burgess–rights, [68];
  • exemption from levy, [73];
  • Moors in, ii. 324.
• Bagradas, ii. 336.
• Balbus, Lucius Cornelius, ii. 315 n.
• Ballomarius, i. [230] n.
• Bâmanghati, coins found at, ii. 301 n.
• Baquates, ii. 324, 325 n.
• Bar–Kokheba, Simon, ii. 224 n.
• Barley–wine, i. [108] n.
• Barsemias of Hatra, ii. 78.
• Barygaza, ii. 16 n., 300.
• Basil of Caesarea, i. [333].
• Bassus, Caecilius, ii. 21 f.
• Bassus, Publius Ventidius, ii. 23, 27.
• Bastarnae, i. [12], [217], [238].
• Batanaea, ii. 144;
  • [see] Haurân.
• Batavi, i. [26], [43], [97] n.;
  • settlements and privileges, [120];
  • rising of Batavian auxiliaries, [129] f.;
  • Civilis, [130];
  • progress of the movement, [130] f.;
  • its consequences, [143] f.;
  • later attitude, [145].
• Bato, the Dalmatian, i. [39], [41].
• Bato, the Pannonian, i. [39]–42.
• Beads, glass, ii. 255.
• Beer, i. [108].
• Belatucadrus (Mars), i. [193].
• Belgica, i. [85];
  • division of command, [118] n.
• Belus, ii. 266.
• Berbers, ii. 302 f.;
  • type, 304, 305 n.;
  • language, 325 f.;
  • organisation of gentes, 334 f.
• Berenice, sister of Agrippa II., ii. 219.
• Berenice, Trogodytic, ii. 280, 284 n., 286, 288, 297.
• Beroe, i. [240].
• Berytus, ii. 121;
  • Latin island in the East, 130;
  • factories in Italy, 139 n.
• Bescera, ii. 319.
• Bessi, i. [12], [209] n.
• Bether, ii. 225.
• Betriacum, i. [130], [143].
• Biriparach, ii. 80.
• Bithynia, i. [323], [324], [330];
  • Greek settlements in, [330] f.;
  • Hellenism of, [330] f.;
  • place in literature, [331];
  • Gothic raids, [245].
• Bithyniarch, i. [346].
• Blaesus, Quintus Junius, ii. 318.
• Blemyes, ii. 250 n., 277 n., 278.
• Bocchus, ii. 309, 310, 311 n.
• Boeotian league, i. [259], [265].
• Bogud, ii. 308 f., 310, 311 n.
• Borani, i. [243], [245].
• Bosporan kingdom, i. [242];
  • Greek towns of, [244], [312];
  • kings, [314] n.;
  • extent of, [314] f.;
  • coins, [317] n., [318];
  • titles, [316] n.;
  • military position, [316] f.;
  • court, [318];
  • trade and commerce, [319].
• Bostra, ii. 95;
  • plain around, 144 f.;
  • legionary camp at, 153;
  • importance of, 155;
  • Hellenic basis, 155.
• Boudicca, i. [179], [181].
• Boule, the, in Egyptian cities, ii. 236 n.
• Bracara, i. [16].
• Breuci, i. [23].
• Brigantes, i. [178], [181], [182], [188].
• Brigetio, i. [228].
• Britain, Caesar’s expedition, i. [170];
  • designs of Augustus, [171];
  • reasons for and against occupation, [172] f.;
  • conviction of its necessity, [173] f.;
  • occasion for the war, [174];
  • arrangements for occupation, [174] n.;
  • its course, [175] f.;
  • Roman towns, [176] f.;
  • resistance in West Britain, [177] f.;
  • national insurrection, [179] f.;
  • subjugation of the West, [180] f.;
  • of the North, [182];
  • Caledonia abandoned, [184];
  • grounds for this policy, [184] f.;
  • diversities of race, [185];
  • fortifying of northern frontier, [186] f.;
  • wars in second and third centuries, [188] f.;
  • Roman fleet, [189];
  • garrison and administration, [190];
  • taxation and levy, [190] f.;
  • communal organisation, [191];
  • prosperity, [192];
  • roads, [192];
  • Roman manners and culture, [193];
  • country houses, [194];
  • scholastic training, [194].
• Brixia, i. [191].
• Bructeri, i. [36], [51], [133], [145].
• Burdigala, i. [113].
• Burebista, i. [10], [216], [220], [309] f.
• Burgundiones, i. [167].
• Buri, i. [221], [224].
• Burnum, i. [203].
• Burrus, ii. 206.
• Busiris, ii. 251.
• Buthrotum, i. [295].
• Byzacene, ii. 336.
• Byzantium, i. [246], [292], [305], [306] n., [308].
• Cabinet–secretary, imperial, ii. 272 f.
• Cadusians, ii. 88 n.
• Caecina, Aulus, governor of Moesia, i. [40] f.;
• • march to the Ems, and retreat, [52] f.
• Caedicius, Lucius, defence of Aliso, i. [48].
• Caesar, Gaius Julius, measures for Dalmatian war, i. [7] f.;
  • Romanising of southern Gaul, [86];
  • policy as to cantons of Gaul, [92] f.;
  • Britannic expedition and aims, [170];
  • project of crossing Euphrates, ii. 22;
  • arrangements as to Judaea, [175] f.;
  • African policy, [307] f.;
  • Italian colonists in Africa, [332].
• Caesar, Gaius, mission to East, ii. 38 f.;
  • meeting with Phraataces, 39;
  • early death, 40.
• Caesaraugusta, i. [68].
• Caesarea in Cappadocia, i. [332]; ii. 101 f.
• Caesarea (Iol), province of, ii. 313, 314, 321.
• Caesarea Paneas, ii. 65, 147, 151.
• Caesarea Stratonis, ii. 182, 186 f.;
  • insurrection, 205 f., 209 f.;
  • obtains Roman organisation, 218.
• Caesarion, ii. 25 n., 26 n.
• Caesian Forest, i. [124].
• Calama, ii. 319 n., 329 n., 335 n.
• Calceus Herculis, ii. 319.
• Caledonia abandoned, i. [184];
  • probable grounds for this policy, [184] f.;
  • under Severus, [189].
• Caligula, Gaius Caesar, incapable of serious plans, i. [172];
  • declines “great number” of statues, [291];
  • the East under, ii. 45;
  • pardons Aretas, 151;
  • treatment of Jews, 191 f.;
  • Jewish deputations to, 193 f.;
  • orders his effigy to be set up in the Temple, 195;
  • death, 195.
• Callaecia, Roman, i. [63] f.;
  • separated from Lusitania, [65].
• Callistus, ii. 102 n., 103.
• Calybe, i. [303], [305] n.
• Camalodunum, i. [170], [171], [175], [176], [180], [192] f.
• Camels in Africa, ii. 340.
• Camunni, i. [15] f.
• Canabae, i. [168].
• Canal, Egyptian, ii. 279, 280, 297 f.
• Canatha, ii. 147;
  • temple of Baalsamin, 156;
  • “Odeon,” 157.
• Candace, ii. 275 n., 276, 277.
• Cane, ii. 296.
• Canius Rufus, i. [76].
• Cannenefates, i. [36], [97] n., [121], [126] f., [131], [139], [141].
• Canopus, ii. 258 n.;
  • decree of, 260.
• Cantabri, i. [65], [66], [67].
• Cantonal system of Spain, i. [71], [72] n.;
  • of Gaul, [90] f.;
  • influence of, [94];
  • cantons represented in diet, [95] n., [96] n.;
  • in Britain, [191].
• Cappadocia, i. [323], [324];
  • inland, [332];
  • division into praefectures, [332];
  • Greek accent of, [333]; ii. 19, 41, 63.
• Caracalla, Severus Antoninus, campaign against Alamanni, i. [162];
  • named Geticus, [139];
  • Parthian war, ii. 87;
  • assassinated, 88;
  • treatment of Alexandria, 263;
  • uniting the vices of three races, 126, 340.
• Caratacus, i. [175] f., [178].
• Caravans, Palmyrene, ii. 98 n.
• Carên, ii. 6, 46, 84.
• Carnuntum, i. [23], [198], [206].
• Carnutes, i. [91].
• Carpi, i. [238] f.
• Carrhae, ii. 21, 22, 23, 77, 114.
• Carteia, i. [68].
• Carthage, ii. 307, 330, 331, 341.
• Carthage, New, i. [68].
• Cartimandus, i. [182] f.
• Carus, Marcus Aurelius, Persian war, ii. 112 f.;
  • death, 113.
• Caspian gates, ii. 62 n.
• Cassius, Avidius, ii. 75 n., 262.
• Cassivellannus, i. [170].
• Castra Regina, i. [197].
• Cattigara, ii. 302.
• Catualda, i. [61], [215].
• Caucasian tribes, ii. 35, 36, 61, 68, 72 n., 73, 91 n.
• Cavalry recruited mainly from Gaul, i. [107].
• Celtic inscriptions, i. [100] n.;
  • divinities, [104] f.;
  • language;
  • [see] Gaul.
• Cenomani, i. [91].
• Census of Gaul, i. [84].
• Cerialis, Quintus Petillius, i. [140] f., [142], [180], [183].
• Cernunnos, i. [104].
• Chaeremon, ii. 259, 273 n.
• Chaeronea in the civil wars, i. [267].
• Chalcedon, i. [245].
• Chalcidian peninsula, i. [300].
• Chandragupta, ii. 13.
• Charax Spasinu, ii. 68, 98 n.
• Charibael, ii. 294 n.
• Chariomerus, i. [146].
• Chastisement, corporal, in Egypt, ii. 240 n.
• Chatramotitis, ii. 286, 290, 295.
• Chatti, i. [27], [28], [29], [51], [133];
  • take the lead, [149];
  • Chattan wars, [150] n.;
  • under Domitian, [151] n., [158];
  • under Marcus, [161], [197], [230] f.
• Chauci, i. [28], [29];
  • renewed rising, [36], [43];
  • settlements and attitude, [121];
  • revolt, [125].
• Chemi, ii. 251.
• Chemmis, ii. 235.
• Cherusci, i. [27], [28], [29];
  • rising, [36];
  • under Arminius, [43], [52], [60];
  • later position, [146].
• China, embassy to, ii. 302.
• Chosroes, ii. 66.
• Chosroes Nushirvan, ii. 135.
• Chrestus, ii. 199 n.
