Collected Essays, Volume V / Science and Christian Tradition: Essays

by Thomas Henry Huxley

FOOTNOTES:

[107] Nineteenth Century, February 1891, pp. 339-40.

[108] Neither is it of any consequence whether the locality of the supposed miracle was Gadara, or Gerasa, or Gergesa. But I may say that I was well acquainted with Origen's opinion respecting Gergesa. It is fully discussed and rejected in Riehm's Handwörterbuch. In Kitto's Biblical Cyclopædia (ii. p. 51) Professor Porter remarks that Origen merely "conjectures" that Gergesa was indicated: and he adds, "Now, in a question of this kind conjectures cannot be admitted. We must implicitly follow the most ancient and creditable testimony, which clearly pronounces in favour of Γαδαρηνὡν. This reading is adopted by Tischendorf, Alford, and Tregelles."

[109] I may call attention, in passing, to the fact that this authority, at any rate, has no sort of doubt of the fact that Jewish Law did not rule in Gadara (indeed, under the head of "Gadara," in the same work, it is expressly stated that the population of the place consisted "predominantly of heathens"), and that he scouts the notion that the Gadarene swineherds were Jews.

[110] The evidence adduced, so far as post-exile times are concerned, appears to me insufficient to prove this assertion.

[111] Even Leviticus xi. 26, cited without reference to the context, will not serve the purpose; because the swine is "cloven-footed" (Lev. xi. 7).

[112] 1st Gospel: "And the devils besought him, saying, If Thou cast us out send us away into the herd of swine." 2d Gospel: "They besought him, saying, Send us into the swine." 3d Gospel: "They intreated him that he would give them leave to enter into them."

[113] See Marquardt, Römische Staatsverwaltung, Bd. III. p. 408.

[114] Nineteenth Century, March 1889 (p. 362).

[115] "The Value of Witness to the Miraculous." Nineteenth Century, March 1889.

[116] I cannot ask the Editor of this Review to reprint pages of an old article,—but the following passages sufficiently illustrate the extent and the character of the discrepancy between the facts of the case and Mr. Gladstone's account of them:—

"Now, in the Gadarene affair, I do not think I am unreasonably sceptical if I say that the existence of demons who can be transferred from a man to a pig does thus contravene probability. Let me be perfectly candid. I admit I have no à priori objection to offer.... I declare, as plainly as I can, that I am unable to show cause why these transferable devils should not exist." ... ("Agnosticism," Nineteenth Century, 1889, p. 177).

"What then do we know about the originator, or originators, of this groundwork—of that threefold tradition which all three witnesses (in Paley's phrase) agree upon—that we should allow their mere statements to outweigh the counter arguments of humanity, of common sense, of exact science, and to imperil the respect which all would be glad to be able to render to their Master?" (ibid. p. 175).

I then go on through a couple of pages to discuss the value of the evidence of the synoptics on critical and historical grounds. Mr. Gladstone cites the essay from which these passages are taken, whence I suppose he has read it; though it may be that he shares the impatience of Cardinal Manning where my writings are concerned. Such impatience will account for, though it will not excuse, his sixth proposition.

[117] The wicked, before being annihilated, returned to the world to disturb men; they entered into the body of unclean animals, "often that of a pig, as on the Sarcophagus of Seti I. in the Soane Museum."—Lenormant, Chaldean Magic, p. 88, Editorial Note.

END OF VOL. V

---

THOMAS H. HUXLEY'S WORKS.
Collected. Essays, 12mo, cloth, $1.25 per volume.
Vol. 1. Method and Results.
" 2. Darwiniana.
" 3. Science and Education.
" 4. Science and Hebrew Tradition.
" 5. Science and Christian Tradition.
" 6. Hume.
" 7. Man's Place in Nature.
" 8. Discourses, Biological and Geological.
" 9. Evolution and Ethics, and Other Essays.
The Crayfish:
An Introduction to the Study of Zoölogy.
With 82 Illustrations. 12mo, cloth, $1.75.
Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated
Animals. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $2.50.
Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated
Animals. Illustrated. 12mo, cloth, $2.50.
Physiography:
An Introduction to the Study of Nature. With
Illustrations and Colored Plates. 12mo, cloth, $2.50.
The Origin of Species;
Or, The Causes of the Phenomena of Nature.
12mo, cloth, $1.00.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

"THE BOOK OF THE YEAR."

