INDEX.

VOLUME I.

Abbot, M. L. (and Humphreys, A. A.), [106], [202]
Abrasion,
by ice, [281]
by streams, [119]
by waves, [342]
by wind, [38]
Abysmal fauna, [671]
Abysmal sea, [326]
Accretion hypothesis,
internal temperature on, [564], [567]
recombination of material on, [568]
Actinolite, [447], [460]
Adams, F. D., [474]
Adjustment of streams,
structural, [146], [150]
topographic, [162], [163], [197]
Adobe, [467]
Agassiz, [366], [604]
Agassiz, L., [321], [322], [323], [366]
Agate, [460]
Agate structure, [436]
Agglomerate, [434], [467]
Aggradation,
by ice, [298]
by streams, [2], [177]
by wind, [25]
in sea, [333], [355]
Aggrading streams, characteristics, [179], [187]
Airy, Sir G., [341]
Alabaster, [460]
Albite, [400], [460]
Alferric rocks, [454]
Algæ,
geologic contribution of, [653]
influence on precipitation, [225]
Alkalicalcic rocks, [458]
Alluvial cone, [181–3]
growth, [181]
levees, [182]
Alluvial deposits, [177–96]
Alluvial fans, [181–3]
Alluvial plains, [181], [184–96]
material of, [196]
origin of, [184], [185]
piedmont, [183]
topography of, [196]
Alluviation, [181], [196], [467]
ill-defined, [183]
Alpine glaciers, [251]
Alps,
crustal shortening involved in formation of, [549], [576]
structure, [504], [507]
Amber, [646]
Amethyst, [460]
Amphibole, [460]
Amphiboles, [400]
Amygdaloid, [411], [467]
Analcite, [460]
Analyses,
American river-waters, [107]
American spring-waters, [235]
rain-waters, [107]
river-waters, [106], [107], [108]
sea-water, [324]
waters of enclosed lakes, [392]
Anamorphism, [446]
Andalusite, [460]
Andes, snow-line in, [246]
Andesine, [400], [460]
Andesite, [467]
Angiosperms, [657]
Anhydrite, [460]
Animal kingdom,
geologic contribution of, [658–63]
synopsis of, [659]
Anorthite, [460]
Anorthosite, [467]
Antarctica, snow-line in, [246]
Antecedent streams, [169], [173]
Anthracite, [426], [460]
Anticlinal valleys, [159]
Anticline, [504]
plunging, [155], [157], [506]
Anticlinoria, [504]
Antimony, [460]
Apatite, [460]
Aphanite, [451], [452], [467]
Aplite, [415]
Appalachian Riser, [173]
Appalachians,
crustal shortening due to folding, [549]
extent of piracy in, [169]
peculiarities of drainage, [169]
rejuvenation of streams in, [165]
stream adjustment in, [147]
Aqueous rocks, [467]
Aragonite, [460]
Archean complex, [18]
Arch of earth’s crust, strength of, [582]
Archeozoic era, [19]
Arenaceous rocks, [468]
Arid regions, erosion in, [131]
Argillite, [448], [468]
Arkose, [422], [468], [645]
Artesian wells, [242]
Arthropoda, geologic contribution of, [662]
Asiderites, [5]
Asphaltum, [460]
Asteroids, [661]
Astronomic geology, [1], [2]
Atlantic coastal plain, [587]
Atmosphere, [5]
affected by life, [639], [640]
carbonation by, [43]
chemical work of, [41–43]
evaporation and precipitation, [50]
fluctuations in composition, [639–44]
geologic activity of, [6], [21–43]
mass and extent, [6]
mechanical work of, [21–41]
oxidation by, [42]
thermal effects of, [7]
Atmospheric electricity, [43], [52]
Atmospheric precipitation, amount of, [51]
Augite, [400], [429], [461]
Augitite, [468]
Autoclastic rock, [444]
Australia, fauna of, [668]
Babb, C. C., [107]
Bad-lands, [93], [130]
Badger Mountain, [231]
Bain, H. F., [67], [474]
Barbadoes earth, [661]
Barite, [461]
Barrier, the, [356]
Bars, [181], [357]
Barus, Carl, [562], [563]
Basalt, [417], [452], [468]
Basaltic columns, [417]
Base-level, [60], [62], [82], [168]
Cretaceous, [169]
Kiltatinny, [168]
temporary, [84]
Basement complex, [18]
Batholiths, [500], [592]
Bayou, [192]
Bayou lakes, [193]
Bays, origin of, [331], [332]
Beach, the, [355]
Beauxite, [461]
Beck, R., [474]
Becker, G. F., [474]
Bergschrund, [258]
Bertin, [323]
Beryl, [461]
Bighorn Mountains, lateral moraines in, [302]
Biotite, [400], [461]
Bischoff, Gustav, [108]
Bismuth, [461]
“Bittern,” [377]
Bitumen, [461]
Bituminous coal, [426], [468]
Blake, W. P., [474]
Blanford, W. T., [28], [203]
Blood rain, [25]
Blue mud, [380]
Bone beds, [663]
Bonneville lake, [360]
Bonneville shore, [352]
Bottom-set beds, [202]
Bowlders, [468]
Brachiopods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Brahmaputra delta, [203]
Branner, J. C., [489]
Breakers, [341]
force of, [344]
Breccia, [423], [434], [468]
Britannare, [459]
Bronzite, [461]
Bryozoans, geologic contributions of, [662]
Buckley, E. R., [48], [50], [221]
Buhrstone, [468]
Burton (and Milne, J.), [636]
Buttes, [142]
Bysmaliths, [500], [592]
Calcareous springs, [235]
Calcareous tufa, [390]
Calcimiric rocks, [458]
Calcite, [461]
Calc-sinter, [468]
Calumet and Hecla mine, temperature in, [569]
Calvin, S., [88], [204], [373], [389]
Campbell, M. R., [167], [171], [173]
Camphene, [646]
Cannel coal, [468]
Canoe-shaped valleys, [155]
Canyons, [94–100]
Colorado, [98], [233]
Niagara, [99]
Yellowstone, [100]
Carbonation, [43], [429]
Carbon dioxide,
amount in air, [5], [640]
and plant-life, [665]
climatic effects of, [643]
loss of, [640]
supply of, [618], [640]
Cascade, [264]
Cassiterite, [461]
Catlinite, [461]
Causes of crustal movement, [551–557]
Caverns (see [Caves])
Caves, [143], [227–231]
deposits in, [228]
Mammoth, [227]
sea, [350]
Wyandotte, [227]
Cazin, F. M. F., [474]
Cementation,
effected through chemical precipitation, [222], [225], [226]
effected through evaporation, [42]
Cephalopods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Chalcedony, [461]
Chalk, [468], [660]
Challenger deep, [587], [588]
Chalybeate springs, [235]
Chamberlin, T. C., [23], [242], [256], [322], [477], [565], [668]
Changes of level, [537–551]
caused by earthquakes, [536]
causes of, [551–557]
effect on drainage, [161]
sea versus land, [538]
Changes of temperature,
conditions affecting, [45]
effect on rocks, [44], [49]
internal (see [Internal temperatures])
Charleston earthquake, [530]
Chatter marks, [284]
Chemical combination, cause of crustal movement, [556]
Chemical deposits, [222–26]
in deep sea, [383]
in lakes, [391]
in shallow sea, [374–378]
Chemical work of atmosphere, [41–43]
Chemical work of life, [638–46]
Chert, [426], [468]
Chiastolite, [461]
Chimney rocks, [350]
Chlorite, [461]
Chlorite schist, [468]
Chloritic rock, [431]
Chromite, [461]
Chrysolite, [462]
Chrysotile, [462]
Cinder-cones, [608]
Cinders, [405]
Cirques, [286]
Clarke, F. W., [396], [573]
Classification of rocks, [449]
new system of, [451]
Clastic rock, [468]
Clay, [468]
Clay ironstone, [468]
Claypole, E. W., [549]
Cleavage planes and erosion, [125]
development of (see [Slate] and Schist)
Cliff glacier, [256]
Climate, influence on erosion, [127–132]
Climatic effects of carbon dioxide, [643]
Climatic effects of life, [643]
Climatic effects of water vapor, [643]
Clinkstone, [468]
Clinometer, [501]
Coal, [468]
Coast-lines 353, [363–6]
effect of gradation on, [333], [363]