• Christianity in Syria, ii. 126;
  • Syriac Christian literature, 124;
  • Christian symbols, 141;
  • effect on Christians of destruction of Jerusalem, 220 f.;
  • Christians not, like Jews, a nation, 226 n.;
  • Christianity and Judaism, 229 f.;
  • Christians and the imperial cultus, i. [348];
  • conception of the persecutions of the Christians, ii. 198 n.
• Chrysogonus, i. [245].
• Cidamus, ii. 316.
• Cilicia, i. [323], [324];
  • piracy in, [334];
  • becomes province, [334].
• Cimbri, i. [37].
• Cinithii, ii. 317.
• Circesium, ii. 91, 95 n.
• Circumcision, ii. 224;
  • prohibited, 228 n., 229.
• Cirta, ii. 310, 311 n., 319, 332, 342.
• Civilis, i. [130] f.;
  • siege of Vetera, [133] f.;
  • capitulation of Romans, [138];
  • last struggles, [141] f.
• Classieus, Julius, i. [137] f., [139].
• Claudius I., emperor, a true Gaul, i. [98];
  • cancels restriction of Gallic franchise, [99];
  • rising of Chauci, [125];
  • directs withdrawal from right bank of Rhine, [125];
  • occupation of Britain, [172], 175 f.;
  • Jazyges under, [216];
  • re–establishes old arrangement in Greece, [276];
  • policy of Claudius in the East, ii. 45;
  • death, [49];
  • policy towards the Jews, [199] f.;
  • directs his works to be read publicly, [271].
• Claudius Gothicus, Gothic victories of, i. [247] f.;
  • renewed fortifying of Danubian frontier, [248].
• Cleopatra, ii. 25 n., 27, 178 f.
• Clitae, i. [336].
• Clubs, i. [353], [354] n., [356].
• Cnidus, appeal to the Emperor from, [352] n.
• Cogidumnus, i. [176].
• Colonate, i. [237].
• Columella, i. [76].
• Column of Trajan, i. [124] f.
• Commagene, ii. 19;
  • annexed, 41;
  • kingdom revived by Gaius, 45;
  • province, 63 n., 118.
• Commodus, conflicts in Britain under, i. [188];
  • frontier–regulation in Dacia, [228];
  • character, [236];
  • peace with Marcomani, [236].
• Concordia, coemeterium of, ii. 140.
• Coptic, ii. 244.
• Coptos, ii. 251, 280, 288, 297 n.
• Corbulo, Gnaeus Domitius, reduces Frisians, i. [125];
  • directed to withdraw from right bank of Rhine, [125];
  • sent to Cappadocia, ii. 49;
  • character of troops, 50;
  • offensive against Tiridates, 52;
  • in Armenia, 53 n.;
  • capitulation of Paetus, 57 n., 58 n.;
  • conclusion of peace, 58–60;
  • partiality of Tacitus’s account, 57 n., 58 n., 60 n.
• Corduba in Latin literature, i. [75].
• Corinth, treatment of, i. [257];
  • Caesar’s atonement, [260] f.
• Corn drawn from Egypt, ii. 239 f.
  • Correctores, i. [279] f.
• Corycus, epitaphs of Christians at, i. [359] n., [361] n.
• Costoboci, i. [242].
• Cottius of Segusio, i. [16], [18].
• Cotys, i. [210] n.
• Cragus–Sidyma, i. [355] f.
• Cremna, i. [335], [337], [338].
• Crete, i. [323], [324], [343].
• Ctesiphon, ii. 3, 8, 28, 77, 79, 83, 113.
• Cugerni, i. [33], [124] n.
• Cunobelinus, i. [171] n., [174], [175].
• Cyprian, ii. 345.
• Cyprus, i. [323], [324], [343];
  • Jews in, ii. 221 f., 223, 226.
• Cyrene, i. [323] f.;
  • Pentapolis, [343];
  • “peasants,” [343];
  • categories of population, ii. 165 n.;
  • Jewish rising in, 221, 223, 234 n.
• Cyzicus, i. [330], [348].
• Dabel, ii. 149 n., 151.
• Daci and Dacia: preparations for Dacian war, i. [10];
• • internal troubles, [11];
  • raid to Apollonia, [13];
  • war of Lentulus, [42];
  • Dacian language, [208];
  • Daci under Tiberius, [217];
  • war under Domitian, [219];
  • chronology of it, [220] n.;
  • war under Trajan, [221] f.;
  • second war, [222] f.;
  • Dacia an advanced position, [228] f.;
  • loss of Dacia, [241].
• Daesitiatae, i. [38] f., [41].
• Dalmatia, war, i. [8] f.;
  • towns with Roman franchise, [10];
  • Dalmato–Pannonian rising, [38] f.;
  • Italian civilisation, [201];
  • ports, [202];
  • state of interior, [203];
  • prosperity under Diocletian, [203] f.
• Damascus, environs of, ii. 144;
  • Greek, 146;
  • under Nabataean protection, 148 n.;
  • relation to Aretas, 149 n.;
  • Jews in, 167;
  • Jews put to death, 209.
• Danava, ii. 95, 153.
• Danube, region of, i. [21] f.;
  • boundary of empire, [23], 195 f.;
  • fleet, [205];
  • army, [218] f.;
  • military position after Trajan, [225];
  • primacy of Danubian armies, [250].
• Daphne, ii. 109;
  • pleasure–garden, 128, 129 n.
• Dardani, i. [9], [12], [299].
• Decapolis, ii. 146 n.
• Decebalus, i. [220] f., [223].
• Decianus, i. [76].
• Decianus Catus, i. [180].
• Decius Traianus proclaimed emperor, i. [240];
  • conflicts with Goths and relief of Nicopolis, [240];
  • death, [241].
• Declamations in Gaul, i. [114].
• Decumates (agri), i. [152] n., [196] f.
• Deiotarus, i. [339] f.
• Dellius, ii. 32 n.
• Delminium, i. [203].
• Delos, i. [258], [269];
  • Delian inscriptions, ii. 257 f.
• Dentheletae, i. [12].
• Deultus, i. [307].
• Deva, camp of, i. [178], [193].
• Dexippus, i. [239] n., [241] n., [243] n., [246] n., [247] n., [281].
• Diegis, i. [221].
• Dio of Prusa, i. [268] f., [274], 293 n., [366] f.;
  • address to Rhodians, i. [270] f.
• Diocletianus: favour for Dalmatia and Salonae, i. [203] f.;
  • Sarmatian victories, [250];
  • Persian war under, ii. 110 f.;
  • terms of peace, 115;
  • revolt in Egypt, 251;
  • edict, as to grain, 251 f.;
  • as to linen, 254 n.;
  • resolves to cede the Dodecaschoinos to Nubians, 277 f.
• Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, ii. 250 n.
• Dionysius, cabinet secretary, ii. 273 n.
• Dionysos, Thracian shrine of, i. [14], [24];
  • Thracian god, [209].
• Dioscorides, island of, ii. 289, 296.
• Dioscurias, i. [242].
• Dmêr, ii. 149, 153.
• Dodecaschoinos, ii. 274 n., 277 n., 278 n.
• Dodona, i. [297] n.
• Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, ii. 318.
• Domitianus: careful administration, i. [108];
  • restricts number of vines, [108] f.;
  • wars with the Chatti, [150] f.;
  • construction of the “Flavian altars,” 153;
  • Dacian war, [219] f.;
  • defeated by Marcomani, [221];
  • gives urban rights to Philippopolis, [307].
• Domitius Afer, Gnaeus, i. [111].
• Double names in Egypt, ii. 244.
• Drobetae, bridge at, i. [222].
• Druids and Druidism in Gaul, i. [104] f.;
  • prohibited by Tiberius and Claudius, [105];
  • schools of priests, [112];
  • in Anglesey, [185].
• Druidesses, i. [106].
• Drusus, Nero Claudius: victory over Raeti, i. [16], [17];
  • sent to the Rhine, [22];
  • German war, [26] f.;
  • expedition to North Sea, [28];
  • death of, [29] f.;
  • character, [26], 30;
  • German tribes subdued, [123] f.
• Dubnovellaunus, i. [171] n.
• Durocortorum, i. [89], [90].
• Durostorum, i. [227], [309].
• Dusaris, ii. 153;
  • Dusaria, 153 n.
• Dyarchy not applied in Egypt, ii. 233.
• Dyme, letter of governor to, i. [237] n., [260] n.
• Dynamis, i. [313].
• Dyrrachium, i. [201], [299], [301].
• Earthquakes in Asia Minor, i. [358].
• Eburacum, i. [183], [186], [193], [194].
• Ecbatana, ii. 4, 28.
• Edessa, ii. 68 f., 76, 77, 79, 100, 102, 125 n.
• Education in Gaul, i. [112] f.;
• • in Asia Minor, [362] f.;
  • in Africa, ii. 341 f.
• Egypt: annexation, ii. 232 f.;
  • exclusively an imperial possession, 233 f.;
  • twofold nationality, 234;
  • land–districts and Greek cities, 235 f.;
  • coinage, 237 n.;
  • absence of land–diet, 238;
  • government of Lagids, 238 f.;
  • imperial administration financially, 239 f.;
  • revenues, 239 f.;
  • privileged position of Hellenes, 240 f.;
  • personal privileges in Roman period, 242;
  • native language, 243;
  • titles of Augustus in, 244 n.;
  • abolition of resident court, 244 f.;
  • officials, general and local, 246–248;
  • insurrections, 249;
  • in the Palmyrene period (ii. 107 f.), 249 f.;
  • revolt under Diocletian, 251;
  • opposition emperors, 251;
  • agriculture, 251;
  • granary of Rome, 252 f.;
  • revenue from imperial domains, 253 n., 254;
  • trades, 254;
  • linen, 254;
  • papyrus, 255;
  • building materials, 256;
  • navigation of Mediterranean, 257 f.;
  • population, 258;
  • manners, 258 f.;
  • religious customs, 259 f.;
  • sorcery, 261;
  • other abuses connected with the cultus, 261;
  • revolt of the “Herdsmen,” 261 f.;
  • Alexandria, 262–273;
  • strength of occupying army, 273 f.;
  • recruited from camp–children, 274;
  • task of the troops, 274;
  • east coast and general commerce, 278 f.;
  • canal, 279 f.;
  • sea–route to India, 279;
  • eastern ports, 280;
  • relations with west coast of Arabia, 284 f.;
  • land–routes and harbours, 297;
  • piracy repressed, 298;
  • active traffic to the east, 298 f.
