Oliver Cromwell

by Theodore Roosevelt

INDEX

• Abolition, in United States, [193]
• Abolitionists, [103], [192]
• Adamses, the, [36]
• Agathokles, [210]
• Ale-houses, suppressed under Protectorate, [213], [214]
• Alva, [156]
• America, Protestants and Catholics in, [12];
  • freedom from militarism in eighteenth century, [19];
  • power of compromise after Revolution, [100];
  • true greatness of, [179];
  • city government in, [214];
  • Cromwell’s descendants in, [239]
• American Civil War, compared with English Civil Wars, [5], [6], [61], [62];
  • citizen soldiers in, [64];
  • West Point in, [67];
  • cavalry in, [70];
  • compromises after, [102];
  • generosity of victors, [216]
• American Revolution, War of the, comparisons with English Revolution of 1688, [6];
  • with English Civil Wars, [61];
  • its citizen soldiers, [64];
  • regular soldiery, [91];
  • compromises after, [100];
  • Washington, [101];
  • events preceding, [114];
  • Continental Congress in, [177];
  • clemency following, [217]
• Americans, majority rule natural to, [25];
  • regicide sentimentalists among, [138];
  • religious toleration, [161];
  • character of, in eighteenth century, [190]
• Anabaptists, [77], [103], [143], [213], [220]
• Anglican Church, its Presbyterian trend under Elizabeth, [23];
  • its influence on Charles I.’s Third Parliament, [29]
• Antichrist, [226]
• Appomattox, Sheridan at, [171]
• Argyle, joins Whigamore raid, [130];
  • ally of Cromwell, [131]
• Armenian massacres, [228]
• Arminianism, in Holland, [12]
• Arminius, [12]
• Army, the Cavalier, [64]
• Army, American Continental, [102]
• Army, the English, in Civil Wars, composition of, [60];
  • first raised by nobles, [63];
  • reorganization of Parliamentary forces, [94];
  • character in Charles I.’s time, [107];
  • dissensions, [108], [111] et seq.;
  • its strength against the Parliament, [116];
  • its struggles with the King and Parliament, [117] et seq.;
  • its spirit, [121];
  • odds against it in Second Civil War, [124];
  • Charles I.’s negotiations with, [134];
  • march into London, [136];
  • revolt suppressed by Cromwell, [144];
  • its distinctive character, [145];
  • its influence in Long Parliament, [177] et seq.;
  • offset by navy, [184];
  • rejects Parliamentary measures, [185];
  • supports Cromwell, [189];
  • attitude under Protectorate, [199];
  • protests against Cromwell’s accepting Kingship, [215];
  • serves under Turenne, [229];
  • revolts against Richard Cromwell, [232]
• Army, the Scottish, gives up Charles I., [117]
• Artillery, chief means of assault in Cromwell’s time, [59]
• Assembly, formed under Protectorate, [189], [191] et seq.
• Associations, of counties, [63];
  • assessed for Parliamentarians, [79].
  • See also Eastern Association
• Astley, Sir Jacob, quoted, [99]
• Aston, Sir Arthur, at Drogheda, [153], [154]
• Atlantic Ocean, the, [179]
• Australasia, [238];
  • English expansion there, [238]
• Australia, Cromwell’s descendants in, [239]
• Australians, in South Africa, [67]
• Balgony, Lord, at Marston Moor, [88]
• Baltic Sea, the, [226]
• Baptists, the, origin under James I., [23];
  • tolerated by Cromwell, [78];
  • army sentiment toward, [108];
  • Parliamentary hatred of, [116];
  • under the Protectorate, [200]
• Barbadoes, Irish sent as slaves there, [153]
• Barbon, “Praise-God,” [191]
• “Barebones” Parliament, formation of, [191], [193] et seq.;
  • attacks Courts of Chancery, [200], [212]
• Basing House, capture of, [98]
• Baxter, [74]
• Beard, Thomas, Cromwell’s tutor, [44]
• Bedford, Earl of, [45]
• Bench and bar, courage in, [181]
• Berwick, seized by Royalists, [121]
• Bishops, the, attitude of, toward Thirty Years’ War, [30];
  • Parliamentary resolutions against, [31];
  • army sentiment toward, [108]
• Bishops’ Wars, the cause of, [40];
  • Scotch share in, [124]
• Blake, Admiral, in Parliament, [116];
  • defeats Prince Rupert, [130];
  • his great fame, [182], [183], [184];
  • his indifference toward Cromwell, [201];
  • his victory at Santa Cruz, [228]
• Boers, as soldiers, [67];
  • belated Cromwellians, [144];
  • compared with Covenanters, [165]
• Border, the, in Civil Wars, [55], [84], [130], [131], [174]
• Boston, U. S. A., regicide sentimentalism in, [138]
• Boston Harbor, tea thrown overboard in, [35]
• Bouchier, Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell, [43]
• Brandenburgers, [226]
• Breast-pieces, [60]
• Bristol, capture of, [98];
  • Cromwell’s letter from, [105], [106]
• British Islands, the Commonwealth in, [177]
• Buchanan, President, his views on secession, [164]
• Buckingham, Duke of, his corrupt ministry, [26];
  • his assassination, [28]
• Buff coats, uniform of Parliamentarians, [60], [64];
  • worn by Royalists at Winchester, [83]
• Buisson, de, quoted, [225]
• Bunyan, John, [69], [232], note
• Bureau of Intelligence, Chief of.
  • See Scout-master
• Burleigh House, taken by Parliamentarians, [81]
• Byzantine Emperors, [172]
• Cadiz, Charles I.’s expedition against, [26]
• Calvin, his zeal for righteousness, [7]
• Calvinism, in Holland, [12];
  • its influence in England, [29];
  • in Scotland, [165]
• Calvinists, their intolerance of Roman Catholics, [13]
• Cambridge, University of, Cromwell’s residence there, [42], [43];
  • its plate seized by Cromwellians, [70]
• Canadians, in South Africa, [67]
• Cannon, Cromwell’s lack of, at Pembroke, [22]
• Captain-General, Cromwell’s office of, [163], [189]
• Carbines, [60];
  • discarded by Cromwellians, [79]
• Carlyle, taken by Royalists, [121]
• Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Cromwell, [1], [2];
  • of Puritanism, [2];
  • on regicide, [140]
• Carnworth, Earl of, [96]
• Casques, [64]
• Catholic Church, its recognition in Ireland demanded by the Pope, [148];
  • modern greatness of, [238]
• Catholics, aimed at by Third Parliament, [31];
  • unite with Royalists and Presbyterians in Ireland, [120], [122];
  • character of, in Ireland, [146];
  • aid of, for Charles II., [147];
  • dissensions in Ireland, [146]–149;
  • Cromwellian hatred of, [152], [161];
  • persecutions of, [217], [218];
  • Mazarin’s plea for them in England, [220];
  • as landholders in Ireland, [223];
  • their share in British expansion to-day, [239].
  • See also Roman Catholics
• Cavaliers, dress of, [64];
  • at Grantham, [79], [80];
  • at Marston Moor, [88];
  • at Naseby, [96];
  • rising against army, [120];
  • support Charles I. in the North, [121];
  • Cromwell’s opinion of, [123];
  • allegiance to Charles II. in Scotland, [172];
  • at Stirling, [174];
  • at Worcester, [175]
• Cavalry, its superiority to infantry, [59], [60];
  • among the Royalists, [70];
  • horse the true weapon of, [79];
  • at Gainsborough, [82];
  • Scotch at Marston Moor, [87], [88];
  • Naseby, [96];
  • Ironsides spirit in, [107];
  • Hamilton’s, [122];
  • at Preston, [127]
• Cavendish, Lord, at Gainsborough, [81], [82]
• Celtic, [16], [224]
• Celts, the, [16], [146], [224]
• Censorship of press, established under Protectorate, [216]
• Charles I., his ignoble peace, [19];
  • his private character, [25];
  • helplessness of English arms under his rule, [26];
  • his Third Parliament, [27];
  • yields to Petition of Right, [28];
  • his dissolution of his Third Parliament, [31];
  • rejects Petition of Right, [32];
  • embarks on Bishops’ Wars, [40];
  • his attitude toward the Long Parliament, [51];
  • betrays Strafford, [52];
  • makes terms with the Scotch, [55];
  • imprisons Puritan leaders, [57];
  • his adherents in the Commons, [61];
  • marches on London, [71];
  • turn of tide in his favor, [79];
  • makes overtures to the Irish, [84];
  • defeats Waller at Copredy Bridge, [91];
  • his army at Newbury, [92];
  • at Naseby, [95]–97;
  • surrenders to Scotch army, [98];
  • English servility toward him, [101];
  • his treachery, [104];
  • supported by Presbyterians, [109];
  • “the man of blood,” [114];
  • his non-acceptance of his defeat, [115];
  • negotiates with the army and Parliament, [117] et seq.;
  • Cromwell attempts terms with him, [119];
  • Yorkshire support for, [121];
  • Scotch attitude toward him, [123];
  • his tenacity, [132];
  • negotiations with the army, [134];
  • he rejects Fairfax’s proposals, [135];
  • his trial for treason, [136];
  • beheaded, [137];
  • his character, [137]–140;
  • his policy in Ireland, [146];
  • Catholic allegiance to him, [147];
  • his imprisonment, [148];
  • effect of his execution on Ireland, [150];
  • his death due to Parliamentarians, [178];
  • his execution, [217];
  • anniversary of his death observed, [240]
• Charles II., the fleet loyal to him, [130];
  • proclaimed King at Cork, [150];
  • the Scotch declare for him, [162];
  • lands in Scotland, [165] et seq.;
  • supported by Scotch Cavaliers, [172];
  • crosses into England, [174];
  • his escape from Worcester, [175];
  • his exile, [178];
  • influences for his restoration, [209];
  • England in his time, [225];
  • his re-establishment, [232];
  • his mistresses, [240]
• Charles X., of Sweden, [226]
• Chester, seized by Royalists, [121];
  • negotiations there, [148]
• Christianity, heterodoxy in Parliamentary, [108]
• Church and State, Puritan theories of, [114];
  • reform in, [195]
• Churchmen, arbitrary power of, [161]
• Civil War.
