CONTENTS.

VOLUME I.
[CHAPTER I.]
PRELIMINARY OUTLINE.
Subdivisions, [1]. Dominant processes, [2].
		PAGE
Astronomic Geology		[2]
	The earth as a planet, [2]. Its satellite, [3]. Dependence on the sun, [4]. Meteorites, [4].
Geognosy		5
I.	The Atmosphere	[5]
	Mass and extent, [6]. Geologic activity, [6]. A thermal blanket, [7].
II.	The Hydrosphere	[7]
	Oceanic dimensions, [8]. Geologic activity, [8]. Chief horizons of activity, [9].
III.	The Lithosphere	[9]
	Irregularities, [10]. Epicontinental seas, [11]. Diversities of surface, [12]. The surface mantle of the lithosphere, [12]. The crust of the lithosphere, [13]. The interior, [14]. Varieties of rock in crust, [14]. Stratified rocks, [14]. Conformability, [15]. Relative ages, [15]. The crystalline rocks, [16]. Four great sedimentary eras, [17]. The Archean complex, [18].
General Table of Geologic Divisions		[19]
[CHAPTER II.]
THE ATMOSPHERE AS A GEOLOGICAL AGENT.
The Atmosphere as a Direct Agency		[21]
I.	Mechanical Work	[21]
	Transportation and deposition of dust, [22]. Transportation and deposition of sand, [25]. Formation of dunes, [26]. Shapes of dunes, [26]. The topographic map, [30]. Topography of dune areas, [32]. Migration of dunes, [33]. Distribution of dunes, [35]. Wind ripples, [37]. Abrasion by the wind, [38]. Effects of wind on plants, [40]. Indirect effects of the wind, [41].
II.	Chemical Work	[41]
	Precipitation from solution, [41]. Oxidation, [42]. Carbonation, [43]. Other chemical changes, [43]. Conditions favorable for chemical changes, [43].
The Atmosphere as a Conditioning Agency		[43]
I.	Temperature Effects	[44]
II.	Evaporation and Precipitation	[50]
III.	Effects of Electricity.	[52]
Summary		[54]
[CHAPTER III.]
THE WORK OF RUNNING WATER.
Rain and River Erosion		[57]
Subaërial Erosion without Valleys		[58]
The Development of Valleys		[63]
	By the growth of gullies, [63]. Limits of growth, [67]. The permanent stream, [70]. Other modes of valley development, [73]. Structural valleys, [77]. The courses of valleys, [77]. The development of tributaries, [78].
A Cycle of Erosion. Its Stages		[80]
General Characteristics of Topography Developed by River Erosion		[92]
Special Features Resulting from Special Conditions of Erosion		[92]
	Bad-land topography, [93]. Special forms of valleys; canyons, [94].
The Struggle for Existence Among Valleys and Streams		[100]
	Piracy, [103].
Rate of Degradation		[105]
	Material in solution in river water. [107].
Economic Considerations		[108]
Analysis of Erosion		[110]
Weathering		[110]
Transportation		[115]
	Transporting power and velocity, [115]. How sediment is carried, [116].
Corrasion		[119]
	Abrasion, [119]. Solution, [122].
Conditions Affecting the Rate of Erosion		[123]
The Influence of Declivity		[123]
The Influence of Rock		[124]
	Physical constitution, [124]. Chemical composition, [124]. Structure, [125].
The Influence of Climate		[110]
Effects of Unequal Hardness		[132]
	Rapids and falls, [132]. Rock terraces, [140]. Narrows, [141]. Other effects on topography, [142]. Adjustment of streams to rock structures, [146].
Influence of Joints and Folds		[150]
	Joints, [150]. Folds, [154].
Effect of Changes of Level		[132]
	Rise, [161]. Sinking, [170]. Differential movement, warping, [171].
The Aggradational Work of Running Water		[177]
	Principles involved, [177].
The Deposits		[181]
	Types, [181]. Alluvial fans and cones, [181]. Ill-defined alluvium, [183]. Alluvial plains, [184]. Flood-plains due to alluviation, [186]. Flood-plains due to obstructions, [188]. Levees, [188]. Flood-plain meanders, cut-and-fill, [190]. Scour-and-fill, [194]. Materials of the flood-plain, [196]. Topography of the flood-plain, [196]. Topographic adjustment of tributaries, [197]. River-lakes, [198]. Deltas, [198]. Delta lakes, [204].