• Eirenarchs, i. [351] n., [353].
• Elagabalus, origin of name, ii. 123.
• Elateia, i. [242].
• Eleazar, ii. 207, 208, 214, 215.
• Eleazar of Modein, ii. 224 n.
• Elegeia, battle of, ii. 74.
• Elentherolacones, i. [260].
• Elis, i. [261];
  • flax of, [292].
• Elymais, ii. 7.
• Emmaus, ii. 212 f., 218.
• Emona, i. [10], [20], [198], [206].
• Ephesus, i. [329], [360], [361].
• Epictetus, i. [273].
• Epidaphne, a blunder of Tacitus, ii. 128 n.
• Epirus, i. [294] f.;
  • northern, i. [297].
• Equestrian offices in Egypt, ii. 233 n., 242 n., 246, 247, 249.
• Eratosthenes, ii. 241 n.
• Esus, i. [104].
• Ethnarch of the Jews in Alexandria, ii. 193 n.
• Euergetes, title of, ii. 238.
• Eumolpidae, i. [281].
• Eupatorids, i. [314].
• Euphorion, librarian to Antiochus the Great, ii. 130.
• Euphrates, frontier of the, ii. 1;
  • Romano–Parthian frontier–regions, 19;
  • recognised as boundary, 21;
  • customs–district, 70 f., 97 n.;
  • Romans on left bank, 77;
  • need of watch, 118 f.;
  • as route for commerce, 278 f.
• Europus, battle at, ii. 76.
• Eurycles, i. [283].
• Exegetes in Alexandria, ii. 248 n.
• Eziongeber, ii. 288 n.
• Ezra, ii. 161.
• Fadus, Cuspius, ii. 204.
• Faustinopolis, i. [333].
• Favorinus, polymath, i. [110] f.
• Felix, Antonius, ii. 202, 204.
• Filosofi locus, ii. 342.
• Firmus in Egypt, ii. 111 n.
• Flaccus, Avillius, ii. 192 n., 193.
• “Flavian altars,” i. [153] n.
• Floras, Gessius, ii. 206.
• Forath, ii. 98 n.
• Forum Julii, i. [86].
• Frankincense routes, ii. 286 n., 288 n., 299.
• Franks, i. [163], [165], [167];
• • settled on Black Sea, [250].
• Frontinus, Sextus Julius, i. [181].
• Fronto, Marcus Claudius, i. [234].
• Fronto, Marcus Cornelius, ii. 342.
• Frisians, i. [27], [28], [43], [97] n., [121], [124], [126] n., [129], [131], [145].
• Furtius, i. [233] f.
• Fuscus, Arellius, i. [365].
• Fuscus, Cornelius, i. [220].
• Gabinius, Aulus, ii. 174 f., 232.
• Gades, i. [68], [74] f.;
• • Gaditanian songs, [75].
• Gaetulians, ii. 304, 322 n., 323 f.
• Galatia, i. [323] f., [336], [338] f.;
  • Galatian kingdom, [339] f.;
  • province, [340];
  • inhabitants, [340];
  • former cantons, [341];
  • language under the Romans, [341] f.;
  • Galatians as soldiers, [342];
  • garrison of, [350].
• Galatarchs, i. [344] n.;
  • Julian’s letter to, [349] n.
• Galba, i. [130]; ii. 198 n., 213.
• Galenus of Pergamus, i. [366].
• Gallicus, Gaius Rutilius, ii. 64 n.
• Gallienus, energetic action in Germany, i. [163];
  • victory over pirates at Thrace, [246];
  • character, [247];
  • murder, [247];
  • recognition of Odaenathus, ii. 103 f.
• Gallus, Gaius Aelius, expedition of, ii. 290 f.;
  • Strabo’s account of it, 291 n.
• Gallus, Gaius Cestius, ii. 209 f.
• Gallus, Trebonianus, i. [240] f.
• Ganna, i. [146].
• Gannascus, i. [125].
• Garamantes, ii. 309, 315, 318.
• Gaul, administrative partition of, i. [33] n.;
  • acquisition of Southern, [78];
  • later conflicts in three Gauls, [79] f.;
  • Celtic rising under Tiberius, [80];
  • gradual pacification, [81];
  • rising after Nero’s death, [82], [136] f.;
  • Romanising policy, [82] f.;
  • organisation of the three Gauls, [84] f.;
  • law and justice, [85];
  • Romanising of Southern province, [88] f.;
  • cantonal organisation, [90] f.;
  • influence of cantonal constitution, [92];
  • smaller client–unions, [92] n.;
  • diet, [94];
  • altar and priest, [94];
  • composition of the diets, [95] f.;
  • officials, [94] n., [95] n.;
  • restricted Roman franchise, [98] f.;
  • Latin rights conferred on individual communities, [99];
  • Celtic language, [99] f.;
  • evidences of its continued use, [101];
  • Romanising stronger in Eastern Gaul, [102];
  • land measurement, [102];
  • religion, [103];
  • economic condition, [106];
  • culture of vine, [108];
  • network of roads, [109];
  • Hellenism in South Gaul, [110];
  • Latin literature in Southern province, [111];
  • literature in imperial Gaul, [112];
  • constructive and plastic art, [114];
  • extent of the three Gauls, [117];
  • attempt to establish a Gallic empire, [137]–141.
• Gaza, ii. 210.
• Gedrosia, ii. 13.
• Gelduba, camp at, i. [144] f.
• Geneva, i. [91].
• Gens and civitas, ii. 334 n.
• Georgius, murder of, ii. 265.
• Gerba, ii. 338.
• Germanicus, associated with Tiberius, i. [41];
  • in sole command on the Rhine, [49];
  • course after death of Augustus, [50];
  • renewed offensive, [51] f.;
  • expedition to the Ems, [50] f.;
  • campaign of the year 16, [53] f.;
  • disaster to his fleet, [54];
  • recall, [55];
  • aims and results of campaigns, [55]–59;
  • triumph, [62];
  • mission to the East, ii. 40;
  • its results, 41 f.
• Germany and Germans: Rhine–boundary, i. [25] f.;
  • war of Drusus, [26] f.;
  • Roman camps and base, [31] f.;
  • organisation of province, [35];
  • altar for Germanic cantons, [35], 118;
  • rising under Arminius, [42] f.;
  • character of Romano–German conflict, [49];
  • abolition of command–in–chief on the Rhine, [55];
  • Elbe frontier and its abandonment, [56]–59;
  • Germans against Germans, [60];
  • original province, [117];
  • Upper and Lower, [118] f.;
  • strength of the armies, [119] n.;
  • right bank of Rhine abandoned, [125] f.;
  • position after fall of Nero, [127];
  • consequences of Batavian war, [143] f.;
  • later attitude of Romano–Germans on left bank, [144] f.;
  • free Germans there, [145];
  • Upper Germany, [147] f.;
  • Limes, [154]–160;
  • distribution of troops, [156] n., [159] n.;
  • under Marcus, [160];
  • later wars, [161]–167;
  • Romanising of, [167];
  • towns arising out of encampments, [168];
  • Germanising of the Roman state, its beginnings and progress, [168] f.;
  • picture of, by Tacitus, [169].
• Gerusia, i. [353], [354] n.
• Geta, Gnaeus Hosidius, ii. 323.
• Getae, language of, i. [208].
• Gibbon, i. [6].
• Gindarus, battle of, ii. 23.
• Gladiatorial games, latest in Greece, i. [272].
• Glass of Sidon, ii. 137;
  • glass–wares, 255.
• Gods, Iberian, i. [75];
  • Celtic, in Spain, [75] n.;
  • British, [193];
  • Syrian, ii. 123;
  • Egyptian, 235, 260 f.
• Gondopharus, ii. 15, 16 n.
• Gordianus, “conqueror of Goths,” i. [239];
  • Persian wars of, ii. 91.
• Gordiou Kome, i. [330].
• Gorneae, ii. 48 n.
• Gotarzes, ii. 7 n., 12 n., 46, 47.
• Goths: migrations, i. [238];
  • Gothic wars, [239];
  • under Decius, [240] f.;
  • invasions of Macedonia and Thrace, [240];
  • maritime expeditions, [243] f.;
  • victories of Claudius, [247] f.;
  • character of these wars, [248].
• Graupian Mount, battle of, i. [183] f., [190].
• Great–king, ii. 7.
• Greece: Hellas and Rome, i. [253];
  • towns under republic, [256];
  • city–leagues broken up, [256] f.;
  • revived, [259];
  • freed communities and colonies, [258]–261;
  • decay of, [261];
  • decrease of population, [268];
  • statements of Plutarch, Dio, and Strabo, [268] f.;
  • tone of feeling, [270] f.;
  • good old manners, [271] f.;
  • parallel between Roman and Athenian life, [273];
  • misrule of provincial administration, [275];
  • misrule in towns, [276];
  • clinging to memories of past, [280];
  • religion, [280];
  • worship of pedigrees, [280] f.;
  • language––archaism and barbarism, [281] f.;
  • great families, [283] f.;
  • career of state–offices, [284] f.;
  • personal service of the emperor, [285];
  • municipal administration, [285];
  • Plutarch on its duties, [286];
  • games, universal interest in, [287]–290;
  • municipal ambition, its honours and toils, [290] f.;
  • trade and commerce, [292] f.;
  • roads, [294];
  • piratic invasions, i. [245] f.;
  • description of Greece from the time of Constantius, i. [293] n.
• Greek islands, places of punishment, i. [343].
• Gregorius Nazianzenus, i. [333].
• Hadrianoi, i. [328].
• Hadrianus: Hadrian’s wall, i. [186];
• • disaster at Eburacum, [188] n.;
  • Panhellenism at Athens, [266];
  • grants to Athens, [277] f.;
  • his Novae Athenae, [278];
  • Olympieion, [278];
  • evacuates Assyria and Mesopotamia, and restores Armenia as vassal–state, ii. 71, 72;
  • Jewish rising under, 223 f.;
  • lays out Antinoopolis, 236;
  • gives exceptional right of coining, 237;
  • alleged letter to Servianus, 256 n.;
  • “Hadrian’s road” in Egypt, 297 n.
• Haedui, i. [80], [99].
• Hairanes, Septimius, ii. 97 n.
• Harmozika, ii. 64.
• Hasmonaeans, ii. 161.
• Hatra, ii. 69, 78, 79, 89.