  • See American Civil War
• Civil War, First English, the fiery ordeal of, [20];
  • begun by Charles, [57];
  • its chief leaders cavalrymen, [60];
  • its blunders contrasted with American Civil War, [62];
  • English soldiery in, [91];
  • its slow progress, [94];
  • type of its generals, [95];
  • practically ends at Naseby, [97];
  • its effects on Cromwell, [104];
  • Irish share in, [122];
  • exchange of prisoners, [128]
• Civil War, Second English, its beginning, [121];
  • ended at Preston, [130];
  • results, [131];
  • Carlyle’s opinion of, [235]
• Clergy, [78], [92];
  • threatened by Protectorate Assembly, [193]
• Clonmel, capture of, [162]
• Clubmen, peasant organization, [62]
• Cock-fighting, suppressed under Protectorate, [213]
• Colchester, seized by Royalists, [121];
  • capitulation of, [130]
• Colonial policy, Spain’s, [224]
• Colonial possessions, Spanish, [227];
  • Dutch, [17], [18], [182]
• Commercial policy, Cromwell’s, in war against Spain, [226]
• Committee of Both Kingdoms, the, [85], [92]
• Committee of Correspondence, in American Revolution, [114]
• Committee of the Eastern Association, [85]
• Common law, the, under the Protectorate, [200]
• Commons, House of, declares against tonnage and poundage, [31];
  • triennial meetings, [54];
  • favored by London, [57];
  • its adherents of the King, [61];
  • Cromwell’s share in, [93];
  • the Independents, [116];
  • defies the army, [118], [135];
  • disregards Lords in the King’s trial, [136];
  • Parliamentarian leaders, [185];
  • Republicans, [204];
  • agreement with Cromwell, [205].
  • See also Parliament; Long Parliament, etc.
• Commonwealth, established, [6];
  • reorganizes its forces, [93];
  • its supremacy, [139];
  • its character, [141];
  • European attitude against it, [143];
  • Cromwell its main support, [163];
  • authority, [177];
  • its religionist enemies, [198];
  • civil rights under it, [217]
• Commonwealth Mercury, The, [232], note
• Compromise, Parliamentary incapacity for, [101];
  • after American Civil War, [102]
• Confederacy, the, of American Southern States, [72], [92]
• Confederates in Ireland, [150]
• Congregationalists, origin under Elizabeth, [23];
  • identified with Independent party, [49];
  • tolerated by Cromwell, [78];
  • in Parliament, [108];
  • Parliamentarian hatred of, [116];
  • under the Protectorate, [200]
• Congress, the American Continental, compared with Cromwellian Parliaments, [102], [103], [114], [177]
• Connaught, [223]
• Conquest, the [Norman], [232]
• Constitution, the American, [189], [193], [196], [198]
• Constitution, English, [135];
  • under the Assembly, [195], [198];
  • under the Protectorate, [205]
• “Constitution-mongers,” Carlyle’s sneer at, [5]
• Continent, the, character of its armies, [60];
  • Cromwell’s interest in its politics, [225];
  • the power of France on, [229]
• Continental Army, the American, [102]
• Convention, Constitutional, in U. S., [189];
  • in English Assembly, [192]–195
• Coote, holds Derry for Parliamentarians, [150]
• Copredy Bridge, Battle of, [91]
• Cork, Charles II. proclaimed King there, [150];
  • Cromwell’s letter from there, [160]
• Cornwall, neutrality of, [63]
• Cotton, John, Cromwell’s letter to, [179]
• Council of Officers, in English Assembly, [195], [197] et seq.
• Council, the, in Parliamentary army, [114]
• Council of State, the, [189], [195]
• Court, purity of Cromwellian, [229];
  • disgracefulness under Restoration, [230]
• Courts of Chancery, English, [181], [192], [200]
• Covenant, National, of Scotland, the, [39];
  • taken by Parliamentarians, [78];
  • by English troopers, [84];
  • Hamiltonian devotion to, [123];
  • taken by Ulster Scotch, [148];
  • Fairfax declines campaign against, [163];
  • oath taken by Charles II., [165];
  • Cromwell’s exposition of, [172] et seq.
• Covenanters, the Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, [75];
  • intolerance of sectaries, [116];
  • treatment of Charles II., [165];
  • oppose Puritans at Dunbar, [170];
  • persecuted by Episcopalians, [217]
• Creed, in United States, [2], [9];
  • in Ireland, [224], [239]
• Cromwell, Bridget, daughter of Oliver, married to Ireton, [105]
• Cromwell, Elizabeth Steward, mother of Oliver, [42], [233]
• Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, [232]
• Cromwell, Oliver, his fame, [1];
  • forces which produced him, [7];
  • youth and early manhood, [14];
  • seat in Long Parliament, [41];
  • parentage and birth, [42];
  • his marriage, [43];
  • his Puritanism, [43];
  • hatred of Church of Rome, [44], [56];
  • removes to Ely, [45];
  • supports Petition of Rights, [45];
  • his indifference to political theory, [46];
  • his piety, [47];
  • his religion, [48];
  • personality, [50];
  • impatience of system, [53];
  • his suspicion of the Episcopacy, [56];
  • captain in 67th Regiment, [58];
  • his kinsmen at the battle of Nottingham, [58];
  • his troops, [65];
  • his military genius, [68];
  • his troop of horse, [70], [72], [73]–75;
  • promoted to a colonelcy, [74];
  • his letters, [76];
  • his tolerant spirit, [77];
  • bearing toward Episcopalians, [78];
  • as cavalry commander, [79];
  • dubbed Ironsides by Rupert, [81];
  • his relief of Gainsborough, [82];
  • at Winceby, [83];
  • his generalship, [84];
  • member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [87]–90;
  • his training of troops, [91];
  • distrusted by Presbyterians, [92];
  • the real head of the army, [94];
  • Montrose not comparable with him, [95];
  • at Naseby, [96] et seq.;
  • takes Winchester, [98];
  • his rule after First Civil War, [99];
  • compared with William III., [101] et seq.;
  • his uncompromising spirit, [102];
  • his children’s marriages, [104];
  • his religious spirit, [105];
  • his letters and speeches, [105], [106];
  • on reconstruction, [109] et seq.;
  • not extreme against Charles, [114];
  • efforts toward agreement with King and Parliament, [118];
  • favors army against Parliamentarians, [119];
  • at Pembroke, [121];
  • his view of the Scotch, [123];
  • his reception at Edinburgh, [131];
  • his position at close of Civil Wars, [132];
  • motives for joining Independents, [133]–135;
  • favors the regicide, [137], [139]–140;
  • his ambition, [142];
  • his army, [145];
  • his Irish campaign, [151] et seq.;
  • his cruelty at Drogheda, [155];
  • Wexford, [158];
  • contradictions of his character, [159] et seq.;
  • letter to John Cotton, [160];
  • excellent conduct of Irish campaign, [162];
  • summoned from Ireland by Parliament, [163];
  • advances on and retreats from Edinburgh, [167] et seq.;
  • at Dunbar, [170]–172;
  • his dispute with the Kirk party, [172] et seq.;
  • his clemency, [174];
  • attacks Charles II. at Worcester, [175];
  • champions Independents, [179];
  • policy toward Parliamentarians, [180] et seq.;
  • his views on Dutch War, [184];
  • defeats non-reëlection bill, [186];
  • his statesmanship, [188] et seq.;
  • his sermon to the Assembly, [191] et seq.;
  • despotism, [195];
  • first Protector, [197], [199];
  • his peace with the Dutch, [201];
  • his conflict with Parliament, [202] et seq.;
  • his government a tyranny, [210] et seq.;
  • suppresses the ale-houses, [213], [214];
  • declines the Kingship, [215];
  • his views on liberty, [219];
  • interferes in Continental affairs, [225] et seq.;
  • revenges Vaudois massacres, [227], [228];
  • contests Spain on the sea, [228];
  • his court, [229];
  • last illness, [230], [231];
  • death, [232];
  • desecration of his remains by Restorationists, [233];
  • compared with William III., [235];
  • political ideals, [236] et seq.;
  • cruelty of his Irish policy, [237];
  • posthumous reputation, [239]
• Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, as Protector, [232]
• Cromwell, Robert, father of Oliver, [42]; his death, [43]
• “Crummle, the curse o’,” [225].
