| [CHAPTER I.] |
| The Prehistoric Foreworld. |
| B.C. | | PAGE |
| Palæolithic Man in Britain | [1] |
| Neolithic Man in Britain | [3] |
| Pre-Celtic stone-workers | [4] |
| Celtic workers in bronze and iron | [5] |
| Brythons and Goidels | [6] |
| Dolicho-cephalic and Brachy-cephalic men | [7] |
| [CHAPTER II.] |
| Cæsar in Britain. |
| Pytheas the geographer: his description of Britain | [8] |
| Cæsar’s conquest of Gaul | [9] |
| 55. | His first invasion of Britain. The voyage | [11] |
| The landing | [13] |
| First skirmish and naval disaster | [14] |
| British war-chariots | [15] |
| Return to Gaul and thanksgivings in Rome | [16] |
| 54. | Second invasion. Cassivellaunus heads the resistance of the Britons | [17] |
| Battle of the Thames | [18] |
| Mandubracius, a rival candidate to Cassivellaunus | [18] |
| Cassivellaunus makes a nominal submission | [19] |
| Cæsar returns to Gaul | [19] |
| Cæsar’s description of Britain | [20] |
| His motives for the invasion | [21] |
| Note on Cæsar’s points of arrival and departure in his expeditions to Britain | [23] |
| [CHAPTER III.] |
| The Century of Suspense. |
| Coin-kings of Britain— |
| Commius | [26] |
| Tincommius, Verica and Eppilus | [26] |
| Dubnovellaunus | [26] |
| Tasciovanus at Verulamium | [27] |
| Cunobelinus: Shakespeare’s Cymbeline | [28] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] |
| The Roman Conquest of Britain. |
| A.D. | | |
| 41. | Claudius, Emperor of Rome | [29] |
| Aulus Plautius, commander of expedition to Britain | [30] |
| Mutinous disposition of the troops | [31] |
| Battle of the Medway (?) | [31] |
| Claudius arrives to complete the conquest | [32] |
| Camulodunum captured | [32] |
| 44. | Cogidubnus and Prasutagus, subject allies of Rome | [33] |
| 47. | Aulus Plautius returns to Rome | [34] |
| Ostorius Scapula, the new legatus | [35] |
| War against the Silures | [35] |
| 51. | Caratacus defeated: sent a captive to Rome | [36] |
| 52. | Didius Gallus, governor | [37] |
| 59. | Veranius, governor | [37] |
| Suetonius Paulinus conquers the Druids of Anglesey | [38] |
| Revolt of the Iceni under Boadicea | [39] |
| Camulodunum sacked | [41] |
| London and Verulam sacked | [42] |
| Defeat and death of Boadicea | [43] |
| 61. | Recall of Suetonius | [44] |
| Trebellius Maximus, an incompetent governor | [45] |
| 71. | Petillius Cerialis, governor, subdues the Brigantes | [46] |
| 75. | Julius Frontinus completes the conquest of the Silures | [46] |
| 78. | Agricola, governor, conquers the Ordovices | [47] |
| Wise administration of Agricola | [47] |
| 79. | Probable foundation of Eburacum | [48] |
| 80. | Agricola subdues all the country up to the river Tanaus | [49] |
| 81. | Possible foundation of some of the stations on the Roman Wall | [50] |
| 82–84. | Agricola’s Caledonian campaigns | [50] |
| 84. | Recall of Agricola | [51] |
| [CHAPTER V.] |
| The Roman Occupation. |
| The Roman Wall between Tyne and Solway | [53] |
| Circa 120. | Probably built by Hadrian | [54] |
| Manner of its construction | [55] |
| The Prætenturæ or camps on the line of the wall | [56] |
| Troops garrisoning the wall | [57] |
| Circa 140. | Wall of Antoninus Pius between Firths of Forth and Clyde | [58] |
| 185. | Ulpius Marcellus, governor | [59] |
| 208. | The Emperor Severus in Britain | [60] |
| Builder or rebuilder of the wall (?) | [61] |
| 211. | Severus dies at Eburacum | [62] |
| Third century a time of disintegration of the empire | [63] |
| 284. | Accession of Diocletian. His system of partnership-emperors | [64] |
| 287–293. | Usurpation of Carausius | [65] |
| 293. | Carausius assassinated by Allectus | [65] |
| 296. | Emperor Constantius overthrows Allectus | [66] |
| 306. | Death of Constantius. Proclamation of Constantine | [67] |
| 367. | Theodosius (father of the emperor) checks the ravages of the barbarians in Britain and relieves London | [68] |