effect of subsidence on, [329], [332]
effect of vulcanism on, [332–33]
forms of, [329], [333], [363], [364]
Coast ranges, crustal, shortening due to folding of, [549]
Coasts, natural bridges on, [351]
Cobb, C., [36]
Cœlenterata, geologic contribution of, [661]
Collins, A. L., [474]
Colorado, Canyon of, [98], [233]
Columbia River, [171]
Columnar structure, [498–500]
effect on weathering, [153], [154]
Common springs, [235]
Compression joints, [514]
Concave tracts of crust, [585], [586]
Concretions, [438], [468], [490]
Cones,
cinder, [608]
composite, [610]
formation of, [608]
geyser, [237]
lava, [608]
spatter, [610]
tufa, [611]
Configuration of coasts, [329], [330], [331], [332], [333], [353], [363–6]
Conformability, [15]
Conglomerate, [423], [434], [468], [487]
Continental glaziers, [251]
Continental platforms, [11]
relief of, [11]
Continental segments, size of, [547]
Continental shelf, [11]
Continent-forming movements, [544]
Contour interval, [31]
Contour lines, [31]
Convection hypothesis,
internal heat on, [559]
thermal distribution on, [559]
Cooley, E. G., [195]
Coon Butte, [596]
Copalite, [646]
Coprolites, [646]
Coquina, [469]
Coral mud, [380]
Cornish, V., [26], [28], [29]
Corrasion, [110], [113]
by glaciers, [281–86]
by streams, [119]
by waves, [342–49]
by wind, [38]
effect of sediment on, [120]
Corthell, E. L., [202]
Cosmopolitan faunas, [668]
Coulter, J. M., [667]
Coves, [143]
Cowles, H. C., [35], [667]
Credner, H., [35], [538]
Creep, [231]
Cretaceous base-level, [169]
Crevasses, [264]
Crinoids, [661]
Croll, James, [322], [323], [339]
Crosby, W. O., [513]
Cross-bedding, [373], [487]
Cross-currents, in streams, [117]
Cross, Whitman, [412], [451], [535], [573]
Croton River, material in solution in, [108]
Crustal movements, [526–589]
causes of, [551–57]
differential extent of, [548]
due to chemical changes, [556]
due to cohesion and crystallization, [554]
due to diffusion, [555]
earthquake, [527–33]
minute and rapid, [526]
periodicity of, [517], [539]
resistance to, [557]
slow and massive, [537–59]
Crustal shortening, [548–51]
Crust of earth, [13]
depth of, [14]
varieties of rock in, [14]
Crystalline rocks, types of, [16]
Crystallites, [407]
Crystallization of lava, [401–2]
stages of, [403]
Crystals, enlargement of, [435]
Cut-and-fill, [190], [193]
Cut-off, [191]
Cycle of erosion,
its stages, [80]
definition of, [82]
recognition of, [164]
Cystoids, [661]
Dacite, [469]
Dale, T. N., [505]
Daly, R. A., [631]
Dana, J. D., [203], [340], [349], [511], [543], [604], [636]
Daniell, A., [572], [573]
Danube River,
delta of, [202]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Darton, N. H., [41], [50], [53], [94], [135], [154], [494], [570]
Darwin, C., [604], [636], [665]
Darwin, G. H., [534], [561], [576], [579], [583], [604]
Daubree, G. A., [626]
Davis, B. M., [225]
Davis, W. M., [83], [159], [164], [170], [188], [202], [204] 210 349,
and Shaler, N. S., [256]
Davis, C. A., [655]
Davison, C., [527], [538], [561]
DeBeaumont, Eli, [323]
Decarbonation, [429], [430]
DeCharpentier, J., [321], [322], [323]
Deeley, R. M., [322]
Deep-sea deposits, [368], [378–86]
chemical, [383–86]
extra-terrestrial, [381]
inorganic, [380]
manganiferous, [384]
organic, [382]
Deep-sea fauna, [670]
Deposition,
by glaciers, [298–305]
by streams, [177–204]
by shore currents, [355]
by undertow, [355]
by waves, [355–63]
by wind, [25–37]
Deformation of earth’s crust, [526–89]
causes of, [551–57], [574–89]
relation to distribution of volcanoes, [601], [604], [627], [629]
Deformation of ice, [312]
Degradation, [2]
by water, [58–177]
rate of, [105]
De Launay, L. C., [474]
Delesse, A., [221], [341]
Delessite, [462]
Dells of the Wisconsin, [152]
Delta lakes, [204]
Deltas, [181], [198–204]
bottom set beds, [202]
development, [199]
fore-set beds, [202]
fossil, [203]
in tidal seas, [202]
of the Ganges and Brahmaputra, [202]
of the Hoang-Ho, [202], [203]
of the Mackenzie, [202]
of the Mississippi, [197], [202]
of the Nile, [202]
of the Po, [202]
of the Rhone, [203]
of the Yukon, [202]
rate of growth, [202]
shape, [201]
structure, [198], [199]
top-set beds, [202]
Densities within the earth, on Laplace’s law, [564]
Denudation and volcanic action, [627]
Deoxidation, [427]
Deposition of mineral matter from solution, [50], [225], [428]
at surface, [50], [224]
by ground-water, [224], [428]
in lakes, [387]
in sea, [375], [383]
Deposition of sediment, [66]
by rivers, [177–204]
by wind, [25–38]
in ocean, [355–63], [368–86]
Deposition of drift, at edge of glaciers, [299]
at end glaciers 299
beneath ice, [298]
Deposits,
deep-sea, [368], [378–86]
hot springs, [237], [241]
lacustrine, [387]
littoral, [369]
made by animals, [658–63]
made by Arthropoda, [662]
made by Bryophytes, [656]
made by Echinodermata, [661]
made by ice, [298–305]
made by Mollusca, [662]
made by Molluscoidea, [662]
made by Protozoa, [660]
made by Pteridophytes, [657]
made by plant kingdom, [652–58]
made by rivers, [177–204]
made by Spermatophytes, [657]
made by Thallophytes, [653]
made by Vermes, [662]
made by Vertebrata, [663]
made by wind, [25–38]
shallow-water, [369–78]
silicious, [237], [241], [425]
tufa, [237], [241], [473], [611], [653]
Depression and volcanic action, [629]
Depth of the ocean, [7]
greatest, [8], [548]
Diabases, [418], [431], [469]
Diallage, [400], [462]
Diastrophism, [2], [329], [526]
effect on coast lines, [329]
Diatom ooze, [380], [382], [425], [469]
Diffusion,
in earth’s interior, [555]
cause of crustal movement, [555]
Dikes, [591]
effect on topography, [143]
sandstone, [514]
Diller, J. S., [29], [514]
Diorites, [416], [452], [469]
Dip, [501]
quaquaversal, [504]
Dip-fault, [522]
DiRossi, M. S., [537]
Displacement of fault, [514]
Disruption of rock, due to changes of temperature, [44], [49]
by carbonation, [43]
by hydration, [111]
Distributive fault, [519]
Divides, permanence of, [69]
Docalcic rocks, [458]
Dodge, R. E., [204]
Dofemane, [455]
Dofemic rocks, [454]
Doferrous rocks, [459]
Dohemic rocks, [457]
Dolenic rocks, [456]
Dolerites, [417], [452], [469]
Dolomites, [424], [469]
Domagnesic rocks, [459]
Domalkalic rocks, [458]
Domes of crust, strength of, [581], [582]
Domilic rocks, [582]
Domiric rocks, [458]
Domirlic rocks, [458]
Domitic rocks, [457]
Dopolic rocks, [456]
Dopotassic rocks, [458]
Dopyric rocks, [457]
Doquaric rocks, [456]
Dosalic rocks, [454]
Dosodic rocks, [458]
Dotilic rocks, [457]
Drainage,
effect of change of level on, [161]
mature, [86]
of glaciers, [273]
old age, [89]
youthful, [86]
Dreikanter, [40]
Drift, [287], [469]
composition of, [304]
deposition of, [298–305]
wear of, in transit, [298]
Drygalski, E. von, [322]
Dump moraine, [301]
Dune areas, topography of, [32]
Dunes, [24–37]
distribution of, [35]