• Haurân, red soil, ii. 144;
  • mountain–pastures, 145;
  • cave–towns, 147;
  • robbers, 147 n.;
  • bilingual inscriptions, 148 n.;
  • forts, 153;
  • agriculture, 154;
  • Ledjâ, 154;
  • aqueducts, 155;
  • buildings, 156.
• Hebron, ii. 213.
• Hecatompylos, ii. 4.
• Heliopolis, ii. 121, 123.
• Helladarch, i. [255], [265] n., [344] n.
• Hellenism and Panhellenism, i. [252] f.
• Helvetii, i. [27], [92], [93], [99], [117], [119], [128];
  • “Helvetian desert,” [152].
• Hemesa, ii. 103, 106, 109 f.;
  • oil–presses near, 136 n.
• Heraclea (Chersonesus), i. [305], [312];
  • coins of, [315] n.
• Hercules in Gaul, i. [106].
• Hermogenes of Smyrna, i. [366] n.
• Hermunduri, i. [31], [38], [150] f., [158], [214] f.
• Herod the Great, ii. 176 f.;
  • confirmed by Antonius as tetrarch, 177;
  • king of Judaea, 178;
  • under Augustus, 179;
  • government in relation to the Romans, 179 f.;
  • in relation to the Jews, 180;
  • character and aims, 180 f.;
  • energy of his rule, 182;
  • extent of his dominions, 182;
  • partition of his kingdom, 183;
  • revenues of, 187 n.;
  • territory beyond the Jordan, ii. 146 f.;
  • represses brigandage, 147.
• Herod Agrippa I., ii. 49, 191, 194 f., 200.
• Herod Agrippa II., ii. 152, 171, 173 n., 181, 183, 207, 208, 209, 219.
• Herod Antipas, ii. 150.
• Herod of Chalcis, ii. 201.
• Herodes Atticus, i. [281], [282], [283] n., [284].
• Herodians, ii. 218.
• Heroonpolis, ii. 261.
• Heruli, i. [246] f.
• Hiera Sycaminos, ii. 276 n.
• Hieronymus, i. [101].
• Hilary of Poitiers, opinion of his countrymen, i. [83].
• Hippalus, ii. 299.
• Hippo, ii. 310, 319, 328, 339.
• Homerites, ii. 286 f.;
  • coinage, 287 f., 290;
  • later fortunes, 294;
  • united with kingdom of Axomites, 295 n.;
  • commercial intercourse of, 296.
• Homonadenses, i. [335] f.
• Hordeonius Flaccus, i. [132].
• Hyginus, i. [75].
• Hypatia, murder of, ii. 265.
• Hyrcanus, ii. 174, 175 n., 177, 179.
• Iapydes, i. [9].
• Iazyges, i. [216], [220], [230], [234].
• Iberians, range and language, i. [69];
• • Romanising, [69] f.;
  • north of Pyrenees, [79];
  • coinage, [79] n.
• Iceni, i. [179].
• Iconium, i. [336] f.
• Idiologus, ii. 247 n.
• Idumaea, ii. 213, 214.
• Igel column, i. [115] f.
• Igilgili, ii. 324.
• Illyrian stock, i. [199] f.;
  • range and character, [199] f.;
  • admixture of Celtic elements, [200] f.
• Illyricum, relation to Moesia, i. [14] n.;
  • erection and extent of province, [20] f.;
  • rising in, [39];
  • administrative subdivision, [195], [201];
  • excellence of Illyrian soldiers, [250] f.;
  • Illyrian emperors, [251].
• India, commercial intercourse with, ii. 300 f.
• Indus, region of, ii. 13 f.
• Inguiomerus, i. [52], [60], [61].
• Insubres, i. [91].
• Iol (Caesarea), ii. 311, 321.
• Iran, empire of: Iranian stocks and rule, ii. 1 f.;
  • religion, 9 f.;
  • Bactria bulwark of Iran, 18.
  • [See] Persia.
• Irenaeus, i. [101].
• Isauria, i. [334] f., [337].
• Isca, camp of, i. [178], [193].
• Isidorus (leader of “herdsmen”), ii. 262.
• Isidorus, geographer, ii. 39.
• Isis, i. [280]; ii. 266.
• Istachr;
  • [see] Persepolis.
• Isthmus of Corinth, piercing of, i. [294].
• Istria, i. [200].
• Istros, i. [239].
• Istropolis, i. [13].
• Itala version of Bible, by whom prepared, ii. 343 n.
• Italica, i. [67].
• Italicus, i. [146].
• Italy, northern frontier of, i. [7] f.;
  • ceases to be military, [251].
• Ivernia, i. [178], [182], [184].
• Izates of Adiabene, ii. 46, 167.
• Jahve, ii. 160, 161, 169.
• Jamblichus, ii. 76 n., 123 n., 131.
• Jannaeus Alexander, ii. 162.
• Jerusalem, standing garrison, ii. 186;
• • destruction of, 215, 218;
  • colony of Hadrian, 224 n.
  • [See] Judaea.
• Jews: Jewish traffic, ii. 141 f.;
  • Pariah position in Rome, 142 f.;
  • Diaspora, 142, 162 f.;
  • at Alexandria, 162 n., 163;
  • at Antioch, 163;
  • in Asia Minor, 163 n.;
  • Greek language compulsory, 163 f.;
  • retention of nationality, 164 f.;
  • self–governing community in Alexandria, 165;
  • extent of the Diaspora, 166 f.;
  • proselytism, 166 f.;
  • Hellenising tendencies, 167;
  • Jewish–Alexandrian philosophy, 168;
  • Neo–Judaism, 168 f.;
  • fellowship of, as a body, 169 f.;
  • Philo, 170;
  • Roman government and Judaism, 171 f.;
  • policy of Augustus, 171 f.;
  • of Tiberius, 172;
  • treatment in the West, 172;
  • and in the East, 173 f.;
  • treatment by Gaius, 191 f.;
  • Jew–hunt at Alexandria, 192 f.;
  • statue of emperor in the Temple, 194 f.;
  • impression produced by the attempt, 195;
  • hatred of emperor–worship depicted in the Apocalypse, 196–198 n.;
  • treatment by Claudius, 199 f.;
  • preparations for the insurrection, 201 f.;
  • high–priestly rule, 202;
  • Zealots, 203 f.;
  • outbreak in Caesarea, 205 f.;
  • and in Jerusalem, 206 f.;
  • struggle of parties, 208 f.;
  • extension of the war, 209;
  • war of Vespasian, 210 f.;
  • forces, 211 n.;
  • first and second campaigns, 213;
  • Titus against Jerusalem, 213;
  • task of assailants, 214 f.;
  • destruction of Jerusalem, 215;
  • breaking up of Jewish central power, 216;
  • central worship set aside, 216 f.;
  • tribute transferred to Capitoline Jupiter, 217 f.;
  • territory becomes domain–land, 218 n.;
  • further treatment, 219 f.;
  • consequences of catastrophe, 220;
  • Palestinian Jews, 220 f.;
  • rising under Trajan, 221;
  • under Hadrian, 223, 225 n.;
  • position in second and third centuries, 225 f.;
  • toleration of worship, 226;
  • corporative unions, 226 f.;
  • patriarchs, 227 n.;
  • exemptions from, and obligations to, public services, 227, 228 n.;
  • circumcision prohibited, 228 n.;
  • altered position of Jews and altered character of Judaism in the imperial period, 229, 230.
• John of Gischala, ii. 214.
• Joppa, ii. 175 n., 176.
• Josephus, on cave–towns of Haurân, ii. 147;
  • account of Titus’s council of war, 217 n.;
  • value of statements in the preface to his History of the Jewish War, ii. 205 n.
• Jotapata, ii. 212.
• Juba I., ii. 308.
• Juba II., ii. 312, 313, 338 n.;
  • his Collectanea, ii. 39, 293 n.
• Judaea: distinction between Jewish land and Jewish people, ii. 160;
  • priestly rule under Seleucids, 160 f.;
  • kingdom of Hasmonaeans, 161;
  • Pharisees and Sadducees, 161;
  • under the republic, 174;
  • Caesar’s arrangements, 175 f.;
  • freedom from dues, 175 n.;
  • Parthians in Judaea, 177 f.;
  • under Herod, 180–182;
  • under Archelaus, 183 f.;
  • Roman province, 184, 185 n.;
  • provincial organisation, 186;
  • military force in, 186;
  • tribute, 186 f.;
  • native authorities, 187;
  • deference to Jewish scruples, 189 f.;
  • the Jewish opposition, 190 f.
  • [See also] Jews.
• Judaism;
  • see [Jews] and [Judaea].
• Judas, the Galilean, ii. 195, 198.
• Jugurtha, war with, ii. 307.
• Julianus defeats Dacians at Tapae, i. 220.
• Julianus, Emperor, epigram on barley–wine, i. [108];
  • reply to “beard–mockers” of Antioch, ii. 135.
• Julii, tomb of, at S. Remy, i. [115].
• Juridicus, ii. 247 n.
• Jurisprudence, studied at Berytus, ii. 130.
• Juthungi, i. [161], [166].
• Kainepolis, ii. 75 n.
• Kanata and Canatha, ii. 146 n.
• Kanerku, ii. 16, 17 n.
• Kerykes, i. [246], [281].
• King of kings, ii. 11.
• Labeo, Claudius, i. [136].
• Labienus, Quintus, ii. 22, 23.
• Lachares, i. [283].
• Lactantius, ii. 345.
• Lactora, i. [97] n.
• Laetus, ii. 79.
• Lagids, government of, ii. 238;
• • finance of, 239 f., 241.
• Lambaesis, ii. 319.
• Lancia, i. [66].
• Langobardi, i. [35], [37], [146], [230].
• Laodicea, i. [327], [360]; ii. 130.
• Larisa, i. [298].
• Latifundia, ii. 334.
• Latin version of Bible, ii. 343 n.
• Latobici in Carniola, i. [200].
• Latro, Marcus Porcius, i. [76].
• Lauriacum, i. [198].
• Leagues of Greek cities, i. [259], [264] n.;
  • diets, [264] f.
• Lentulus, Gnaeus, Dacian war, i. [42].
• Leptis, Great, ii. 316, 326, 327, 328.
• Leuce Come, ii. 148, 280, 285, 288, 291.
• Leuga, i. [103].
• Lex Julia II., i. [10].
• Libanius, description of Antioch, ii. 129 n.
• Library of Alexandria, ii. 271 f.
• Libyans, ii. 304, 317.