Stream Terraces		[204]
	Due to inequalities of hardness, [204]. Normal flood-plain terraces, [205]. Flood-plain terraces due to other causes, [208]. Discontinuity of terraces, [209]. Termini of terraces, [210].
[CHAPTER IV.]
THE WORK OF GROUND (UNDERGROUND) WATER.
	Conditions influencing descent of rain-water, [213]. Supply of ground-water not altogether dependent on local rainfall, [215]. Ground-water surface—water table, [215]. Depth to which ground-water sinks, [216]. Movement of ground-water, [220]. Amount of ground-water, [221]. Fate of ground-water, [221].
The Work of Ground-water		[222]
Chemical Work		[222]
	Quantitative importance of solution, [223]. Deposition of mineral matter from solution, [225].
Mechanical Work		[226]
Results of the Work of Ground-water		[226]
	Weathering, [226]. Caverns, [227]. Creep, slumps, and landslides, [231].
Summary		[232]
Springs and Flowing Wells		[234]
	Mineral matter in solution, [235]. Geysers, [236]. Artesian wells, [242].
[CHAPTER V.]
THE WORK OF SNOW AND ICE.
Snow- and Ice-fields		[244]
	The passage of snow into névé and ice, [246]. Structure of the ice, [247]. Texture, [247]. Inauguration of movement, [248].
Types of Glaciers		[251]
The General Phenomena of Glaciers		[256]
	Dimensions, [256]. Limits, [258]. Movement, [259]. Conditions affecting rate of movement, [261]. Likenesses and unlikenesses of glaciers and rivers, [262].
Surface Features		[266]
	Topography, [266]. Surface moraines, [266]. Relief due to surface débris, [268]. Dust-wells, [269]. Débris below the surface, [272].
Temperature, Waste, and Drainage		[273]
	The winter wave, [274]. The summer wave, [276]. The temperature of the bottom, [276]. Temperature of the interior of the ice, [277]. Compression and friction as causes of heat, [278]. Summary, [279]. Movement under low temperature, [279]. Evaporation, [279]. Drainage, [280].
The Work of Glaciers		[281]
Erosion and Transportation		[281]
	Getting load, [282]. Conditions influencing rate of erosion, [283]. Summary, [286]. Varied nature of glacial débris, [286]. The topographic effects of glacial erosion, [287]. Fiords, [290]. The positions in which débris is carried, [290]. Transfers of load, [292]. Wear of drift in transit, [298].
Deposition of the Drift		[298]
	Beneath the body of the ice, [298]. At ends and edges of glaciers, [299].
Types of Moraines		[301]
	The terminal moraine, [301]. The ground moraine, [301]. The lateral moraines, [302]. Distinctive nature of glacial deposits, [304]. Glaciated rock surfaces, [304].
Glacio-Fluvial Work		[305]
Icebergs		[307]
The Intimate Structure and the Movement of Glaciers		[308]
	The growth and constitution of a glacier, [308]. The arrangement of the crystal axes, [312].
The Probable Fundamental Element in Glacial Motion		[313]
	Melting and freezing, [313]. Accumulated motion in the terminal part of a glacier, [316].
Auxiliary Elements		[317]
	Shearing, [317]. High temperature and water, [318]. Applications, [319].
Corroborative Phenomena		[320]
Other Views of Glacier Motion		[321]
[CHAPTER VI.]
THE WORK OF THE OCEAN.
	Volume and composition, [324]. Topography of bed, [326]. Distribution of marine life, [328].
Processes in Operation in the Sea		[329]
	Diastrophism, [329]. Vulcanism, [332]. Gradation, [333].
Movements of the Sea-water		[334]
	Differences in density and their results, [335]. Differences in level and their results. [335]. Movements generated by winds, [336]. Movements generated by attraction, [322]. Aperiodic movements, [338]. Summary, [339].
Waves		[339]
	Wave-motion, [339].
Work of the Waves		[342]
Erosion		[342]
	By waves and undertow, [342].