effect of vegetation on, [29]
formation of, [26]
migration of, [33]
shapes of, [26]
slopes of, [29]
Dust,
volcanic, [22], [23]
wind-blown, [22]
Dust-wells, [269], [280]
Dutton, C. E., [132], [534], [574], [636]
Dynamic geology, [1]
Earth, the,
as a planet, [2]
constitution, [5]
crust, [13]
deformation of, [526]
dependence on sun, [4]
distance from sun, [3]
inclination of axis, [3]
interior of, [14], [559]
internal heat, [559–74]
motions, [3]
orbit, [3]
tremors of surface, [526]
warpings of crust, [526–89]
Earthquakes, [527–537]
causes of, [527]
destruction of life by, [536]
distribution of, [533]
destructive effects of, [530]
epicentra of, [531]
foci of, [527]
gaseous emanations during, [533]
geologic effects of, [534–537]
Earthquake vibrations, [526]
amplitude of, [529]
Charleston, [534]
Lisbon, [535]
sequences of, [533]
Earth’s crust,
composition of, [14], [396]
warpings of, [538–551]
Eastman, C. R., [658]
Echinodermata, geologic contributions of, [661]
Echinoids, geologic contributions of, [661]
Economic geology, [1]
Efflorescence, [42]
Elæolite, [462]
Electricity,
atmospheric, [43]
chemical effects of, [43]
geological effects of, [43], [52]
Ells, R., [443]
Emmons, S. F., [474]
Emmons, W. H., [474], [573], [585]
Englacial drift, [282]
Enlargement of crystals, by secondary growth, [435]
Enstatite, [400], [462]
Eolian rocks, [469]
Epeirogenic movements, [537]
Epicontinental seas, [11], [326]
Epidote, [431], [462]
Equisetæ, geologic contribution of, [657]
Eras, [17–19]
Erosion,
affected by rotation, [194]
analysis of, [110]
base-level of, [60]
by glaciers, [281–286]
by rain, [57]
by rivers, [56–177]
by undertow, [342], [346]
by waves, [342–349]
by wind, [38]
conditions affecting rate of, by glaciers, [283]
conditions affecting rate of, by running water, [123]
cycle of, [80], [82], [164]
in arid regions, [131]
influenced by climate, [127], [128], [129]
influenced by composition of rock, [124]
influenced by declivity, [123]
influenced by structure, [124], [126]
influenced by vegetation, [129], [644]
sheet, [59]
subaërial, [58]
Erosion and cleavage planes, [125]
Erosion and joints, [125]
Erosion by streams (see [Erosion by running water])
Eruptions, [591]
fissure, [593]
volcanic, [594]
Eskers, [306]
Etna, [605], [610]
discharge of stream from, [636]
Evaporation, [50]
Everett, [578]
Evolution restrictive and expansional, [672]
Exfoliation, [44]
Expansional evolution, [672]
Expansion and contraction,
due to temperature, [44]
due to wetting and drying, [52]
Extinct lakes, [388]
Extrusive processes, [590–637]
Falb, R., [537]
False bedding, [487]
Faulting and vulcanism, [627]
Faults,
conditions of, [521]
dip, [522]
displacement, [514]
distributive, [519]
effect on outcrops, [522]
hade, [514]
heave of, [514]
normal, [517]
oblique, [525]
relation to folds, [515]
reversed, [517], [521]
stratigraphic throw, [518]
significance of, [521]
strike, [522]
thrust, [517], [518]
Fault scarp, [514]
Faunas,
abysmal, [670]
Australian, [668]
cosmopolitan, [668]
deep-sea, [670]
pelagic, [670]
photobathic, [670]
Faunas and floras,
basis of, [663]
effect of geographic conditions on evolution of, [668]
Feldspar, [462]
Feldspar-leucophyres, [453]
Feldspar-melaphyres, [453]
Feldspathic minerals, [400]
Feldspathoids, [400]
Felsites, [452], [469]
Fenneman, N. M., [339]
Ferguson, A. M., [203]
Ferns, geologic contribution of, [657]
Fiords, [290]
Fisher, O., [561], [565], [574], [581]
Fissure eruptions, [593]
Fletcher, G. (and Deeley, R. M.), [322]
Flints, [426], [469]
Floods, [109]
of the Mississippi, [188]
Flood-plain meanders, [190]
Flood-plains, [184–98]
development of, [165]
materials of, [196]
Mississippi, [194]
relation to terraces, [205]
topography, [196]
Floras and faunas,
basis of, [663]
effect of geographic conditions on, [668]
Flowering plants, geologic contributions of, [657]
Flowing wells, [234], [242]
Flow structure of lavas, [410]
Fluorite, [462]
Fluvio-glacial work, [305–7]
Folded ranges, distribution of, [543]
Folding and vulcanism, [628]
Folds,
anticlinal, [504], [505]
effect on valleys, [154]
isoclinal, [504]
synclinal, [504]
Folds and faults, [515]
Foliation of ice, [272]
Foliation of rocks, [443]
Foraminifera, geologic contribution of, [660]
Forbes, J. D., [256], [322]
Forel, F. A., [323], [386]
Fore-set beds, [202]
Formation, [487]
Forster, W. G., [536]
“Fossil” deltas, [203]
Fossils, [16], [646]
a means of correlation, [647]
Fossils and stratigraphy, [647]
Fouqué, F., [635], [636]
Fracture, zone of, [219]
Frank, A. B., [642]
Freestone, [469]
French Broad River, the, [168]
Fulgurites, [52], [469]
Fungi, geologic contribution of, [653]
Gabbroids, [453]
Gabbros, [416], [452], [469]
Galenite, [441]
Ganges River, delta of, [203]
Gangue, [469]
Gannister, [469]
Garnet, [462]
Garnetite, [469]
Gaseous emanations,
during earthquakes, [533]
from volcanoes, [617]
Gases in volcanic rocks, [619]
Gases, volcanic, [617–623]
amount of, [620]
kinds of, [618], [619]
proportions of, [620], [622]
sources of, [621]
Gastropods, geologic contributions of, [662]
Geantcline, [505]
Geest, [469]
Geikie, A., [203], [224], [344], [534–536], [636]
Geodes, [436], [497]
Geognosy, [1], [5], [393–485]
Geologic effects of earthquakes, [534]
Geologic functions of life, [638]
Geologic processes, man’s influence on, [649]
Geologic time divisions, [19]
Geology,
astronomic, [1], [2]
atmospheric, [2]
cosmic, [1]
dominant processes of, [2]
dynamic, [1]
economic, [1]
geotectonic, [1], [486]
glacial, [2]
historical, [1]
mining, [1]
paleontologic, [1]
philosophic, [1]
physiographic, [1]
scope of, [1]
structural, [1], [486]
subdivisions of, [1]
George, R. D., [545]
Geosyncline, [505]
Geotectonic geology, [1], [486–525]
Gerber, E., [195]
Gerland, [538]
Geschiebe wall, [300]
Geyserite, [463], [469]
Geysers, [236]
deposits of, [237]
of Yellowstone Park, [239]
period of eruption, [240]
positions of, [241]
Gilbert, G. K., [11], [110], [140], [194], [198], [203], [339], [355], [388], [489], [596]
Glacial débris,
how carried, [290]
nature of, [286]
shifting position in transit, [292], [293], [294], [296], [297]
Glacial deposits, nature of, [304]
Glacial erosion,
conditions influencing, [283]
topographic effects of, [287]
Glacial motion, [313–321]
auxiliary elements of, [317]
fundamental element of, [313]
Glacial plucking, [282]
Glaciated rock surfaces, [304]
Glacier ice,
beginning of movement, [248]
definition of, [250]
granular texture of, [247]
shearing of, [317]
Glacier movement, [259], [313–323]
at low temperature, [279]
effect of water on, [318]
rates, [260], [261]
views of, [321]
Glaciers,
alpine, [254]
cliff, [256]
compared with rivers, [262]
conditions influencing movement, [261]
constitution, [308]
continental, [251]
crevasses, [264]