| 383. | Usurpation of Maximus | [69] |
| The Notitia Imperii | [70] |
| 409. | The usurper Constantine withdraws the legions to Gaul | [72] |
| Roman roads | [73] |
| Sepulchral inscriptions | [74] |
| Mithraism and Christianity | [75] |
| Character of Roman occupation of Britain | [77] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] |
| The Anglo-Saxon Conquest. |
| Previous location of Jutes and Saxons | [80] |
| Angles related to Longobardi | [81] |
| Latin authors on the Anglo-Saxon conquest— |
| The chronicler, Prosper Tiro | [82] |
| Life of Germanus | [83] |
| English authors on the conquest— |
| Bede | [86] |
| The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle on the conquest— | [87] |
| Kent | [88] |
| Sussex | [89] |
| Wessex | [90] |
| Deira and Bernicia | [94] |
| British version of the conquest— |
| Gildas | [95] |
| Nennius | [100] |
| Summary of results— | [107] |
| Did King Arthur exist? | [107] |
| 500 or 516? | British victory of Mount Badon | [99], [107] |
| 577. | Victory of Ceawlin, the West Saxon, at Deorham | [92], [107] |
| March of King Cunedag from Lothian to Wales | [102] |
| Did the Anglo-Saxon conquest involve the extermination of the Britons? | [110] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] |
| The Coming of Augustine. |
| 553. | Procopius held Britain to be the abode of departed spirits | [113] |
| 577? | Gregory and the Anglian lads in the Forum at Rome | [115] |
| 596. | Gregory sends Augustine to Britain | [116] |
| 597. | Interview of the missionaries with Ethelbert, King of Kent | [117] |
| Ethelbert baptised | [119] |
| Augustine sends report of his mission to Rome | [120] |
| 597. | Gregory’s reply and letters to the Kentish king and queen | [121] |
| Essex partly converted. St. Paul’s Church in London built | [122] |
| Conferences of Augustine with Welsh bishops | [123] |
| 605? | Death of Augustine. He is succeeded by Laurentius | [125] |
| 616. | Death of Ethelbert | [125] |
| Ethelbert as Bretwalda | [126] |
| The kings of Kent and Essex apostatise | [127] |
| Vision of Archbishop Laurentius. The King of Kent returns to Christianity | [128] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] |
| Edwin of Deira. |
| Anglian settlement of Northumbria | [131] |
| 547. | Ida, King of Bernicia. His building of Bamburgh | [132] |
| 593–617. | Reign of Ethelfrid, grandson of Ida | [133] |
| 603. | Battle with the Scots at Dawston Burn | [134] |
| 613. | Battle with the Welsh at Chester | [135] |
| Early history of Edwin, son of Aelle, King of Deira | [136] |
| 617. | Edwin defeats Ethelfrid at the river Idle | [137] |
| Edwin as Bretwalda | [138] |
| 625. | Marriage with Ethelburga of Kent | [139] |
| 626. | Attempted assassination of Edwin | [140] |
| Edwin and Paulinus | [141] |
| Debate at Goodmanham. Acceptance of Christianity | [142] |
| 627. | Baptism of Edwin and his family | [142] |
| 633. | Battle of Heathfield against Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon of Wales. Edwin defeated and slain | [144] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] |
| Oswald of Bernicia. |
| 563. | St. Columba and the religious settlement of Iona | [147] |
| 615. | Oswald, son of Ethelfrid takes refuge at Iona | [150] |
| 633. | Consequences of the Battle of Heathfield. Disastrous reign of Osric and Eanfrid | [151] |
| 634. | Oswald returns to Northumbria. Victory of Heavenfield over Cadwallon | [152] |
| Oswald rules from Bamburgh | [154] |
| St. Aidan’s mission planted at Lindisfarne | [155] |
| Oswald as Bretwalda | [157] |
| 642. | Oswald defeated by Penda at Maserfield and slain | [158] |
| Canonisation of Oswald | [159] |
| [CHAPTER X.] |
| Oswy and Penda. |
| Early history of Mercia | [160] |
| Conversion of Wessex by Birinus | [161] |
| Conversion of East Anglia | [163] |