• Licinianus, Valerius, i. [76].
• Limes, meaning of, i. [122] n.;
  • Limes Germaniae, [122] f.;
  • Upper Germanic, [154] f.;
  • Raetiae, [155] f.;
  • construction of, [156], 197;
  • object and effect of these structures, i. [157]–160.
• Lindum, i. [182].
• Linen, Syrian, ii. 137, 138;
  • Egyptian, 254 n.
• Lingones, i. [102], [139], [140];
  • testament of man of rank among, i. [107].
• Logistae, i. [353].
• Lollius, Marcus, defeat of, i. [26].
• Londinium, i. [177], [180], [192].
• Longinus (Pseudo–), on the Sublime, ii. 168, 231.
• Lucanus, i. [76].
• Lucian of Commagene, ii. 131;
  • on the Syrian goddess, 134 n.;
  • (Pseudo–), parallel between Roman and Athenian life, 273 f.
• Lugii, i. [37], [215], [220].
• Lugudunum, i. [87]–90.
• Lusitania, i. [63], [64];
  • towns with burgess–rights in, [68].
• Lutetia described by Julian, i. [109].
• Lycia, i. [323] f., [333];
  • Lycian cities–league, [333].
• Lydius, robber–chief, i. [337].
• Lysimachia, i. [303], [322] n.
• Macedonia, frontier of, i. [11] f.;
• • extent under the empire, [298] f.;
  • nationalities, [299] f.;
  • Greek polity, [300] f.;
  • diet, [300];
  • economy, roads and levy, [301] f.;
  • Macedonians at Alexandria, ii. 164, 165 n.
• Machaerus, ii. 215.
• Macrianus, Fulvius, ii. 102 n., 103.
• Macrinus, ii. 88.
• Mactaris, ii. 339 n.
• Madaura, ii. 341.
• Madeira, dyeworks at, ii. 323, 338 n.
• Maeates, i. [189].
• Magians, ii. 10, 84.
• Magnesia on Maeander, i. [325], [329].
• Malchus, ii. 151.
• Mamaea, ii. 90.
• Marble quarries, i. [292].
• Marcianopolis, i. [308], [310].
• Marcomani, i. [27];
  • retire to Bohemia, [29];
  • isolated, [31];
  • under Maroboduus, [37], 60 f.;
  • under Roman clientship, [214] f.;
  • war under Marcus Aurelius, [229] f.;
  • invasion of Italy, [231];
  • pestilence, [231];
  • progress of war, [232];
  • submission of Quadi, [233];
  • terms of, [234];
  • second war, [235];
  • results, [235] f.;
  • conclusion of peace by Commodus, [236].
• Mareades, ii. 101 n.
• Margiane (Merv), ii. 18.
• Mariaba, ii. 287 n., 292, 295.
• Mariamne, ii. 177, 181.
• Mariccus, i. [129].
• Marmarica, ii. 315.
• Marnus, temple of, ii. 133.
• Maroboduus, i. [37], [43], [48], [60] f.
• Marsi, i. [51].
• Martialis, Valerius, i. [76].
• Mascula, ii. 319.
• Massada, ii. 215.
• Massilia, i. [78], [79], [86], [110].
• Massinissa, ii. 305, 309.
• Mattiaci, i. [33], [133], [149] n.
• Mauretania, Roman dependency, ii. 308;
  • two Mauretanian kingdoms, 310 f.;
  • Roman civilisation in, 320 f.;
  • Gaetulian wars, 322;
  • incursions of Moors into Spain, 324 n.;
  • colonisation of Augustus, 333;
  • large landed estates, 333 f.
• Mauri, ii. 304.
• Maximianus, Galerius, ii. 114.
• Maximinus, expedition into heart of Germany, i. [162];
  • Mesopotamia falls to Ardashir, ii. 91.
• Maximus, Terentius, ii. 65.
• Mazices, ii. 303, 324.
• Media, ii. 4, 6, 10.
• Mediolanum, i. [91].
• Mediomatrici, i. [141].
• Megasthenes sent to India, ii. 130.
• Megistanes, ii. 5 f.
• Meherdates, ii. 46.
• Mela, Pomponius, i. [76].
• Menahim, ii. 208.
• Menecrates, physician, i. [366] n.
• Menippus of Gadara, ii. 131.
• Meroe, ii. 275, 277.
• Mesembria, i. [305].
• Mesene, ii. 68.
• Mesopotamia ceded to Parthians, ii. 21;
  • Vologasus in, 55;
  • occupied by Trajan, 68;
  • revolt of Seleucia and siege, 68 f.;
  • Roman province, 68, 70 f.;
  • evacuated by Hadrian, 72;
  • again Roman province under Severus, 79;
  • battle of Nisibis, 88;
  • falls to Ardashir, 91;
  • reconquered by Gordian, 91;
  • but ceded by Philippus, 92;
  • struggle under Valerian, 100;
  • action of Odaenathus, 104;
  • once more Roman under Carus, 113 n.;
  • invaded by Narseh, but recovered by Diocletian, 113–115.
• Messalla, Marcus Valerius, vanquishes the Aquitanians, i. [80].
• Minaeans, ii. 285 n., 286 n., 290, 295.
• Minnagara, ii. 15, 16 n.
• Minucius, Felix, ii. 345.
• Mithra, worship of, ii. 126.
• Mithradates I., ii. 4, 5.
• Mithradates, brother of Pharasmanes, ii. 43, 45, 46 n., 47.
• Mithradates of Pergamus, i. [313], [340].
• Moesia, i. [12];
  • subjugation by Crassus, [13], 212;
  • relation to Illyricum, [14] n.;
  • province, [22];
  • Latin civilisation of, [213];
  • legionary camps, [213] n., [218], 227;
  • Greek towns in lower, [308] f.;
  • mints in, [308] n.
• Mogontiacum, i. [32], [49], [118], 149, [168].
• Mona, i. [178], [179], [180], [182].
• Monachism cradled in Egypt, ii. 267.
• Monaeses, ii. 24, 26, 28, 29, 31.
• Monobazus of Adiabene, ii. 54.
• Montanus, Votienus, i. [111].
• Months, Persian names of, ii. 85 n.;
  • Palmyrene, 96 n.
• Morini, i. [80].
• Mosaic pavements in Britain, i. [194].
• Moselle valley, i. [115] f.
• Museum of Alexandria, president of the, ii. 248 n.;
  • savants of the, 268 f., 271 n., 272.
• Musulamii, ii. 317, 318, 319 n.
• Muza, ii. 289, 296, 299 n.
• Muziris, ii. 301.
• Myos Hormos, ii. 280, 288, 297, 298.
• Nabata, ii. 275, 281, 282 n.
• Nabataea: language and writing, ii. 146;
• • kingdom of Nabat, 148;
  • its extent and power, 148 f.;
  • Nabataean inscriptions, 148, 149 n.;
  • king subject to the Romans, 150;
  • coins of, 150 n.;
  • Greek designations of magistrates, 181 f.;
  • merged partly in Roman province of Arabia by Trajan, 152;
  • worship, 153;
  • Phylarchs, 154.
• Naissus, i. [248].
• Namara, stronghold of, ii. 153, 157.
• Napoca, i. [228].
• Narbo, i. [78] f., [86].
• Narcissus, i. [175].
• Naristae, i. [237].
• Narona, i. [202].
• Narseh, ii. 114 n.
• Nasamones, ii. 316.
• Nattabutes, ii. 319 n.
• Naucratis, ii. 235 n., 236 n.
• Nauplia, i. [293].
• Nauportus, i. [8], [198].
• Neapolis, Flavia, ii. 218.
• Necho, ii. 278.
• Neckar, region of the, i. [152] f.
• Negrin, oasis of, ii. 320.
• Neith, sanctuary of, ii. 260.
• Nelcynda, ii. 301.
• Nemausus, i. [87];
  • temples, [106];
  • coins, [110].
• Neocorate, i. [346] f.
• Neoi, i. [353].
• Neo–Judaism, ii. 269.
• Neo–Platonism, ii. 126, 209.
• Neo–Pythagoreanism, ii. 269.
• Nero, report of Aelianus as to Moesia, i. [217];
  • attempt to pierce the Isthmus of Corinth, [294];
  • under Burrus and Seneca, ii. 49;
  • aims of the government in the East, 50, 51;
  • Parthian war under, 55 f.;
  • intended Oriental expedition, 61 f.;
  • Vologasus on Nero’s memory, 62;
  • confiscations in Africa, 334;
  • Pseudo–Nero, ii. 62, 64.
• Nicaea, i. [245], [329].
• Nicanor, Julius, buys back Salamis, i. [278].
• Nicephorium, ii. 76, 94, 114.
• Nicetes of Smyrna, i. [365].
• Nicolaus of Damascus, ii. 167 f.
• Nicomedia, i. [245], [329], [345];
  • Dio’s address to, [330] n.
• Nicopolis, Epirot, i. [254], [295] f.
• Nicopolis on Haemus, i. [240], [307].
• Nicopolis, suburb of Alexandria, ii. 274.
• Niger, Pescennius, ii. 77, 78 n., 118.
• Nile: Nile–flood, ii. 252, 253;
  • Nile–route for commerce, 278.
• Nisibis, ii. 68 f., 76, 78 n., 79, 115;
  • battle at, 88, 91.
• Nomes, constitution and distinctive features of, ii. 235 f.;
  • agoranomy in, 235 f., 239 n.;
  • presidents of the nomes, 248 f.
• Nonnus, epic of, ii. 268.
• Noreia, i. [198].
• Noricum, province of, i. [18], [196];
  • Italising of, [197] f.;
  • military arrangements, [198];
  • townships, [199].
• Novae, i. [227].
• Novaesium, i. [132]–136, [141], [142].
• Novempopulana, i. [197].
• Noviodunum, i. [87] n.
• Noviomagus, i. [119], [120].
• Nubians, ii. 275, 278.
• Numidians, ii. 304;
  • Numidia in civil wars, 307;
  • a province, 307, 310.
• Obodas, ii. 150, 290.
• Octavia, ii. 27, 32.
• Odaenathus, Septimius, ii. 97 n.
• Odaenathus, king of Palmyra, ii. 103 n.;
• • campaign against Persians, 104 f.;
  • assassination, 106 n.
• Odessus, i. [13], [315].
• Odrysae, i. [11], [209] f., [304], [306] n.
• Oea, ii. 316, 327.
• Oescus, i. [214], [309].