deformation, [312]
drainage of, [273], [280]
foliation, [247], [272]
evaporation, [279]
general phenomena, [256]
getting load, [282]
growth of, [308]
growth of granules, [310], [311]
high-latitude, [254]
limits of, [258]
motion in terminal part, [316]
movements of, [259], [279], [313–323]
piedmont, [254]
polar, [254]
rate of movement of, [260], [261]
reconstructed, [256]
stratification of, [247]
structure of, [308]
surface features of, [266]
temperature of, [273–279]
thickening of layers at end, [297]
topography of, [266]
types of, [251]
upturning of ice at ends and edges, [296], [297], [298]
valley, [254]
waste of, [273]
work of, [244], [281]
Glacio-fluvial work, [305–308]
Glass, volcanic, [451]
Glassy rocks, [406]
Glauconite, [384], [386], [463]
Globigerina ooze, [380], [382], [660]
Globulites, [407], [469]
Gneiss, [415], [446], [448], [469]
Gooch, F. A. (and Whitfield, J. E.), [236]
Gorge, [100]
Grad, Ch., [322]
Gradation, [2]
by running water, [56–212]
effect on coast-lines, [334]
in ocean, [334]
Grade, [61]
Graded plain, [82], [169]
Graded valley, [83]
Granitell, [470]
Granites, [413], [452], [469]
Granitite, [470]
Granitoids, [420], [453]
Granulite, [470]
Graphite, [426], [463]
Gravitational energy, [552]
Gravitational force, [552], [553]
Gravity,
a cause of crustal movements, [552]
effect on erosion, [113]
Gray, T. (and Milne, J.), [578]
Greenland,
glaciers of, [246]
snow-fields of, [245]
snow-line in, [246]
Green mud, [380]
Greensand, [470]
Greensand marl, [386]
Greenstone, [419], [470]
Greisen, [415], [470]
Greywacke, [470]
Ground ice, [119]
Ground moraine, [301]
Ground-water, [213–243]
affects internal heat, [570]
amount of, [221]
descent of, [213]
fate of, [221]
lower limit of, [216]
movement of, [220]
results of, [226]
solution by, [222], [223]
work of, [222]
Ground-water and vulcanism, [635]
Ground-water level, [71], [215]
Ground-water surface, [71], [215]
Guano, [646]
Gulf stream, [366]
Gullies, growth of, [63]
Gymnosperms, geologic contributions of, [657]
Gypsum, deposition of, [376], [377]
Hade of faults, [514]
Hall, Jas., [511]
Halleflinta, [470]
Halophytes, geologic contributions of, [667]
Hanging valley, [164], [290]
Haüynite, [463]
Hayes, W., [173]
Hayes, W. (and Campbell, M. R.), [171]
Head erosion, [64]
Heat, by compression of ice, [311]
causes crustal movement, [557]
causes of, in ice, [278], [279]
distribution of, within earth, [559]
distribution, original, [559]
internal, of earth, [559–570]
metamorphism by, [446], [448]
original distribution of, [559]
Heave of faults, [514]
Heilprin, A., [636]
Heim, A., [256], [322], [549], [576]
Hematite, [425], [447], [463]
High-latitude glaciers, [254]
Himalayas, snow-line in, [246]
Historical geology, [1]
Hoang-Ho delta, [202], [203]
Hog-backs, [142]
Holden, E. S., [538]
Holmes, W. H., [99]
Holocrystalline rock, [412]
Holosiderites, [5]
Hook (along shore), [363]
Hopkins, W., [322]
Horizontal configuration of coasts, due to deposition, [363], [364]
due to wave erosion, [353]
Hornblende, [400], [463]
Hornblende-granite, [415]
Hornblendite, [417], [452], [470]
Hornstone, [470]
Horsetails (see [Equisetæ])
Hoskins, L. M., [219], [552], [581]
Hot springs, deposits of, [225]
Howell, Capt., [171]
Hudson River, material in solution in, [108]
Hugi, F. J., [321]
Hull, E., [636]
Humphreys, A. A. (and Abbot, M. L.), [106], [202]
Huxley, T. H., [322]
Hyalite, [463]
Hydration, [43], [222]
disruption of rock by, [111]
Hydrophytes, geologic contributions of, [667]
Hydrosphere, the, [7] (see also [Ground-water] and [Ocean])
geologic activity of, [8]
horizons of activity, [9]
Hypersthene, [400], [463]
Hypogene rocks, [470]
Ice, glacial (see [Glaciers])
ground, [119]
of lakes, [389]
of rivers, [118]
Icebergs, [307]
Ice-caps, [249], [250]
Ice crystals, arrangement in glacier ice, [311]
Ice-fall, [264]
Iceland spar, [463]
Iddings, J. P., [412], [451], [573], [614], [636]
Igneous rocks, [16]
composition of, [395]
leading minerals of, [399]
origin of, [393]
relations to stratified rocks, [16]
structural features of, [498]
Ilmenite, [463]
Incrustation, [223]
Infusorial earth, [470]
Inorganic deposits, in deep sea, [380]
Interior of earth, [14] (see [Vulcanism])
densities, based on Laplace’s law, [564]
heat of, [562], [564]
pressures, [564]
Intermittent springs, [235]
Internal heat (see [Internal temperature])
Internal temperature, [562]
affected by ground-water, [570]
at centre of earth, [571]
on accretion hypothesis, [564], [567]
on convection hypothesis, [559]
on Laplacian hypothesis, [559]
Intrusions, [591]
Iron-ore beds, origin, [425]
Iron oxide, [400]
Iron pyrites, [463]
Ironstone, [425], [470]
Irruptions, [591]
Isoclinal folds, [504]
Isoseismals, [532]
Itacolumite, [470]
Italy, lateral moraines in, [303]
Jasper, [470]
Jefferson, M. W., [193]
Johnson, S. W., [109], [190], [665]
Johnston-Lavis, H. J., [636]
Joints, [510]
causes of, [511], [531]
compression, [514]
effect on valleys, [150]
Joints, tension, [514]
Joints and erosion, [125]
Judd, J. W., [636]
Kaaterskill Creek, piracy of, [105]
Kames, [307]
serpentine, [306]
Kansas, volcanic dust in, [23]
Kanawha River, [168]
Kaolin, [463]
Katamorphism, [446]
Keith, A., [442], [444]
Kelvin, Lord, [560], [583]
Keratophyre, [470]
Kersantite, [470]
Keyes, C. R., [474]
Kidd, D. A., [313]
Kilauea, [605]
King, C., [560]
King, F. H., [220]
Kittatinny base-level, [168]
Kotö, Dr., [534]
Krakatoa, [22], [610], [611], [618]
Kümmel, H. B., [203]
Labradorite, [400], [429], [464]
Laccolith, [500], [592]
Lacustrine deposits, [388]
Lake ice, [389]
Lake Pepin, [179]
Lakes, [386–392]
bayou, [192], [193]
changes taking place in, [387]
delta, [204]
deposits in, [387]
extinct, [388]
formed by rivers, [191], [192], [198]
ice of, [389]
ox-bow, [192], [198]
Landslide, [231]
topography of, [230]
Landslip mountain, [230]
Lane, A. C., [557], [636]
Lapilli, [470]
in sea, [381], [405]
Laplace, Marquis de, [564]
Laramide range, crustal shortening due to folding, [549]
Lateral moraines, [266], [302]
in Bighorn Mountains, [303]
in Italy, [303]
in Uinta Mountains, [303]
in Wasatch Mountains, [303]
Lateral pressure, metamorphism by, [448]
Laterite, [470]
Lava cones, [608]
Lavas, [612–616]
and ground-water, [616]
consanguinity and succession of, [614]
crystallization of, [402], [403]
depth of source of, [616]
modes of reaching surface, [631]
origin of, [623–631]
rhyolitic (flow) structure of, [410]
solidification of, [393]
temperatures of, [615], [626]
Lavas and underground water, [627]
LeConte, J., [474], [549]
Lendofelic, [456]
Lenfelic, [456]
Lepidolite, [464]
Leucite, [464]
Leucophyre, [412], [453]
Levees, breaking of, [188]
miniature, [182]
natural, [188]
on alluvial cones, [182]
Level of no stress, [561]