  • See Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland
• Cuirassiers, use in Parliamentary army, [60];
  • at Winceby, [83];
  • the Scotch at Marston Moor, [88]
• Czars, the, [9]
• Danes, the, Charles X.’s war against, [226]
• Dean, Colonel, at Preston, [126];
  • in Dutch War, [183];
  • his rule in Scotland, [221]
• Death penalty, a cause of sentimentalism, [137], [138];
  • its justice on tyrants, [234], [235]
• Declaration, Cromwell’s, in Ireland, [159], [161]
• Democracy, Cromwell’s bearing toward, [211]
• Derry, siege of, [150];
  • supports Parliamentarians, [152]
• De Ruyter, [182]
• Despotism, under republics, [22];
  • under the Stuarts, [28];
  • under Cromwell, [213];
  • a subject of doctrinaire notions, [236]
• Discipline, a military necessity, [91];
  • a source of soldiers’ ties, [107];
  • rigidly enforced by Cromwell, [152]
• Dissenters, persecuted under Elizabeth, [23];
  • aimed at by Third Parliament, [31];
  • position under the Protectorate, [200]
• Dragoons, [60], [79];
  • Royalists at Winceby, [83]
• Drake, [14], [18]
• Dreyfus case, the, [22]
• Drilling, excellence of Cromwell’s troops at Winceby, [83]
• Drogheda, siege of, [41], [48], [150];
  • Parliamentarian atrocities there, [153] et seq., [160]
• Dublin, Puritan rule there, [146], [147];
  • surrendered to Parliamentarians, [149];
  • Supreme Council of, [150];
  • siege of, [151];
  • Cromwell’s troops there, [152]
• Duke, Basil, [70]
• Dunbar, Leslie engages the English there, [169] et seq., [172], [173];
  • fate of Scotch prisoners captured there, [174];
  • anniversary of, [198], [231]
• Dundalk, surrender of, [150];
  • garrisoned by Cromwell, [157]
• Dunkirk, ceded to English, [229], [230]
• Dutch, the, their sailors in wars with Spain, [14];
  • oppressions under Spain, [36];
  • Parliamentarian war with, [181] et seq.;
  • commercial supremacy, [184];
  • religious toleration, [200];
  • peace with England, [201];
  • war with Charles X., [226]
• Eastern Association, the, [63];
  • the Ironsides in, [81];
  • committee of, [85];
  • its infantry at Marston Moor, [86]–89;
  • its training, [91];
  • the pattern for the New Model, [93].
  • See also Associations
• Edgehill, battle of, [71]–73;
  • Charles I.’s standard-bearer there, [154]
• Edinburgh, Laud’s attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book there, [39];
  • Cromwell’s reception there, [131];
  • besieged by Cromwell, [167];
  • surrendered to Cromwell, [174]
• Edinburgh, Governor of, [172]
• Eglinton, Earl of, at Marston Moor, [88]
• Eliot, Sir John, character of, [27];
  • his leadership in Parliament, [30], [31];
  • his imprisonment, [32];
  • death, [33];
  • Charles I.’s vengeance on, [137]
• Elizabeth, Queen, her absolutism, [8];
  • her bearing toward Anglican Church, [9];
  • yields to the monopolies, [10];
  • her veiled despotism, [22];
  • persecutes Dissenters, [23];
  • her war with Spain on the sea, [58];
  • compared with Cromwell, [212];
  • Puritan persecutions in her reign, [217]
• Ely, home of Cromwell’s mother, [42], [45]
• Ely Cathedral, Cromwell’s interference there, [78]
• England, champion of religious liberty, [15], [21];
  • overlordship in Ireland, [15], [16];
  • peace under James I., [19];
  • rural and agricultural population, [58];
  • military experience, [59];
  • political incapacity in Cromwell’s time, [111];
  • relation with Scotland in Second Civil War, [123];
  • pitted against Scotland under the Commonwealth, [164];
  • law of, [181];
  • her carrying trade in Dutch War, [183];
  • her commercial greed, [184];
  • self-government, [192];
  • political freedom, [197];
  • Parliamentarian supremacy in, [198];
  • representative government, [206];
  • condition under the Protectorate, [211] et seq., [216], [221] et seq., [225];
  • her Irish policy, [227];
  • foreign fame, [230];
  • condition after Cromwell, [231] et seq.;
  • Cromwell’s descendants in, [239]
• England’s Freedom and Soldiers’ Rights, cry of, [119]
• English, the, as sailors in the Spanish wars, [14];
  • their excellence as military material, [58];
  • love of sports, [59];
  • serve as troops in Ireland, [84];
  • at Marston Moor, [86];
  • character of, in seventeenth century, [100] et seq.;
  • in India, [151];
  • their treatment of the Irish, [162];
  • capacity for self-government, [190], [220];
  • immigrants into Ireland, [223];
  • in West Indies, [229];
  • expansion of, [238]
• English Presbyterians, for the King against the army, [120]
• Episcopacy rejected by the Scotch, [38]–40;
  • abolition of, demanded by Long Parliament, [56];
  • under Cromwell’s government, [218]
• Episcopalian Royalists, [177]
• Episcopalians, [78];
  • clergy hated by Presbyterians, [92];
  • their intolerance, [104];
  • Parliament deserted by them, [108];
  • with the Royalists in Ireland, [122], [132], [146];
  • under the Protectorate, [197];
  • the Prayer-Book denied them by the Commonwealth, [217]
• Erse, [224]
• Essex, Earl of, leader of Parliamentary forces, [57];
  • his Guards, [63], [64];
  • at Northampton, [69];
  • his blunders, [91];
  • compared with McClellan, [92]
• Essex, Fairfax in, [121]
• Europe, armed against French Revolutionists, [120];
  • effect of regicide on, [138];
  • Dutch position in, [182], [184];
  • religious tolerance, [200];
  • liberty, [219];
  • struggles of Spain and France, [226], [227];
  • Turks in, [228];
  • profligacy in seventeenth century, [230]
• Evolution, of English political freedom, [197]
• Executive, English and American, compared, [198]
• Expansion, English, [237]–239
• Extremists, in English Parliament, [113], [206]
• Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his friendship with Cromwell, [79];
  • at Winceby, [83];
  • at York, [85];
  • Marston Moor, [86], [87];
  • in command of Parliamentarians, [93];
  • at Naseby, [96], [97];
  • captures Bristol, [98];
  • returned to Parliament, [116];
  • approves Cromwell’s joining army party, [119];
  • his march into Kent, [121];
  • takes Colchester, [130];
  • Cromwell’s letter to, [131];
  • counsels moderation toward the King, [135];
  • declines campaign against Covenanters, [163];
  • his indecision, [164] et seq.
• Falkland, Lord, [57]
• Fanaticism, consequent on English Revolution, [143]
• Fifth Monarchy, [103];
  • principles of, [112], [113]
• Flag, English, Dutch salute insisted on, [183]
• Flanders, English victories in, [230]
• Fleet, English, supports Parliamentarians, [122];
  • deserts to Royalists, [130];
  • its share in Dutch wars, [183];
  • supports Cromwell, [189];
  • under the Protectorate, [199]
• Foot, in seventeenth-century warfare, [59];
  • Parliamentarians’, at Gainsborough, [82];
  • Scots’, at Marston Moor, [88].