• Ogmius, i. [104].
• Olbia, i. [239], [242], [305], [310] n., [311].
• Olympic games, i. [288] f.
• Ombites, ii. 261, 262.
• Onias, temple of, closed, ii. 217.
• Ordovici, i. [178], [182].
• Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23 f., 43.
• Orontes valley, ii. 134, 141.
• Osicerda, coin of, i. [70].
• Osiris worship, ii. 266 n.
• Osrhoene, ii. 88.
• Otho, defeat of, i. [128].
• Oxus, ii. 83.
• Pacorus I., son of Orodes, ii. 21, 22, 23.
• Pacorus, Parthian king in time of Trajan, ii. 65 n.
• Paetus, Lucius Caesennius, ii. 56 f.;
• • capitulation at Rhandeia, 57 f.;
  • recalled, 59.
• Pahlavi language, ii. 11, 12 n., 85.
• Palikars, i. [207].
• Palma, Aulus Cornelius, ii. 152.
• Palmyra, ii. 92 f.;
  • predatory expedition of Antonius, 93;
  • military independence, 93, 94 n.;
  • distinctive position, 93 f.;
  • administrative independence, 95 f.;
  • language, 95 f.;
  • votive inscriptions, 96 n.;
  • magistrates, 96 f.;
  • “Headman,” 97;
  • official titles, 97 n.;
  • customs–district, 97 n.;
  • commercial position, 98;
  • under Odaenathus, 103 f.;
  • under Zenobia, 106–110;
  • destruction, 111 f.;
  • chronology, 111 n.
• Pamphylia, i. [324];
  • coast towns, [333] f.;
  • earlier rulers, [334];
  • assigned to governor of its own, [336].
• Panhellenism, i. [252] f.;
  • Panhellenes, [265];
  • Panhellenion of Hadrian, [266] n.;
  • letters of recommendation, [267] n.;
  • Olympia, [288] f.
• Pannonia, province, i. [22];
  • first Pannonian war, [22] f.;
  • Dalmatio–Pannonian rising, [38] f.;
  • military arrangements, [204] f.;
  • urban development, [206] f.;
  • camps advanced, [219];
  • prosperity, [229].
• Panopeus, i. [290].
• Panopolis, ii. 235.
• Panticapaeum, i. [305], [312], [313], [315] n., [316] f., [318], [319].
• Papak, ii. 87 n.
• Papyrus, ii. 255 n.
• Paraetonium, ii. 235 n.
• Paropanisus, ii. 14.
• Parthamaspates, ii. 69.
• Parthia and Parthians, rule of, ii. 2 f.;
  • Parthians Scythian, 3;
  • regal office, 5;
  • Megistanes, 5, 6 n.;
  • satraps, 6;
  • as vassals, 7;
  • Greek towns, 8;
  • counterpart to Roman empire, 9;
  • language, 11 f.;
  • coinage, 12;
  • extent of empire, 12 f.;
  • wars between Parthians and Scythians, 18;
  • Romano–Parthian frontier–region, 19;
  • during the civil wars, 21;
  • at Philippi, 22;
  • in Syria and Asia Minor, 22;
  • [Judaea, 177 f.];
  • seizure of Armenia, 45 n.;
  • occupation of Armenia, 47 f.;
  • war under Nero, 55 f.;
  • the East under the Flavians, 61 f.;
  • coinage of pretenders, 65 n.;
  • war under Trajan, 65 f.;
  • his oriental policy, 70 f.;
  • reaction under Hadrian and Pius, 71 f.;
  • war under Marcus and Verus, 74 f.;
  • wars under Severus, 77 f.;
  • wars of Severus Antoninus, 87;
  • beginning of Sassanid dynasty, 80 f., 89;
  • Partho–Indian empire, ii. 15 f., 17 n.
• Parthini, i. [9].
• Parthomasiris, ii. 66 n., 67.
• Patrae, i. [260] f., [292] f., [297].
• Patriarchs of Jews, ii. 227 n.
• Patrocles, Admiral, exploring Caspian, ii. 130.
• Patronatus, contracts of, ii. 329 n., 330 n.
• Paul at Damascus, chronology of, ii. 149 n.
• Paullinus, Gaius Suetonius, i. [179] f., [181], 182; ii. 313, 323.
• Pedigrees, i. [287] f.
• Pentapolis, Pontic, i. [308] f.;
  • coinage of, [309].
• Pergamus, i. [326], [329], [345], 350.
• Persepolis (Istachr), ii. 83.
• Persian empire, extent of, ii. 1 f.;
  • [see] Sassanids.
• Persis, viceroys of, how named, ii. 5 n.;
  • king of, 7;
  • royal dynasty, Sassanids, 81.
• Pertinax, Helvius, i. [233].
• Petra, client–state of Nabat, ii. 65;
  • residence of king, 148;
  • traffic–route, 151 n., 288;
  • constitution under Hadrian, 155;
  • structures of, 156;
  • rock–tombs, 157.
• Petronius, Gaius, governor of Egypt, ii. 276.
• Petronius, Publius, governor of Syria, ii. 194.
• Pessinus, i. [341], [342] n.
• Phanagoria, i. [315], [319].
• Pharasmanes (I.), ii. 43, 47, 53.
• Pharasmanes (II.), ii. 73.
• Pharisees, ii. 161, 183, 188, 208.
• Pharnaces, i. [312], [339].
• Pharnapates, ii. 23.
• Pharsalus, i. [298] n.
• Phasael, ii. 177 f.
• Philadelphia (in Lydia), i. [360].
• Philadelphia (in Syria), ii. 146.
• Philae, ii. 276, 278.
• Philhellenism of the Romans, i. [276] f.
• Philippi, i. [301], [303].
• Philippopolis, i. [211], [232], [260], 304, [307].
• Philippus, Marcus Julius, proclaimed emperor, ii. 91 f.;
  • cession of Euphrates frontier, 92.
• Philo, Neo–Judaism, ii. 170;
  • deputations to Gaius, 193;
  • silence accounted for, 196 n.
  • Phoenician language in Africa, ii. 326 f., 328 n.
• Phraataces, ii. 39.
• Phraates, ii. 24, 28 f., 34, 37, 38.
• Phrygia, Great, i. [325];
  • language, i. [328];
  • coins and inscriptions, [328].
• Phylarchs, ii. 154, 158 n.
  • Picti, i. [189].
• Piracy in Black Sea, i. [242] f.;
  • expeditions to Asia Minor and Greece, [245] f.;
  • in Pisidia, [334] f.;
  • in Red Sea, ii. 298.
• Piraeus, i. [278], [293].
• Pirustae, i. [41].
• Pisidia, independence, i. [334];
  • subdued by Augustus, [335];
  • Pisidian colonies, [336];
  • brigandage in, [351].
• Piso, Lucius, Thracian war, i. [24] f.
• Pityus, i. [242], [243] f.
• Pius, Cestius, i. [365].
• Plataeae, i. [266] n., [267] n.
• Plautius, Aulus, i. [175], [177].
• Plotinus, ii. 126.
• Plutarch, knowledge of Latin, i. [272];
  • account of his countrymen, [272];
  • on population of Greece, [268];
  • character of, [274] f.;
  • view of municipal duties, [286], [290].
• Poetovio, i. [18], [23], [205], [206].
• Polemon, i. [313]; ii. 24, 35.
• Polis and Nomos, ii. 237.
• Politarchs, i. [300] n.
• Pollio, Coelius, ii. 48.
• Pompeianus, Tiberius Claudius, i. [233].
• Pompeiopolis, ii. 102.
• Pontus, province organised by Pompeius, i. [331] f.;
  • annexation of kingdom of, ii. 61.
• Poppaea Sabina, ii. 167.
• Porphyrius, ii. 126.
• Portus, mariners’ guild at, ii. 257 n.
• Posidonius of Apamea, quoted, ii. 133.
• Postumus, Marcus Cassianius Latinius, proclaimed emperor in Gaul, i. [164];
  • takes Cologne, [165];
  • falsifications of the Imperial Biographies in his case, [164] n.
• Potaissa, i. [228].
• Praaspa, ii. 29.
• Praefectus, ii. 233 n., 246, 247 n.
• Prasutagus, i. [176].
• Premis, ii. 276.
• Priests in Asia Minor, i. [348].
• Princeps: position as to Egypt, ii. 233 f.;
  • princeps et undecim primus, 335 n.
• Priscus, Statius, ii. 75.
• Priscus, governor of Macedonia, i. [240].
• Proaeresios, ii. 268 n.
• Probus, opens vine–culture to provincials, i. [109];
  • resumes aggression against the Germans, [166] f.;
  • transfers Bastarnae to Roman bank, [249];
  • subdues Lydus in Isauria, [337];
  • delivers Egypt from Palmyrenes, ii. 108, 250, 277;
  • restores water–works on Nile, 253.
• Provincia, alleged use of term, ii. 233 n.
• Prucheion, ii. 250, 251.
• Pselchis, ii. 276.
• Pseudo–Nero, ii. 62, 64 f.
• Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, son of Antonius, ii. 25.
• Ptolemaeus Philadelphus, ii. 280.
• Ptolemaeus, king of Mauretania, ii. 312 f.
• Ptolemais, “Greek” city in Egypt, ii. 235, 236.
• Ptolemais “for the Chase,” on Red Sea, ii. 280.
• Ptolemies, court of the, ii. 245 f.
• Punic inscriptions, ii. 326 n.
• Punt, ii. 285 n.
• Purple dyeworks, Syrian, ii. 137.
• Puteoli, called little Delos, ii. 139 n.
• Quadi, i. [214], [229], [230], [233], [234], [237].
• Quadratus, Ummidius, ii. 48 f., 202.
• Quarries, Egyptian, ii. 256.
• Quietus, Fulvius, ii. 103.
• Quietus, Lusius, i. [222]; ii. 69, 223, 322 n.
• Quinquegentiani, ii. 325 n.
• Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius, i. [77].
• Quirinius, Publius Sulpicius, i. [336]; ii. 136, 188, 315.
• Raetia, affinity of Raeti, i. [196];
• • subjugation, [16], 17;
  • organisation, [17] f.;
  • war in Raetia, [161];
  • late civilisation, [196];
  • military arrangements, [197];
  • Raetian limes, [197].
• Ratiaria, i. [214].
• Religion in Spain, i. [75];
  • in Gaul, [103] f.;
  • in Britain, [193];
  • in Greece, [280];
  • in Asia Minor, [350];
  • in Iran, ii. 9 f.;
  • in Syria, [123];
  • in Egypt, [265], [266] n.