Life, [638–672]
atmospheric effects of, [638–644]
chemical work of, [638–646]
climatic effects of, [643]
effect on rock decomposition, [130], [644]
geologic effects of, [639]
inorganic rocks due to, [646]
influenced by environment, [666]
man’s influence on, [650]
protection against erosion, [130], [644]
Life and carbon dioxide, [640], [642], [643]
Lightning, effects of, [52]
Lignite, [426], [470]
Limburgite, [470]
Lime carbonate, deposition of, [375], [376]
Limonite, [425]
Limestone, [378], [424], [434]
origin of, [378], [654], [655]
stratification of, [487]
Limestone-forming animals, [660–662]
plants, [654], [655]
Limestone sinks, [227], [231]
Lindgren, W., [474]
Liparase, [459]
Liparite, [470]
Lisbon earthquake, [535]
Lithosphere, [9–19]
crust of, [13]
irregularities of, [10]
relief of, [11]
size and shape of, [9]
surface mantle of, [12]
Littoral currents, [342]
Littoral deposits, [368], [369], [379]
Littoral zone, [369]
Liverworts, geologic contribution of, [656]
Livingstone, D., [49]
Load (of streams), [177–179]
Loess, [23], [470]
Lodge moraine, [301]
Loop (along shore), [357], [363]
Lunar craters, [598]
Lunn, A. C., [552], [565], [566], [567], [572]
Lycopods, geologic work of, [657]
Lydekker, R. (and Nicholson, A.), [658]
Lyell, Sir Charles, [649]
Mackenzie River, delta, [202]
Magma, nature of, [401]
Magnesite, [464]
Magnesium salts in sea, [377]
Magnetic nodules in sea, [381]
Magnetite, [464]
Malay peninsula, tin ores of, [478]
Malaspina glacier, [254]
Mallet, R., [322], [537], [538], [628], [636]
Mammoth Cave, [227]
Mammoth hot springs, [654]
Manganiferous deposits, [384]
Mantle rock, [12], [422]
Marble, [447], [471]
Marcasite, [464]
Marine deposits, [355–363], [370–386]
chemical, [367], [375], [383]
deep-sea, [368], [378–386]
extra-terrestrial, [381]
littoral, [368], [369]
mechanical, [369], [380]
organic, [375]
shallow-water, [369–378]
table of, [380]
Marine life, distribution of, [328]
Marl, [471] (see also [Greensand marl] and [Shell marl])
formed by plants, [655]
green-sand (see [Greensand marl])
Martinique, [605]
Martite, [464]
Mason, W. P., [107]
Mass action, [478], [484], [554]
Mature drainage, [86]
Mature streams, characteristics of, [86]
Mauna Loa, [605], [606], [624]
McConnell, J. C., [313], [322], [323], [549]
McGee, W. J., [59], [524]
Meander belt, relation to width of stream, [193]
Meanders, flood-plain, [190]
intrenched, [164]
of the Meuse, [164]
of the Moselle, [164]
of the Seine, [164]
Mean sphere level, [548]
Medial moraine, [266], [297]
Medlicott, H. B., [203]
Medicinal springs, [235]
Melaphyres, [412], [431], [453], [471]
Menaccanite, [464]
Mendelejeff, D. (and Moissan, H.), [646]
Mental element, material effects of, [649]
Merrill, G. P., [35], [111], [221]
Mesas, [142]
Mesophytes, [667]
Meta-diabase, [471]
Meta-igneous rock, [471]
Metamorphic rocks, [17]
Metamorphism, [427], [433], [440], [449]
by heat, [446]
by lateral pressure, [448]
deep-seated, [449]
Meteorites, [4]
number of, [381]
Meuse, meanders of, [164]
Mica, [400], [464]
Mica schists, [448]
Microcline, [400], [464]
Microlites, [407], [471]
Microgranite, [471]
Migration of dunes, [33]
Millstone, [471]
Milne, J., [533], [537], [538], [583]
(and Gray, T.), [578]
(and Burton), [636]
Mineral matter in sea, [324–326]
amount of, [325]
Minerals, felspathic, [400], [462]
ferromagnesian, [400], [460]
formation of, [397], [612]
of igneous rocks, [399]
list of, [460–467]
Mineral springs, [235]
Minette, [415], [471]
Mining geology, [1]
Minnehaha Falls, [137]
Mirlic rocks, [458]
Mississippi River, delta, [197], [202]
depth of channel, [171]
flood-plain, [194]
floods of, [188]
levees of, [188]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [106]
Mississippi flood-plain, [194]
lakes of, [192]
Missouri River, scour-and-fill of, [195]
Mitic rocks, [456]
Moissan, H., [646]
Mollusca, geologic contribution of, [662]
Molluscoidea, geologic contribution of, [662]
Molten interior, lava from, [624]
Molten magmas, nature of, [401]
Molten reservoirs, lavas from, [624]
Monadnocks, [145]
Monoclinal shifting, [127]
Monocline, [504]
Monzonite, [471]
Moon, [3], [598]
Moraines, dump, [301]
ground, [302]
lateral, [266], [302]
lodge, [301]
medial, [266], [297]
molluscan shells in, [297]
push, [301]
surface, [266]
terminal, [266], [301]
types, [301]
Moselle River, intrenchment meanders, [164]
Moseley, H., [322]
Mosses, geologic contributions of, [656]
Moulton, F. R., [565]
Mountain-forming movements, [542]
Mountains, serration of, [48], [50]
Mount Erebus, [603]
Mount Hecla, [603]
Mount Shasta, [611]
Mount Terror, [603]
Movements of glaciers, [259], [261], [279], [313–323]
Movements of sea-water, [334–342]
causes of, [334–339]
Movements of the earth’s body, [526–589]
causes of, [551–557]
continent-forming, [544]
distribution in time, [545]
epeirogenic, [537]
folding movements, [545]
minute and rapid, [526]
mountain-forming, [542]
orogenic, [537]
periodic, [542]
plateau-forming, [543]
relation of vertical and horizontal, [545]
slow and massive, [537]
Mud-cracks, [489]
Mud-flows, volcanic, [610]
Mud-rain, [25]
Mudstone, [471]
Mügge, O., [313], [322], [323]
Muir glacier, [259]
Murray, Sir John, [11], [215], [325], [326], [369], [604], [655]
Muscovite, [400], [464]
Narrows, [141]
Natural bridges, [153], [231]
of Virginia, [156]
on coasts, [351]
Natural gases, [646]
Natural levees (see [Levees])
Natural oils, [646]
Nebraska, volcanic dust in, [23]
Nephelinite, [471]
Nephelite, [400], [464]
Nevadite, [471]
Névé, [246]
New River, [168]
Newsom, J. F., [514]
Niagara Falls, [139]
recession of, [139]
Niagara River, [120]
Nicholson, A. (and Lydekker, R.), [658]
Nile River, delta of, [202]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Nitrogen and life, [642]
Nodules, [471]
Nomenclature of rocks, [449]
new system of, [451]
Norite, [471]
Normal faults, [517]
North America, average elevation of, [106]
Nosite, [465]
Novaculite, [471]
Nummulites, [661]
Oblique fault, [525]
Obsidian, [407], [453], [471]
Ocean basins, [11]
areas of, [7]
connection of, [8]
deposits on, [368–386]
relief of bottom, [11]
topography of, [326]
Ocean basin segments, size of, [547]
Oceanic deposits, chemical, [375]
deep-sea, [368], [378–386]
organic, [375], [382]
shallow water, [369–378]
Ocean, the, [7], [324–392]
changes in, [329]
composition of, [324]
diastrophism in, [329]
gradation in, [333]
salts of, [324]
volume of, [8]
vulcanism in, [332]
work of, [324–392]
Offset with gap, [525]
Offset with overlap, [525]
Oldham, R. D., [534], [535]
Oligoclase, [400], [465]
Olivine, [400], [465]
Omeose, [459]
Omphacite, [465]
Onyx, [471]
Oolite, [435], [471], [496]
Ooze, [471]
Opal, [465]
Ore deposits (see [Ores])
O’Reilly, J. P., [538]
Ore regions, origin of, [477]