LIFE AND LETTERS OF THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY
By his Son, LEONARD HUXLEY.
In two volumes. Illustrated. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00 net.
"This very complete revelation of the character and work of
a man who must be regarded as one of the forces which gave
character to the nineteenth century will be welcomed by a
far wider circle of readers than that which is interested in
Huxley's strictly scientific researches.... These two richly
interesting volumes are sure to be widely read."—London
Times.
"It 'goes without saying' what precious freight was carried
by Huxley's letters.... These two delightful
volumes."—London Chronicle.
"Huxley's life was so full, so active, so many-sided, in
touch with such a number of interesting people, that this
work appeals to all sorts and conditions of men.... An
admirably written biography."—London Standard.
"His letters are a self-revelation of the man, his work, his
ambitions, his trials, his views of religion, his
philosophy, his public activity and domestic happiness....
Whoso reads these volumes will feel that he knows better a
man worth knowing, and the number who will read them will be
great."—London Telegraph.
"Huxley's career makes a wonderful story."—London Mail.
"Mr. Leonard Huxley has given the world many extremely
valuable and interesting letters, all characteristic, and he
has connected them by a well-written consecutive narrative
which is sufficient to weave them together."—London News.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

RECENT BOOKS BY DISTINGUISHED SPECIALISTS.

THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF ANIMALS.
By Prof. JOSEPH LE CONTE.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
EVOLUTION BY ATROPHY.
By JEAN DEMOOR, JEAN MASSART, and ÉMILE VANDERVELDE.
A new volume in the International Scientific Series.
12mo, Cloth, $1.50.
FOOT-NOTES TO EVOLUTION.
A Series of Popular Addresses on the Evolution of Life.
By DAVID STARR JORDAN, Ph.D.,
President of Leland Stanford Junior University.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
OUTLINES OF THE EARTH'S HISTORY.
A Popular Study in Physiography.
By Prof. N.S. SHALER, of Harvard University.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
STUDIES OF GOOD AND EVIL.
By JOSIAH ROYCE,
Professor of the History of Philosophy in Harvard University.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
EVOLUTION ETHICS AND ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY.
By E.P. EVANS,
Author of "Animal Symbolism in Ecclesiastical Architecture," etc.
12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
WAGES AND CAPITAL.
An Examination of the Wages Fund Doctrine.
By F.W. TAUSSIG, Professor of Political Economy in Harvard University,
Author of "Tariff History of the United State" and
"The Silver Situation in the United States."
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
WHAT IS ELECTRICITY?
By Prof. JOHN TROWBRIDGE, of Harvard University.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SUGGESTION.
A Research into the Subconscious Nature of Man and Society.
By BORIS SIDIS, M.A., Ph.D.,
Associate in Psychology at the Pathological Institute
of the New York State Hospitals.
With an Introduction by Prof. William James, of Harvard University.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK

---

SPENCER'S SYNTHETIC PHILOSOPHY, 12mo, cloth, $2.00 per volume.