  • See also Infantry
• Forrest, General, his inferiority to Grant, [68];
  • compared with Montrose, [94]
• Fortescue, Sir Faithful, deserts Parliamentarians at Edgehill, [71]
• Four Fundamentals, the, [205]
• France, serfs of, [59];
  • Prince Rupert in, [130];
  • Royalist refugees in, [149];
  • Protestants, [162];
  • in wars with Spain, [226], [227];
  • convention with England, [229]
• Franchise, the, redistribution of, under the Protectorate, [197]
• Frederick the Great, [145]
• Free State, the, [141].
  • See also Commonwealth
• French, character of the, in eighteenth century, [100], [190]
• French Revolution, the, [120]
• Frobisher, [14]
• Gainsborough, siege of, [81]
• Galley slaves, English prisoners as, [129]
• Garrison, American Abolitionist, [103]
• Geddes, Jenny, at Edinburgh, [39]
• Geneva, [12]
• Gentiles, [220]
• Gentlemen, Cromwell’s opinion of, [76]
• Gentry, English, [59];
  • against Charles I., [61];
  • support of the King in Wales, [121]
• George III., his Government rejected by American Continental Congress, [36]
• George IV., [238]
• Germany, English adventurers in, [58];
  • serfs of, [59]
• Germans, the, Charles X.’s aggressions against, [226]
• Gladstone, early writings of, [49]
• Golden Rule, the, [47]
• Good government, Cromwell’s notion of, [204]
• Gordon, piety of, compared with Cromwell’s, [105]
• Goring, General, at Marston Moor, [87], [88], [89];
  • defeated by Fairfax, [98]
• Government, its development in Great Britain, [198];
  • Cromwell’s practice of, [211]
• Grand Remonstrance, the, against Charles I., [56], [57]
• Grant, General, his volunteer soldiery, [65];
  • his development of troops, [91];
  • his superiority to Forrest, [95];
  • his political supporters, [103];
  • his soldiers, [145];
  • his generosity, [216]
• Grantham, Cromwell at, [79]
• Great Britain, Charles II. declared King of, by the Scotch, [143];
  • government of, [198];
  • expansion of, [238]
• Greeks, the, under Agathokles, [210]
• Greene, General, [91]
• Guards, of Lord Essex, buff coats adopted by them as uniform, [64];
  • of Charles I., [64]
• Gunpowder, its use in Cromwellian times, [59]
• Gunpowder Plot, the, [44]
• Gustaphus Adolphus, his campaign against Spain, [14];
  • his career, [39], [167]
• Hamilton, Duke of, [120];
  • his campaigns in Second Civil War, [122]–124;
  • at Preston, [127];
  • beheading of, [128];
  • Kirk attitude toward him, [166]
• Hampden, John, Carlyle’s opinion of, [3];
  • originality of type of, [5];
  • his tolerance, [5];
  • refuses to pay Ship Money, [35], [45];
  • his relations with Cromwell, [46];
  • his Puritanism defined, [50];
  • compared with Cromwell, [53];
  • his imprisonment, [57];
  • a cousin of Cromwell, [58];
  • uniform of his regiment, [64];
  • at Edgehill, [72];
  • Cromwell’s opinion of his troops, [73];
  • his death, [80];
  • in Parliament, [177]
• Hapsburg, House of, in Spain and Austria, [17]
• Harrison, English Republican general, [136];
  • his devotion to Cromwell, [186];
  • calls musketeers into Parliament, [187];
  • his fanaticism, [199]
• Hawkins, Admiral, in Spanish wars, [14], [18]
• Hein, Piet, Dutch admiral in Spanish wars, [210]
• Helmets, carried by Cromwellian cavalry, [60]
• Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., [25]
• Henry, Patrick, compared with Pym, [36]
• Henry VIII., King of England, his bearing toward the Reformation, [7];
  • his dealings with lower classes, [8];
  • with the Anglican Church, [9];
  • his career impossible under a Long Parliament, [11];
  • his oppressions, [22]
• High Court of Justice, Charles I. tried by, [136]
• Highlanders, the Scotch, in the Civil Wars, [95];
  • their chiefs at Stirling, [174];
  • at Worcester, [175]
• Highlands, the, General Monk in, [201]
• Hofer’s Tyrolese, [67]
• Holland, her stand against Spain, [15];
  • her colonial empire, [17];
  • House of Orange in, [135];
  • effect of regicide on, [138];
  • alliance with, desired by Cromwell, [184]
• Horse (cavalry), of the Parliamentarians, [57];
  • at Edgehill, [71];
  • Winceby, [83];
  • of the Parliamentarians at Marston Moor, [87], [88];
  • manœuvres with, at Marston Moor, [89];
  • use of, at Naseby, [96];
  • in retreat at Preston, [127], [128];
  • service at Dunbar, [170] et seq.
• Horse-racing, suppressed under the Protectorate, [213]
• Howard, English admiral, [14]
• Huguenots, Charles I.’s feeble move against them, [26];
  • persecuted in France, [227]
• Hume, his opinion of Cromwell’s speeches, [203]
• Huntingdon, birthplace of Cromwell, [41], [42], [44], [45]
• Immigration of the English and Scotch into Ireland, [223]
• Inchiquin, Lord, Parliamentarian leader in Ireland, [148], [149];
  • captures Drogheda, [150]
• Independent Movement, the so-called, under Elizabeth, [23]
• Independents, English political party, [49];
  • Cromwell at head of, [49];
  • bearing toward the Presbyterians, [80];
  • real source of their power the Ironsides, [81];
  • hated by the Presbyterians, [92];
  • their strength in the army, [94];
  • their spirit commended by Cromwell, [106];
  • their proposed reconciliation with Parliamentarians, [115];
  • Charles I.’s designs on them, [116];
  • they take refuge in the army, [118];
  • conquerors of the Royalists, [120];
  • their prompt action in Second Civil War, [121];
  • their political isolation, [133];
  • rupture with Irish Presbyterians, [150];
  • their strength in the Commonwealth, [164];
  • in Parliament, [177] et seq.;
  • support of Cromwell in the Rump Parliament, [189];
  • under the Protectorate, [199], [220]
• Indian Mutiny, compared with state of Ireland under Cromwell, [151]
• Infantry, Parliamentarians’, at Nottingham, [57];
  • use of, in Cromwell’s time, [59], [60];
  • in action at Marston Moor, [87];
  • at Naseby, [96];
  • its importance at Preston, [127];
  • at Dunbar, [170];
  • Spanish, defeated by British in the Netherlands, [229]
• Inquisition, the, in Spain, [14];
  • the handmaid of tyranny, [17];
  • religious aspects of, [48]
• Instrument of Government, the, [195] et seq.;
  • recognized by Parliament, [204]
• Insurgents, the Irish, [147] et seq.