Ores, [428], [474–485]
concentration by reprecipitation, [479]
concentration by solution, [479]
concentration by surface leaching, [478]
“flaxseed,” [497]
influence of rock walls on deposition, [484]
magmatic segregation, [475]
marine segregation, [476]
original distribution, [475]
purification by leaching, [478]
residual concentration, [478]
Organic processes, [638]
Organic residue, [640], [641]
Organic rocks, [449], [646]
Original heat distribution, [559–568]
Origin and descent of rocks, [393–484]
Orogenic movements, [537]
Orthoclase, [400], [465]
Orthophyre, [471]
Osars, [306]
Outcrops, effects of faults on, [522]
Outwash plain, [306]
Overloading of streams, [177], [178], [186]
Overthrust, [518]
Oxbow lakes, [192], [198]
Oxidation, [42], [427]
Ozocerite, [465], [646]
Paleontologic geology, [1]
Paleontology, [1]
Paraffine, [646]
Peastone, [472]
Peat, [406], [472]
Pegmatite, [472]
Pelagic deposits, [379–386]
organic constituents of, [382]
Pelagic fauna, [670]
Pelecypods, shells of, [662]
Pele’s, [618]
“Pele’s hair,” [404]
Pelites, [472]
Peneplain, [81], [169]
Penrose, R. A. F., Jr., [478]
Peralkalic rocks, [458]
Percaleic rocks, [458], [459]
Perfemane, [455]
Perfemic rocks, [454]
Perfelic rocks, [456]
Perferrous rocks, [459]
Peridotites, [416], [453]
Perlenic rocks, [456]
Perlite, [408], [453], [472]
Permiric rocks, [458]
Permirlic rocks, [458]
Permitic rocks, [457]
Perolic rocks, [457]
Perpolic rocks, [456]
Perpotassic rocks, [458]
Perpyric rocks, [457]
Perquaric rocks, [456]
Perrey, A., [537]
Perrine, [538]
Persalane, [455], [459]
Persalic rocks, [454]
Persodic rocks, [458]
Pertilic rocks, [457]
Petrifaction, [223]
“Petrified turtles,” [496]
Petroleum, [465]
Petrology, [1], [393–485]
Petrosilex, [472]
Pfaff, F., [537]
Phanerites, [451]
Phanerocrystalline rocks, [412]
Phenocrysts, [412]
Philosophic geology, [1]
Phonolite, [472]
Photobathic fauna, [670]
Photobathic zone, [670]
Phyllite, [472]
Physiographic geology, [1]
Picrolite, [465]
Pictotite, [465]
Piedmontite, [465]
Piedmont glacier, [254]
Piedmont plain, alluvial, [183]
Piracy, [160]
domestic, [104]
extent of, in Appalachians, [170]
foreign, [104]
of Kaaterskill Creek, [105]
of Plaaterskill Creek, [105]
Pirsson, Louis V., [412] 451, [573]
Pisolite, [465], [496]
Pitchstones, [408], [453], [472]
Plagioclase, [465]
Plain, alluvial, [181], [184]
graded, [169]
outwash, [306]
Planation, [82]
Plant kingdom, geologic contributions of, [652–658]
Plant life and carbon dioxide, [665]
Plant societies, [667]
Plants, contributions to deposits, [652–658]
contribution to limestone, [654]
effect on erosion, [131], [644]
reference table of, [653]
weathering influenced by, [112]
Platte River, [187]
Plaaterskill Creek, piracy of, [105]
Plugs, volcanic, [591]
Plumbago, [465]
Plunging anticline, [155]
Plutonic rocks, [472]
Polar glaciers, [254]
Poincaré, H., [576]
Polic rocks, [456]
Polmitic rocks, [457]
Ponding of streams, [171]
Po River, delta of, [202]
sediment carried by, [107]
Porphyries, [453]
Porphyrite, [472]
Porphyritic rocks, [411]
Porphyry, [472]
Posepny, F., [474]
Potash, in sea-water, [377]
Pot holes, [140]
Potomac River, [168]
sediment carried by, [107]
Potonié, H., [652]
Powell, J. W., [519], [521]
Precipitation, [50]
from atmosphere, [51]
from solution, [41], [225], [239], [375–379]
Precipitation from solution, conditions influencing, [225]
influenced by algæ, [225]
Pressures within earth, based on Laplace’s law, [564]
Prestwich, J., [203], [225]
Propylite, [472]
Protogine, [472]
Protozoa, geologic contribution of, [660]
Provincial faunas, [668]
Pseudomorphs, [465]
Psilomelane, [465]
Psychological factors 651
Pteridophytes, geologic contribution of, [657]
Pteropod ooze, [380], [382]
“Pulpit rocks,” [350]
Pumice, [406], [453], [472]
Push moraine, [301]
Puzzalana, [405]
Pyrite, [465]
Pyroclastic rocks, [404], [406], [472]
Pyrolic rocks, [457]
Pyroxene, [400], [465]
Pyroxenite, [417], [452], [472]
Quaquaversal dip, [504]
Quardofelic rocks, [456]
Quarfelic rocks, [456]
Quartz, [466]
Quartzite, [447], [472]
Quartz-leucophyres, [453]
Quartzophyres, [453]
Quartz-porphyries, [453]
Radiolarian ooze, [380], [382], [425], [661]
Rain, amount of, [51]
erosion by, [57]
mechanical work of, [51]
Rain-drop impressions, [490]
Rainfall, effect on erosion, [128]
Ransome, F. L., [130], [513]
Rapids, development of, [133], [146]
Rate of erosion, conditions affecting, [123]
Ravine, [64]
Raymond, R. W., [474]
Reade, T. M., [225], [366], [561], [572]
Reconstructed glacier, [256]
Red clay, [380], [383], [384]
Red mud, [380]
Red River of Louisiana, [188]
Reid, H. F., [256], [259], [261]
Regolith, [400], [472]
Rejuvenation of streams, [162–163]
criteria of, [164], [165], [166]
Relief, of lithosphere, [11]
of ocean basins, [11]
representation on maps, [30]
Relief of pressure, a cause of volcanic action, [627]
Rendu, L. C., [321], [322]
Restrictive evolution, [672]
Reversed fault, [517], [521]
Reyer, E., [636]
Rhine River, material in solution in, [108]
Rhizopoda, geologic contributions of, [660]
Rhone River, delta of, [203]
material in solution in, [108]
sediment carried by, [107]
Rhyolite, [472]
Rhyolitic structure, of lavas, [41]
Ricard, T. A., [474]
Richthofen, Baron von, [23], [604], [614], [615]
Rigidity, distribution of, [578]
Rill-marks, [372], [489]
Rink, H., [248]
Ripple-marks, [371], [489]
due to wind, [37]
Rio Grande River, sediment of, [107]
River lakes, [198]
River erosion (see [Stream erosion])
Roanoke River, [168]
Roches Moutonnées, [304]
Rock breaking, by changes of temperature, [44], [49]
Rocks, alferric, [454]
alkalicalcic, [458]
alkalimirlic, [458]
alterations of, [426]
aqueous, [467]
arenaceous, [468]
autoclastic, [444]
calcimiric, [458]
“chimney,” [350]
chloritic, [431]
classification and nomenclature, [449]
clastic, [468]
crystalline, [16]
determination of age, [15]
disruption by hydration, [111]
docalcic, [458]
dofemic, [454]
doferrous, [459]
dohemic, [457]
dolenic, [456]
domagnesic, [459]
domalkalic, [458]
domilic, [457]
domiric, [458]
domirlic, [458]
domitic, [457]
dopolic, [456]
dopotassic, [458]
dopyric, [457]
doquaric, [456]
dosalic, [454]
dosodic, [458]
dotilic, [457]
eolian, [469]
femic, [454]
glassy, [406]
holocrystalline, [412]
hypogene, [470]
igneous, [16], [393], [498]
leading elements of, [396]
lendofelic, [456]
lenfelic, [456]
magnesiferrous, [459]
meta-igneous, [471]
metamorphic, [16]
mirlic, [458]
mitic, [456]
organic, [646]
origin and descent of, [393–485]
peralkalic, [458]
percalcic, [458], [459]
perfelic, [456]
perfemic, [454]
perferrous, [459]
perhemic 457
perlenic, [456]
permagnesic, [459]
permiric, [458]
permerlic, [458]
permitic, [457]
perolic, [457]
perpolic, [456]
perpotassic, [458]
perquaric, [456]