NEW EDITION OF
First Principles.
By HERBERT SPENCER. New and revised (sixth) edition of the
first volume of the author's Synthetic Philosophy.
This fundamental and most important work has been changed in
substance and in form to a considerable extent, and largely
rewritten and wholly reset. It is now forty years since the
author began the "First Principles," and its presentation in
this definitive form, with the author's last revisions, is
an event of peculiar interest and consequence. While
experience has not caused him to recede from the general
principles set forth, he has made some important changes in
the substance and form. His amendments of matter and manner
are now final.
The contents of the several volumes of the series are as
follows:
1. First Principles.
I. The Unknowable.
II. The Knowable.
2. The Principles of Biology. Vol. 1.
I. The Data of Biology.
II. The Inductions of Biology.
III. The Evolution of Life.
3. The Principles of Biology. Vol. 2.
IV. Morphological Development.
V. Physiological Development.
VI. Laws of Multiplication.
4. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 1.
I. The Data of Psychology.
II. The Inductions of Psychology.
III. General Synthesis.
IV. Special Synthesis.
V. Physical Synthesis.
5. The Principles of Psychology. Vol. 2.
VI. Special Analysis.
VII. General Analysis.
VIII. Congruities.
IX. Corollaries.
6. The Principles of Sociology. Vol. 1.
I. The Data of Sociology.
II. The Inductions of Sociology.
III. The Domestic Relations.
7. The Principles of Sociology. Vol. 2.
IV. Ceremonial Institutions.
V. Political Institutions.
8. The Principles of Sociology. Vol. 3.
VI. Ecclesiastical Institutions.
VII. Professional Institutions.
VIII. Industrial Institutions.
9. The Principles of Ethics. Vol. 1.
I. The Data of Ethics.
II. The Inductions of Ethics.
III. The Ethics of Individual Life.
10. The Principles of Ethics. Vol. 2.
IV. The Ethics of Social Life: Justice.
V. The Ethics of Social Life: Negative Beneficence.
VI. The Ethics of Social Life: Positive Beneficence.

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

BOOKS BY PROF. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT.

THE SCIENTIFIC ASPECTS OF CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES.
By G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D., F.G.S.A.,
Professor of the Harmony of Science and Revelation, Oberlin College;
Author of "The Logic of Christian Evidences,"
"The Ice Age in North America," etc.
Illustrated. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
This volume contains the ripest fruit of the author's varied
studies along the several cognate lines of evidence which
converge with special power in recent times to shed light
upon the foundations of Christianity. Among the subjects
discussed are Limits of Scientific Thought, Paradoxes of
Science, God and Nature, Darwinism and Design, Mediate
Miracles, Beyond Reasonable Doubt, The Newly Discovered
External Evidences, The Evidence of Textual Criticism,
Internal Evidence of the Early Date of the Gospel, and
Positive Results of the Cumulative Evidence. These chapters
are an elaboration of the Lowell Institute Lectures
delivered in Boston in 1896.
GREENLAND ICEFIELDS, AND LIFE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC.
With a New Discussion of the Causes of the Ice Age.
By G. FREDERICK WRIGHT, D.D., LL.D., F.G.S.A., Author of
"The Ice Age in North America," "Man and the Glacial
Period," etc., and WARREN UPHAM, A.M., F.G.S.A., late of the
Geological Surveys of New Hampshire, Minnesota, and the
United States. With numerous Maps and Illustrations. 12mo.
Cloth, $2.00.
THE ICE AGE IN NORTH AMERICA, and its Bearings upon the Antiquity of Man.
With an Appendix on "The Probable Cause of Glaciation," by
WARREN UPHAM, F.G.S.A., Assistant on the Geological Surveys
of New Hampshire, Minnesota, and the United States. New and
enlarged edition. With 150 Maps and Illustrations. 8vo, 625
pages, and Index. Cloth, $5.00.
MAN AND THE GLACIAL PERIOD.
International Scientific Series.
With numerous Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
"The earlier chapters describing glacial action, and the
traces of it in North America—especially the defining of
its limits, such as the terminal moraine of the great
movement itself—are of great interest and value The maps
and diagrams are of much assistance in enabling the reader
to grasp the vast extent of the movement."—London
Spectator.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY'S PUBLICATIONS.