Topographic Features Developed by Wave Erosion		[349]
	The sea-cliff, [349]. Chimney rocks, etc., [350]. Sea caves, [350]. The wave-cut terrace, [351]. Wave erosion and horizontal configuration, [353].
Transportation by Waves		[354]
Deposition by Waves, Undertow, and Shore Currents		[355]
	The beach, [355]. The barrier, [356]. The spit, the bar, and the loop, [357]. Wave-built terraces, [363].
Effect of Shore Deposition on Coastal Configuration		[363]
Summary of Coastal Irregularities		[364]
The Work of Ocean-currents		[366]
Deposits of the Ocean-bed		[368]
Shallow-water Deposits		[369]
	Littoral deposits, [369]. Non-littoral, mechanical deposits in shallow water, [369]. Characteristics of shallow-water deposits, [373]. Topography of shallow-water deposits, [374]. Chemical and organic deposits, [375]. Limestone, [378].
Deep-sea Deposits		[378]
	Contrasted with shallow-water deposits, [378]. Sources, [380]. Mechanical inorganic deposits, [380]. Organic constituents of pelagic deposits, [382]. Chemical deposits, [383].
Lakes		[386]
	Changes taking place in lakes, [387]. Lacustrine deposits, [388]. Extinct lakes, [388]. Lake ice, [389]. Saline lakes, [391]. Indirect effects of lakes, [392]. Composition of lake waters, [392].
[CHAPTER VII.]
THE ORIGIN AND DESCENT OF ROCKS.
Composition of Igneous Rocks		[395]
	Leading elements, [396]. Union of elements, [397]. Formation of minerals, [397]. Sources of complexity, [398]. The leading minerals of igneous rocks, [399]. The feldspathic minerals, [400]. The ferromagnesian minerals, [400]. Summary of salient facts, [401].
The Nature of Molten Magmas		[401]
	Time required in crystallization, [402]. Successive stages of crystallization, [403].
The Fragmental Products of Sudden Cooling		[404]
	Pyroclastic rocks, [404].
The Glassy Rocks		[406]
	The solid glasses. [406]. The first stages of crystallization, [407]. The obsidians, [407].
Special Structures		[410]
	Flow structure, [410]. Amygdaloids, [411].
The Porphyritic Rocks		[411]
The Phanerocrystalline Rocks		[412]
	The phanerites, [412]. The granites, [413]. The syenites, [415]. The diorites, [416]. The gabbros, [416]. The peridotites, [416]. The basalts, [417]. The dolerites, [417]. General names, [418].
Derivation of Secondary Rocks		[420]
	Regolith, [422]. Disrupted products: arkose and wacke, [422]. Disintegrated products, [422].
Classes of Sedimentary Rocks		[422]
	Shales, sandstones, and conglomerates, [422]. Limestones and dolomites, [424]. Precipitates, [424]. Iron-ore beds, [425]. Silicious deposits, [425]. Organic rocks, [426].
Internal Alterations of Rocks		[426]
	Oxidation and deoxidation, [427]. Solution and deposition, [427]. Hydration and dehydration, [428]. Carbonation and decarbonation, [429]. Molecular rearrangements, [431].
The Salient Features of Rock Descent		[431]
The Reascensional Process		[432]
	Induration under ordinary pressures and temperatures, [432]. Cavity filling, [436]. Fissure filling; veins, [437]. Solution as well as deposition, [437]. Concretions, [438]. Replacements and pseudomorphs, [439]. Incipient crystallization, [439].
Reconstruction under Exceptional Conditions		[440]
	Slaty structure, [441]. Foliation, schistosity, [443]. Metamorphism by heat, [446]. Metamorphism by heat and lateral pressure, [448]. Deep-seated metamorphism, [449]. Completion of the rock cycle, [449].
Various Classifications and Nomenclatures		[449]
New System of Classification and Nomenclature		[451]
The Proposed Field System		[451]
	The phanerites, [451]. The aphanites, [452].