persalic, [454]
persodic, [458]
pertilic, [457]
perpyric, [457]
phanerocrystalline, [412]
plutonic, [472]
polic, [456]
polmitic, [457]
porphyritic, [411]
precipitate, [427]
“pulpit,” [350]
pyroclastic, [404], [406], [472]
quardofelic, [456]
quarfelic, [456]
salfemic, [454]
salic, [454]
secondary, [420]
sedimentary, [422], [486]
sodipotassic, [458]
solution of, [427]
specific heat of, [552]
stratified, [14]
talcose, [431]
tilhemic, [457]
Rock terraces, [140], [204]
Rock waste, [12]
Roots, wedge-work of, [112], [131], [150]
Rotation of earth, change in rate of, [575]
effect on stream erosion, [194]
Rotation and vulcanism, [604]
Roth, J., [108]
Running water (see [Streams])
Run-off, [59]
Russell, I. C., [108], [118], [151], [172], [194], [203], [232], [256], [283], [388], [392], [636]
Rutile, [466]
Saint Vincent, [605]
Salfemane, [455]
Salfemic rocks, [454]
Saline lakes (see [Salt lakes])
Saline springs, [235]
Salisbury, R. D., [203], [256]
Salt lakes, [391]
composition of, [372]
deposits in, [388]
Salts, deposition of, [375–378]
in sea-water, [324–326]
Sand, eolian, [26–37]
Sandstone, [422], [434], [472]
stratification of, [487]
Sandstone dikes, [514]
Sanidine, [466]
Sapping, [127], [133]
Satinspar, [466]
Schist, [446], [472]
Schistosity, [443]
Schmidt, J. F. J., [537]
Schoharie Creek, beheaded, [105]
Scoriæ, [405], [473]
Scour-and-fill, [194]
of Missouri River, [195]
Scrope, G. P., [636]
Sea-caves, [350]
Sea-cliffs, [349]
Sea, the (see [Ocean])
Sea-water, aperiodic movements of, [338]
movements generated by attraction, [337]
movements of, [334–342]
salts in, [376], [377], [378]
Sea-waves, caused by earthquake, [535]
Secondary rocks, derivation of, [420]
“Second bottoms,” [205]
Secretions, [497]
Sediment, carried by Danube, [107]
carried by Irrawaddy, [107]
carried by Mississippi, [107]
carried by Nile, [107]
carried by Po, [107]
carried by Potomac, [107]
carried by Rhone, [107]
carried by Rio Grande, [107]
carried by Uruguay, [107]
character of, influenced by land vegetation, [645]
deposited by rivers, [65], [177–204]
deposited in lakes, [387]
deposited in sea, [368–386]
effect on corrasion, [120]
effect on falls, [137]
how carried by streams, [116]
Sedimentary rocks, classes of, [422]
structural features of, [486]
Sedimentation and vulcanism, [629]
Seed-plants, [657]
Segregation of ores, [475]
Seiches, [386]
Seine River, intrenched meanders of, [164]
Selenite, [466]
Septaria, [473], [495]
Serpentine, [431], [466], [473]
Serpentine kames, [306]
Seward, A. C., [652]
Shale, [422], [434], [473]
stratification of, [487]
Shaler, N. S., [227], [349], [357] (and Davis, W. M.), [256]
Shallow-water deposits, [368], [369], [379]
characteristics of, [373]
topography of, [374]
Shearing of glacier ice, [317]
Sheet erosion, [59]
Shell marl, [655]
Shore currents, [342]
deposition by, [355]
Shore deposition and coastal configuration, [363]
Shore drift, [355]
Shore ice, [389]
Shoshone Falls, [135]
Siderite, [425], [466]
Silicified wood, [439]
Silicious deposits, [425]
Sills, [446], [592]
Sketcherly, S. B., [23]
Slate, [473]
Slaty structure, [441]
Slichter, C. S., [221], [563], [576]
Slumps, [231]
Smaragdite, [466]
Smith, E. A., [543]
Snow-fields, [244]
distribution of, [244]
Snowflakes, forms of, [310]
Snow-line, [245]
in Andes, [246]
in Antarctica, [246]
in Greenland, [246]
in Himalayas, [246]
Snow, work of, [244]
Soapstone, [431], [473]
Sodipotassic rocks, [458]
Solms-Laubach, [652]
Solution, by ground-water, [222]
by rivers, [108], [122]
Solution of rocks, [427]
Solvent action, location of, [480]
Sorby, H. C., [367]
Source of streams, [178]
Spatter cones, [609], [610]
Specific heat of rock, [552]
Spermatophytes, geologic contribution of, [657]
Sphenophyllum, [657]
Sphericity, a factor in deformation, [580]
Spherosiderite, [466]
Spinel, [466]
Spit, the, [357]
Sponges, secretions of, [661]
Sporadosiderites, [5]
“Spouting horn,” [351]
Springs, calcareous, [235]
chalybeate, [235]
cold, [234]
common, [235]
deep, [234]
intermittent, [235]
medicinal, [235]
mineral, [235]
saline, [235]
shallow, [234]
sulphur, [235]
Stalactite, [437], [473]
formation of, [227]
Stalagmite 437, [473]
St. Anthony Falls, [136]
Stapff, F. M. 388
Staurolite, [466]
Steam discharge from volcanoes, [635]
Steatite, [431], [466], [473]
Stevenson, D., [341], [344], [370]
Stoping, [632]
Stoss side, [299]
Strachey, R., [51]
Stratification, [486]
Stratified rocks, [14]
Stratigraphic geology, [1]
Stratigraphy and fossils, [647]
Stratigraphy and paleontology, [647]
Stream erosion, [56–177]
economic effects of, [108]
influenced by rock, [124]
influenced by declivity, [123]
influenced by structure, [125], [127]
topography developed by, [92]
Streams, abrasion by, [119]
adjustment in Appalachians, [148]
adjustment of, [146], [147]
affected by rotation of earth, [194]
aggradational work of, [177–204]
antecedent, [169], [171]
characteristics of aggrading, [179], [187]
compared with glaciers, [262]
consequent, [78]
corrasion by, [119]
cross-currents in, [117]
decrease in size of, [179], [180]
deposition by, [177]
drowning of, [170]
effect of change of level on, [161], [171]
erosion by, [57–177]
floods of, [109]
ice of, [118]
intermittent, [71], [72]
mature, [86]
mechanical work of, [226]
migration from synclines to anticlines, [159]
mineral matter in solution in, [225]
old age of, [89]
overloading of, [178], [179], [186]
permanent, [70]
piracy of, [103]
ponding of, [171]
relation of width to meander belt, [193]
solution by, [108], [122]
sources of, [178]
struggle for existence among, [100]
superimposed, [150]
topographic adjustment of, [162], [163], [197]
transportation by, [115], [116]
velocity of, [115]
young, [85]
Stream-terraces, [204–212]
Stream velocity, effect on transportation, [115]
Stream work, [57–212]
Stress-accumulation, [583], [588]
Striæ, [283]
Strike, [501]
Strike fault, [522]
Stromboli, [636]
Structural adjustment of valleys, [147]
Structural features of rocks, [486–525]
arising from disturbance, [500]
of igneous rocks, [498]
of sedimentary rock, [486]
Structural geology, [1], [486]
Structural valleys, [77]
Structure of glacier ice, [308]
Structure of rock, influence on erosion, [125]
Struggle for existence among valleys, [100]
Subaërial erosion, [58]
Sub-atomic forces, causes of crustal movement, [556]
Subdivisions of geology, [1]
Subglacial load, [282]
Subsidence, effect on coast-lines, [331]
Suess, Edw., [538]
Sulphur, [466]
Sulphur springs, [235]
Sun-cracks, [373], [490]
Superglacial load, [282]
Superimposed streams, [150]
Surface moraines, [266]
Susquehanna River, [168]
Switzerland, snow-fields of, [245]
Syenites, [415], [452], [473]
Syncline, [157], [504]
Synclinoria, [504]
Syssiderites, [5]
Tachylite, [473]