• Ireland, England’s treatment of, [15], [16];
  • priesthood loyal to its peasantry, [17];
  • Protestantism in, [17];
  • its prosperity under Strafford, [36];
  • revolts against Charles I.’s government, [56];
  • English troops in, [84];
  • unites against the Parliament, [120];
  • complex political conditions, [122];
  • its loyalty, [143];
  • invaded by Cromwell, [144] et seq.;
  • Cromwellian atrocities, [156];
  • subjugation by Parliamentarians, [178];
  • discontent under the Protectorate, [221];
  • under Richard Cromwell’s rule, [232];
  • its misery under English reigns, [238]
• Ireton, Henry, character of, [6];
  • captain of troop in Sixty-seventh Regiment, [58];
  • at Naseby, [96], [97];
  • marriage with Bridget Cromwell, [105];
  • his leadership of the army, [116];
  • approves Cromwell’s joining the army party, [119];
  • remonstrates against the King, [135];
  • counsels mercy toward Charles I., [136];
  • desecration of his remains, [233]
• Irish, the, Charles I.’s overtures to, [84];
  • Puritan cruelty toward, [129];
  • Catholics’ treaty with Charles II., [148];
  • troops at Dundalk, [157];
  • English treatment of, [162], [227], [238]
• Ironsides, the, real power of the Independents, [80];
  • in action at Marston Moor, [87], [89];
  • membership in Eastern Association, [93];
  • type of, [95];
  • their army spirit, [107];
  • support the army party, [120];
  • at Preston, [126];
  • as volunteers, [144];
  • veterans in Ireland, [152]
• “Irreconcilables,” [198]
• Issues, political, not always sharply drawn, [180]
• Ivan the Terrible, [210]
• Jackson, Andrew, his backwoodsmen, [67]
• Jackson, “Stonewall,” resemblance to Cromwell and Ireton, [6];
  • his piety, [105];
  • his strategy compared with Cromwell’s, [171]
• Jamaica, taken by the English, [229]
• James I., his ignoble peace, [21];
  • his belief in despotism, [22];
  • his weak policy toward Parliament, [23];
  • absolutism in Church and State, [25];
  • his policy in Ireland, [146]
• James II., compared with James I., [101], [234]
• Jehovah, invoked in massacres, [160]
• Jews, massacres of, compared with Puritans’, [160];
  • their settlement in London, [220]
• Johnston, American general, development of his troops compared with Cromwell’s, [91]
• Jones, Colonel, Puritan leader, defeats Preston near Dublin, [149];
  • makes terms with Irish Papal party, [150];
  • routs Ormond at Dublin, [151]
• Joyce, Cornet, [117]
• Judges, under the Protectorate, [199]
• Kent, Fairfax in, [121]
• Kentucky, neutrality of, in American Civil War, [62]
• Kerne, the, in Ireland, [16];
  • Queen Mary’s expulsion of the, [16]
• Kilkenny, Cromwell’s manifesto there, [162]
• King Jesus, cry of, [112], [143]
• Kings, their divine right, [21];
  • English belief in, [100];
  • office of, abolished by the Commonwealth, [141];
  • arbitrary power of, [161]
• Kingship, offered to Cromwell, [215]
• Kirk party; in Scotland, [130], [131];
  • Cromwell’s dispute with, [172],173
• Kirk, the, in Scotland, [166], [167];
  • its leaders urge Leslie on at Edinburgh, [169], [172];
  • its forces broken, [174]
• Knox, John, his influence on Scotch Calvinism, [18]
• Laissez-faire economists, [183]
• Lambert, Puritan general, sent to the North, [121];
  • in action at Preston, [124]–128
• Lancashire, Presbyterian rising there, [121]
• Lancers, [60];
  • the Scots’, at Marston Moor, [87];
  • at Dunbar, [170]
• Landed proprietors, interests of, threatened under the Protectorate, [193];
  • English, in Ireland, [223], [224]
• Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, Cromwell’s foe at Naseby, [121];
  • his command at Preston, [124]–126
• Laud, his hostility to Protestants, [30];
  • his ecclesiastical absolutism, [33];
  • becomes archbishop, [34];
  • his “thorough” policy, [35];
  • attempts to introduce ceremonials at Edinburgh, [38];
  • supports Charles I. against Short Parliament, [41];
  • imprisoned by the Parliamentarians, [52];
  • his execution, [80];
  • his intolerance compared with Presbyterians’, [109]
• Laws, English, considered by Parliamentarians, [181]
• Lawyers, Cromwell’s dislike of, [181], [193]
• Lee, American Confederate general, his volunteer soldiery, [65];
  • development of his troops, [91];
  • his generalship compared with Cromwell’s, [95]
• Legislative power under the Protectorate, [197]
• Lenthall, Speaker of House of Commons, [180]
• Leslie, David, Scottish leader, his service under Gustaphus Adolphus, [167];
  • his defence of Edinburgh, [167] et seq.;
  • operations at Dunbar, [169]–172
• Levellers, the, English Parliamentary party, distrusted by Cromwell, [112];
  • their agitation, [119];
  • their threatening attitude toward Cromwell, [143];
  • against the Commonwealth, [164];
  • suppressed under the Protectorate, [213]
• Leven, Earl of, Scottish leader, besieges York, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [86]
• Liberty, political and religious, under the Stuarts, [24];
  • Cromwell’s views on, [79], [107];
  • under the Protectorate, [197]
• Lieutenant-general, Cromwell’s rank of, [144]
• Life Guards, Charles I.’s, [64]
• Lincoln, American President, his candidacy in 1864, [103];
  • his first election, [193];
  • compared with Cromwell, [207]–208
• London, its sympathy with the Commons, [57];
  • unification of the Parliamentary troops there, [64];
  • its troops at Copredy Bridge, [91];
  • Presbyterians of, [109];
  • its mobs in the army party, [118];
  • Presbyterian commotions there, [121];
  • the army’s march into, [136];
  • Cromwell’s return to, [163], [180];
  • Jewish settlement in, [220]
• Long Parliament, spirit of the, [5];
  • men of, [11];
  • its grievances compared with American Continental Congress’s, [36];
  • meets at Westminster, [41];
  • Cromwell’s issue with army party against it, [119];
  • the remnant of, [177];
  • its dissolution, [187], [188], [201], [204], [206];
  • comparison with the Protectorate, [216].
  • See also Parliament, Rump, etc.
• Lord Protector, position of, [197];
  • Cromwell as, [212]
• Lords, House of, in Charles I.’s trial for treason, [136];
  • abolished under the Commonwealth, [141]
• Louis XIV., [162]
• Louis XV., [162]
• Lower classes in England, their discontent under the Tudors, [10];
  • incapacity for political combination, [10]
• Lucas, Sir Charles, repulsed by Scotch at Marston Moor, [88], [89]
• Luther, his zeal for righteousness, [7]
• Lutherans, intolerant spirit of, [13]
• Lynch law, occasional need of, [54]
• Macaulay, Lord, his opinion of Cromwell, [1]
• McClellan, American general, compared with Essex, [92];
  • attitude of Abolitionists toward, [103];
  • Democratic support of, [208]
• Major-generals, government of, under the Protectorate, [213], [215]
• Manchester, Earl of, Parliamentary leader, [58];
  • commands Eastern Association, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [86];
  • denounced by Cromwell in Parliament, [93];
  • Cromwell’s speech to, [110]
• Marlborough, Duke of, [145]
• Marriage, civil, proposed under the Protectorate, [193]
• Marston Moor, Battle of, [86]–90, [94], [95], [96];
  • Scotch share in, [124];
  • David Leslie at, [167]
• Mary, Queen, her expulsion of the Irish kerne, [16];
  • her treatment of Protestants, [217];
  • Irish policy, [238]
• Maryland, [165]
• Mass, the, denied to Irish by Cromwell, [158];
  • prohibited under the Protectorate, [198]
• Maurice of Orange, [14]
• Mazarin, French Cardinal, [17];
  • Cromwell’s reply to, [220];
  • co-operates with Cromwell, [228]
• Middle classes in England, powerful under the Tudors, [10];
  • strength among Parliamentarians, [69]
• Midianitish woman, the, [160]
• Militarism, English avoidance of, under James I., [19]
• Military rule, Cromwell’s, [213]
• Military service, not differentiated on land and sea in seventeenth century, [184]
• Military type, the, in Cromwellian army, [107];
  • influenced by religious zeal, [191]
• Militia, compared with regular soldiery, [66];
  • at Copredy Bridge, [91];
  • levy system of, [93]
• Mill Mount, [154]
• Milton, his contempt of political dreamers, [21];
  • his Puritanism, [50];
  • his political ideas, [111];
  • approves Cromwell’s joining with army party, [119];
  • his views on the regicide, [139];
  • supports the Protectorate, [209];
  • sonnet on the Vaudois, [227];
  • his greatness, [232], note
• Ministers, their position under the Protectorate, [200]
• Moderate party, the, in the Long Parliament, [55]
• Monarchy, Cromwell’s dread of, [195], [211]
• Monasteries, Cromwell’s ancestors benefited by their spoliation, [44]
• Monk, General George, [84];
  • at Dundalk, [150];
  • as naval commander, [183], [201];
  • his rule in Scotland, [221];
  • supports Charles II., [233]
• Monopolies, under Elizabeth, [10]
• Montrose, Earl of, not a professional soldier, [69];
  • his victories in Scotland, [94], [95];
  • defeated at Philiphaugh, [98];
  • aided by Irish troops, [147];
  • his death, [166]
• Moors, defeated by Blake at Tunis, [228]
• Morgan, American Confederate commander, his cavalry, [70]
• Mountain, the, see French Revolution, [120]
• Munro, commands Hamiltonian cavalry, [122];
  • at Ulster, [123];
  • moves toward Preston, [124];
  • retreats across the border, [130];
  • bearing toward Charles II., [148], [150]
• Munster, Royalist Protestants in, [149]
• Muscovites, [210]
• Musketeers, clumsiness of their weapons, [59];
  • tactical uses of, [60];
  • at Winwick Church, [128];
  • their appearance in the House of Commons, [187]
• Nantes, Edict of, [39]
• Napoleon, [99];
  • his unscrupulousness, [104], [190]
• Naseby, Battle of, [95];
  • Sir Marmaduke Langdale at, [121]
• Navigation Acts, [182], [183]
• Navy, the English, its growth, [182], [184];
  • in Dutch wars, [201].