The Proposed Quantitative System		[454]
Reference List of the More Common Minerals		[460]
Reference List of the More Common Rocks		[467]
Ore Deposits		[474]
	Concentration, [474]. Exceptional and doubtful cases, [474]. Original distribution, [475]. Magmatic segregation, [475]. Marine segregation and dispersion, [476]. Origin of ore regions, [477]. Surface residual concentration, [478]. Purification and concentration, [478]. Concentration by solution and reprecipitation, [479]. Location of greatest solvent action, [480]. Short-course action, [481]. Long-course action, [481]. Summary, [483]. The influence of contacts, [484]. The effect of igneous intrusions, [484]. The influence of rock walls, [484].
[CHAPTER VIII.]
STRUCTURAL (GEOTECTONIC) GEOLOGY.
	The structural phases which rocks assume, [486].
Structural Features of Sedimentary Rocks		[486]
	Stratification, [486]. Lateral graduation, [488]. Special markings, [489]. Concretionary structure, [490]. Secretions, [497].
Structural Features of Igneous Rocks		[498]
Structural Features Arising From Disturbance		[500]
	Inclination and folding of strata, [500]. Joints, [510]. Sandstone dikes, [514]. Faults, [514]. The significance of faults, [521]. Effect of faulting on outcrops, [522].
[CHAPTER IX.]
THE MOVEMENTS AND DEFORMATIONS OF THE EARTH’S BODY (DIASTROPHISM).
Minute and Rapid Movements		[526]
Earthquakes		[527]
	Points of origin, foci, [527]. The amplitude of the vibrations, [529]. Destructive effects, [530]. Direction of throw, [531]. Rate of propagation, [532]. Sequences of vibrations, [533]. Gaseous emanations, [533]. Distribution of earthquakes, [533].
The Geologic Effects of Earthquakes		[534]
	Fracturing of rock, [534]. Changes of surface, [534]. Effects on drainage, [535]. Effects on standing water, [535]. Changes of level, [536].
Slow Massive Movements		[537]
	Present movements, [538]. Fundamental conceptions, [539].
Nearly Constant Small Movements		[540]
	Reciprocal features, [541].
The Great Periodic Movements		[542]
	Mountain-forming movements, [542]. Distribution of folded ranges, [543]. Plateau-forming movements, [543]. Continent-forming movements, [544]. Relations of these movements in time, [545]. Relations of vertical to horizontal movements, [545]. The squeezed segments, [546]. The depressed or master segments, [546]. The differential extent of crustal movements, [548].
The Causes of Movement		[551]
General Considerations		[551]
1. The centripetal agencies		[552]
	Gravity, [552]. Molecular and sub-molecular attractions, [554]. Cohesion and crystallization, [554]. Diffusion, [555]. Chemical combination, [556]. Sub-atomic forces [556].
2. The resisting agencies		[557]
	Heat, [557]. All resistance perhaps due to motion, [558].
Alternative Views of Original Heat Distribution		[559]
	Thermal distribution on the convection hypothesis, [559]. Level of no stress, [561]. Thermal distribution on the hypothesis of central solidification, [562]. Thermal distribution under the accretion hypothesis, [564].
Computed Pressures, Densities, and Temperatures within the Earth Based on Laplace’s Law		[564]
	Recombination of material, [568]. Comparison of the hypotheses, [568].
Observed Temperatures in Excavations		[569]
	Explanations of varying increment, [570]. The permeation and circulation of water, [570]. Chemical action, [570]. Differences in the conductivity of rock, [571]. Compression, [571]. Gradients projected, [571]. The amount of loss of heat, [572]. The amount of shrinkage from loss of heat, [572].
Other Sources of Deformation		[574]
	Transfer of internal heat, [574]. Denser aggregation of matter, [574]. Extravasation of lavas, [574]. Change in the rate of rotation, [575]. Distribution of rigidity, [578].
Sphericity as a Factor in Deformation		[580]
	The influence of the domed form of the surface, [581]. Theoretical strength of domes of earth-dimensions, [581]. Stress-accumulation independent of sphericity, [583]. The actual configuration of the surface, [584]. Concave tracts, [584]. General conclusion, [588].
[CHAPTER X.]
THE EXTRUSIVE PROCESSES.
	Outward movements, [590].
Vulcanism		[590]
	Phases of vulcanism, [591].
1. Intrusions		[591]
	The heating action, [592].
2. Extrusions		[592]
	Fissure eruptions, [593]. Volcanic eruptions, [594]. Intermediate phenomena, [596]. Lunar craters, [598].