• Resaina, battle at, ii. 91, 95.
• Rhadamistus, ii. 47 f.
• Rhagae, ii. 4, 28.
• Rhandeia, capitulation of, ii. 56, 57 f.
• Rhapta, ii. 289.
• Rhetoric, professors of, at Treves, i. [89] n.;
  • professorship of Greek, at Rome, ii. 272.
• Rhetors in Alexandria, ii. 264 n.
• Rhine, boundary, i. [25];
  • camps on left bank, [31] f.;
  • positions on right bank, [33] f.;
  • canal to Zuider–Zee, [28], 34;
  • dyke between Ems and Lower Rhine, [34];
  • Rhine–army as bearing on Gaul, [81];
  • Rhine fleet, [119];
  • army of Lower Rhine, [147] n.
• Rhodians, Dio’s address to, i. [270] f., [285].
• Rhoemetalces, i. [40], [209] f.
• Riff in Morocco, ii. 321, 324.
• Roads in Spain, i. [74];
  • in Gaul, [109] f.;
  • road–measurement in Gaul and Germany, [102] f.;
  • in Britain, [192];
  • in Greece, [294];
  • in Asia Minor, [358];
  • in Egypt, ii. 297;
  • in Africa, 339.
• Roman empire, character of its history as compared with that of the republic, i. [3] f.;
  • value of authorities for it, [4];
  • nature of task assigned to it, [4] f.;
  • object and limits of the present work, [4]–6;
  • its divisions, [6];
  • northern frontier of, [7] f.
• Roxolani, i. [217], [238].
• Sabaeans, ii. 158, 286, 290.
• Sabinus, Julius, i. [137], [139].
• Sabinus, Oppius, i. [220].
• Sacae, ii. 14;
• • Sacastane, 15;
  • empire on Indus, 16, 17 n.
• Sacrovir, Julius, rising of, i. [80] f.
• Sadducees, ii. 161. Sagalassus, i. [337].
• Salabus, ii. 323.
• Salassi, i. [15];
  • extirpated by Augustus, [19].
• Salice (Ceylon), ii. 301.
• Salonae, i. [202], [204], [232].
• Samaria, ii. 187.
• Samaritans, ii. 160.
• Sanabarus, ii. 16 n.
• Sapor, ii. 91;
  • title and policy of conquest, 99 f.
• Sapphar, ii. 295.
• Saracens, ii. 158 f.
• Sarapis, ii. 265, 266 n., 268;
  • festival of, ii. 258 n.
• Sardes, i. [327], [330].
• Sarmatae, ii. 43.
• Sarmizegetusa, i. [221], [228].
• Sassanids, ii. 3 f.;
  • official historiography, 3 n.;
  • legend of, 81, 85 f.;
  • dynasty of Persis, 81;
  • extent of Sassanid kingdom, 82;
  • distinction between Sassanid and Arsacid kingdoms, 82 n.;
  • official titles of ruler, 83 n.;
  • church and priesthood, 84 f.;
  • languages of the country under, 85 f.;
  • new Persians and Romans, 86;
  • strike gold pieces, 86 f.;
  • chronology, 89 n.;
  • East forfeited to Persians, 101.
• Satraps, ii. 6.
• Saturninus, Gaius Sentius, i. [38].
• Saturninus, Lucius Antonius, i. [150].
• Sauromates, i. [311], [314] n., [317] n.
• Savaria, i. [205], [206].
• Saxa, Decidius, ii. 22.
• Saxons, i. [60] f., [167].
• Scapula, Publius Ostorius, i. [178].
• Scarbantia, i. [206].
• Scaurus, Marcus, expedition against Nabataeans, ii. 149 f.
• Scironian cliffs, i. [294].
• Scodra, i. [200].
• Scordisci, i. [200] f., [300].
• Scoti, i. [189].
• Scythians, i. [239], [242], [243] n., [311];
  • (Asiatic), ii. 14, 15, 17.
• Segestes, i. [43], [46], [51], [62].
• Segusiavi, i. [88] n., [92] n.
• Sejanus, ii. 172 n., 173.
• Seleucia (in western Cilicia), i. [334].
• Seleucia Siderus (in Pisidia), i. [336], [337].
• Seleucia (in Syria), ii. 127 n., 128.
• Seleucia (on the Tigris), ii. 8, 11, 43, 44, 45, 68, 77, 79, 85, 113, 127.
• Seleucids, ii. 3 al. Seleucus, saying of, ii. 245.
• Selga, i. [337], [359].
• “Seminumidians and Semigaetulians,” ii. 341.
• Semnones, i. [146], [161].
• Senate and senators excluded from Egypt, ii. 233 n.
• Seneca, M. Annaeus and L. Annaeus, i. [76].
• Septuagint, ii. 164.
• Sequani, i. [80], [99], [139].
• Seres, i. [302].
• Servianus, letter (of Hadrian?) to, ii. 256 n.
• Severianus, ii. 74.
• Severus, Alexander;
  • [see] Alexander Severus.
• Severus Antoninus;
  • [see] Caracalla.
• Severus, Septimius, Wall of Severus, i. [187] n.;
  • conflicts in Britain, [189];
  • death at Eburacum, [189], [269];
  • Parthian wars under, ii. 77 f.;
  • title of Parthicus, 78 n.;
  • partition of Syria, 118.
• Severus, Sextus Julius, ii. 224 f.
• Sicca, ii. 332.
• Sido, i. [216], [229].
• Silk, Chinese, ii. 302;
  • silk of Berytus, ii. 137 f.
• Silures, i. [177] f., [179], [181].
• Silvanus Aelianus, Tiberius Plautius, i. [217].
• Simon, son of Gioras, ii. 214.
• Singidunum, i. [213], [228].
• Sinnaces, ii. 44.
• Sinope, i. [331] f.
• Siraci, i. [316] n., [317], [319].
• Siscia, i. [9], [205].
• Sittius, Publius, ii. 311 n., 332.
• Skipetars, i. [199].
• Slaves, treatment of, in Greece, i. [273];
  • traffic in, through Galatia, ii. 360.
• Smyrna, i. [325] f., [329], [346], [354];
  • Jews at, ii. 163 n.
• Sohaemus of Hemesa, ii. 49.
• Sohaemus, king of Armenia, ii. 75 n., 126.
• Sophene, ii. 115.
• Sophists, addresses of, i. [363] f.;
  • Asia Minor takes the lead in, [365].
• Sostra, dam at, ii. 102.
• Spain, conclusion of its conquest, i. [63] f.;
  • visit of Augustus to organise, [64];
  • triumphs over, [63] n., [64];
  • warfare in north of Spain, [64] f.;
  • military organisation and distribution of legions, [65] n., [66];
  • incursions of Moors, [67];
  • introduction of Italian municipal law, [67];
  • diffusion of Roman language, [70];
  • cantons, [71];
  • broken up, [72];
  • levy, [73];
  • traffic and roads, [73] f.;
  • religious rites, [75];
  • Spaniards in Latin literature, [75]–77.
• Sparta, treatment of, i. [259] f.
• Statianus, Oppius, ii. 29.
• Statues, honorary, i. [291] n.
• Stobi, i. [301].
• Successianus, i. [244].
• Suebi, i. [60] f., [206], [214], [216], [220].
• Sufetes, ii. 329, 330 n.
• Sugambri, i. [26], [27], [28], [30], [33], [124];
  • probably = Cugerni, [124] n.
• Sulis, i. [177], [194].
• Surên, ii. 6, 84.
• Syene, ii. 256, 280.
• Syllaeos, ii. 291 n.
• Symmachus, i. [113].
• Synhedrion of Jerusalem, constitution and jurisdiction, ii. 187 f.;
  • disappears, 217.
• Synnada, i. [326].
• Synoekismos, i. [295] f.
• Syria, conquest of, ii. 116;
  • boundaries of territory, 117;
  • provincial government, and its changes, 117 f.;
  • partition into Coele–Syria and Syro–Phoenicia, 118;
  • troops and quarters of legions, 63 n., 118 n.;
  • inferiority in discipline, 66 n., 119 f.;
  • Hellenising of, 120 f.;
  • Syria = New Macedonia, 121;
  • continuance of native language, 121 f.;
  • Macedonian native and Greek names, 121 f.;
  • worship, 123;
  • later Syriac literature, 124 n.;
  • Syro–Hellenic mixed culture, 125;
  • minor Syrian authorship, 130 f.;
  • epigram and feuilleton, 130 f.;
  • culture of soil, 133 f.;
  • wines of, 137;
  • manufactures, 137;
  • commerce, 137 f.;
  • ship–captains, 138 n.;
  • Syrian factories abroad, 138 f.;
  • Syrian merchants in the West, 139 n.;
  • Syro–Christian Diaspora, 140 n.;
  • wealth of Syrian traders, 140;
  • country houses in valley of Orontes, 141;
  • military arrangements after 63 A.D., 210 n.
• Syria, Eastern, conditions of culture in, ii. 144 f.;
  • Greek influence in, 145 f.;
  • inhabitants of Arabian stock, 145;
  • Pompeius strengthens Greek urban system, 146;
  • civilisation under Roman rule, 153 f.;
  • agriculture and commerce, 154;
  • buildings, 156;
  • south Arabian immigration, 158.
• Syrtis, Great, ii. 306, 316.
• Tacapae, ii. 314.
• Tacfarinas, ii. 313, 314, 317, 318.
• Tacitus, dialogue on oratory, i. [113];
• • picture of the Germans, [169];
  • narrative of war in Britain criticised, [181] n.
• Tadmor, ii. 92 n.
• Talmud, beginnings of, ii. 219, 231.
• Tanais, i. [315] n., [319].
• Tarraco, i. [64].
• Tarraconensis, towns in the, i. [68].
• Tarsus, ii. 101, 122.
• Taunus, i. [33], [148].
• Tava (Tay), i. [183], [186].
• Tavium, i. [341], [342] n.
• Taxila, ii. 14 n.
• Teachers and salaries at Teos, i. [362].
• Teimâ, description of, ii. 285 n.
• Temple–tribute, Jewish, ii. 169, 173;
  • temple–screen, tablets of warning on, 189 n.
• Tencteri, i. [26], [27], [124], [133], [139] f.
• Tenelium, ii. 335.
• Teos, decree as to instruction, i. [362].