  • See also Fleet
• Netherlands, the, British adventurers in, [58];
  • oppressions there compared with the Irish, [146], [156];
  • English and Spanish in, [229]
• Neutrality, in English Civil Wars, [63];
  • in Kentucky, [62]
• Newburn, Battle of, [41]
• Newbury, Battle of, [92]
• Newcastle, Cromwell’s letter to the Commandant there, [174]
• Newcastle, Lord, besieges Gainsborough, [81], [82];
  • his defence of York, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [87]–89
• New England, [179]
• New Model, the, in Cromwellian army, [63], [93], [95];
  • strained relations with Independents, [106];
  • attempted disbandment of, [117];
  • results in Independents’ army, [120];
  • its veterans in Ireland, [152]
• New World, the, America’s position in, [179]
• New York, regicide sentimentalism in, [138]
• North America, [193], [238]
• North of England, the, Royalist rising in, [121]
• Northampton, Essex assembles troops there, [69]
• Northumbrian Regiment, Newcastle’s, [89]
• Nottingham Castle, scene of beginning of Civil Wars, [57];
  • Royalists there, [69];
  • held by Cromwell, [81]
• Offence, the best defence of nations, [164]
• Old-English Catholics, in Ireland, [146]
• “Old Noll,” [221]
• Old Testament, the, Puritanism in, [160]
• O’Neil, Irish Catholic leader, [149], [150];
  • joins Ormond, [151];
  • his troops in Ireland, [159]
• Orange, House of, [135]
• Ormond, Earl of, leader of loyal Irish, [146]–148;
  • surrenders Dublin, [149];
  • heads moderate Irish Catholics, [150];
  • his supporters in Ireland, [151];
  • his troops at Drogheda, [153];
  • in Ireland, [159]
• “Ossawatomie Brown,” [145]
• Pale, the, in Ireland, [146], [147]
• Papacy, the, Henry VIII.’s attitude toward, [7];
  • “papacy or prelacy,” [197]
• Papal nuncio, in Ireland, [148]
• Parliament, Pym’s view of government by, [5];
  • growing powers under Elizabeth and James, [22];
  • Charles I.’s third, [27];
  • its struggles with the King, [29];
  • Covenant taken by, [78];
  • Cromwell’s speech against the generals as members in, [93];
  • Cromwell’s attitude toward, [101];
  • factions after First Civil War, [106], [108] et seq.;
  • army majority in, [116];
  • negotiations with King and army, [117];
  • Irish coalition against, [120];
  • makes Blake admiral, [130];
  • Cromwell’s dealings with, after Second Civil War, [131];
  • plans of union with King against army, [134];
  • Irish support of, [143];
  • aided by Coote in Ireland, [150];
  • summons Cromwell from Ireland, [162];
  • heirship to royal powers, [178];
  • conflict with army after Scotch wars, [178] et seq.;
  • law reform, [181];
  • Dutch Wars, [181];
  • non-reëlection bill, [185]–187;
  • its rule distasteful to Cromwell, [195];
  • under the Protectorate, [198];
  • representation under the Protectorate, [201] et seq.;
  • dissolution of the Rump, [209];
  • Second, under the Protectorate, [215];
  • summoned by Richard Cromwell, [232];
  • Cromwell’s speech to Second Protectorate Parliament, [236].
  • See also Barebones; Commons; Rump; Long Parliament, etc.
• Parliamentarians, military forces of, [57];
  • strength of, [61];
  • in Cornwall and Yorkshire, [63];
  • military leaders, [68];
  • resources, [69];
  • weakness of their cavalry, [73];
  • operations at Gainsborough, [81];
  • aided by the Scotch, [84];
  • at York, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [88];
  • at Copredy Bridge, [91];
  • leader, removed by Cromwell, [93];
  • reorganization of army, [94];
  • reverses after Marston Moor, [95];
  • outnumber Royalists at Naseby, [95] et seq.;
  • dissensions of, after First Civil War, [99] et seq.;
  • opposition to Moderate Irish party, [152]
• Peace, slothfulness of, under James I., [21];
  • desire for, by mercantile communities, [182]
• Peasantry, in England, [61]
• Pembroke (Ireland), capture of, by Royalists, [121]
• Penal laws, English enforcement of, in Ireland, [162]
• Penances, observed by Royalists on anniversaries of Charles I.’s death, [240]
• Penn, at San Domingo, [229]
• Peter the Great, [237]
• Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Cromwell, [71]
• Petition of Right, becomes law, [28];
  • disregarded by the King, [32];
  • supported by Cromwell, [45]
• Philadelphia, church to Royal Martyr there, [138]
• Philip of Spain, bigotry of, [15];
  • merciless to persons of his own faith in other nationalities, [16], [156]
• Philiphaugh, Battle of, [98]
• Philippines, the, American volunteers in, [67]
• Phillips, Wendell, American Abolitionist, [103]
• Phineas, [160]
• Pikemen, their function in seventeenth-century war, [59];
  • tactical position of, [60];
  • at Winwick Church, [128]
• Pistols, use of, by seventeenth-century cavalry, [60]
• Plantations, English, in Ireland, [16], [146]
• Platform, American Republicans’ in 1860, [193]
• Plundering, suppressed by Cromwell, [75];
  • punishments for, at Winchester, [98];
  • Cromwell’s suppression of, in Scotland, [131], [153]
• Policy, necessity of adjusting a nation’s foreign and domestic, [20];
  • Cromwell actuated by, [93]
• Politics, as influenced by religious feeling, [19]
• Pope, the, Cromwell’s view of, [173]
• Portuguese, the, [16]
• Prayer-Book, the, Laud’s attempted introduction of, at Edinburgh, [39];
  • prohibited under the Protectorate, [198];
  • denied to Episcopalians under the Commonwealth, [217]
• Preachers, arrest of, under the Protectorate, [199]
• Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, [18]
• Presbyterian English, natural allies of Scotch, [55]
• Presbyterian ministers, in Scotland, [130]
• Presbyterian Royalists, against the army, [120];
  • in Parliament, [177]
• Presbyterianism, its growth in the Anglican Church under James I., [23];
  • sympathy with Scottish revolt, [40];
  • orthodoxy of, [80]
• Presbyterians, in Parliamentarian army, [76];
  • in Civil Wars, [92];
  • generals in House of Commons, [93], [94];
  • intolerance of, [104];
  • faith of, [106];
  • ascendancy of, in Parliament, [108];
  • their intolerance compared with Laud’s, [109];
  • feared by Puritans, [111];
  • efforts at reconciliation with Parliamentarians, [115];
  • take issue with the King against the army, [116], [120];
  • commotion of, in London, [121];
  • at Ulster, [122];
  • cruel treatment of, as Puritan prisoners, [126];
  • in Parliament after Second Civil War, [131] et seq.;
  • in touch with Ulster Irish, [146];
  • rupture with Independents, [150];
  • stand against Cromwell, [164];
  • position under the Protectorate, [200], [220]
• “Presbyter but Priest writ large,” [111]
• Presidency, the American, Lincoln’s candidacy for, [103]
• Preston, Battle of, [124] et seq.;
  • Second Civil War ended by, [130]
• Preston, Irish leader, [149]
• Pride, Colonel, Parliamentary leader, [76];
  • at Preston, [126];
  • at Winwick Church, [128];
  • in the Commons, [136]
• Pride’s Purge, [136]
• Priests, loyalty of, to peasants in Ireland, [17];
  • Milton’s view of, [111];
  • slaughter of, at Drogheda, [154];
  • persecuted in Ireland, [223]
• Prisoners, cruel treatment of, by Puritans, [129], [155], [174]
• Property, threatened under the Protectorate, [203]
• Protective tariffs, [183]
• Protector, the, office of, [197] et seq.
• Protectorate, the, [197] et seq.;
  • rule of, in Ireland, [221]–225
• Protectorate Parliament, dismissed by Cromwell, [210], [212], [213]
• Protestantism, height of, in England, [9];
  • European sects, [11];
  • modern individual results of, [12];
  • the creed of liberty, [17]
• Protestants in Ireland, Parliament recognized by, [148];
  • Royalist, in Ireland, [150], [152];
  • war of Protestant powers, [184];
  • position of, under Queen Mary, [217];
  • in Ireland under the Protectorate, [224];
  • among the Swiss, [228];
  • influence of, in Ireland, [238], [239]
• Psalm-singing, by Puritans, at Winceby, [83];
  • at Marston Moor, [87];
  • Basing House, [98];
  • Dunbar, [171]
• Public opinion, Cromwell influenced by, [211]
• Puritanism, Carlyle’s opinion of, [3];
  • beginning of the modern epoch, [4];
  • growth under James I., [23];
  • not widespread under Charles I., [29];
  • character of, in Scotland, [38];
  • characteristics of, [160] et seq.;
  • apologists for, [218] et seq.