Tait, P. G., [552], [572], [573] (and Thompson, J.), [560], [579]
Talc, [466]
Talcose rock, [431]
Talus, [112]
Talus cone, [182]
Talus glacier, [233], [232]
Tarr, R. S., [165]
Temperature, at centre of earth, [571]
atmospheric, [43], [46], [49]
based on Laplace’s law, [564]
effect on erosion, [129]
effects of changes on rocks, [44]
expansion and contraction due to changes of, [44]
in excavations, [569]
of interior of earth, [559–570]
of lavas, [615], [627]
Tennessee River, history of, [168–169]
Tension joints, [514]
Terminal moraine, [266], [301]
Terraces, stream, [204–212]
flood-plain, [205]
rock, [140], [204]
termini of, [210]
wave-built, [363]
wave-cut, [351], [353]
Terrigenous deposits, in sea, [379]
Thallophytes, geologic contribution of, [653]
Thames River, [224]
material in solution in, [108]
Thibetan plateau, [548]
Thompson, James, [322], [560], [579]
Thompson, W. G., [119]
“Thorofares,” [358]
Thrust-fault, [517], [518]
Tides, [4], [338]
effect on rotation, [4]
Tilden, W. A., [620]
Tilhemic rocks, [457]
Till, [473]
Titanite, [467]
Todd, J. E., [195]
Topaz, [467]
Topographic adjustment of streams, [162], [163], [197]
Topographic effects of glacial erosion, [287]
Topographic effects of ground-water, [231]
Topographic map, explanation of, [30]
Topographic maturity, [86]
Topographic old age, [89]
Topographic youth, [86]
Topography, developed by river erosion, [92]
dune, [32]
landslide, [231]
mature, [86]
of alluvial deposits, [196]
of glaciers, [266]
of ocean bottom, [326]
of shallow-water deposits, [374]
youthful 86
Top-set beds, [202]
Trachyte, [473]
Transportation, [110]
by glaciers, [281]
by ocean currents, [367]
by streams, [115], [119]
by waves, [354]
by wind, [22], [25]
Trap, [419], [473]
Travertine, [473]
Trees, uprooting of, [40]
Tremolite, [447], [467]
Tributaries, development of, [78]
position of, [79]
topographic adjustment of, [197]
Tripoli, [661]
Tripolite, [426]
Trout creek, [193]
Tschermak, G., [538]
Tufa (see [Tuffs])
Tufa cones, [611]
Tufa deposits, [611]
Tuffs, [404], [434], [473]
Tuscarora deep, [548]
Two Medicine River, [154], [157]
Tyndall, J., and Huxley, T. H., [322]
Udden, J. A., [22]
Uinta Mountains, lateral moraines of, [303]
Underground water (see [Ground-water])
Undertow, [341]
deposition by, [355]
erosion by, [342], [347]
United States Geological Survey, VI., [32]
Upham, W., [388]
Uprooting of trees, [40]
Uralite, [431]
Uruguay River, sediment carried by, [107]
Usiglio, [375]
Valleys,
affected by folds, [154]
antecedent (see [Streams, antecedent])
canoe-shaped, [155]
consequent, [78]
courses of, [77]
development of, [63], [70], [73], [80]
hanging, [164], [290]
limits of growth, [67]
oldest parts, [76]
profiles of, [66]
relations to lakes, [74]
slopes of, [94]
special forms of, [94]
structural, [77]
struggle for existence among, [100]
Van Hise, C. R., [219], [434], [448], [474], [479], [504], [543], [555], [570]
Vegetation,
effect on dunes, [29]
effect on erosion, [131], [644]
effect on sediments, [645]
effect on weathering, [131]
Veins, [223], [428], [511]
Vermes, geologic contribution of, [662]
Vermeule, C. C., [109]
Vertebrata, geologic contribution of, [663]
Vesuvius, [605]
Virginia, natural bridge of, [156]
Viridite, [467]
Volcanic action, causes of, [623–633]
activity, periodicity of, [607]
ash, [23], [404], [592], [617]
bombs, [406], [592], [617]
cinders, [592]
cones, [500]
débris in sea, [381]
dust (see [Volcanic ash])
eruptions, [594]
and atmospheric pressure, [606]
and tidal strain, [607]
types of, [593]
gases, [617–623]
action of, [617]
kinds of, [618]
proportions of, [620], [622]
sources of, [619], [620], [621], [633]
glass (see [Obsidian])
in sea, [381]
mud, [380]
flows of, [610]
neck, [500]
plug, [500]
rocks, [395–418]
residual gases in, [619]
smoke, [592], [617]
Volcanoes, [599–611]
coincidence in eruption of, [606]
cones of, [608]
distribution of, in curved lines, [603]
distribution of, in latitude, [603]
distribution of, in relation to crustal movements, [601], [604], [628]
distribution of, in relation to land and sea, [599]
distribution of, in time, [599]
independence of, [605], [623]
periodicity of, [607]
relations of, [604–607]
relations to one another, [605]
Volume of ocean, [325]
Vuggs, [437]
Vulcanism, [2], [590–637]
causes of, [623–633]
effects on coast-lines, [332]
in ocean, [332]
Vulcanism and deep sedimentation, [629]
ground-water, [635]
rotation, [603]
Wacke, [422], [473], [645]
Wad, [467]
Walcott, C. D., [194], [246], [371], [438], [440], [441], [502], [503], [509]
Wallace, A. R., [665], [668]
Walther, J., [50], [670]
Warming, E., [667]
Warping, effect of, on streams, [171]
of earth’s crust, [526], [541], [542]
Wasatch Mountains, lateral moraines of, [303]
Washington, H. S., [412], [451], [573]
Waste of glaciers, [273]
Water (see [Streams], Ground-water, Ocean, etc.)
amount of, [7]
geologic activity of, [8]
Water-gaps, [141], [167]
Waterfalls, [132]
development of, [133]
Minnehaha, [137]
Niagara, [139]
Shoshone, [135]
St. Anthony, [135]
Upper Yosemite, [138]
Yellowstone, [135]
Waterfalls and sediment, [137]
Water-lime, [473]
Water-table, [71], [215]
Water-vapor, climatic effects of, [643]
Wave-built terraces, [363]
Wave-cut terraces, [351], [352]
Wave erosion, [342–354]
range of, [346]
topographic features developed by, [349]
Wave erosion and horizontal configuration, [353], [363], [364]
Wave-marks, [490]
Wave-motion, [339]
Waves, [339]
deposition by, [355]
erosion by, [342–354]
force of, [344]
transportation by, [354]
work of, [342–366]
Weathering, [54], [110], [226]
affected by life, [644]
aided by plants, [112]
aided by hot vapors, [113]
effect of gravity, [112]
effect of joints, [151], [153]
importance of, in valley growth, [114]
Wedgework of ice, [45], [48], [150]
of roots, [112], [131], [150]
Weed, W. H., [225], [237], [474], [656]
Wells,
artesian, [242]
flowing, [234], [242], [243]
Wheeling well, temperature of, [569]
White glacier, [263]
Whitfield, J. E. (and Gooch, F. A.), [236]
Williams, H. S., [658]
Willis, B., [157], [168], [169], [257], [344], [355], [365], [516], [543], [550]
Winchell, H. V., [474]
Wind, abrasion by, [38]
effects on plants, [40]
movements of sea, generated by, [336]
transports organisms, [41]
work of, [21–41]
Wind-blown dust, [22]
Wind-blown sands, [25]
Wind-ripples, [37]
Winslow, A., [474]
Wisconsin River, dells of, [152]
Woodward, R. S., [560], [581]
Work of glaciers, [281]
Wyandotte Cave, [227], [228]
Yazoo River, [188]
Yellowstone Park,
geysers of, [238]
hot springs of, [225]
Yellowstone River,
canyon of, [100]
falls of, [135]
Yukon River, delta of, [202]
Zeiller, [652]
Zeolites, [428], [467]
Zircon, [467]
Zittel, K. von, [658], [659]
Zone of fracture, [219], [427]