• Tertullian, ii. 342, 345.
• Tetrarch, title of, ii. 177 n.
• Tetricus submits to Aurelian, i. [166].
• Teutoburg forest, i. [53], [55].
• Thaema, ii. 148 n.
• Thagaste, ii. 341.
• Thamugadi, ii. 319.
• Themistius, i. [342].
• Theocracy, Mosaic, ii. 160.
• Thessalonica, i. [300] f., [302].
• Thessaly, i. [297] f.;
  • diet in Larisa, [298].
• Theudas, ii. 204.
• Theudosia, i. [315].
• Theveste, ii. 317, 320, 339.
• Thrace: dynasts and tribes, i. [13] f.;
  • vassal–princes, [14];
  • war of Piso, [24] f., [210];
  • Thracian stock, [207] f.;
  • language, [208];
  • worship, [209];
  • principate, [209] f.;
  • province, [210] f.;
  • rising under Tiberius, [211];
  • garrison and roads, [212] f.;
  • Hellenism and Romanism in, [212] f.;
  • Hellenism imported, [302], [304];
  • Philip and Alexander, [303];
  • Lysimachus, [303];
  • empire of Tylis, [303];
  • later Macedonian rulers, [304];
  • Roman province, [304] f.;
  • Greek towns in, [305];
  • strategies of, [306] n.;
  • townships receiving civic rights from Trajan, [307];
  • “Thracian shore,” i. [212].
• Thubursicum, ii. 336.
• Thubusuctu, ii. 325 n.
• Tiberias, ii. 183.
• Tiberius, assists Drusus in Raetia, i. [16], [17];
  • first Pannonian war, [22] f., [205];
  • German war, [30] f.;
  • resigns command on Rhine, [35];
  • reconciliation with Augustus, [36];
  • resumes command, [36];
  • further campaigns in Germany, [36] f.;
  • expedition to North Sea, [37];
  • campaign against Maroboduus, [37] f.;
  • return to Illyricum, [40] f.;
  • again on Rhine after defeat of Varus, [48] f.;
  • recall of Germanicus, [55];
  • German policy, [55];
  • motives for changing it, [56]–59;
  • Gallic rising under, [80];
  • Frisian rising, [124];
  • road–making in Dalmatia, [203];
  • procures recognition for Vannius, [215];
  • Dacians under, [217];
  • takes Greece into his own power, [276];
  • small number of statues, [291] f.;
  • leads force into Armenia, ii. 37 f.;
  • again commissioned to the East, but declines, [39];
  • mission of Germanicus to the East, [40] f.;
  • Artabanus and Tiberius, [40] f.;
  • mission of Vitellius, [42] f.;
  • movement against Aretas, [151];
  • treatment of the Jews, [172];
  • attitude towards Jewish customs, [189], 190;
  • war against Tacfarinas, [317] f.
• Tigranes, brother of Artaxias, invested with Armenia by Tiberius, ii. 37, 38.
• Tigranes, installed in Armenia by Corbulo, ii. 54 f.
• Tigranocerta, ii. 45, 54.
• Tigris, boundary of, ii. 71, 115 n.
• Timagenes, ii. 106.
• Timarchides, Claudius, i. [283] n.
• Timesitheus, Furius, ii. 91.
• Tingi, i. [67]; ii. 360 f., 312 f., 314, 321, 331. Tiridates, proclaimed king of Parthia under Augustus, ii. 34, 35, 37.
• Tiridates set up as king of Parthia in opposition to Artabanus, under Tiberius, and superseded, ii. 44.
• Tiridates I., king of Armenia, brother of Vologasus I., ii. 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60 [and ii. 11].
• Tiridates II., king of Armenia under Caracalla, ii. 87.
• Tiridates, king of Armenia under Sapor, ii. 99.
• Titus, against Jerusalem, ii. 213 f.;
  • Arch of, 216;
  • refuses to eject Jews at Antioch, 219.
• Togodumnus, i. [175] f.
• Tombstones, Gallic, i. [116].
• Tomis, i. [13], [227] n., [305], [308];
  • Ovid’s description of, [309];
  • Mariners’ guild, [310] n.
• Town–districts in Egypt, ii. 235 f.
• Trachonitis, ii. 144;
  • [see] Haurân.
• Trajanus, M. Ulpius: military road from Mentz towards Offenburg, i. [153];
  • settlements in Upper Germany, [160];
  • mission thither, [160] n.;
  • Dacian war, [221] f.;
  • second Dacian war, [222] f.;
  • column in Rome, [224] f.;
  • confers civic rights on Thracian townships, [309];
  • Parthian war, ii. 65 f.;
  • death, 69 f.;
  • triumph accorded after death, 70;
  • Oriental policy, 70 f.;
  • erects province of Arabia, 143;
  • Jewish rising under, 221 f.;
  • enlargement of Egyptian canal, 297 f.
• Transport–ship, Egyptian, ii. 256, 257 n.
• Trapezus, i. [245], [332]; ii. 35, 53.
• Trebellianus Rufus, Titus, i. [211].
• Treveri, i. [80], [93], [94], [102], [136], [137], [139], [140].
• Treves, primacy in Belgica, i. [89];
  • subsequently capital of Gaul, [89];
  • receives Italian rights, [99].
• Triballi, i. [12].
• Triboci, i. [117], [140], [147].
• Trinovantes, i. [170], [171] n., [180].
• Tripolis, ii. 314 f.
• Trismegistus, Hermes, ii. 261, 266 n., 268.
• Troesmis, i. [227].
• Trogodytes, ii. 280, 286.
• Trogus Pompeius, historian of Hellenic type, i. [110].
• Trumpilini, i. [15].
• Tungri, i. [133], [136].
• Turan, ii. 12, 17, 45.
• Turbo, Quintus Marcius, ii. 223.
• Tyana, i. [333]; ii. 109.
• Tylis, empire of, i. [303].
• Tyra, i. [226], [239], [242], [244], [305], [310].
• Tyrian factories in Italy, ii. 138 n.
• Ubii, i. [25], [35], [97], 98 f., [102], [117], [118], [119], [134], [136];
• • Roman town of, [168].
• Ulpia Noviomagus, i. [168].
• Ulpia Traiana, i. [168].
• Universe, anonymous treatise on, ii. 168.
• Usipes, i. [26], [27], [51], [124], [133], [150].
• Utica, ii. 331.
• Vaballathus, ii. 106 n., 108.
• Valerianus, Publius Licinius, conquers Aemilianus, i. [241];
• • piratical expedition of Goths, [243] f.;
  • character, [247]; ii. 100;
  • capture by the Persians, 100 n., 101 n.
• Vangio, i. [215], [229].
• Vannius, i. [215], [216].
• Vardanes, ii. 45, 46.
• Varus, Publius Quintilius, character, i. [44];
  • defeat and death, [45]–47;
  • locality of the disaster, [47] n.;
  • governor of Syria, ii. 184.
• Vascones, i. [66].
• Vatinius, Publius, i. [89].
• Veleda, i. [140], [142], [145].
• Veneti, i. [200].
• Verulamium, i. [179], [180], [193].
• Verus, Lucius, character of, i. [232] f.;
  • in the East, ii. 75.
• Verus, Martius, ii. 75.
• Vespasianus: municipal organisation in Spain, i. [69], [73];
  • proclaimed as emperor, [128];
  • instigation of Civilis, [130] f.;
  • consequences of Batavian war, [143] f.;
  • takes possession of “Helvetian desert,” [152];
  • pushes forward camps on the Danube, [219];
  • Eastern arrangements, ii. 62 f.;
  • Jewish war, 210 f.;
  • possessing himself of Rome through corn–fleet, 252;
  • nicknamed the “sardine–dealer” and “six–farthing–man,” 263.
• Vestinus, L. Julius, ii. 273 n.
• Vetera (Castra), i. [32], [49], [118], [133], [138].
• Via Augusta in Spain, i. [74];
  • in Gaul, [109] f.
• Via Claudian, i. [20].
• Via Egnatia, i. [302].
• Victorinus, Gaius Aufidius, i. [230].
• Vienna, i. [87], [88] n., [91].
• Viminacium, i. [212], [213], [228], [241].
• Vindelici, i. [16], [17], [196].
• Vindex, rising of, i. [82], [127], [128] f.
• Vindex, Marcus Macrinius, i. [234].
• Vindobona, i. [206].
• Vindonissa, i. [18], [119], [140], [159].
• Vine–culture in Gaul, i. [108] f.;
  • restricted by Domitian, [108];
  • on Moselle, [109].
• Viroconium, camp of, i. [178], [182].
• Vitellius, Lucius, i. [128], [129], [130]; ii. 42, 43, 44, 213.
• Vocula, Villius, i. [132], [134]–136, [137], [138].
• Volcae, i. [86] f., [93].
• Vologasias, ii. 47, 65, 98 n.
• Vologasus I., ii. 47, 49, 52, 54 f., 57, 62, 63, 64, 65 n.
• Vologasus IV., ii. 74.
• Vologasus V., ii. 77 f.
• Vonones, ii. 40, 41.
• Vorodes, Septimius, ii. 104 n.
• Weaving in Asia Minor, i. [360].
• Wines, Gallic, i. [109].
• Xenophon, of Cos, physician, i. [361] n.
• Zabdas, ii. 105 n., 107, 109.
• Zaitha, ii. 92.
• Zarai, tariff of, ii. 338 n.
• Zealots, ii. 191, 203 f., 207, 208.
• Zenobia, government of, ii. 106 f.;
• • claim to joint–rule, 106 n.;
  • occupation of Egypt, 107, 249 f.;
  • Aurelian against, 108;
  • battle of Hemesa, 109 f.;
  • capture, 110.
• Zenodorus, of Abila, ii. 147.
• Zimises, ii. 322 n.
• Zoelae, i. [73] n.
• Zoskales, ii. 283.
• Zula, ii. 280.

Transcriber’s Notes:

The original accentuation, spelling and hyphenation has been retained.

Notes, originally in the margin, relating to dates have been indented into the main text aligned as closely as possible to the U.C. (ab urbe condita) dates in the text to which they refer. These notes refer to the ‘B.C.’ era. There are four exceptions, where ‘A.D.’ has been added prior to the numeral as clarification for the reader.

Similar notes originally in the margins, relating to other works, have also been indented into the text.

The Index from Volume II. has been added at the end of the book, with a link added to the Table of Contents. A link to the maps has also been added to the Table of Contents.