• Puritans, sympathy of, with Scottish revolt, [40];
  • their suspicions of the Episcopacy, [56];
  • psalm-singing at Winceby, [83];
  • forces of, in army, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [87];
  • phraseology of, in Cromwell’s time, [106];
  • Presbyterians feared by, [111];
  • hatred of Charles I., [114];
  • desire for vengeance on the King, [121];
  • opposed by the Irish, [122];
  • at Winwick Church, [128];
  • cruel treatment of prisoners, [129];
  • justice of their punishment of the King, [139];
  • disavow Irish alliance, [151];
  • cruelties at Drogheda, [154] et seq.;
  • toleration, [165];
  • opposed to Covenanters at Dunbar, [170];
  • in New England, [179];
  • passion for religious regulation, [214];
  • lack of generosity to foes, [216];
  • rule of, in Ireland, [224];
  • great names among, [232];
  • attitude toward Ireland, [238];
  • true greatness of, [239]
• Pym, Carlyle’s opinion of, [3];
  • original type of, [5];
  • tolerance of, [5];
  • leadership in Parliament, [30];
  • first modern “leader,” [31];
  • speech on imprisonment of Strafford, [51], [52];
  • imprisonment of, [57];
  • death, [80];
  • his Parliament, [177]
• Quakers, [143]
• Reed, Speaker, quoted, [235]
• Reform, attempted by Parliament, [181];
  • by Rump Parliament, [185];
  • in the Assembly, [193];
  • practicability necessary in, [194]
• Reformation, the, in England, [7];
  • European results of, [8];
  • in Scotland, [8]
• Reformed Church, influence of, in European politics, [7]
• Reformers, contradictions of, [13];
  • fanaticism of, under the Protectorate, [199]
• Regicides, the, [139]
• Regulars (soldiery), advantages of, [65], [69];
  • discipline of, [91];
  • Ironsides as regulars, [145];
  • ordinary type of, [145]
• Religious liberty, under the Protectorate, [197];
  • Cromwell’s view of, [220];
  • incompleteness of, in Ireland, [223]
• Republican Convention (U. S.), 1860, [193]
• Republicanism in Parliamentary army, [108]; Cromwell’s, [131]
• Republicans in England, not extremists, [112];
  • after the Revolution, [142];
  • under the Protectorate, [202];
  • in the Commons, [204];
  • in Second Protectorate Parliament, [215]
• Republicans (U. S.), after Civil War, [103]
• Republics, in South America, [193]
• Restoration, the, [214], [232];
  • disgraceful effects of, [233]
• Revolution of 1688, [6], [100];
  • compared with Civil Wars, [234], [235]
• Revolution, Puritan, Cromwell’s attempt to check it, [119];
  • Presbyterian support of, [132];
  • Cromwell’s attitude toward it, [142], [179];
  • impermanent effects of, [188].
  • See also American Revolution; French Revolution, etc.
• Rhode Island, [165]
• Ribble, river, [125], [127]
• Richelieu, [17]
• Ritual, Cromwell’s suppression of, at Ely, [78]
• Rochelle, Charles I.’s expedition against, [26], [27]
• Roman Catholicism identified with Spain in English opinion, [14];
  • liberality of, in France, [17];
  • Cromwell’s intolerance of, [77];
  • demanded for State religion by Irish, [147]
• Roman Catholics, intolerance of, [104];
  • Irish revolt supported by, [147];
  • position of, under the Protectorate, [197]
• Rome, [12]
• Root and Branch party, the, [56]
• Ross, capture of, by Cromwell, [158]
• “Roundhead,” term of reproach in Parliamentary army, [75]
• Roundhead army, [64];
  • its foot, [73];
  • at Marston Moor, [88]
• Royal Martyr, the, churches dedicated to, [138]
• Royalist Delinquents, [184]
• Royalist Protestants in Ireland, [149], [152]
• Royalists, at Nottingham, [57], [58];
  • strength of, [61];
  • driven out of Cornwall, [63];
  • military leaders of, [68];
  • natural taste for war, [69];
  • estates fined by Cromwell, [79];
  • at Grantham, [80];
  • defeated by Cromwell at Nottingham and Burleigh, [81];
  • stand at Gainsborough, [82];
  • defeated at Winceby, [83];
  • forces in Civil Wars unestimated, [86];
  • at Marston Moor, [86] et seq.;
  • Copredy Bridge, [91];
  • hope of, in Scotland, [94];
  • outnumbered at Naseby, [95] et seq.;
  • end of, in Scotland, [98];
  • surrender in 1646, [98];
  • union with Catholics and Presbyterians against Parliament, [120];
  • united in Ireland, [146];
  • in Irish wars, [149] et seq.;
  • opposed to the Commonwealth, [164];
  • dissensions in Scotland, [166];
  • Scottish reverses, [174];
  • their end in England, [178];
  • position under the Protectorate, [199], [213], [216];
  • penances done by, on anniversary of regicide, [240]
• Royalists in American Revolution, [217]
• Rump, the, [177], [181];
  • dissolution, [185], [187]
• Rump Parliament, [185], [187], [188]
• Rupert, Prince, Royalist leader, military training, [68];
  • at Powick, [71];
  • his charge at Edgehill, [72];
  • at Grantham, [80];
  • dubs Cromwell Old Ironsides, [80];
  • his brilliant tactics, [84];
  • marches to relieve York, [85], [86];
  • against Cromwell at Marston Moor, [87], [88], [91];
  • his activity, [94], [95];
  • at Naseby, [96], [97];
  • in Parliament, [108];
  • his buccaneering cruise, [130]
• Russia, [9];
  • majority rule unnatural to, [25];
  • Charles X.’s policy toward, [226];
  • under Peter the Great, [237]
• Russians, the, under Ivan the Terrible, [210]
• Sabbath, observance of, under the Protectorate, [213]
• Sailors, fame of English, in seventeenth century, [14];
  • the Dutch as, [182]
• St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, [39]
• St. Fagan’s, Welsh defeat at, [121]
• St. Ives, Cromwell’s farm at, [45]
• St. John, Oliver, Cromwell’s cousin by marriage, [45], [46].
• St. Peter’s, Drogheda, [154]
• San Domingo, English expedition against, [229]
• Santa Cruz, Blake’s victory over the Spanish there, [228]
• Savoy, Duke of, his persecutions of the Vaudois, [227], [228]
• Scotch, defeat Charles I.’s forces in Bishops’ Wars, [41];
  • adventurers in the Netherlands, [58];
  • relations with Parliamentarians, [78];
  • they aid the Parliamentarians, [84];
  • besiege York, [85];
  • at Marston Moor, [86], [87];
  • their military qualities, [94];
  • Charles I.’s surrender to, [98];
  • relations with Charles I. in Parliament, [116];
  • declare for King against army, [120];
  • they aid the cavaliers, [121];
  • in Second Civil War, [122];
  • Presbyterians at Ulster, [122];
  • union with Royalists, [124];
  • at Preston, [125]–128;
  • Puritan treatment of, [129];
  • support Parliament after Second Civil War, [131];
  • in touch with Ulster, [146];
  • share in Irish war, [147];
  • at Trim, [157];
  • declare for Charles II., [162], [164];
  • losses at Dunbar, [171];
  • assemble at Stirling, [174], [220];
  • immigrants into Ireland, [223];
  • their share in British expansion, [238]
• Scotch Highlanders, military type of, in Civil Wars, [95]
• Scotch Presbyterians, support Charles II., [150]
• Scotland, character of, [18];
  • Episcopacy rejected there, [38], [40];
  • demands indemnity after Bishops’ Wars, [41];
  • its claims paid by the Long Parliament, [54];
  • makes terms with Charles I., [55];
  • brawls in, [58];
  • league with Parliamentarians, [80];
  • Royalist hope of, [94];
  • end of Royalist party there, [98];
  • complex political conditions, [122], [123];
  • Royalists and Covenanters, [165], [166];
  • subdued by Parliamentarians, [178];
  • definitive union with England, [201];
  • rule under the Protectorate, [220], [221]
• Scout-master, [84]
• Sea-power, Spanish, in sixteenth century, [227]
• Secession, right of, in American States, [62]
• Sectaries, Parliamentarian intolerance of, [116];
  • hatred of the Kirk for, [169]
• Self-denying Ordinance, the, [93], [94]
• Self-government, qualities of, [235]
• “Serving men and tapsters,” [73]
• Severn, river, [71]
• Seymour, American Vice-President, [103]
• Sheridan, American cavalry commander, [70];
  • compared with Cromwell in pursuit, [171]
• Ship Money, [34];
  • payment of, refused by Hampden, [35], [45];
  • declared illegal by Long Parliament, [54]
• Short Parliament, hostility of, to Charles I., [41].