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS OF HERBERT SPENCER.
SOCIAL STATICS.
New and revised edition, including "The Man versus The
State." A series of essays on political tendencies
heretofore published separately. 12mo. 420 pages. Cloth,
$2.00.
"Mr. Spencer has thoroughly studied the issues which are
behind the social and political life of our own time, not
exactly those issues which are discussed in Parliament or in
Congress, but the principles of all modern government, which
are slowly changing in response to the broader industrial
and general development of human experience. One will obtain
no suggestions out of his book for guiding a political party
or carrying a point in economics, but he will find the
principles of sociology, as they pertain to the whole of
life, better stated in these pages than he can find them
expressed anywhere else. It is in this sense that this work
is important and fresh and vitalizing. It goes constantly to
the foundation of things."—Boston Herald.
VARIOUS FRAGMENTS,
12mo. Cloth, $1.25.
Along with a considerable variety of other matter, these
"Fragments" include a number of replies to criticisms, among
which will be found some of the best specimens of Mr.
Spencer's controversial writings, notably his letter to the
London Athenæum on Professor Huxley's famous address on
Evolutionary Ethics. His views on copyright, national and
international, "Social Evolution and Social Duty," and
"Anglo-American Arbitration," also form a part of the
contents.
EDUCATION: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical.
12mo. Paper, 50 cents; cloth, $1.25.
CONTENTS: What Knowledge is of most Worth? Intellectual
Education. Moral Education. Physical Education.
THE STUDY OF SOCIOLOGY.
The fifth volume in the International scientific Series.
12mo. Cloth, $1.50.
CONTENTS: Our need of it. Is there a Social Science? Nature
of the Social Science. Difficulties of the Social Science.
Objective Difficulties. Subjective Difficulties,
Intellectual. Subjective Difficulties, Emotional, The
Educational Bias. The Bias of Patriotism. The Class Bias.
The Political Bias. The Theological Bias. Discipline.
Preparation in Biology. Preparation in Psychology.
Conclusion.
THE INADEQUACY OF "NATURAL SELECTION."
12mo. Paper, 30 cents.
This essay, in which Professor Weismann's theories are
criticised, is reprinted from the Contemporary Review, and
comprises a forcible presentation of Mr. Spencer's views
upon the general subject indicated in the title.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

PIONEERS OF SCIENCE IN AMERICA.

Sketches of their Lives and Scientific Work.
Edited and revised by WILLIAM JAY YOUMANS, M.D.
With Portraits. 8vo, Cloth, $4.00.
Impelled solely by an enthusiastic love of Nature, and
neither asking nor receiving outside aid, these early
workers opened the way and initiated the movement through
which American science has reached its present commanding
position. This book gives some account of these men, their
early struggles, their scientific labors, and, whenever
possible, something of their personal characteristics. This
information, often very difficult to obtain, has been
collected from a great variety of sources, with the utmost
care to secure accuracy. It is presented in a series of
sketches, some fifty in all, each with a single exception
accompanied with a well-authenticated portrait.
"Fills a place that needed filling, and is likely to be
widely read."—N.Y. Sun.
"It is certainly a useful and convenient volume, and
readable too, if we judge correctly of the degree of
accuracy of the whole by critical examination of those cases
in which our own knowledge enables us to form an opinion....
In general, it seems to us that the handy volume is
specially to be commended for setting in just historical
perspective many of the earlier scientists who are neither
very generally nor very well known."—New York Evening
Post.
"A wonderfully interesting volume. Many a young man will
find it fascinating. The compilation of the book is a work
well done, well worth the doing."—Philadelphia Press.
"One of the most valuable books which we have
received."—Boston Advertiser.
"A book of no little educational value.... An extremely
valuable work of reference."—Boston Beacon.
"A valuable handbook for those whose work runs on these same
lines, and is likely to prove of lasting interest to those
for whom 'les documents humain' are second only to history
in importance—nay, are a vital part of history."—Boston
Transcript.
"A biographical history of science in America, noteworthy
for its completeness and scope.... All of the sketches are
excellently prepared and unusually interesting."—Chicago
Record.
"One of the most valuable contributions to American
literature recently made.... The pleasing style in which
these sketches are written, the plans taken to secure
accuracy, and the information conveyed, combine to give them
great value and interest. No better or more inspiring
reading could be placed in the hands of an intelligent and
aspiring young man."—New York Christian Work.
"A book whose interest and value are not for to-day or
to-morrow, but for indefinite time."—Rochester Herald.
"It is difficult to imagine a reader of ordinary
intelligence who would not be entertained by the book....
Conciseness, exactness, urbanity of tone, and
interestingness are the four qualities which chiefly impress
the reader of these sketches."—Buffalo Express.
"Full of interesting and valuable matter."—The Churchman.
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.

---

PIONEERS OF EVOLUTION, from Thales to Huxley.

By EDWARD CLODD, President of the Folk-Lore Society;
Author of "The Story of Creation,"
"The Story of 'Primitive' Man," etc.
With Portraits. 12mo. Cloth. $1.50.
"The mass of interesting material which Mr. Clodd has got
together and woven into a symmetrical story of the progress
from ignorance and theory to knowledge and the intelligent
recording of fact is prodigious.... The 'goal' to which Mr.
Clodd leads us in so masterly a fashion is but the starting
point of fresh achievements, and, in due course, fresh
theories. His book furnishes an important contribution to a
liberal education."—London Daily Chronicle.
"We are always glad to meet Mr. Clodd. He is never dull; he
is always well informed, and he says what he has to say with
clearness and precision.... The interest intensifies as Mr.
Clodd attempts to show the part really played in the growth
of the doctrine of evolution by men like Wallace, Darwin,
Huxley, and Spencer.... We commend the book to those who
want to know what evolution really means."—London Times.
"This is a book which was needed.... Altogether, the book
could hardly be better done. It is luminous, lucid, orderly,
and temperate. Above all, it is entirely free from personal
partisanship. Each chief actor is sympathetically treated,
and friendship is seldom or never allowed to overweight
sound judgment."—London Academy.
"We can assure the reader that he will find in this work a
very useful guide to the lives and labors of leading
evolutionists of the past and present. Especially
serviceable is the account of Mr. Herbert Spencer and his
share in rediscovering evolution, and illustrating its
relations to the whole field of human knowledge. His
forcible style and wealth of metaphor make all that Mr.
Clodd writes arrestive and interesting."—London Literary
World.
"Can not but prove welcome to fair-minded men.... To read it
is to have an object-lesson in the meaning of evolution....
There is no better book on the subject for the general
reader.... No one could go through the book without being
both refreshed and newly instructed by its masterly survey
of the growth of the most powerful idea of modern
times."—The Scotsman.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.

---

EVOLUTION OF MAN AND CHRISTIANITY.

New edition. By the Rev. HOWARD MACQUEARY.
With a new Preface, in which the Author answers his Critics,
and with some important Additions. 12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
"This is a revised and enlarged edition of a book published
last year. The author reviews criticisms upon the first
edition, denies that he rejects the doctrine of the
incarnation, admits his doubts of the physical resurrection
of Christ, and his belief in evolution. The volume is to be
marked as one of the most profound expressions of the modern
movement toward broader theological positions."—Brooklyn
Times.
"He does not write with the animus of the destructive
school; he intends to be, and honestly believes he is, doing
a work of construction, or at least of reconstruction.... He
writes with manifest earnestness and conviction, and in a
style which is always clear and energetic."—Churchman.
HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE.
By Dr. JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER.
12mo. Cloth, $1.75.
"The key-note to this volume is found in the antagonism
between the progressive tendencies of the human mind and the
pretensions of ecclesiastical authority, as developed in the
history of modern science. No previous writer has treated
the subject from this point of view, and the present
monograph will be found to possess no less originality of
conception than vigor of reasoning and wealth of
erudition."—New York Tribune.
A CRITICAL HISTORY OF FREE THOUGHT IN REFERENCE TO THE CHRISTIAN RELIGION.
By Rev. Canon ADAM STOREY FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S., etc.
12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
"A conflict might naturally be anticipated between the
reasoning faculties of man and a religion which claims the
right, on superhuman authority, to impose limits on the
field or manner of their exercise. It is the chief of the
movements of free thought which it is my purpose to
describe, in their historic succession, and their connection
with intellectual causes. We must ascertain the facts,
discover the causes, and read the moral."—The Author.
CREATION OR EVOLUTION? A Philosophical Inquiry.
By GEORGE TICKNOR CURTIS,
12mo. Cloth, $2.00.
"A treatise on the great question of Creation or Evolution
by one who is neither a naturalist nor theologian, and who
does not profess to bring to the discussion a special
equipment in either of the sciences which the controversy
arrays against each other, may seem strange at first sight;
but Mr. Curtis will satisfy the reader, before many pages
have been turned, that he has a substantial contribution to
make to the debate, and that his book is one to be treated
with respect. His part is to apply to the reasonings of the
men of science the rigid scrutiny with which the lawyer is
accustomed to test the value and pertinency of testimony,
and the legitimacy of inferences from established
facts."—New York Tribune.
"Mr. Curtis's book is honorably distinguished from a sadly
too great proportion of treatises which profess to discuss
the relation of scientific theories to religion, by its
author's thorough acquaintance with his subject, his
scrupulous fairness, and remarkable freedom from
passion."—London Literary World.
D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue, New York.

---

THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY.

A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom.
By ANDREW D. WHITE, LL.D., late President and
Professor of History at Cornell University.
In two volumes. 8vo. Cloth, $5.00.
"The story of the struggle of searchers after truth with the
organized forces of ignorance, bigotry, and superstition is
the most inspiring chapter in the whole history of mankind.
That story has never been better told than by the
ex-President of Cornell University in these two volumes....
A wonderful story it is that he tells."—London Daily
Chronicle.
"A literary event of prime importance is the appearance of
'A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in
Christendom.'"—Philadelphia Press.
"Such an honest and thorough treatment of the subject in all
its bearings that it will carry weight and be accepted as an
authority in tracing the process by which the scientific
method has come to be supreme in modern thought and
life."—Boston Herald.
"A great work of a great man upon great subjects, and will
always be a religio-scientific classic."—Chicago Evening
Post.
"It is graphic, lucid, even-tempered—never bitter nor
vindictive. No student of human progress should fail to read
these volumes. While they have about them the fascination of
a well-told tale, they are also crowded with the facts of
history that have had a tremendous bearing upon the
development of the race."—Brooklyn Eagle.
"The same liberal spirit that marked his public life is seen
in the pages of his book, giving it a zest and interest that
can not fail to secure for it hearty commendation and honest
praise."—Philadelphia Public Ledger.
"A conscientious summary of the body of learning to which it
relates accumulated during long years of research.... A
monument of industry."—N.Y. Evening Post.
"A work which constitutes in many ways the most instructive
review that has ever been written of the evolution of human
knowledge in its conflict with dogmatic belief.... As a
contribution to the literature of liberal thought, the book
is one the importance of which can not be easily
overrated."—Boston Beacon.
"The most valuable contribution that has yet been made to
the history of the conflicts between the theologists and the
scientists."—Buffalo Commercial.
"Undoubtedly the most exhaustive treatise which has been
written on this subject.... Able, scholarly, critical,
impartial in tone and exhaustive in treatment."—Boston
Advertiser.
New York: D. APPLETON & CO., 72 Fifth Avenue.

---

A NEW BOOK BY PROF. GROOS.

THE PLAY OF MAN.
By KARL GROOS, Professor of Philosophy in the University of
Basel, and author of "The Play of Animals." Translated, with
the author's cooperation, by Elizabeth L. Baldwin, and
edited, with a Preface and Appendix, by Prof. J. Mark
Baldwin, of Princeton University. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50 net;
postage, 12 cents additional.
The results of Professor Groos's original and acute
investigations are of peculiar value to those who are
interested in psychology and sociology, and they are of
great importance to educators. He presents the
anthropological aspects of the subject treated in his
psychological study of the Play of Animals, which has
already become a classic. Professor Groos, who agrees with
the followers of Weismann, develops the great importance of
the child's play as tending to strengthen his inheritance in
the acquisition of adaptations to his environment. The
influence of play on character, and its relation to
education, are suggestively indicated. The playful
manifestations affecting the child himself and those
affecting his relations to others have been carefully
classified, and the reader is led from the simpler exercises
of the sensory apparatus through a variety of divisions to
inner imitations and social play. The biological, æsthetic,
ethical, and pedagogical standpoints receive much attention
from the investigator. While this book is an illuminating
contribution to scientific literature, it is of eminently
practical value. Its illustrations and lessons will be
studied and applied by educators, and the importance of this
original presentation of a most fertile subject will be
appreciated by parents as well as by those who are
interested as general students of sociological and
psychological themes.
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, NEW YORK.