Volcanoes		[599]
	Number of, [599].
Distribution of Volcanoes		[599]
	In time, [599]. Relative to land and sea, [599]. Relative to crustal deformations, [601]. In latitude, [603]. In curved lines, [603].
Relations of Volcanoes		[604]
	Relations to rising and sinking surfaces, [604]. Relations to one another, [605]. Unimportant coincidences, [606]. Periodicity, [607].
Formation of Cones		[608]
	Lava-cones, [608]. Cinder-cones, [608]. Subordinate cones, [610]. Composite cones, [610]. Extra-cone distribution, [610].
Lavas		[612]
	Their nature, [612]. Consanguinity and succession of lavas, [614]. Temperature of lavas, [615]. Depth of source, [616].
Volcanic Gases		[617]
	Differences in gas action, [617]. Spasmodic action, [618]. Kinds of gases, [618]. Residual gases in volcanic rock, [619]. The source of the gases, [621].
The Cause of Vulcanism		[623]
I. On the Assumption that the Lavas are Original		[623]
	Lava outflows from a molten interior, [624]. Lavas assigned to molten reservoirs, [624].
II. On the Assumption that the Lavas are Secondary		[625]
	Lavas assigned to the reaction of water and air penetrating to hot rocks, [625]. Lavas assigned to relief of pressure, [627]. Lavas assigned to melting by crushing, [628]. Lavas assigned to melting by depression, [629]. Vulcanism assigned to the outflow of deep-seated heat, [629].
Modes of Reaching the Surface		[631]
Additional Considerations Relative to the Gases		[633]
Thermal Considerations		[635]
[CHAPTER XI.]
THE GEOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF LIFE.
I. The Distinctive Features of Organic Processes		[638]
The Chemical Work of Life		[638]
	Life material chiefly atmospheric, [638]. The non-atmospheric factors, [639].
(1) Changes in the composition of the atmosphere		[639]
	The consumption and restoration of carbon dioxide, [640]. The freezing and consumption of oxygen, [640]. The organic residue, [640]. The meaning of the organic residue, [641]. The more inert factor, [642]. Probable fluctuations of atmospheric composition, [642]. The climatic effects of organic action, [643].
(2) Aid and hindrance to inorganic action		[644]
	The promotion of disintegration, [644]. Protection against erosion, [644]. The influence of land vegetation on the character of the sediments, [645].
(3) Distinctive deposits		[646]
	Organic rocks, [646]. Inorganic rocks due to life, [646].
Fossils		[646]
	The general order of life succession determined by stratigraphy, [647]. Fossils as means of correlation, [647].
Special Modes of Aggregation and of Movement		[648]
The Mental Element		[649]
	(1) The material effects of the mental element, [649]. Human modification of the animal and vegetal kingdoms, [650]. (2) The psychological factors as such, [651].
II. Special Contributions of the Organic Kingdoms		[652]
Contributions of the Plant Kingdom		[652]
	Reference table of the principal groups of plants, [653]. The contribution of the Thallophytes, [653]. The contribution of the Bryophytes, [656]. The contribution of the Pteridophytes, [657]. The contribution of the Spermatophytes, [657]. Plant life terrestrial rather than marine, [658].
Contributions of the Animal Kingdom		[658]
	Reference table of the principal groups of animals, [659]. The contribution of the Protozoa, [660]. The contribution of the Cœlenterata, [661]. The contribution of the Echinodermata, [661]. The contribution of the Vermes, [662]. The contribution of the Molluscoidea, [662]. The contribution of the Mollusca, [662]. The contribution of the Arthropoda, [662]. The contribution of the Vertebrata, [663].
III. The Associations and Ecological Relations of Life		[663]
The Basis of Floras and Faunas		[663]
Assemblages Influenced by the Mutual Relations of Organisms		[664]
	Food relations, [664]. Adaptive relations, [665]. Competitive relations, [665]. Offensive and defensive relations, [665]. Implied forms of life, [666].
Assemblages Influenced by Environment		[666]
	Plant societies, [667].
The Influence of Geographic Conditions on the Evolution of Floras and Faunas		[668]
	The development of provincial and cosmopolitan faunas, [668]. Restrictive and expansional evolution, [672].