  • See also Parliament
• Sixty-seventh Regiment, Cromwell’s captaincy in, [58]
• Skippon, Parliamentarian major-general, wounded at Naseby, [97]
• Slavery, prisoners of Puritans sold into, [129], [153];
  • in the United States, [193]
• Sligo, captured, [148]
• Smithfield, [39]
• Soldiers, citizen and regular types compared, [64]–69;
  • veterans at Marston Moor, [87];
  • pay neglected by Parliament, [116];
  • Scotch at Preston, [128];
  • their ready changes of allegiance, [129];
  • religion not always a cause of efficiency among them, [166]
• South Africa, volunteers in, [67]
• South American republics, [193]
• Southerners, in the United States, [102]
• Spain, feared by England in sixteenth century, [14];
  • supremacy of, [14];
  • her barbarities compared with those of Turkey, [15];
  • natural foe of France, [17];
  • sea-power crushed by the Dutch admirals, [18];
  • oppressions of the Dutch, [36], [146];
  • her cruelties, [162];
  • her colonial policy, [224];
  • Cromwell’s interference with, [226];
  • war with France, [226], [227];
  • defeated by England in the Netherlands, [229]
• Spaniards, English victories over them on the sea, [182];
  • their cruelty, [218]
• Speaker of the House, Cromwell’s letter to, [105]
• Speeches, character of Cromwell’s, [202], [205]
• Star Chamber, the, [28];
  • its subserviency to the King, [32];
  • Cromwell’s hatred of, [53];
  • abolished by Long Parliament, [54]
• States rights, doctrine of, in the United States, [62];
  • in English counties, [63]
• Steward.
  • See Cromwell, Elizabeth S.
• Stirling, assembling of Scotch forces there, [174]
• Strafford, Lord, minister of Charles I., his jealousy of Buckingham, [27];
  • his abetting of the King, [33];
  • raised to the Peerage, [34];
  • his rule in Ireland, [35], [36];
  • returns from Ireland, [41];
  • his impeachment and defence, [51];
  • death, [53];
  • the King’s treachery to him, [137]
• Strategy, lack of, in 1643, [79];
  • Cromwell’s principles of, [168];
  • “Stonewall” Jackson’s and Cromwell’s compared, [171]
• Stuart, American Confederate cavalry commander, [70]
• Stuart, House of the, [139];
  • its weakness against the Commonwealth, [139];
  • re-establishment of, [233]
• Stuarts, the English Kings, [7];
  • England under their rule, [8];
  • their supposed spiritual supremacy, [9];
  • their ignorance of their people, [11];
  • weakness of their domestic and foreign policy, [20];
  • their belief in the divine right of kings, [21];
  • reactionary type of, [24];
  • their power curtailed by Petition of Right, [28];
  • Charles I. the type of, [134];
  • their bearing in exile, [199];
  • comparisons with Cromwell, [211];
  • their Restoration, [214];
  • taxation during their reigns, [216], [225]
• Suffrage, manhood, advocated by the Levellers, [112];
  • under the Protectorate, [201]
• Sunday, observance of, [214]
• Supreme Council of Dublin, the, [150]
• Sweden, champion of the Reformation, [26]
• Swiss mercenaries, hired by Cromwell, [228]
• Swords, use of, by cavalry, [60]
• Syracusans, the, oppressions of, [210]
• Tactics, shock and fire compared, [59];
  • at Marston Moor, [86];
  • Scots’, at Preston, [125]
• Tartar yoke in Russia, the, [210]
• Taxation, in England, by Parliament, [184];
  • under the Protectorate, [216];
  • under the Commonwealth, [217]
• Ten Commandments, the, [46]
• Thirty Years’ War, the, France’s share in, [17];
  • in Germany, [26];
  • its height at death of Gustaphus, [39];
  • its influence on Cromwell, [44];
  • soldiery in, [65];
  • Cromwell’s inclination to take part in it, [118]
• Thornhaugh, Colonel, Parliamentary leader of horse, [128]
• Tilly, [129], [156]
• Timoleon, [208]
• Tithes, [193]
• Tolerance, in the modern world, [12];
  • falseness of, in seventeenth century, [19].
  • See also Catholics; Cromwell; Puritans, etc.
• Tonnage and poundage, [29];
  • declaration against its pay without Parliamentary consent, [31];
  • declared illegal by Long Parliament, [54]
• Tories, in America, [217]
• Tower of London, the, Eliot’s imprisonment there, [32];
  • Laud’s, [52]
• Trade, in Europe, in the seventeenth century, [182]
• Trim (Ireland), captured by Parliamentarians, [157]
• Tromp, the elder, in the Spanish wars, [18], [182]
• Tudors, English sovereigns, unarmed despots, [10], [11];
  • their relations with English commercial classes, [10];
  • with middle class, [10]
• Tunis, Blake at, [228]
• Turenne, regular soldiers under, [145];
  • service of British troops under, [229]
• Turks, cruelty of, [218], [228]
• Tyranny, English intolerance of, [11];
  • Cromwell’s tyranny defined, [210] et seq., [216];
  • Charles I.’s, [234]
• Ulster, Scotch Presbyterians at, [122];
  • Irish rising there, [146];
  • captured by Parliamentarians, [150];
  • massacres by Cromwellians there, [151], [157];
  • under the Protectorate, [223]
• Ultramontanes, the, [148], [150]
• Uniforms, variety of, in Parliamentary army, [64];
  • origin of present English, [229]
• Union, War of the, in the United States, [193];
  • its salutary effects, [208].
  • See also American Civil War
• Unitarians, [78]
• United States, the, religious tolerance of, compared with Cromwell’s England’s, [49];
  • political theorists, [113];
  • Abolitionists, [192];
  • Constitution of, [196];
  • government of, [198];
  • practical good sense of, [219]
• Valley Campaigns, Stonewall Jackson’s, [171]
• Vane, Sir Harry, [185], [187]
• Van Heemskirk, his prowess against Spain, [18]
• Vaudois, the, persecutions of, [220], [227]
• Venables, at San Domingo, [229]
• Venetian government, Puritans’ prisoners sold to, [129]
• Verdelin, Regiment of, [225]
• Verney, [154]
• Veto, the Protector’s, [197]
• Victoria, Queen, [135]
• Virginia, Puritans’ prisoners there, [129]
• Volunteers (soldiery), in American Civil War, [65];
  • compared with regulars, [66]–69;
  • Ironsides as, [144];
  • rawness of, [167]
• Wales, Royalist rising there in Second Civil War, [121];
  • Cromwell’s administration there, [216]
• Wallenstein, [129], [156]
• Waller, Parliamentary general, at Copredy Bridge, [91]
• War-ships, Dutch, [182]
• Washington, compared with Pym and Hampden, [5], [36];
  • his superiority over Cromwell, [53];
  • his regular soldiery, [91];
  • character of, [101];
  • disinclination to dictatorship, [102];
  • his lofty plane, [103];
  • his judicious government, [110];
  • his statesmanship, [188], [190];
  • his influence on the United States Constitution, [196];
  • his forbearance, [207]
• Waterloo, Battle of, compared with Marston Moor, [90]
• Wayne, American Revolutionary general, [91]
• Wellington, [145]
• Welsh War, [121], [122]
• Wentworth, Sir Thomas, [27];
  • character of, [33].
  • See also Strafford
• West Indies, English rule in, [229]
• Westminster, Long Parliament meets there, [41];
  • Cromwell installed there, [199]
• Westminster Hall, Cromwell’s head exposed there by Restorationists, [233]
• West Point, advantages of its training, [67]
• Wexford, Cromwellian atrocities there, [155];
  • Cromwell’s storming of, [157], [158], [160]
• Whigamore Raid, the, in Scotland, [130]
• Whitehall, Palace of, [42], [57];
  • Charles I. beheaded there, [137]
• Whitewarts, the, at Marston Moor, [89]
• William the Conqueror, his Lords, [108]
• William III., English King, [100];
  • his ability, [101];
  • the real successor of Cromwell, [234], [235]
• Williams, original name of the Cromwells, [42]
• Willoughby, Lord, Parliamentary general, at Gainsborough, [81], [82];
  • Cromwell’s charges against, [85]
• Wilson, American cavalryman, [70]
• Winceby, Battle of, [83]
• Winchester, occupied by Cromwell, [98]
• Winchester, Marquis of, Royalist leader, [98]
• Winwick Church, the Scotch at, [128]
• Worcester, Battle of, [175], [177], [180];
  • anniversary of, [231]
• “Word of the Lord, the,” [46], [47]
• Yeomanry, in England, [59], [61]
• York, the siege of, [85];
  • fall of, [90]
• Yorkshire, neutrality of, [63];
  • its troops at Marston Moor, [86] et seq.;
  • rising for Charles I. there, [121];
  • troops in Second Civil War, [124];
  • at Preston, [127]

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling.
2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed.