CHAPTER V.
Bolts—Capping Tool—Gate Hook—Hay Hook—Welded Ring—Expansion of Heated Iron.
Exercise No. 11.
Bolts may be made in one piece by upsetting the end of a bar, then squaring the head by driving the piece into a heading tool. A bolt may also be made by welding a collar around the end of a bar after which the head is squared.
Fig. 88.
[Figure 88] shows a welded bolt head. After the stock is cut to proper length, the collar for the head is made. It is heated and hammered over the horn of the anvil to make it round. The end of the collar is now cut off on the hardie, cutting clear thru from one side and giving it a bevel. The other end is cut from the opposite side giving it a bevel also. See drawing at A. The collar is driven on the end of the bar while the collar is cold and the bar is hot. When the collar is hammered on the end of the bar, there should be about ⅛-in. crack. See drawing at B. The reason is that, in welding, the collar is lengthened. Hammering stretches the metal, and it must have end room. When the collar is ready the bar is heated on the end and upset just a little. A heat is then taken, and the collar is welded by striking it on four sides, letting the opening form one of the corners. The bolt is then inserted into a ½-in. hole in a heading tool to smooth the end of the head with a hammer. A cupping tool is next set on to the head and given a few good blows with the hammer. This bevels the top corners of the square head. A cupping tool is a piece of tool steel with a half round depression in one end. See [Figure 89].
Fig. 89.
Fig. 90.
The heads of bolts can be beveled with the hammer, instead of with a cupping tool. [Figure 90] shows a tool to be used in the vise to make heads on light rods. The rod is heated and inserted into the hole; then the vise is tightened after which the ends are hammered down.
Exercise No. 12.—Forging a Gate Hook.
[Figure 91] shows the length and size of stock which should be of soft steel. One and one-half inches from each end of the bar is marked with a center punch. One end is drawn round to a point. The other is hammered round for the eye. See [Figure 92]. In the drawing [Figure 93], the eye and the hook are shown turned. The center part of the hook is square and is to be twisted. This is done by heating the square part to a uniform heat and cooling each end. The hook is then twisted with two pairs of tongs, or it may be caught in a vise and twisted with one pair of tongs. See drawing of the finished hook, [Figure 94].
Fig. 91 (above). Fig. 92 (below).
Fig. 93. Fig. 94.
Fig. 95. Horn.
[Figure 95] shows a tool called a horn; it fits into the square hole of the anvil. It is used to turn very small eyes at the end of a bar. A piece of 1½-in. round soft steel is used in making it, by drawing the end square to fit the hole in the anvil. It is afterwards bent over and the taper drawn as shown.
Exercise No. 13—Making a Hay Hook.
[Figure 96] shows the stock which should be soft steel, to be used in making a Hay Hook. The eye is first turned, using 11 inches of the bar. The end is then heated and drawn to a point after which it is bent as shown in the drawing.
Fig. 96. Hay Hook.
Exercise No. 14—Welding Ring.
Fig. 97.
[Figure 97] shows a drawing for a ring to be made from ½-in. round stock cut 10 inches long. The whole is heated red at one time and then formed into shape by hammering it over the horn as shown in [Figure 98]. The ends are now heated and scarfed in the same manner as described for the welded link. When they are lapped and ready for welding, they should look like [Figure 99]. Notice that the ring is made egg shape so that a heat may be taken directly on the ends of the scarfs and not at the sides. The ring when welded is formed round.
Another method of welding rings is to upset the ends and then form the rings. It is scarfed as explained above. This is seldom done in practical work because it is too slow, and the other method is about as strong.
Fig. 98. Fig. 99.
In welding the ring, it is handled in the same manner as in welding links. To find the amount of stock for rings, the inside diameter plus the thickness of stock is multiplied by 3.1416 or 3⅐. To this is added enough stock for the lap of the weld. For example a ring is required of one-inch stock. The inside measure is 10 inches. Solution: (10 + 1) × 3⅐ = 11 × 3⅐ = 34⁴⁄₇ + ½ inch for welding.
In heating a piece of iron to be formed into a ring, it should never be heated to the welding heat. A welding heat on any piece of work that is not to be hammered destroys the texture of the metal. Any piece of work to be formed, should be heated evenly and not too hot.
Iron when heated expands. For example, if a piece of stock 12 by 1 by ⁵⁄₁₉ in. is heated red its entire length and then measured, it will be about 12¼ in. long. When the piece is cooled it will go back to its original length of twelve inches.
In making bands or tires for wagons, they are made a little short, then heated and put on, letting them shrink to their original size, which makes them tight.
Wrought Iron Lantern.