PANAMA
THE EVENTS LEADING TO INDEPENDENCE
The history of Panama is for the most part identified with that of Colombia, which is narrated elsewhere in the present volume. It will, however, be convenient to review certain movements and tendencies of the last half-century in order to obtain a just understanding of the position and prospects of the new republic.
All the principles of advanced democratic government were included in the programme of the party which ruled Columbia from 1863 to 1883, and the statute books of the time afford ample proof that the leaders earnestly tried to put those principles into practical effect. They dreamed a Utopia, but practically their efforts only aggravated the anarchical tendencies bequeathed by the Spaniards and Bolivar. Colombian liberals still insist that a persistent enforcement of the Constitution and principles of 1863 would ultimately transform the character of the people—that religious bigotry and priestly influence would gradually disappear; that the progressive enlightenment of the masses would make military despotism and revolutions impossible; and that in process of time the relations of the states to the federal government would reach a satisfactory and workable basis. But so far as the experiment went no progress was made toward unifying the nation and pacifying the adverse elements. Discontent, disorders, civil wars increased in violence as the years went by. Though one-fifth of the federal revenues were spent on the public school system, and one-tenth of the children were nominal attendants, the clergy were permitted to have no share in their control, and retaliated by excommunicating the parents. The devotedly pious Creole mothers and wives, threatened with the closing of the confessionals and the denial of absolution, threw their incalculable influence against the atheistic government. The destruction of the convents and the confiscation of the vast ecclesiastical estates violently changed the ownership of two-thirds of the land in the confederation, but this imposition of new landlords on the industrious, oppressed, half-enslaved tenantry did not much modify real agricultural conditions. No extensive subdivision of estates resulted, and the Creole aristocracy continued to pay more attention to political intrigue than to improving their property.
VIEW OF PANAMA.
Not less disappointing in its practical working was the independence of the states. Not only did the local bosses constantly abuse autonomy for their own selfish purposes, but the presidents at Bogotá often ignored the constitutional rights of the states, and selected for coercion precisely those states which were farthest from the capital and most needed wide autonomous powers. Though Panama's position was isolated, its population cosmopolitan, its commercial interests and social structure peculiar, and though in colonial times its dependence on Bogotá had been only nominal, the liberal presidents usually ruled it like a conquered province. Members of the Andean oligarchy poured in to batten on its revenues; the autonomy guaranteed by the Constitution proved illusory, and discontent led to repeated efforts to achieve absolute independence.
Rival ambitions among its own leaders furnished, however, the immediate cause of the downfall of the liberal party. A close oligarchy grew up and that inevitable corollary, a powerful faction of dissident liberals, while the clericals remained formidable and irreconcilable even after their bloody overthrow in 1876. Rafael Nuñez, a brilliant writer, a resolute and ambitious party chief, and a leader in the confiscation of church property, had been defeated in his candidacy for the presidency in 1875. The younger and dissatisfied liberals rallied behind him in his war against the oligarchy, and in 1880 the old-fashioned liberals could not prevent his election to the presidency. He vigorously strengthened the prerogatives of the federal executive and built up his personal following, but although the issue of paper money and the discontinuance of interest on the foreign debt—a debt which only ten years before had been scaled down to $10,000,000, one-sixth its original amount, on a solemn promise that at least this much would be faithfully paid—placed large funds at his disposal, the old-line liberals were strong enough to prevent his re-election in 1882. Their victory was illusory and temporary. Nuñez controlled both houses of congress and was able to block President Zaldua at every turn. Eighty years old and in feeble health, the latter died after a year of fruitless struggle.
STEAMERS ON THE MAGDALENA RIVER.
After a short ad interim administration in which Nuñez's influence predominated, he was re-elected to the presidency and installed in 1884. By this time his centralising tendencies were manifest, and the measures he adopted unmistakably pointed to the substitution of a unified republic for the old loose confederation. Many of his liberal supporters fell away and he was driven into an alliance with the conservatives. Appointments of members of that party to important positions were followed by the great revolt of 1885. The insurrectionists delivered their main attack on the Caribbean coast, whither the importation of arms was easy. Much of the department of Magdalena fell into their hands, and they besieged Cartagena in force. But when one of their expeditions invaded the Isthmus, burning Colon, and interrupting traffic on the Panama Railway, the president appealed to the United States, as previous presidents had done in similar cases, to carry out the guaranty of free transit contained in the treaty of 1846. At the same time the government troops attacked and defeated the isolated insurrectionists at Colon, and shortly afterwards the latter's main army suffered a bloody repulse in an assault on Cartagena. This broke the back of the movement against Nuñez, and the liberals abandoned the hopeless struggle.
The insurrection had been undertaken for the purpose of defending the 1863 Constitution, and its defeat meant the destruction of departmental independence. As the logical and natural result of his victory, the president proclaimed the abolishment of the Constitution and summoned a convention to adopt a new one. Thenceforward until his death ten years later Rafael Nuñez and his political ideas were supreme in Colombia, and Panama was held in the most rigid subjection. The old "United States of Colombia" was replaced by the "Republic of Columbia," one and indivisible; the departments became mere administrative divisions whose governors were appointed from Bogotá; the presidential term was increased to six years; the radical liberal projects were abandoned; the clergy regained many of their privileges; and the historical conservatives continued the dominant party.
As long as Nuñez lived there were few outbreaks and no serious civil war, though the ousted liberals never ceased to plot the government's overthrow. The centralising system held the departments in a rigid control from whose inconveniences Panama suffered far more than the mountain districts. Practically she was allowed no voice in either her own or general affairs; the very delegates who nominally represented her in the constitutional convention of 1885 were residents of Bogotá appointed by Nuñez; military rule became a permanent thing on the Isthmus; all officials were strangers sent from the Andean plateau; and the million dollars of taxes wrung each year from the people of Panama were spent on maintaining the soldiers who kept them in subjection. In January, 1895, the harassed province broke out in a rebellion which was suppressed by an overwhelming force of Colombian troops in April.
Meanwhile in Colombia proper the opposition to the ruling clique grew stronger and stronger. Persecution united the liberals, and they began organising for revolt all over the republic. The conservatives themselves divided into two parties, one of which opposed the administration. Nuñez did not live to finish the second term to which he had been elected in 1892, but his successor managed to suppress the premature revolt of 1895, and in 1898 Sanclemente was elected, the opposition refraining from going to the polls. The new president soon found his position very difficult, and, unlike Nuñez, was unable to dominate his own party and hold the opposition in check. The French Canal Company, whose concession, granted in 1878, would expire in 1904, offered a million dollars for a renewal, desiring to recoup, by a sale to the United States, a part of the two hundred millions sunk by De Lesseps. Sanclemente's government wished to accept, but the opposition and even the conservative congress insisted on the forfeiture of the French rights. The administration rapidly lost prestige, the discontented elements saw their opportunity, and the long-brewing storm now broke on the hapless country. The liberals hurriedly completed their preparations, and in the fall of 1899 a civil war began—the most terrible and destructive that has ever devastated the republic. Before it ended in 1902, more than two hundred battles and armed encounters had been fought, and thirty thousand Colombians slain. The detailed history of the campaigns has not yet been written, but it is apparent that the insurrectionists at first gained many successes. The president declared martial law, suspending the functions of congress, and the extension desired by the French Canal Company was granted by executive decree. But the pecuniary relief thus obtained did not materially help the floundering administration. Sanclemente became a mere figurehead for his more resolute ministers, and in July, 1900, the vigorous vice-president, Marroquin, seized power by a coup d'état, throwing Sanclemente into a prison, where he remained until his death. Thereafter the war against the rebels was prosecuted with more energy, and the tide turned with the defeat of an army of Venezuelans, eight thousand strong, which had invaded the eastern provinces, to co-operate with the insurrectionists.
NATIVE VILLAGE ON THE PANAMA R. R.
However, the liberals were still strong in the west and north. On the Isthmus four insurrections had broken out from October, 1899, to September, 1901, and though each had been promptly suppressed, in 1902 the liberals were able to make a last great effort to establish themselves at Panama. They had considerable forces near the mouth of the Magdalena, and gunboats on the Pacific. The secure possession of the Isthmus would have enabled them to reinforce this Magdalena army, cut off Marroquin from the sea, and undertake a campaign against the interior. At first all went well for them; their gunboats captured the government's vessels on the Pacific side; they concentrated a respectable army there and finally defeated and captured two thousand of Marroquin's troops at Agua Dulce, near Panama. But this was their last success. Marroquin poured reinforcements into Colon, and though the American admiral at first refused to allow them to be transported over the railroad to Panama, permission was granted when it became evident that there would be no fighting near the line. News came of the defeat of the liberal army near the Magdalena, and General Herrera, the victor at Agua Dulce, found himself isolated. In desperation he sent an expedition in October which surprised and captured Colon, but French and American marines were promptly landed to prevent fighting in that city. The expedition had no alternative but to surrender, and a few days later General Herrera with the main body capitulated on the Pacific side.
The three years of war left Colombia in frightful demoralisation. The victorious government was little better off than the defeated liberals. Commerce and industry had been prostrated; revenues had dwindled to nothing; the paper currency was worth less than one per cent. The exhaustion of its adversaries, not its own strength, enabled Marroquin's government to continue in power. In such a situation the administration welcomed the opportunity which now offered of renewing the building of the Isthmian canal. The United States government determined to undertake this great work itself, and finally decided in favour of Panama as against the Nicaragua route. Forty million dollars was agreed upon as a just price for the work already done by the French Company, and nothing remained but to obtain Colombia's consent to the transfer. The civil war helped to delay the negotiation of a satisfactory treaty, but as soon as it was over the Marroquin administration lost little time in coming to an agreement with the United States. Colombia was to receive a bonus of ten million dollars for consenting to the transfer and enlarging the terms of the original concession; her sovereign rights were reserved and guaranteed, although she agreed to police and sanitary control of the canal strip by the United States.
When this treaty was submitted to the Colombian Senate for ratification, opposition developed which the administration was not strong or resolute enough to overcome. Among the politicians at Bogotá, the opinion was almost universal that the executive should have demanded more. The Colombian people have ever regarded the political control of the Isthmus as their most valuable national heritage, and cherished extravagant hopes that some day they would be vastly enriched by the sale or rental of this strategic bit of ground for its natural use as the greatest artery of the world's commerce. Many now insisted, as they had done in 1898, on enforcing a forfeiture of the French rights, or at least on receiving a proportion of the $40,000,000 to be paid for them. It was also said that the Americans could well afford a larger bonus, and the opponents of the treaty made the further point that the agreement was unconstitutional and contained insufficient guaranties of Colombian sovereignty. Against this storm the feeble administration probably could do little and certainly did nothing. The Senate was allowed to adjourn without ratifying the treaty, and an attempt was made to negotiate a new one providing for a larger bonus and more stringent guarantees of Colombian sovereignty.
The United States, however, absolutely refused to consider any other terms than those already agreed upon, and the civilised world saw the completion of an enterprise promising incalculable benefits to mankind indefinitely postponed by the opposition of Andean provinces whom the accidents of war and international politics had given an arbitrary control over a region with which they had no natural connection. The situation was particularly hard for the people of the Isthmus, whose confident hopes were now disappointed of at last receiving, by the prosperity which would follow the building of the canal, some compensation for the oppression and losses they had suffered during eighty years of misrule by the Bogotá oligarchies. Hardly had the treaty been rejected when plotting for a declaration of independence began. The resident population was unanimous, and good grounds existed for believing that even the Colombian garrison would offer no resistance unless reinforcements should come from Bogotá. In case of an armed conflict with Colombia the people of Panama could count on the sympathy of all America and Europe. The stockholders of the French Company had a direct pecuniary interest in their success. If once they could establish independence and a de facto government, Colombia could not deliver an effective attack without violating the neutrality and security of transit guaranteed to the Isthmus by the United States. Everything pointed to the success of a well-conducted movement.
Though the preparations for the revolt could not be concealed, the Bogotá government took no effective measures to forestall it. Warned that trouble was impending, the United States sent ships to prevent fighting that might interfere with transit. The new republic was proclaimed at Panama on the 3rd of November, 1903. The Colombian authorities made no resistance; the garrison surrendered without firing a shot; and the entire population acquiesced in the appointment of a provisional government, pending the calling of a convention and the adoption of a Constitution. A small force of Colombians had been landed at Colon, but the revolution at Panama found it still on the Atlantic side. On November 4th the American naval commander refused to give these troops permission to use the railroad for warlike purposes. Because the vital portion of the new republic is virtually neutral under the treaty of 1846, the provisional government having established itself in peaceable possession was safe from external attack. The useless Colombian troops at Colon either joined the people of Panama or retired. The inhabitants of Colon and the outlying districts immediately sent in their adherence, and the peace of the whole Isthmian region remained unbroken. On the 13th of November the United States recognised the new republic, being followed by France on the 18th, and then by all other nations as soon as diplomatic formalities could be complied with. Dr. Manuel Amador Guerrero was elected first president of the Republic of Panama, being inaugurated on February 19, 1904. A treaty with the United States for the building of the canal was framed on substantially the same lines as the one which had been negotiated with Colombia. By the end of February it had been ratified and proclaimed, and the United States at once made preparations for the beginning of the work.
MAP OF SOUTH AMERICA
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INDEX
A
Abascal, General, Viceroy of Peru, [73-78], [163], [168], [260]
Abibe Mountains, [408]
Acha, General, [276]
Aconcagua River, the, [223];
plain of, [168]
Acosta, Juan, [56]
Acosta, President of Colombia, [464], [465]
Acre River, the, [280]
"Adelantados," [26], [349], [414], [417]
Agua Dulce, battle of, [484], [485]
Alansi, valley of, [291]
Alacantra, Francisco, [26], [46]
Alfaro, President of Ecuador, [339], [341]
Alfinger, Adelantado of Venezuela, [349]
Almagro, partner of Pizarro, [23], [24], [27], [32], [36], [136], [239], [298];
at war with Pizarro, [41-43], [239], [301];
execution of, [43], [44], [136], [239]
Almagro the younger, [49], [50]
Alonso, President of Bolivia, [281]
Alpaca, the, [3], [4]
Alvarado, Spanish adventurer, [44], [88];
Governor of Guatemala, [298]
Amar, Viceroy of Bogotá, [430]
Amat, Don Manuel, [154], [155]
Amazon River, the, discovery of, [44], [114], [279], [293]
Amazon, forested plains of, [4], [5], [40], [67], [303], [351], [424]
Andagoya, Pascual de, [22]
Andean plateau, the, [3], [235], [285], [288], [302], [312], [335], [342]
Andean valleys, [10];
gold in, [349], [354]
Andes, the, [4], [135], [245], [317], [342], [347], [409] et passim
Andes, army of the, [168], [173], [174], [185], [186]
Andrade, Creole revolutionist, [396]
Andueza, Creole revolutionist, [396]
Angol, besieged, [145]
Angostura (city), [374]
Anserma, founded, [409]
Antigua, founded, [404], [405]
Antioquia, great mineral province of Colombia, [387], [407-409], [412], [416], [417], [419], [422], [433], [437], [451]
Antioquia, state of, [407], [457], [461], [462], [467]
Antofogasta, [119], [120], [122], [277]
Apples, [66]
Apuré River, the, [355], [374-376], [406], [437];
army of, [372], [380]
Aragua Valley, the, [350]
Araucania, colonised, [216]
Araucanians, the, independent spirit of, [138-147], [150], [151], [155];
treaty of, with Spanish, [150], [151];
missions established among, [201];
at war with Chile, [206], [216]
Arauco, besieged, [145]
Araure, battle of, [368]
Arce, President of Bolivia, [278]
Arenales, General, [81], [89], [258]
Arequipa (city), founded, [44], [80], [99], [103], [108], [110], [112]
Arequipa (province), [39], [41], [77], [104], [259]
Argentina, [11], [13], [18], [71], [142], [245];
civilised tribes of, [58], [350];
revolution in, [76], [160], [161], [317];
civil wars in, [78], [186], [261], [267], [271], [323]
Argentine, army, the, [80], [81], [98], [185], [186], [257], [258];
navy, the, [78], [79], [173], [183], [184];
pampas, [99]
Argentine Republic, the, [140];
expansion of, [155], [230], [231];
boundary treaty of, with Chile, [209], [210]
Arica (city), [108], [123], [125]
Arica (province), arrangement between Peru and Chile concerning, [127], [278]
Asses, [66]
Atacama desert, the, [239]
Atahuallpa, Inca empire divided between Huascar and, [14], [308];
fratricidal war between Huascar and, [16-19], [238], [295], [296];
sends ambassador to Spaniards, [21];
treacherously captured by Pizarro, [30], [31], [48];
offers ransom, [31], [246];
murder of, [32], [238], [297]
Atrato, River, the, [403-406];
Valley, [405], [472]
Audiencias, royal, established, [67], [71], [250], [251], [254], [267], [308], [417], [420], [426]
Auqui Toma, [294]
Ayachucho, plain of, [95];
battle of, [96], [97], [256], [264], [266], [322]
Ayohuma, battle of, [256], [258]
Azuay, nudo of, [17], [291-293], [295], [298]
Aztecs, the, [412]
B
Balboa, Nuñez de, discoverer of the Pacific, [22], [23], [404]
Balcarce, General, [185]
Ballivian, General, [273], [274]
Balmaceda, Chilean Liberal leader, [214-216], [218-220], [222-225];
death of, [226]
Balta, Colonel, President of Peru, [113], [114], [116]
Bambona, battle of, [444]
Bananas, [66], [303], [352]
Baquedano, General, [213], [219], [225]
Barcelona (city), founded, [352];
captured, [372]
Barcelona (province), [362]
Barinos (province), [362], [363], [366]
Barley, [66], [303], [343]
Barquisimeto, founded, [350], [351];
destroyed by earthquake, [363];
captured, [368]
Barreiro, General, [377], [378], [441]
Bastida, Rodrigo, [403], [404]
Belgrano, General, [258]
Bello, civil code prepared by, [200]
Belzu, General, [274], [275]
Benalcazar, Sebastian de, conquers Quito, [298], [299], [409], [410], [413], [414]
Beni River, the, [246], [279], [280]
Bermudez, Colonel, [130], [381]
Biobio River, the, [138], [139], [141], [145-147], [150]
Blanco, Guzman, Dictator of Venezuela, [391], [394-396], [398]
Blanco, the, [119-121]
Bogotá, (city) [308], [312], [316], [317], [378], [384], [420], [448];
founded, [413];
one of the centres of Spanish-American culture, [422];
Archbishop of, banished, [425], [457], [461];
revolutionary junta in, [431];
seat of federal government, [435], [442], [470], [471];
punishment of, [438], [439]
Bogotá (province), [376], [416], [419], [434], [437];
vice-royalty of, [71], [250], [313], [327], [356], [385], [416], [420], [426];
jurisdiction of, [356], [420], [426], [429];
audiencia of, [417];
presidency of, [418];
named New Granada, [419];
declares itself an independent state, [433]
Bolivar, Simon, the "Liberator" of South America, [79], [86], [368], [382], [384], [435];
Dictator of Peru, [90], [98], [447];
military exploits of, [92], [264], [317], [321], [366], [367];
President of United States of Colombia, [99], [322], [378], [442], [443], [448], [450], [451];
plan of, for South American Confederation, [99], [267], [320-322], [384], [442], [443], [450], [451];
constitutions, [99], [101], [268], [270], [385], [386];
undertakes conquest of Quito, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, [101], [318], [383], [384], [447];
wins battle of Ayachucho, [264];
welcomed in Bolivia, [267];
political theories of, [268], [322], [448], [451];
forced to retire from Peru, [270];
drives Spanish from Venezuela and New Granada, [317], [370], [372], [374], [375], [378], [433-435], [439], [440], [444];
interview of, with San Martin, [321];
life of, devoted to South American independence, [366], [388], [451];
army of, [376], [380], [381], [440], [441], [452];
proclamation of, [376];
overthrow of, [323], [326], [448], [450], [451];
death of, [326], [387], [388], [452];
character and education of, [364-366];
native city of, [387];
apotheosis of, [455]
Bolivar, State of, [460], [463], [466]
Bolivia (Upper Peru), [235-281];
description of [235], [236];
Inca conquest of, [13], [18], [236], [238];
military roads in, [36], [239], [244], [251];
Spanish conquest of, [36], [239], [248], [250];
Inca cities in, [44], [59];
capital of, [44];
precious metals found in, [44], [238-242], [245-247];
railroads in, [54], [277], [279], [280];
audiencia established in, [67], [250] (see also Charcas);
the battleground of war of independence, [76], [77], [86], [97], [255 et seq.], [268];
republic of, created, [99], [267], [268];
Bolivar the Father of, [99], [266], [267];
named, [99], [268];
first president of, [99], [268-270];
constitutions of, [99], [268], [270], [273], [278], [322];
the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, [101-103], [105], [197], [270-273], [281];
boundary treaty of, with Chile, [117], [281];
at war with Chile, [118], [271], [272], [281];
secret treaty of, with Peru, [118];
nitrate territory of, [211], [278];
early civilisation of, [236], [239], [249];
rainfall in, [236];
fertility of, [238];
population of, [239], [244], [269];
character of population of, [239], [260], [269], [272], [273], [357];
Spanish cities in, [241], [242], [249];
cattle-raising in, [242], [243], [248];
Spanish colonial system in, [243], [245], [249];
taxation in, [243], [269], [270], [276];
missions established in, [245], [279];
printing-press, in, [245];
battles in, [257-260], [264-266], [272], [273], [281];
sturdy spirit of patriots in, [258-262], etc.;
commerce of, [267], [272], [281];
period of civil war and anarchy in, [272 et seq.];
slavery abolished in, [273];
greatest silver producing country of the world, [277], [278];
rubber production of, [278-280];
without seaports, [278], [280], [281];
treaty of, with Brazil, [280];
international position of, [281]
Bonaparte, Joseph, [311], [312], [360]
Bonaparte, Napoleon, [77], [159], [311], [365], [435]
Borrero, Antonio, President of Ecuador, [339]
Bourbon dynasty, the, [70], [154], [250]
Boves, organises troop of llaneros, [368], [369];
death of, [370]
Boyacá River, the, [378];
battle of, [86], [256], [317], [378], [441]
Boyacá, state of, [467]
Brazil, treaty of, with Bolivia, [280];
loyalty of, [337]
Brown, Admiral William, [78]
Buccaneers, [69], [70], [150]
Buenaventura, [49]
Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, [67],
[71], [155], [251], [257];
smuggling in, [71], [152], [251];
revolutionary junta in, [76], [160], [161], [438];
pampas of, [78], [149];
importance of, [156], [158]
Bunes, General, [198], [199]
C
Cabildos, in Bogotá, [431];
in Bolivia, [249];
in Chile, [160], [161];
in Ecuador, [313];
in Venezuela, [360], [361], [385]
Cacao, native to South America, [66], [238], [303]
Cacao industry in Colombia, [428];
in Ecuador, [303], [328], [332], [341];
in Venezuela, [352], [390], [395]
Caceres, President of Peru, [126-131]
Cacha, the last Cara shiri, [292], [294]
Caciques, [64], [243], [244], [248]
Cadiz, [70], [361], [380], [443];
monopoly, the, [152], [352]
Cajamarca, [17], [20], [21], [29], [31]
Calabozo, [368], [375]
Caldas, Colombian scientist, [438]
Calderon, Garcia, [126]
Cali (city), [408], [409], [432]
Cali (province), part of presidency of Quito, [420]
Calivio, battle of, [433]
Callao, engulfed by tidal wave, [71];
Peruvian fleet at, [104];
Spanish fleet at, [112], [184], [186]
Callao Castle, [80], [84], [97], [321]
Caluchima, [296]
Camano, José, President of Ecuador, [339]
Camargo, patriot leader, [258], [260]
Campero, Narcisco, President of Bolivia, [278]
Cañan (province), [288], [291], [296], [298]
Cañaris, the, Indian tribe, [14], [16], [17], [296], [297]
Candamo, Señor, President of Peru, [131]
Cancha-Rayada, battle at, [176-178]
Cañete (city), founded, [143], [144];
besieged, [145], [146]
Cañete, Marquis of, the "good viceroy," [57], [58]. See Mendoza
Canizaries, Doña Manuela, [313]
Canseco, General, President of Peru, [113]
Canterac, Spanish commander, [85], [89], [93], [96], [97]
Canto, Colonel, [223], [224]
Cape Codera, [351]
Cape Gracias á Dios, [403], [404], [405]
Cape Horn, [69], [152], [209], [235]
Cape San Roman, [347]
Captaincies-General, [67], [71], [148], [355], [356], [419], [426]
Carabobo, battle of, [86], [317], [381], [443]
Caracas (city), revolutionary junta in, [76], [361];
founded, [350];
sacked, [351], [354];
made a captaincy-general, [356], [392], [426];
destroyed by earthquake, [363];
Bolivar's birthplace, [382], [386], [387];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [426];
revolution in, [447]
Caracoles, silver mines of, [208]
Cara Indians, the, confederacy of, [11], [12], [16], [288], [289];
invade Ecuador, [11], [286], [287];
conquered by Incas, [11-14], [288-296]
Caranquis, the Indian tribe, [13], [293], [294]
Caras, description of, [286-290], [293], [412];
staple articles of food of, [290], [303];
conquered by Spanish, [299]
Carbojal, Spanish commander, [53], [56]
Caribbean Sea, [70], [71], [348], [405], [406], [414], [470]
Carib Indians, the, [268], [290], [413]
Carrasco, Captain-General of Chile, [159-161]
Carrera, José, creole leader, [162], [164], [166], [167], [173], [182]
Carrera, Juan, [162], [173], [181], [182]
Carrera, Luiz, [162], [173], [181], [182]
Carrillo, [126]
Cartagena (city), revolutionary junta in, [366], [431];
Bolivar takes service with, [366], [433];
besieged, [380], [381], [429], [435-437], [480];
oldest fortress in America, [406-409], [428], [436], [442];
surrender of, [443]
Cartagena (province), [417], [419], [420], [431], [432]
Cartago (city), [408], [409];
Carujo, Venezuelan revolutionist, [389]
Casanare (province), [424]
Casanare River, the, [376], [377], [437];
plains of, [406], [440]
Cassava, [66]
Castilla, Don Ramon, President of Peru, [106-110], [112], [274];
character and ability of, [108];
death of, [113]
Castilla, Don Ruiz de, President of Quito, [312], [314]
Castilla, Marshal, [118];
Castro (city), [151]
Castro, President of Venezuela, [396], [398], [399]
Castro, Vala de, Governor of Peru, [46], [49], [50], [52], [300]
Cattle, introduced into South America, [66], [151], [352]
Cattle-raising in Bolivia, [243], [261];
in Colombia, [421];
in Venezuela, [354], [355], [390], [395]
Cauca (province), northern division of Quito presidency, [324], [326];
State of, [460], [466], [468]
Cauca River, the, [49], [312], [408], [409], [411], [412], [422], [432], [433]
Caudillos, the, Bolivian, [256], [269], [270]
Caupolican, Arauncanian chief, [144]
Ceballos, José, [361], [368], [369]
Central America, Colombia's claim to, [429]
Cerro de Pasco Mountains, [4], [9], [11], [17], [18], [32], [36], [81], [262], [264], [289]
Chacabuco, battle of, [78], [168], [170], [172], [256], [261], [317]
Chanca Indians, the, [9]
Chancos, battle of, [467]
Charcas (Sueré), Indian capital of Bolivia, [44], [59], [240];
audiencia of, [71], [250], [251], [267];
revolutionary junta in, [76];
Spanish capital of Upper Peru, [242], [249], [301];
jurisdiction of, [250], [251]
Charles IV. of Spain, [311]
Charles V., Emperor, authorises conquest of Peru, [25], [26], [41], [60];
appoints governor for Venezuela, [349]
Chaves, Francisco, [47]
Chibcho Indians, the, [412-414];
civilisation of, [412]
Chile, Inca conquest of, [11], [12], [18], [135];
Spanish conquest of, [36], [43], [44], [60], [136], [139-149];
captain-general of, [67], [148], [154], [155], [158], [160], [161];
war of independence in, [76], [78], [112], [156 et seq.], [190], [261], [317];
junta established in, [161];
at war with Peru and Bolivia, [104], [105], [118], [119], [208], [211], [281];
boundary treaty of, with Bolivia, [117], [118], [206];
boundaries of, [117], [147], [150], [155];
defeats allies, [121-125];
captures Lima, [125], [126], [213];
mineral products of, [117], [136], [138], [144], [148], [199], [208];
nitrate industry of, [117], [118], [126], [206], [211];
gains control of nitrate region, [212], [220-222];
navy of, [118-121], [183-185], [204];
characteristics of inhabitants of, [135], [136], [149], [150], [190];
area of, [135];
rainfall in, [135];
population of, [135], [136], [152], [230];
agricultural conditions in, [136], [148], [199];
battles in, [141], [143-145], [164], [167], [176-178], [180-182], [187], [223-225], [272];
Spanish cities of, [145], [151], [154], [155];
at war with Araucanians, [147], [206];
the colonial period in, [148-155];
immigration into, [149], [156], [199], [203];
growth of commerce in, [148], [152], [154], [158], [162], [199], [200], [203], [230];
smuggling in, [152];
taxation in, [152], [158];
prosperity of, [154-156], [158], [203], [208], [216];
universities in, [154], [198];
the capital of, [154], [158];
seismic disturbances in, [154];
Cuyo separates from, [155];
landed aristocracy of, [158], [159], [162], [189], [201];
liberal reforms in, [162], [168], [200], [206-208], [214-217];
slavery abolished in, [162];
Spanish authority re-established in, [163], [166], [168], [316];
independence of, proclaimed, [176];
civil wars in, [189 et seq.], [200-203], [215-226];
constitutions of, [193], [196], [206];
strong government established in, [196], [197], [271], [272];
qualifications for suffrage in, [196], [206];
becomes dominant power on Pacific coast, [198];
political conditions in, [198-203], [207], [214], [215], [227-229];
financial conditions of, [98], [200], [211-213];
religious conditions in, [199], [201];
adopts civil and criminal codes, [200], [207];
at war with Spain, [203], [204], [337];
debt of, [208];
boundary treaty of, with Argentina, [209], [210];
boundary disputes with Argentina, [209], [210], [230], [231];
chief exports of, [211];
paper money issued in, [212];
under jurisdiction of Buenos Aires, [251]
Chilean (city), [145], [151], [164]
Chiloë Islands, the, explored, [143], [149], [188], [192], [197]
Chimilas Mountains, [410]
Chincha Islands, the, seized by Spain, [112], [203]
Chinchon, Countess of, cure of, [70]
Chinese coolies in Peru, [111]
Chiquitos Indians, the, [245], [250]
Chocolate, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
Ecuador supplies large amount of, [332]
Chorrillos (city), [125]
Coal mines, [208]
Cochabamba (city), [243], [249], [258]
Cochrane, Lord Thomas, Admiral, [79-83], [186-188], [190]
Cochrane, the, [119-121]
Cocoa palm introduced into South America, [66]
Coffee-raising, [341], [390], [395]
Colombia (New Granada), plateau of, [13], [312], [406], [410], [414], [419];
Spanish exploration of, [22], [347], [348], [403-406], [410-414];
native tribes of, [23], [406], [409], [410], [412-414], [416];
first permanent settlement in, [406], [416];
Spanish conquest of, [407-418];
revolutionary spirit in, [366], [430 et seq.];
war of independence in, [86], [316], [317], [430-444];
formation of United States of, [98], [99], [318], [322], [378], [382], [461];
provinces in confederation of, [98], [99], [267], [318], [320-322], [337], [378], [443];
Bolivar, President of confederation of, [99], [322], [378], [442], [443], [448], [450], [451];
southern part under jurisdiction of Quito, [312];
Constitution of Cucutá, [322], [386];
confederation of, breaks up, [324], [388], [451], [452];
at war with Peru, [324];
civil wars in, [333], [337], [417], [450-458], [460], [470], [476], [481-485];
boundaries of, [403];
gold in, [404], [406-409], [412], [414], [416], [424];
cities founded in, [404-406], [408], [409], [413-416], [424];
climate of, [405], [406], [410], [422], [424], [425];
rainfall in, [405];
tropical forests of, [406];
fertility of, [406], [410], [412], [414], [420], [421];
Indian slavery in, [406], [416];
negro slaves in, [422], [425];
early civilisation of, [404], [409-412];
population of, [409], [410], [413], [422], [424];
territorial divisions of, [416];
royal commissioners sent to, [417], [427];
erected into a presidency, [418], [419];
jurisdiction of presidency, [419], [420];
colonial period of, [419-429];
names of, [419], [458], [459], [461];
education in, [420], [422], [454], [456], [461];
roads built in, [420], [428];
river transportation in, [420];
creoles of, [421], [422], [427], [428], [430], [431], [476];
agricultural products of, [421], [424], [428];
Antioquia, great mineral province of, [422];
commercial conditions in, [422], [425], [427], [428], [485];
taxation in, [422], [424], [427], [428], [481];
authors of, celebrated, [422];
mineral products of, [424];
Spanish colonial system in, [424], [427], [428], [431];
decrease in population of, [425];
smuggling in, [425];
religious conditions in, [425], [437], [455-458], [461], [462], [469], [470];
governors of, [425], [428], [437];
diseases rife in, [426];
"Rebellion of the Communes" in, [427];
viceroys of, [428], [430], [431];
exports of, [428], [464];
claim of, to Central America, [429];
Congress of, [432], [433], [437], [439];
battles in, [433], [437], [439], [441], [443], [461], [462], [467], [482];
independence of, recognised, [442], [446];
financial conditions in, [446], [447], [455], [463-466], [468], [472], [485];
public debt of, [446], [447], [468], [469], [478], [479];
credit of, [447];
liberty of the Press in, [450], [457];
numerous constitutions of, [452], [455], [457], [460-462], [468], [469], [475], [478], [480];
political conditions in, [454-462], [465], [469], [476], [480], [481];
right of suffrage in, [454], [459-461], [469];
steam navigation introduced into, [455];
death penalty abolished, [456], [461];
campaign of, against Ecuador, [462];
power of judiciary in, [462], [469];
receipts from Panama railway, [464];
franchise of railway extended, [465];
becomes a consolidated republic, [468], [469], [479];
name changed to Republic of, [468], [480];
length of presidential term in, [469], [481];
paper currency in, [470], [478], [485];
negotiates treaties with United States, [470];
rejects treaties, [471], [485], [486];
Panama declares her independence of, [471];
threatens war against United States, [472];
future of, [472];
appeals to United States, [480];
demands of, in regard to Panama Canal, [485], [486]
Colombian army, the, [98], [267], [323], [326], [337]
Colon (city), [405];
burned, [480];
captured, [485];
adheres to Panama, [488]
Colonia (city), [152]
Columbus, Bartholomew, [404]
Columbus, Christopher, [347], [348]
Concepcion, founded, [139], [140], [142], [151];
burned, [145];
destroyed by tidal wave, [154];
patriots capture, [164];
southern capital of Chile, [191]
Concordat signed by Ecuador, [337]
"Conquistadores," the, [50], [56], [424]
Copiapo, valley of, [137];
mines of, [199]
Copper, [8], [117], [211], [238], [239]
Copper-pan amalgamation process, [241]
Coquimbo, founded, [138];
northern capital of Chile, [151], [190]
Cordero, Luis, President of Ecuador, [340], [341]
Cordilleras, the, [4], [11], [33], [259], [286], [290], [376], [408]
Cordoba, General, [387], [451]
Cordoba, Gonzalo de, [21]
Coro (city), [348-350], [360], [361], [406], [413], [420]
Corregidors, [60], [64], [69], [243], [248], [249];
abolished, [72], [254]
"Corregimentos," [64]
Cortes, Hernando, conqueror of Mexico, [22], [26], [44], [407]
Cortes, the Spanish, [166],436
Cotopaxi, eruption of, [298]
Cotton, [3], [8], [111], [113], [238], [412]
Council of the Indies, [304]
Covadonga, the, [119]
Coya (city), [145]
Creoles, [65], [66], [243], [279], [308], [310], [421];
growth of revolutionary ideas among, [72], [74], [77], [84], [159], [160], [257], [311], [312], [338], [359-362], [388], [430];
characteristics of, [272], [273], [357], [396], [422];
education among, [307], [309], [310], [336], [353], [384];
new race of, [354]
Crespo, President of Venezuela, [396]
Croix, General Theodore de, [72]
Cuaspud, battle of, [337], [462]
Cuba, captain-general of, [429]
Cubagua, island of, [348]
Cucutá (city), [382];
Colombian Congress meets at, [443], [448]
Cucutá, constitution of, [322], [443]
Cuenca (city), [100]
Cuenca (province), [291], [298], [312], [314], [323], [324], [327];
plateau of, [288], [307], [308]
Cumaná, oldest city in South America, [348], [351], [383]
Cumaná (province), [356], [362];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [426]
Cundinamarca, State of, [465], [467], [469]
Cuyo (province), [78], [149];
separation of, from Chile, [155]
Cuzco, plateau of, [3], [4], [9]
Cuzco (city), Inca capital, [5], [12], [18], [19], [32], [33], [59], [63], [103], [108], [291], [295];
military road from, [9], [18], [28];
possessed by Spanish, [32-36], [39], [238], [258]
D
Darien, gold-mines of, [22];
Gulf of, [403], [404]
Daza, General, [278]
De Lesseps, Ferdinand, [482]
Drake, Sir Francis, [428]
Ducasse captures Cartagena, [428]
Duchisela, long reign of, [288]
E
Earthquake, of 1751, [154];
of 1812, [363]
Echenique, General, President of Peru, [109], [110]
Ecuador, Cara conquest of, [11-13], [286-288];
Inca conquest of, [12], [13], [17], [24], [288], [291-296];
character of inhabitants of, [24], [27], [286], [287], [289], [307], [342], [343], [357], [409];
gold and silver in, [27], [53], [307];
military roads in, [12], [28], [307], [336];
Spanish conquest of, [58], [67], [297 et seq.];
Inca cities in, [59];
war of independence in, [76], [86], [309 et seq.], [437];
incorporation of, with Colombia, [98], [267], [318], [320-322], [443];
the founder of, [101], [327];
description of, [285-287], [290], [291];
climate of, [285], [290];
fertility of, [286], [290], [341-343];
taxation in, [301], [307], [328], [336];
area of, [302], [303];
population of, [302], [303], [342], [343];
European grains and fruits introduced into, [303], [308];
cacao industry of, [303], [328], [332], [341];
Catholic Church in, [305], [306], [309], [337];
education in, [307], [309];
the capital of, [307];
decrease in population of, [307], [308], [328];
negro slavery in, [307];
presidency of Quito erected, [308], [321], [323], [324], [326], [327];
under jurisdiction of New Granada, [308];
audiencia established in, [308];
junta appointed in, [313], [314];
open cabildo summoned, [313];
battles in, [293], [298], [316], [318], [324];
independence of, declared, [324], [452];
named, [324];
treaty of, with Colombia, [327];
civil war in, [328], [329], [337-341], [451];
civil and constitutional government in, [329];
reforms in government of, [330], [331], [336];
financial conditions of, [31], [336];
second South American republic recognised by Spain, [331];
prosperity of, [332];
numerous constitutions of, [333-335], [339];
railways of, [342];
manual industries of, [342];
future of, [342], [343];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [426];
Colombian campaign against, [462]
Eldorado, [241], [349]
Elephantiasis, [426]
Elias, Campo, patriot leader, [368], [369]
Emeralds, [27], [412], [417], [424]
Encalada, Blanco, [80]
Encomiendas, system of agricultural, [38], [46], [53], [65], [240], [242];
abolished, [50], [51], [243], [417]
England, granted privilege of exporting negroes to South America, [70];
war between Spain and, [158];
fleet of, destroys Venezuelan navy, [398];
recognises independence of Colombia, [446]
Errazuriz, President of Chile, [207], [228]
Esmeralda, the, capture of, [82], [119];
sale of, to Japan, [340]
España, creole leader, [359], [360]
Estremadura (province), [21], [26]
F
Falcon, General, [391-394]
Federmann, explorer, [414]
Ferdinand VII. of Spain, deposition and imprisonment of, [159], [311], [312], [360], [365], [370], [380];
restoration of, [435]
Fernandez, conspiracy of, [276]
Flores, Antonio, President of Ecuador, [340]
Flores, General, the founder of Ecuador, [101], [323], [324], [326-329], [333], [451]
France, war between Spain and, [152], [256], [311], [312];
recognises republic of Panama, [488]
Franciscans, the, [68]
Freire, General, [104], [191-194], [197]
French scientists in Quito, [309]
Fruits introduced into South America, [66], [151], [303], [308]
G
Gallo heads insurrection, [202]
Gamarra, General, Dictator of Peru, [101-105], [270]
Garrapata, battle of, [467]
Gasca, Pedro de la, [54], [56], [57], [301]
Gatajo, battle of, [341]
Gauchos, [171], [261], [438]
Gavilan, battle of, [172]
Goajira, peninsula of, [348], [403], [404]
Goats,
[66]
Gold, Spain's desire for, [26], [35], [53], [65], [66], [69], [241], [352];
in Bolivia, [240], [246], [247];
in Chile, [136], [138], [144];
in Colombia, [404], [406-409], [412], [414], [416], [424];
in Ecuador, [27], [53], [299], [307];
in Peru, [25], [27], [32], [36];
in Venezuela, [352]
Goyeneche, General, [257], [361]
Grains introduced into South America, [66], [151]
Grapes, [66];
cultivation of, forbidden, [159]
Grau, Miguel, Admiral, [119-121]
Great Britain, action of foreign office in regard to Bolivia, [275];
threatened rupture between United States and, [398];
abandons Isthmian colony, [429].
See also England.
Gröningen, victory of, [62]
Guaicaipuro, Indian chief, [350]
Gual, creole leader, [359], [360]
Gual, Pedro, [391]
Guamanga, founded, [44], [49], [50], [60], [106], [126];
battle at, [49], [50]
Guano deposits, [109], [113], [114], [116], [127], [128], [206], [210]
Guarany, Indians, the, [249];
language, [306]
Guatamala, [39], [298]
Guayaquil (city), founded, [299];
best port on Pacific coast of South America, [86], [101], [105], [299], [323], [324], [326], [335];
population and wealth of, [328], [332], [341]
Guayaquil (province), [312], [314], [317], [327], [444];
cultivation of cacao and sugar-cane in, [308]
Guayaquil, Gulf of, [12], [20], [25], [27], [285], [341]
Guiana (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [356];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [361], [426]
Guiana, British, [398]
Guipuzcoa Company, the, [354-356], [358]
Gutierrez brothers, the, [114], [116]
Gutierrez, President of Colombia, [465]
H
Hague international tribunal, the, [399]
Hayti, Bolivar flees to, [372];
gold placers of, [404], [406]
Heath, explorer, [278]
Heredia founds Cartagena, [406], [408]
Herran, General, President of New Granada, [454], [455], [458]
Herrera, General, [103], [485]
Hides, exportation of, [354], [428]
Honda (city), [420]
Honduras, [403]
Horses, [20], [27], [39], [66], [243], [261]
Huacho, San Martin lands at, [81]
Huaina Capac, Inca emperor, campaign of, [12];
conquest of Quito by, [12-14], [18], [292-294], [308];
death of, [14], [295]
Hualcopo, Cara shiri, [290-292], [295]
Huanacabamba (province), [288]
Huanca, Auqui, [17]
Huanchaca, mines of, [278]
Huaqui, battle of, [170], [256], [257]
Huascar, Inca empire divided between Atahuallpa and, [14];
fratricidal war between Atahuallpa and, [16-19], [238], [295], [296];
execution of, [31]
Huascar, the, [119-121], [212]
Humachiri, battle of, [259]
"Husares de la Muerte," cavalry corps, [182]
I
Ibague (city), [416]
Ibarra, [287], [293]
Iglesias, President of Chile, [126], [127]
Immigrants, into Peru, [111], [149];
into Chile, [156], [203];
into Ecuador, [307]
Imperial (city), founded, [140];
besieged, [142], [145], [146]
Inca Indians, the, home of, [3], [4];
civilisation of, [3], [24], [25], [236], [290], [412];
migration of, [4]
Incas, language of, [4], [10], [13];
religion of, [5], [13];
social and industrial organisation of, [5], [6], [10], [59], [249], [289], [295];
capital of, [5], [12], [18], [19], [32-35], etc.;
emperors of, [5], [6], [8-10], [12], [14], [16], [28-32], [34-38], [40], [61], [62];
death of last emperor of, [63];
conquests of, [6], [8-19], [236], [288 et seq.];
irrigation system of, [6], [10], [25], [59];
empire of, [8], [9], [11], [13], [22], [292-294];
military roads built by, [9], [10], [12], [28], [29], [38], [59], [239], [244], [251], [307];
armies of, [11], [18], [19], etc., [237];
Spanish conquest of, [20-40], [297];
population of, [25], [65], [244], [303];
reduced to slavery, [38], etc., [242-244], [348];
cities built by, [20], [38], [44], [59], [60], [240]
Independencia, the, [119], [212]
Indians of South America, the, early civilisation of, [3], [4], [236], [286], [289], [410], [412];
various tribes of, [3], [5], [8-14], [23], [59], [135], [238], [245], [286-289], [292], [293], [350], [405], [410], [413];
language of, [4], [9], [10], [11], [136], [238], [306];
characteristics of, [24], [25], [77], [136], [249], [252], [253], [289], [303], [307], [421], [422];
conquered by Spanish, [24], [25], [27-40];
oppression and slavery of, [38], [58], [59], [63-65], [68], [69], [242-244], [253], [254], [348], [406], [416], [422], [425-428];
rebellions of, [38-40], [72], [77], [251], [253], [254], [258], [259];
Spanish legislation in behalf of, [57], [243], [254], [417];
impressment of, [64], [69], [242], [253], [416], [425];
missions established among, [151], [244], [250], [306], [352]
Indigo, [303]
Inquisition established, in Peru, [69];
in Colombia, [437]
Ipecacuanha, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66]
Iquique, Peruvian port, [119], [122]
Iquitos (city), [114]
Irish mercenaries in Bolivar's army, [376], [380]
Irrigation in South America, [6], [10], [25], [59], [135]
J
Jauja (city), [54], [60], [84], [89], [92-94]
Jauja, valley of the, [9], [18], [33], [35], [36], [39], [44], [49]
Jemappes, battle of, [359]
Jesuits, in Bolivia, [245], [279];
in Colombia, [455], [461];
in Ecuador, [309], [334], [337];
in Peru, [68], [71], [309]
Jiron, Governor of New Granada, [425]
Jubones, plateau of, [288], [291]
Juncal, battle of, [372]
Junin, battle of, [93], [321]
Jurisprudence, Spanish system of, in South America, [66], [200], [304]
K
Koerner, Colonel, [223], [225]
L
La Donjuana, battle of, [467]
La Fuente, Dictator of Peru, [102], [106]
La Guaira, [350], [356], [359], [369]
La Mar, General, President of Peru, [100], [101], [324]
La Palma, battle of, [110]
La Paz, founded, [60], [241], [249];
spirit of independence in, [76], [77], [257], [260], [361]
La Puerta, decisive battles of, [369], [375]
Lara, General, deported, [99]
Las Casas, famous book of, [50], [59]
La Serna, General, Viceroy of Peru, [84], [91];
army of, [93-95], [261], [264]
Las Heras, patriot commander, [171], [172], [177], [181]
Lastra, General, [194]
Las Trincheiras, [368]
Latacunga, valley of, [287], [292], [293]
La Torre, General, [374], [380], [381]
Lautaro, Araucanian chief, [141], [142]
Leiva founded, [420]
Leon, creole leader, [355]
Leprosy, [426]
Lima (city), founded by Pizarro, [36], [46], [60];
Incas attempt to take, [39], [42];
Pizarro in, [46], [52];
political, social, and commercial centre of South America, [67], [71];
viceroyalty of Peru established at, [50], [60], [67], [70], [71], [142], [148], [304], [426];
jurisdiction of, [67], [250], [251], [304], [308];
earthquakes in, [71];
revolutionary spirit in, [73], [75], [76], [81-84], [317];
evacuated by the Spaniards, [84], [89];
Bolivar at, [99], [321], [323];
insurrections in, [114], [116], [131];
Chilian army captures, [125], [126], [213];
public library of, destroyed, [126]
Linares, Doctor, [275], [276]
Linnæus names chinchona, [70]
Lircay, victory at, [194]
Llamas, [3], [4], [150], [238]
Llaneros, the, origin of, [354], [424];
cavalry troops of, organised, [368];
valour of, [369], [371-374], [376-378], [381], [382], [385], [389], [431], [434], [438], [439], [450]
Llanos, [354], [368], [372], [375], [377], [406], [413], [437], [440]
Loja (city), built by Spaniards, [60]
Loja (province), [101], [288], [291], [298], [307], [338]
Loncomilla, battle of, [200]
Lopez, General, President of Colombia, [452], [455], [457]
Lopez, tyrant of Paraguay, [248], [465]
Los Andes, [396]
Louis XIV. and war of Spanish Succession, [152]
Loyola, founder of Jesuit order, [245]
Lugo, adelantado, [414], [417]
Luque, partner of Pizarro, [23]
M
MacGregor captures Barcelona, [372]
Madeira Falls, the, [280]
Madeira River, the, [244], [246], [278-281]
Madrid, Pizarro goes to, [25];
legislation at, in behalf of Indians, [50], [417];
commissions from, [58];
revenue sent to, [69];
government, [70], [147], [309], [418];
French king on throne of, [152]
Madrid, Dictator of Colombia, [437]
Magdalena River, the, [366], [380], [406], [408-410], [412-414] et passim;
named, [403];
Valley, [312], [381]
Magdalena, State of, [463], [466], [468], [480]
Magellan, Straits of, [69], [140], [209]
Maipo, battle of, [79], [179-182]
Maize, [3], [4], [8], [39], [238], [248], [290], [303], [352];
Europe indebted to Peru for, [66]
Mallarino, President of New Granada, [458]
Manabi, [292], [293]
Manaos, [280]
Manco Capac, first Inca sovereign, [5], [6]
Manco Capac, brother of Huascar, [34], [38-41]
Manso, Governor, [154]
Maracaibo Bay, [406], [409], [441]
Maracaibo (city), sack of, [354];
refused to bend delegates to Caracas, [361]
Maracaibo, Gulf of, [347], [348],
[351], [403], [406]
Maracaibo, Lake, [351], [383]
Maracaibo (province), under jurisdiction of Bogotá, [356], [426];
transferred to jurisdiction of Venezuela, [356], [426];
revolt in, [380];
separated from Caracas, [392]
Marco, General, [170]
Margarita, Island of, [348], [367], [426]
Margarita (province), [362]
Mariño, Dictator of Venezuela, [367], [369], [370], [378], [389]
Marquez, President of New Granada, [454]
Marroquin, President of Colombia, [469], [470], [484]
Martin, Alonso, [405]
Maturin captured, [367]
Maule River, the, [11], [135], [136], [138], [142], [145], [164], [166]
Medina Celi joins patriots, [264], [265]
Melgarejo, Dictator of Bolivia, [276], [277]
Mello, Geronimo, explores Magdalena River, [414]
Melo, General, [458]
Mendoza, Andre Hurtado de, Marquis of Cañete, "the good viceroy," [57], [58], [60], [142];
death of, [61]
Mendoza, Garcia de, campaign of, [142], [143];
founds Cañete, [143]
Mendoza (province), [140], [149]
Menendez, President of Peru, [107]
Mercury, [69]
Merida (city), founded, [350];
destroyed by earthquake, [363]
Merida (province), [362], [363], [366]
Meta River, the, [377]
Meuqueta, zipa of, [412]
Mexico, [22], [39], [290]
Miranda, Francisco, patriot leader, [359], [360], [362], [363]
Mississippi River, the, [27]
"Mitta," [64], [65]
Mocha, [293], [316]
Mochica language, the, [11]
Mojos Indians, the, [245], [250], [279]
Molina, Governor of Ecuador, [315]
Mollendo railroad, the, [54], [277]
Monagas, President of Venezuela, [388], [390]
Monteagudo, Dr., [182]
Montes, General, [316]
Monteverde, General, [363], [364], [367], [368], [370]
Montilla, General, [381]
Montt, Jorge, President of Chile, [220], [227]
Montt, Manuel, President of Chile, [199-201];
proclaims martial law, [201]
Montt, Pedro, [228]
Montufar, Carlos, [314]
Montufar, Juan, [313]
Moquegua, [124]
Morales, General, [277], [370], [372], [383]
Moreno, Garcia, President of Ecuador, long administration of, [335-339], [462];
character of, [336]
Morgan, sacked Maracaibo, [354]
Morillo, Marshal, in Venezuela, [370-372], [436-439];
report of, [375];
resigns, [380]
Mosquera, Tomas, President of Columbia, [452], [454], [455], [458], [460-464]
Mosquito Coast, the, [419]
Munecas, priest, [259]
Murillo, President of Colombia, [459], [462], [466]
N
Napo River, the, [300]
Napoleon. See Bonaparte
Nariño, Dictator of Colombia, [431], [432], [434]
Narvarte, Doctor, [390]
Naxichi, battle at, [16]
Negroes, [70], [273], [351], [352], [357], [394], [416], [422], [425]
Neiva (city), [416]
Neiva, President of New Granada, [420]
New Granada, captain-general of, subject to viceroy of Peru, [67];
viceroyalty of, created, [71], [308], [312], [426];
jurisdiction of, [420];
revolutionary junta installed in, [76];
war of independence in, [86], [98], [101], [261], [312], [317], [318], [320], [322], [326], [370], [435], [442];
provinces in Colombian confederation, [376], [443];
opposition to Bolivar's government in, [385], [387];
recognises independence of Venezuela and Ecuador, [388], [452];
name of, extended to presidency of Bogotá, [419];
influence of first president of, [452], [454];
army of, [452], [458];
constitution of 1832, [452], [455], [457];
name of, changed, [458], [459], [461].
See also Colombia.
"New Laws," the, [51], [54], [57], [59]
Nicaragua, [27], [403];
Canal, [485]
Nicuesa, Diego de, [404], [405]
Nieto, Dictator of Peru, [102]
Nitrates, [113], [114], [117], [277];
extent of region, [117], [206];
taxed, [118], [211]
Noboa, Diego, [334]
Nombre de Dios founded, [405]
"Nudos," [4], [8], [287], [291], [292]
Nuñez, Rafael, President of Colombia, [468];
political ideas of, [478-480];
death of, [481]
O
Oats, [66]
Obando, General, President of New Granada, [452], [454], [457], [458]
Ocana (city), captured, [366], [433];
national assembly held at, [385], [448];
founded, [420];
battle near, [437]
Ocumare, [359], [372]
O'Higgins, Ambrose, career of, [156], [158]
O'Higgins, Bernardo, gallantry of, [164];
saves Santiago, [166];
defeated, [167];
dictator, [171], [173], [181], [182], [190];
resignation of, [191]
Ojeda, Alonso de, explorations of, [22], [403];
names Venezuela, [347], [348]
Olañeta, renegade Argentine, [91];
death of, [97], [263-265]
Olives, [66], [159], [352]
Opon River, the, [410]
Oranges, [66]
Oratorio, battle of, [460]
Orbegoso, Dictator of Peru, [102-105]
Ordoñez, General, [171]
O'Reilly, General, [81]
Orellana, discoverer of the Amazon, [44], [300];
refounds Guayaquil, [299]
Orinoco, River, the, [78], [348], [355], [356], [374], [377], [442];
plains, [354], [367], [424], [441];
valley, [442]
Orton River, the, [279]
Oruro, silver mines of, [242], [249], [266], [277]
Osorio, General, re-establishes Spanish authority in Chile, [167], [168];
defeated by San Martin, [174], [176-181]
Osorno, founded, [143]; besieged, [145], [146]
Ospina, President of New Granada, [459-461]
Otavalo, capture of, [293], [294]
P
Pacamdré Indians, the, [293]
Pachacutec, See Yupanqui.
Pacheco, President of Bolivia, [278]
Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, [22], [404], [405]
Padilla, patriot leader, [258], [260]
Paez, José Antonio, patriot leader, [79], [371], [372], [375], [377], [380], [381], [385], [387];
Dictator and President of Venezuela, [389-391], [447], [450]
Paillamachu, Araucanian chief, [144-146]
Paita (city), [28]
Paita (province), [285], [288], [289]
Pampas, [78], [99], [149]
Pampas River, the, [94]
Pamplona, revolutionary junta in, [431]
Pamplona (province), [349], [366], [411], [416], [419], [437]
Panama (city), founded, [22], [23-25], [298], [341], [412];
Pizarro sends to, for aid, [39];
pan-American Congress at, [323]
Panama Canal, the, [470-472], [482], [485-489]
Panama, Gulf of, [27]
Panama hats, manufacture of, [342]
Panama, Isthmus of (province), [22], [23], [27], [69], [352], [404], [405], [417], [419], [420], [429], [432], [470]
Panama (province), audiencia of, [420], [426];
joins Colombian confederation, [443];
rebels against Colombia, [454]
Panama railway, the, [455], [480], [484], [488];
receipts from, [464], [470]
Panama, State of, [461], [463],466, [469], [470];
Colombian misrule in, [471], [478], [480], [481], [487];
declares independence, [471], [488];
republic of, recognised, [471], [488];
neutrality and free transit guaranteed to, by treaty of 1846, [480], [487], [488];
insurrections in, [484];
provisional government in, [488];
canal treaty with United States, [488], [489]
Pando, José Manuel, President of Bolivia, [280]
Paraguay, [67], [71], [248], [357]
Paraguay River, the, [280]
Paraná River, the, [249]
Pardo, Don Manuel, first civilian President of Peru, [114], [116];
aristocratic party founded by, [131]
Parra, President of Colombia, [466]
Pasco, [92]
Pasto (city) founded, [409], [413]
Pasto (province), [49], [312], [314], [316], [324];
part of presidency of Quito, [326], [327], [420];
high tableland of, [409], [414], [424], [454];
loyal to Spain, [432-434], [442], [444];
rebellion in, [451]
Paul, Rojas, [396]
Paya Pass, the, [377]
Peaches, [66]
Pearl fisheries, [348]
"Pelucones," [192]
Peons, impressment of, [394-396]
Perez, President of Chile, [202], [206]
Perez, Santiago, President of Colombia, [466]
Peru, early inhabitants of, [3], [4], [357];
antiquity of civilisation in, [3];
fertility of, [4], [8], [41], [44], [80];
climate of, [4], [285];
Inca empire established in, [5-20], [296];
system of irrigation in, [5], [6], [10];
copper mines of, [8], [117];
military roads in, [9], [10], [12], [28], [33], [36], [38], [59];
battles in, [11], [13], [16], [17], [19], [39], [43], [50], [56], [78], [88], [92], [93], [96], [97], [101], [105], [107], [110], [124], [125], [213], [272], [324];
Inca cities of, [20], [59], [60];
Spanish conquest of, [20-40], [58], [67], [297];
mineral wealth of, [24], [25], [27], [32], [36], [53], [65], [66], [69], [109], [113], [114], [116], [127], [128];
extent of, [28], [41], [44], [58], [67], [71];
Spanish cities in, [36], [44], [59], [60];
Indian rebellions in, [38], [72], [77];
governors of, [44], [49], [50], [52];
viceroyalty of, see Lima;
viceroys of, [50-52], [58], [60-63], [70], [72], [74], [78-80], [82], [84], [261], [301], [304], [308];
slavery prohibited in, [50], [57], [111];
industrial development of, [53], [108], [111], [113], [114], [127-129], [132];
revenue to Spain from, [53], [60], [64-66], [69], [77];
civil wars in, [57], [99-103], [106-108], [110], [113], [127];
Spanish colonial system established in, [61-66];
taxation in, [64], [66], [69], [109];
population of, [65];
university in, [67];
Spanish language in, [68];
religious conditions in, [68], [69], [132];
discovery of virtues of quinine, [70];
earthquakes in, [71];
Jesuits expelled from, [71];
creoles of, [72], [74], [76], [77], [84], [110], [123], [130];
revolutionary spirit in, [72-76], [81], [82];
navy of, [78], [101], [104], [109], [118], [197], [325];
war of independence in, [80-97], [185], [186], [261], [316];
Spaniards evacuate capital of, [84];
proclaimed a republic, [85];
financial conditions in, [89], [110], [114], [115], [130], [132];
congress of, [98], [99];
Bolivar, Dictator of, [98], [322], [447];
Bolivarian constitution imposed on, [99], [322];
revolts from Bolivar's government, [99-101], [270], [323], [324], [448];
state of anarchy in, [101-103];
further constitutions of, [102], [111];
at war with Chile, [104], [119-125], [190], [197], [198];
capital of, captured by Chileans, [125], [126], [212], [213];
at war with Bolivia, [104], [273];
treaty of peace with Bolivia, [105];
commerce in, [108];
railways in, [109], [113], [122], [128];
debt of, [109], [114], [128];
insurrections in, [110], [113], [114], [116], [123], [130-132];
immigration into, encouraged, [111];
treaty of alliance with Chile, against Spain, [112];
naval battles of, [112], [119-121], [212];
at war with Spain, [112], [203], [204], [337];
revenue from nitrates, [113], [114];
first civilian president of, [114];
guano deposits of, [116], [127], [128];
currency of, [116];
treaty of alliance with Bolivia, [118], [119];
nitrate region owned by, [117], [119], [121], [122], [212];
loses nitrate province, [123], [125];
losses of, in Chilean war, [125], [127];
mediation of United States between Chile and, [125];
treaty of peace with Chile, [127];
reorganisation of, [128];
British creditors of, [128];
rubber industry in, [129];
political conditions in, [130-132];
hopeful signs of the times for, [131];
cause of revolutions in, [132];
Upper, formed into republic of Bolivia, [240], [266-268];
re-establishes independent existence, [272];
at war with Colombia, [324], [451];
surrenders southern provinces, [324]
Peru-Bolivian Confederation, the, [101-103], [105], [197], [197], [270-273], [281]
Peruvian bonds, [114], [116]
Peruvian Corporation, the, [128], [129]
Pezet, President of Peru, [111], [112]
Pezuela, General, [82], [260]
Philip II. of Spain, [53], [54], [61]
Piar, negro chief, [372], [374]
Pichincha, battle of, [86], [444]
Pierola, General, [116], [123], [126], [130];
President of Peru, [131]
Pigeons, [66]
Pigs, [66]
Pinto, Anibal, President of Chile, [209], [213]
Pinto, General, President of Chile, [193]
"Pipiolas," [192]
Pisagua captured, [122]
Pisco, [80], [81]
Piura (city) founded, [60], [297]
Piura (province), [288]
Piura, valley of, [291]
Pizarro, Francisco, the conqueror of Peru, early life of, [21], [22];
with Ojeda and Balboa, [22], [404], [405];
partners of, [23];
failure of first exploring expedition, [23];
second expedition of, [23-25];
authorised by Charles V. to conquer Peru, [25], [26];
third expedition of, [26], [27];
reinforced by de Soto, [27];
lands in northern Peru, [27], [28], [297];
meets Inca emperor, [29];
treachery of, [28-34], [238];
establishes Spanish government, [35], [44];
founds cities, [36], [44];
territory awarded to, [36], [41];
crushes Indian rebellion, [38-40];
Almagro quarrels with, [41-43];
treachery of, towards Almagro, [42], [43], [48], [136], [239];
extends Spanish conquest throughout Inca empire, [44], [136], [240], [407], [408];
conspiracy against, [46];
murder of, [47-50], [300];
character of, [48]
Pizarro, Gonzalo, valour of, [26], [56];
at siege of Cuzco, [38];
capture of, [42];
Governor of Quito, [44], [299-301];
Governor of Peru, [50-53], [240], [301];
defeat and death of, [56], [240], [301]
Pizarro, Hernando, joins expedition to conquer Peru, [26], [38];
capture and release of, [42], [43];
capture and death of Almagro by, [43], [136];
develops mining industry of Bolivia, [44];
establishes feudal lordships, [239], [240]
Pizarro, Juan, [26], [38]
Plantain introduced into Ecuador, [303], [308]
Plate provinces, the, [71]
Plate River, the, [67], [245], [251];
Valley, [155], [236]
Platinum, [424]
Plaza, Leonidas, President of Ecuador, [341]
Poll-taxes, [64], [243], [427]
Popayán (city) founded, [409]
Popayán (province), [49], [53], [301], [312], [314], [408], [409], [417], [424], [432], [433], [444], [454];
part of presidency of Quito, [324-327], [420];
lost to Ecuador, [327]
Portales, Chilean statesman, [194], [196], [197];
death of, [197], [198]
Porto Bello captured, [429]
Portuguese, the, [67], [261], [316]
Potatoes, native to South America, [3], [4], [8], [238], [248], [287], [290], [303], [332], [343], [352];
introduced into Europe, [66]
Potosí, silver mines of, [44], [53], [65], [99], [240], [241], [258];
yield of silver from, [278]
Poultry introduced into South America, [66], [151]
Prado, General, President of Peru, [112], [116], [123]
Presidencies, [71], [418], [420], [426]
Preston, Amyas, [351]
Prieto, General, President of Chile, [194], [196-198]
Printing-press, the, [245]
Promancians, the, [138]
Puerreyedon, Argentine dictator, [183]
Puerto Cabello, [347], [359], [360], [366], [372];
British attacks on, [356];
captured by patriots, [382], [383], [385]
Pumacagua, Indian leader, [77]
Puna, bleak plateau of, [36], [236], [239], [268]
Puna, island of, [27], [292]
Puno, [97]
Purus River, the, [280]
Puzuela, General, Viceroy of Peru, [78]
Q
Quartz mining in Bolivia, [246]
Quesada, Jimenez de, conquest of, [410], [412-414];
founds Bogotá, [413];
exiled, [417];
names New Granada, [419]
Quiapo, Spanish victory at, [144]
Quichua language, official medium of Inca empire, [9], [10], [238], [295], [306];
reduced to a written language, [306]
Quicksilver, discovery of, in Peru, [241]
Quillin, treaty of, [150]
Quillota, [224]
Quindio mountain range, [409], [411]
Quinine, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
discovery of virtue of, [70];
origin of name, [70]
Quinoa grain, the, native to South America, [3], [4], [238], [290], [303]
Quintana, Dictator of Chile, [173], [174]
Quinua, village of, [95]
Quito (city), the Cara capital, [12], [307], [341];
Incas possess, [13], [14], [59], [238];
Spanish occupation of, [44], [49], [53], [406], [413], [416];
revolutionary spirit in, [76], [313], [314], [334], [335], [339], [383], [430], [432];
city of convents, [306];
population of, [307], [308];
French scientific monuments in, [309]
Quito (province), Cara kingdom of, [11], [286-288];
the shiri of, [12], [14], [290];
Inca conquest of, [12], [18], [293], [294];
Spanish conquest of, [28], [36], [38], [299];
erected into a presidency, [71], [308], [309], [323], [324], [326], [327], [418], [426];
under jurisdiction of New Granada (Bogotá), [308], [420];
audiencia of, [308];
declared independent, [324];
provinces attached to presidency of, [420]
Quizquiz, Indian general, [17];
defeats Huascar, [19], [20], [35], [238], [296];
defeated by Pizarro, [33], [34], [297]
R
Rada, Juan de la, [46], [49]
Railroads in Bolivia, [279], [280];
in Chile, [203];
in Peru, [54], [113], [277]
Ramirez, Spanish general, [77], [78]
Rancagua, battle of, [167-170]
Reyes, General, President of Colombia, [471], [472]
Reyes, Lake of, [92]
Rice, [66], [303]
Riesco, German, President of Chile, [228]
Rimac, valley of the, [36]
Riobamba, [12], [288], [292], [293], [298]
Rio Negro, battle at, [457]
Riva Aguëro, President of Peru, [76], [88], [89]
Rivas, patriot commander, [370]
Riveralta, [279], [280]
Robledo, Jorge, [408]
Robles, Colonel, [221]
Robles, President of Ecuador, [334], [335]
Roca, Ramon, President of Ecuador, [333]
Rocafuerte, Vicente, President of Ecuador, [328-330];
wise administration of, [330-332]
Romana, President of Peru, [131]
Rosas, Doctor, Governor of Chile, [154];
title of, [154];
founds university, [154];
establishes radical junta, [162], [163]
Rubber, forests, exploitation of, [129];
Bolivia furnishes large per cent. of, [280]
S
Saenz, Manoela, [450]
Sagamoso, valley of, [377]
St. Vincent, battle of, [311]
Salabarrieta, Policarpo ("La Pola"), fate of, [439]
Salaverry, Dictator of Peru, [102], [103]
Salgar, President of Colombia, [465]
Salt, [353], [424]
Salta, gauchos of, [259]
Samano, General, [316], [433], [437], [439-441]
Sanclemente, President of Colombia, [469], [482]
San Felipe, university of, founded, [154]
San Felix, battle of, [374]
San Fernando, fortress of, [374], [375]
San Francisco hill, battle at, [122]
San Francisco, mining camp at, [350]
San Juan, valley of, [149]
San Luiz, valley of, [149]
San Martin, General, equips "Army of the Andes," wins battle of Chacabuco, and liberates Chile, [78], [168-171], [184], [261], [317];
creates a fleet, [79], [172-174], [183], [184];
raises armies for conquest of Peru, [80-82], [84], [171-174], [176], [178], [185], [186], [262];
proclaims independence of Peru, [85];
President of Peru, [85];
resigns presidency, [88], [263], [321];
famous interview of, with Bolivar, [86], [321];
declines governorship of Chile, [171];
defeat of, [176-173];
wins battle of Maipo, [179-181];
one of the greatest of South American patriots, [318]
San Miguel founded by Spanish, [36], [297]
San Roman, General, President of, Peru, [111]
Santa Cruz (city), [249], [258], [279]
Santa Cruz, General, commands Peruvian army, [88];
defeat of, [89], [90], [262], [263];
Dictator of Bolivia, [101], [102];
President of Peru-Bolivian Confederation, [103], [104], [197], [270], [271];
overthrow of, [105], [198], [272]
Santa Maria, President of Chile, [213]
Santa Marta (city), [326], [406], [414], [436]
Santa Marta Mountains, [403]
Santander, [442-444], [446-448];
first legal President of Colombia (New Granada), [450], [452];
title of, [454]
Santander (city), "Rebellion of the Communes" in, [427]
Santander, State of, [460], [461], [467]
Santiago (city), [11], [126], [135], [142],
[145], [186], [223-225];
revolutionary junta installed in, [76], [160], [161];
founded, [137];
discovery of gold near, [138];
population of, [151];
universities established in, [154], [198];
social centre of Chile, [158]
Sarsaparilla, [303]
Sayri Tupac, Inca emperor, [61], [62]
Sebastian founded, [404]
Segoria, battle of, [460]
Seville junta, the, [314], [360], [362]
Sheep introduced into South America, [66], [242], [243], [248]
Shiris, the, of Quito, [12], [14], [16], [287-296]
Silver, in Bolivia, [44], [239-242], [245], [246];
in Chile, [199], [208];
in Colombia, [424];
in Ecuador, [307];
in Peru, [24], [25], [53], [65], [66], [69], [117]
Sinu River, the, [408]
Slavery, Indian, [38], [69], [71], [242-244], [348], [406];
negro, [273], [394], [416], [422], [425]
Smallpox, ravages of, [142], [426]
Smuggling, [70], [71], [152], [251], [353], [354], [394], [425]
Socorro (city), revolutionary junta in, [431], [432]
Socorro, plateau province of, [312], [376], [413], [416], [437]
Solar, Vice-President of Peru, [130]
Sorata (city), the rival of Potosí, [246];
destroyed, [247]
de Soto, Hernando, [27]
Soublette, General, [390]
South America, animals native to, [3], [4], [238];
tribes of, [4], [5], [9], [13], [66], [238], [248], etc.;
productions of, [3], [5], [8], [66], [70], [238], [303];
Spanish law in, [61], [66], [200], [253], [304];
animals introduced into, [66], [242], [243];
benefits to, from Spanish occupation, [66], [151], [303];
commerce except with Spain forbidden to, [66], [69-71], [152], [251], [355], [356];
Lima the political, commercial, and social centre of, [67];
negroes imported into, [70], [416];
spread of revolutionary ideas in, [73], [74], etc.;
character of revolution in, [84];
plan for constitutional monarchy in, [84];
success of wars of independence in, [97], [188], [265], [318], [322], [383];
Argentine preponderance among republics of, [155];
description of Andean plateau of, [235], [285];
theatre of the war of independence in, [255];
revolution in, saved from extinction, [258];
plan for one great confederacy in, [269], [322];
countries of, [322];
harbours of, [341];
oldest city of, [348];
first independent republic in, [362];
oldest fortress in, [407], [428], [436];
manner of founding Spanish cities in, [424]
South Sea, the, [405]
Spain, conquest of South America by, see Peru, Chile, etc.;
royal commissioners sent from, [46], [49], [54], [417], [427];
colonial system of, [62 et seq.], [70], [243], [307], [351-356], [424], [427], [428];
colonial government of, [57], [59], [249], [301], [303], [353];
commercial monopoly of, [66], [69-71], [152], [250], [251], [352-356], [424];
war of succession in, [70], [152], [159], [250], [256], [311], [312], [354], [360], [370];
at war with France, [77], [159], [256], [311], [312];
revolution in, [82], [359], [370], [430], [443];
at war with Peru and Chile, [111], [112], [203], [204], [337];
reforms in system of colonial government of, [154], [253], [254], [301], [349], [417];
at war with England, [158]
Spanish, adventurers [21], [22], [26], [27], [53], [58], [67], [242], [300], [301], [348], [404], [407], [413], [414];
armies in South America, [29], [39], [50], [52], [80], [81], [141], [142], [144], [146], [147], [150], [155], [168], [170], [174], [181], [239], [253], [258-261], [263], [264], [298], [301], [315-318], [350], [366], [367], [371], [375], [376], [380], [413], [436], [437], [440], [443];
constitution, the, [370];
constitutional law, [304]
Spanish crown, revenue of, from Peru, [32], [53], [60], [64-66], [69], [77];
from South America, [417], [425]
Spanish fleet, [79], [80], [142], [174];
seizes Chincha Islands, [112], [203];
at Callao, [112], [186];
at Valparaiso, [204];
defeated, [360], [383];
at Cartagena, [436]
Sucré (Charcas), [44]
Sucré, General, Bolivar's great lieutenant, destroys Spanish army, [86];
takes Colombian army to Peru, [89], [264], [321];
wins battle of Ayachucho, [93-97], [266], [321], [322];
numbers and quality of army of, [95], [318];
first President of Bolivia, [99], [268], [322];
administration of, [269];
overthrow of, [270], [323];
wins battle of Pichincho, [318], [444];
murder of, [326], [452]
Sugar-cane, introduced into South America, [66], [303];
cultivation of, [111], [113], [308], [352], [355], [390], [428]
Sugar Loaf, the battle of, [105]
Suipacha, battle of, [256], [257]
Sun-god, worship of the, [5], [13], [298]
T
Tacna (city), revolutionary expedition to, [82];
result of campaign, [123], [213]
Tacna (province), [122], [123];
yielded to Chile, [127]
Talca (city), captured, [166];
independence of Chile proclaimed at, [176]
Talcahuano (city), [163], [164], [171], [174]
Tambo, battle of, [316], [437]
Tarapacá, province of Peru, [106];
nitrate deposits of, [212]
Tarija (city), [249]
Tarqui, decisive battle of, [324], [325]
Taxation, [64], [66], [69], [118], [152], [158], [211], [243], [269], [270], [276], [301], [307], [328], [336], [353], [424]
Teques Indians, the, [350]
Tiocajas nudo, [291];
battles of, [291], [293], [294], [298]
Titicaca, Lake, [8], [39], [54], [71], [78], [256], [258];
placer gold around, [240], [246];
Jesuit mission at, [245];
basin, [4], [11], [236], [239];
plateau, [8], [41], [99], [240];
copper and silver mines of, [8], [240]
Titu Yupanqui, [62], [63]
Toa, Cara Princess, [288]
Tobacco, Europe indebted to Peru for, [66];
in Chile, [159];
in Colombia, [424], [427];
in Venezuela, [352], [353], [355]
Tocaima (city), [416]
Tocuyo founded, [349], [350]
Toledo, Don Francisco de, founder of Spanish colonial system, [62-67];
arrives at Lima, [62];
puts to death last Inca emperor, [63];
Libro de Tasas of, [63]
Tolima, plateau of, [411], [419]
Tolima, State of, [467]
Tolu founded, [408]
"Toquis," [139], [144], [150]
Torata (city), [124]
Torico, General, [106]
Toro, Captain-General, [160], [161]
Torres, Camilo, Dictator, [437]
Trafalgar, battle of, [311]
Treaties, [117], [118], [150], [151], [206], [209], [210], [280], [281], [327], [470], [471], [480], [485-489]
Trinidad, Island of, captured by British, [356], [359]
Trujillo, birthplace of Pizarro, [21]
Trujillo (city) founded by Pizarro, [36], [60], [350]
Trujillo, province of Venezuela, [362], [363], [366]
Trujillo, President of Colombia, [468]
Tucuman (province), subject to viceroyalty of Lima, [67];
attached to viceroyalty of Buenos Aires, [78];
thinly populated, [78];
cattle-raising in, [243];
subject to audiencia of Charcas, [250];
battle of, [258]
Tumbez (city), [25], [53], [301];
Spaniards land at, [20], [28]
Tumibamba, Huascar captured at, [20]
Tumusla, [265]
Tundama, plateau of, [413]
Tunjá (city), founded, [414];
captured by Bolivar, [378]
Tunjá (province), [312], [376], [377], [413], [416]
Tupac Amaru, last Inca emperor, [62];
death of, [63]
Tupac Amaru, lineal descendant of Inca emperors, [72], [251];
heads Indian rebellion, [72], [251], [252];
cruel death of, [72], [253]
Tupac Yupanqui, Inca emperor, conquests of, [10], [11], [14], [18], [135], [289-292], [295];
death of, [12], [292]
U
Uira Cocha, Inca emperor, [8], [9]
Ulloa, ——, [308]
"Ulmens," [139], [150]
Umachiri, battle of, [78]
Union, the, [120], [123]
United States, the, threatened rupture between Great Britain and, [398];
recognises independence of Colombia, [446];
undertakes Panama Canal, [470], [471], [482], [485];
negotiations of, with Colombia, [470], [471], [488];
appealed to by Colombia, [471], [480];
neutrality and free transit guaranteed to Panama by, [480], [487], [488];
Colombia rejects treaty with, [486], [487];
recognises republic of Panama, [488];
treaty of, with Panama ratified, [488], [489]
United States of Colombia, the, [98], [99], [322], [378].
See Colombia.
Universities, [67], [154], [198]
Urbina, General, [334], [338]
Urco, Inca emperor, [9]
Urdaneta, General, [452]
Uruguay in possession of Portuguese, [261], [316]
V
Valdez, General, [88], [96], [262]
Valdivia (city), besieged, [141], [142], [145];
taken by Dutch, [150];
size of, [151];
strength of, [171], [187];
possessed by Spanish, [171], [185];
captured by patriots, [187]
Valdivia, Pedro de, conqueror of Chile, [43], [44], [137-139], [240];
cities founded by, [137], [139];
capture and death of, [141]
Valencia, founded, [350];
loyal to Spain, [363], [364], [439];
patriots in, [367], [369], [372]
Valmy, battle of, [359]
Valparaiso (city), [104], [119], [120], [262], [285], [317], [341];
size of, [151];
bombarded, [204];
battle at, [223-225]
Valparaiso Bay, [220]
Valverde, Friar, [30]
Varas, Chilean Minister, [200], [201]
Vargas, Doctor, President of Venezuela, [389]
Veintemilla, General, President of Ecuador, [339]
Vela, Blasco Nuñez de, Viceroy of Peru, [50-53]
Velez (city) founded, [410], [414]
Venezuela, sighted by Columbus [347];
named, [348];
cities founded in, [348-350], [352];
colonisation of, [348];
governors of, [349], [426];
fertility of, [349], [350], [352], [395];
granted to Welser family, [349];
settlement of, [349-351];
savage tribes of, [350];
subject to viceroyalty of Lima, [67];
under jurisdiction of Bogotá and Caracas, [71], [356], [419], [426];
revolutionary spirit in, [76], [358-361], etc.;
revolts against Bolivar, [79], [101], [323], [378];
war of independence in, [86], [261], [316], [317], [362], [364], [366-370], [378-383], [388], [434], [437], [451], [452];
in Colombian confederation, [98], [322], [376], [378], [384], [443];
Bolivarian constitution of, [99], [385];
separates from confederation, [99], [324], [385], [387], [388], [451];
cattle-raising in, [345], [355], [395];
topography of, [351], [352];
negro labour in, [351], [352], [357];
agricultural products of, [352], [358], [390], [395];
exports from, [352], [390];
commercial conditions of, [352-358], [390-392], [395], [396], [398], [399];
gold placers of, [352];
taxation in, [353], [389], [391], [392], [395];
education in, [353];
trading posts in, [354];
made a captaincy-general, [355], [419];
captains-general of, [356], [360], [361];
boundaries of, fixed, [356];
population of, [357], [390];
characteristics of population of, [357], [358];
Bonaparte claims allegiance of, [360];
first independent republic of South America, [362];
constitution of 1811, [362];
financial conditions in, [362], [394-396], [398];
earthquake in, [363];
important battles of war of independence in, [369], [374], [375], [378], [381-383];
impoverished by wars, [384], [394];
constitution of 1831, [389], [391], [394];
civil wars in, [387-392], [396-398];
political conditions in, [389-392];
roads built in, [390];
bank established in, [390];
slavery abolished, [391];
liberty of the press permitted, [392];
religious conditions in, [392], [395];
smuggling in, [394];
stable currency of, [395];
railroads built in, [395], [396];
debt of, [396];
boundary dispute with British Guiana, [398];
foreign relations of, [398];
navy of, destroyed, [398];
progress of, [399];
provinces under jurisdiction of, [426]
Vernon, Admiral, [428]
Viceroyalties, of Bogotá, [71], [250], [356], [420], [426];
of Buenos Aires, [71], [251];
of Lima, [50], [67], [250], [375];
of Quito, [86], [418], [420]
Vicuña, Claudio, President of Chile, [193], [194], [219], [226]
Vicuñas, [238]
Vidal, Dictator of Peru, [102], [106]
Vilcabamba, [40], [61], [63]
Vilcañota nudo, the, [4], [8]
Villapugio, battle of, [170], [258]
Villarica, gold-mines of, [144-146]
Viluma, battle of, [256], [260]
Vista Florida, Dictator of Peru, [102]
Vivanco, Peruvian general, [106]
W
Welser family, the, Venezuela granted to, [349]
Wheat introduced into South America, [66], [151], [211], [303], [332], [343], [352], [421], [428]
Wheelwright, William, establishes first Pacific steamship line, [198]
Windward Islands, the, [347]
Wool, [8]
Y
Yahuarcocha Lake, [294]
Yahuar Huaccac, Inca emperor, [8]
Yngavi, decisive battle of, [105], [107], [273]
Yucay, valley of, [61]
Yungay, battle of, [105], [198], [272]
Yupanqui, Inca emperor, [9]
Z
Zaldua, President of Colombia, [479]
Zaruma, plateau of, [288], [291]
Zenufana (Antioquia), [407]
The Story of the Nations.
In the story form the current of each National life is distinctly indicated, and its picturesque and noteworthy periods and episodes are presented for the reader in their philosophical relation to each other as well as to universal history.
It is the plan of the writers of the different volumes to enter into the real life of the peoples, and to bring them before the reader as they actually lived, labored, and struggled—as they studied and wrote, and as they amused themselves. In carrying out this plan, the myths, with which the history of all lands begins, will not be overlooked, though these will be carefully distinguished from the actual history, so far as the labors of the accepted historical authorities have resulted in definite conclusions.
The subjects of the different volumes have been planned to cover connecting and, as far as possible, consecutive epochs or periods, so that the set when completed will present in a comprehensive narrative the chief events in the great Story of the Nations; but it is, of course, not always practicable to issue the several volumes in their chronological order.
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THE STORY OF THE NATIONS.
GREECE. Prof. Jas. A. Harrison.
ROME. Arthur Gilman.
THE JEWS. Prof. James K. Hosmer.
CHALDEA. Z. A. Ragozin.
GERMANY. S. Baring-Gould.
NORWAY. Hjalmar H. Boyesen.
SPAIN. Rev. E. E. and Susan Hale.
HUNGARY. Prof. A. Vámbéry.
CARTHAGE. Prof. Alfred J. Church.
THE SARACENS. Arthur Gilman.
THE MOORS IN SPAIN. Stanley Lane-Poole.
THE NORMANS. Sarah Orne Jewett.
PERSIA. S. G. W. Benjamin.
ANCIENT EGYPT. Prof. Geo. Rawlinson.
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THE HANSA TOWNS. Helen Zimmern.
EARLY BRITAIN. Prof. Alfred J. Church.
THE BARBARY CORSAIRS. Stanley Lane-Poole.
RUSSIA. W. R. Morfill.
THE JEWS UNDER ROME. W. D. Morrison.
SCOTLAND. John Mackintosh.
SWITZERLAND. R. Stead and Mrs. A. Hug.
PORTUGAL. H. Morse-Stephens.
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. C. W. C. Oman.
SICILY. E. A. Freeman.
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JAPAN. David Murray.
THE CHRISTIAN RECOVERY OF SPAIN. H. E. Watts.
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BOHEMIA. C. E. Maurice.
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THE BALKAN STATES. William Miller.
BRITISH RULE IN INDIA. R. W. Frazer.
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THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Alfred T. Story. Two vols.
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THE SOUTH AMERICAN REPUBLICS. Thomas C. Dawson. Two vols.
PARLIAMENTARY ENGLAND. Edward Jenks.
Heroes of the Nations.
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HEROES OF THE NATIONS.
NELSON. By W. Clark Russell.
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS. By C. R. L. Fletcher.
PERICLES. By Evelyn Abbott.
THEODORIC THE GOTH. By Thomas Hodgkin.
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY. By H. R. Fox-Bourne.
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HENRY OF NAVARRE. By P. F. Willert.
CICERO. By J. L. Strachan-Davidson.
ABRAHAM LINCOLN. By Noah Brooks.
PRINCE HENRY (OF PORTUGAL) THE NAVIGATOR. By C. R. Beazley.
JULIAN THE PHILOSOPHER. By Alice Gardner.
LOUIS XIV. By Arthur Hassall.
CHARLES XII. By R. Nisbet Bain.
LORENZO DE' MEDICI. By Edward Armstrong.
JEANNE D'ARC. By Mrs. Oliphant.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. By Washington Irving.
ROBERT THE BRUCE. By Sir Herbert Maxwell.
HANNIBAL. By W. O'Connor Morris.
ULYSSES S. GRANT. By William Conant Church.
ROBERT E. LEE. By Henry Alexander White.
THE CID CAMPEADOR. By H. Butler Clarke.
SALADIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole.
BISMARCK. By J. W. Headlam.
ALEXANDER THE GREAT. By Benjamin I. Wheeler.
CHARLEMAGNE. By H. W. C. Davis.
OLIVER CROMWELL. By Charles Firth.
RICHELIEU. By James B. Perkins.
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CONSTANTINE. By J. B. Firth.
MOLTKE. By Spencer Wilkinson.
JUDAS MACCABÆUS. By Israel Abrahams.
SOBIESKI. By F. A. Pollard.
ALFRED THE TRUTHTELLER. By Frederick Perry.
FREDERICK II. By A. L. Smith.
MARLBOROUGH. By C. W. C. Oman.
RICHARD THE LION-HEARTED By T. A. Archer.
WILLIAM THE SILENT. By Ruth Putnam.
CHARLES THE BOLD. By Ruth Putnam.
GREGORY VII. By F. Urquhart.
MAHOMET. By D. S. Margoliouth.
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS, Publishers,
New York, London.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES:
1. Images have been moved from the middle of a paragraph to the closest paragraph break.
2. The punctuation in the idex was made consistent.
3. The following misprints have been corrected:
"COLUMBIA" corrected to "COLOMBIA" (page x)
"slaughterd" corrected to "slaughtered" (page 43)
"agressive" corrected to "aggressive" (page 286)
"recalcitant" corrected to "recalcitrant" (page 296)
"stategist" corrected to "strategist" (page 375)
"familes" corrected to "families" (page 422)
"succeded" corrected to "succeeded" (page 460)
"surborned" corrected to "suborned" (page 464)
"Gautemala" corrected to "Guatemala" (page 491)
"Bogatá" corrected to "Bogotá" (page 508)
4. Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in spelling, punctuation, hyphenation, and ligature usage have been retained.