| 637. | Egric, King of East Anglia, slain in battle with Penda | [164] |
| 654. | His successor, Anna, shares the same fate | [165] |
| Oswy reigns in Bernicia and Oswin in Deira | [165] |
| Marriage of Oswy with Eanfled, daughter of Edwin | [165] |
| Murder of Oswin, King of Deira | [167] |
| Death of St. Aidan | [167] |
| Ravages of Penda | [168] |
| Penda’s son, Peada, converted to Christianity | [169] |
| 655. | Battle of the Winwaed. Penda defeated by Oswy and slain | [170] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] |
| Territorial Changes—The Conference at Whitby—The Great Plague. |
| History of Northumbria. Alchfrid, King of Deira | [171] |
| The Bewcastle Cross | [172] |
| 658. | History of Mercia. Wulfhere, son of Penda, throws off the yoke of Oswald | [173] |
| 653. | Sigebert, King of Essex, becomes Christian | [175] |
| Temporary relapse of East Saxons into heathenism | [176] |
| Wars between Wessex and Mercia | [178] |
| Division between Celtic and Roman Churches on the question of date of Easter | [179] |
| 664. | Synod convoked at Whitby to settle this question | [180] |
| Chief combatants on either side | [182] |
| First appearance of Wilfrid | [183] |
| The dispute settled in favour of the Roman Easter | [186] |
| Ravages of the great plague | [188] |
| 671. | Death of Oswy | [190] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] |
| King Egfrid and Three Great Churchmen: Wilfrid, Theodore, Cuthbert. |
| 671–685. | Chief events of Egfrid’s reign | [191] |
| Wilfrid, Bishop of York: his journey to Gaul | [193] |
| Ceadda appointed in Wilfrid’s absence | [195] |
| Theodore of Tarsus chosen for see of Canterbury | [195] |
| 669. | Theodore arrives in England | [196] |
| He restores Wilfrid to diocese of York | [198] |
| Egfrid’s wives: Etheldreda and Ermenburga | [199] |
| Magnificence of Wilfrid | [200] |
| Ermenburga and Theodore both hostile to Wilfrid | [201] |
| 678. | Wilfrid’s diocese divided against his will | [202] |
| He appeals to Rome | [203] |
| Wilfrid’s imprisonment and exile | [204] |
| His missionary work in Sussex | [204] |
| 678. | Early life of St. Cuthbert | [205] |
| 685. | He is made Bishop of Lindisfarne | [207] |
| 685. | King Egfrid’s death on the battlefield of Nechtansmere miraculously revealed to St. Cuthbert | [207] |
| Aldfrid, King of Northumbria | [208] |
| 687. | Death of St. Cuthbert | [208] |
| 690. | Death of Theodore | [209] |
| 687. | Wilfrid returns to his diocese | [209] |
| 692. | The quarrel breaks out again. Wilfrid’s second journey to Rome | [209] |
| 705. | Death of Aldfrid. Usurpation of Eadulf. Accession of Osred | [210] |
| Synod by the Nidd: the dispute with Wilfrid settled | [211] |
| 709. | Death of Wilfrid | [212] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] |
| The Legislation of King Ine. |
| 686. | Cadwalla, King of Wessex | [215] |
| 688. | His pilgrimage to Rome | [216] |
| Ine reigns over Wessex | [216] |
| 726. | His abdication and pilgrimage to Rome | [217] |
| Laws of early Kentish kings | [218] |
| 693. | Ine promulgates his laws | [219] |
| Open-field system of agriculture | [221] |
| Position of the ceorl (free husbandman) | [223] |
| Position of the theow (serf) | [225] |
| Law of the wergild | [227] |
| Position of the thegn | [228] |
| Position of the ealdorman | [229] |
| Compurgation or oath-helping | [229] |
| 693. | The kings and their witan | [231] |
| Note on Anglo-Saxon money— |
| Pounds, shillings and pence | [233] |
| History of prices: purchasing power of money | [234] |
| Special monetary terms: Mancus, Thrymsa, etc. | [235] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] |
| The Eighth Century. |
| Review of the life of Bede | [237] |
| 735. | Death of Bede | [239] |
| 709. | Death of Aldhelm, Bishop of Sherborne: his literary works | [241] |
| The poet Cynewulf: verses on the Ruthwell Cross | [242] |
| Religious decline: Bede’s letter to Archbishop Egbert | [243] |
| Sham monasteries | [244] |
| Rapid succession of Northumbrian kings: Ceolwulf and Eadbert | [245] |
| Circa 756. | Northumbrian capital transferred to Corbridge | [247] |
| 716–757. | Ethelbald, King of Mercia | [249] |
| His wars with Wessex | [249] |
| 757–796. | Offa, King of Mercia | [250] |
| Offa’s Dyke | [251] |
| Correspondence between Offa and Charlemagne | [252] |
| 786. | Cynewulf, King of Wessex—romantic story of his death | [255] |
| 784–802. | Beorhtric, King of Wessex: his evil-minded wife, Eadburh | [255] |
| [CHAPTER XV.] |
| Early Danish Invasions—Egbert and Ethelwulf. |
| 790. | First affray with the Danes | [257] |
| Scandinavian ravages in the ninth century | [259] |
| Danish methods of fighting | [261] |
| Consolidation of England due to the Danes | [262] |
| 802. | Egbert becomes King of the West Saxons | [263] |
| 829. | Egbert, Overlord of Mercia, and Bretwalda | [264] |
| Northumbria recognises Egbert’s supremacy | [264] |
| 835–838. | Danish raids | [265] |
| 839. | Death of Egbert: accession of Ethelwulf | [265] |
| Ethelwulf’s ministers: Swithun and Ealhstan | [266] |
| 851. | Victory over the Danes at Ockley | [267] |
| 853. | War with Rhodri Mawr, King of Wales | [267] |
| 855. | Ethelwulf with his little son Alfred visits Rome | [268] |
| He endows the Schola Saxonum at Rome | [270] |
| 856. | His second marriage to Judith, daughter of Charles the Bald | [270] |
| Rebellion of Ethelbald and division of the kingdom | [271] |
| Death of Ethelwulf. His testamentary gifts | [271] |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] |
| Ethelwulf’s Sons—Danish Invasions to the Baptism of Guthrum. |
| 848. | Birth of Alfred the Great | [272] |
| His childhood: two visits to Rome | [273] |
| Episode of the book of ballads | [273] |
| 858. | Ethelbald marries his father’s widow, Judith | [274] |
| 860. | Death of Ethelbald: accession of Ethelbert | [275] |
| 866. | Ethelbert succeeded by Ethelred: Alfred Secundarius | [275] |
| Danish invasions. Martyrdom of St. Edmund, King of East Anglia | [277] |
| 871. | “The year of battles” | [278] |
| Battle of Aescesdune: the Danes defeated | [279] |
| Death of Ethelred: accession of Alfred | [280] |
| The Danes harry Mercia | [281] |
| 875–883. | Wanderings of the body of St. Cuthbert | [282] |
| 876. | Danish attacks on Wessex renewed under Guthrum | [283] |
| 877. | Danes at Chippenham: Alfred retires to Athelney | [283] |
| 878. | Ubba slain: Alfred defeats the Danes at Ethandune | [284] |
| “Peace of Wedmore.” Baptism of Guthrum | [285] |
| [CHAPTER XVII.] |
| Alfred at Peace. |
| 878–892. | Fourteen years of comparative peace | [286] |
| Circa 886. | Aelfredes and Guthrumes Frith: its conditions: boundary between the two nations | [287] |
| Family life of Alfred | [289] |
| His mysterious sicknesses | [290] |
| His exertions to raise the intellectual level of his subjects: foreign scholars invited to his court | [291] |
| His translation of Gregory’s Regula Pastoralis | [292] |
| His translation of Orosius’s History | [293] |
| Narrative of Arctic voyager Ohthere | [294] |
| His share in composition of Saxon Chronicle | [295] |
| His translation of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History | [295] |
| His translation of Boethius’s Consolation of Philosophy | [296] |
| Administration of his household | [298] |
| Alfred’s Dooms | [299] |
| Greater leniency in the penalties inflicted, as compared with those under Ine | [301] |
| Local moots | [302] |
| Condition of the servile class | [303] |
| Folcland and Bocland | [304] |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] |
| Alfred’s Last Days. |
| 892. | Danish invasions recommenced | [307] |
| 893. | Faithlessness of the pirate Hasting | [309] |
| 894. | The Danes at Chester | [310] |
| 895. | Danish encampment by the river Lea | [311] |
| 896. | End of the invasion: pestilence | [312] |
| 897. | Alfred’s navy: sea-fight at the Isle of Wight | [313] |
| 900? | Death of Alfred: his burial-place | [314] |
| Note on the extent of the Danelaw— |
| Distribution of the Danes in districts east of the Watling Street boundary as evidenced by place-names | [315] |
| [CHAPTER XIX.] |
| Edward and His Sons. |
| 900. | Accession of Edward “the Elder” | [318] |
| 900–904? | Rebellion of Ethelwald | [319] |
| Conquest of Danish kingdoms beyond the Watling Street | [320] |
| 912–918. | Prowess of Edward’s sister Ethelfled, “the Lady of the Mercians”. Her fortresses | [321] |
| Edward continues her work of castle-building | [323] |
| 924. | Alleged recognition of Edward as overlord by Constantine II., King of Scots | [325] |
| 924–925. | Death of Edward: accession of Athelstan | [328] |
| Doubts as to Athelstan’s legitimacy | [329] |
| Character of Athelstan. His relation to continental powers | [330] |
| Story of the adoption of Hakon of Norway | [331] |
| Dealings with Northumbria and the Scots | [332] |
| 937. | Battle of Brunanburh. Discussion of its site | [334] |
| Ballad of Brunanburh | [335] |
| Athelstan as “King of all Britain,” and Basileus | [336] |
| Mysterious death of Athelstan’s brother, Edwin | [337] |
| 940. | Death of Athelstan. Succeeded by his brother Edmund | [338] |
| 942. | Edmund delivers the Five Boroughs from Danish thraldom | [340] |
| 943. | Wulfstan, Archbishop of York, helps the Danes against Edmund | [340] |
| 945. | Alleged “cession of Cumberland” to Malcolm, King of Scotland | [341] |
| 946. | Edmund assassinated by a robber. Accession of Edred | [339] |
| 948. | Eric, of Denmark, chosen King of Northumbria. Edred’s war with him and Archbishop Wulfstan | [342] |
| 954. | End of the Northumbrian kingdom | [342] |
| 955. | Death of Edred | [343] |
| [CHAPTER XX.] |
| Edgar and Dunstan. |
| 955–959. | Short and troublous reign of Edwy | [344] |
| Early history of Dunstan | [345] |
| Coronation banquet of Edwy. Dunstan forces Edwy to return to his nobles | [349] |
| 957. | Banishment of Dunstan | [350] |
| 958. | Archbishop Oda annuls the marriage of Edwy and Elfgiva | [351] |
| 957. | Edgar set up against Edwy. Division of the kingdom | [351] |
| 958–959. | Death of Edwy. Edgar sole king | [352] |
| Recall of Dunstan, who is made Bishop of Worcester | [352] |
| 960. | Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury | [352] |
| 966. | Westmorland harried by Thored | [353] |
| 968. | Thanet harried by Edgar | [353] |
| Monastic reform; expulsion of canonici | [354] |
| Oswald and Ethelwold help on the reform | [355] |
| 973. | Edwin’s coronation. Water pageant on the Dee | [356] |
| Legendary dealings with Scottish and Welsh kings | [357] |
| Story of Edgar’s immense navy | [357] |
| Character of Edgar. His marriage with Elfrida | [359] |
| 975. | Death of Edgar | [359] |
| [CHAPTER XXI.] |
| Edward the Martyr—Old Age of Dunstan—Normans and Northmen. |
| 975. | Accession of Edward “the Martyr” | [360] |
| Anti-monastic policy of Elfhere in Mercia. Banishment of Oslac, Earl of Northumbria | [361] |
| 977–979. | Three meetings of the Witenagemot on the monastic question. Catastrophe at Calne | [362] |
| 978. | Edward assassinated at Corfe | [364] |
| Accession of Ethelred II. | [365] |
| Closing years of Dunstan. His remonstrances against Ethelred’s spoliation of Church lands at Rochester | [365] |
| 988. | Death of Dunstan | [365] |
| Story of the Dukes of Normandy | [367] |
| 927. | Duke William Longsword | [368] |
| 943. | Duke Richard the Fearless | [369] |
| Origin of the house of Plantagenet | [370] |
| Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark | [371] |
| Sweyn of Denmark dethrones his father | [371] |
| Harold Fair-hair, King of Norway | [372] |
| [CHAPTER XXII.] |
| Ethelred the Redeless. |
| Imbecility of this king | [374] |
| Severe criticisms of the Saxon Chronicle on his management of affairs | [375] |
| 982–1016. | Calendar of thirty-four years of Danish invasions | [376] |
| 991. | Lay of Brihtnoth, hero of the battle of Maldon | [378] |
| Saxon armour | [381] |
| Payments of tribute to the Danes: gafol (commonly called Danegeld) | [382] |
| 992. | Beginning of the “inexplicable treasons” of Ealdorman Elfric | [383] |
| 994. | Sweyn and Olaf Tryggvason invade England | [384] |
| Bishop Alphege ambassador to Olaf | [384] |
| 995–1000. | Subsequent career of Olaf Tryggvason | [385] |
| 1000. | Norway conquered by Denmark and Sweden | [385] |
| Ethelred ravages Cumberland | [385] |
| 1002. | Marriage of Ethelred to Emma of Normandy | [386] |
| Massacre of Danes on St. Brice’s Day | [387] |
| 1008. | Taxation ordered for building of ships | [388] |
| 1009. | Treasons of Ealdorman Edric Streona | [388] |
| London vainly attacked by the Danes | [389] |
| 1011. | Canterbury sacked by the Danes | [389] |
| 1012. | Archbishop Alphege martyred | [390] |
| 1013. | Sweyn and his son Canute land in England | [391] |
| The English submit. Ethelred flees to Normandy | [392] |
| 1014. | Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred | [393] |
| 1014. | Canute’s brutal mutilation of hostages | [394] |
| 1015. | More villainies of Edric Streona | [394] |
| 1016. | Edmund Ironside, son of Ethelred, continues the war | [395] |
| Death of Ethelred. Accession of Edmund II. (Ironside) | [396] |
| Series of battles between Edmund and Canute | [396] |
| Edmund defeated at Assandune | [397] |
| Partition of the kingdom. Death of Edmund | [397] |
| [CHAPTER XXIII.] |
| Canute and His Sons. |
| 1016. | Canute sole King | [399] |
| Edwy “King of the Ceorls” | [399] |
| Four great earls under Canute | [401] |
| Edric killed: Thurkill banished | [401] |
| 1017. | Canute marries Emma, widow of Ethelred | [402] |
| Numerous executions | [402] |
| Family of Leofwine | [402] |
| Godwine, son of Wulfnoth | [403] |
| 1018. | Danish troops dismissed | [404] |
| 1023. | Translation of the body of St. Alphege | [405] |
| Northumbrian and Scottish affairs | [406] |
| 1018. | Great Scottish victory at Carham: loss of the Lothians | [408] |
| 1031. | Malcolm II. owns the supremacy of Canute | [409] |
| 1026. | Canute’s pilgrimage to Rome | [410] |
| Alliance with Emperor Conrad II. | [413] |
| 1025. | Canute’s unsuccessful campaign against St. Olaf, King of Norway | [415] |
| Canute orders the murder of Jarl Ulf, his brother-in-law | [414] |
| 1028. | St. Olaf defeated. Norway conquered | [414] |
| Relations with Normandy | [415] |
| 1035. | Death of Canute | [416] |
| England divided between his sons Harold Harefoot and Harthacnut | [417] |
| 1036. | Unsuccessful expedition of the Etheling Alfred | [418] |
| His murder, and cruel treatment of his followers | [419] |
| 1037. | Queen Emma banished to Flanders | [420] |
| Disputes between Harold and Archbishop Ethelnoth | [420] |
| 1040. | Death of Harold: accession of Harthacnut | [421] |
| Severe tax laid upon the people | [421] |
| 1041. | Edward, son of Ethelred, invited over from Normandy | [421] |
| 1042. | Death of Harthacnut | [422] |
| [CHAPTER XXIV.] |
| Legislation of the Later Kings. |
| Importance of property in cattle | [424] |
| Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ: Insurance against cattle-stealing | [425] |
| 1042. | The Anglo-Saxon Hundred and its gemôt | [428] |
| The Danish wapentake | [429] |
| The Anglo-Saxon burh and its development into the borough | [429] |
| The trinoda necessitas: fyrd-fare, burh-bote and bridge-bote | [432] |
| The shire and its gemôt | [432] |
| Ealdormen, earls and shire-reeves | [434] |
| Table of wergilds in the North-leoda laga | [435] |
| Rectitudines singularum Personarum | [436] |
| Various classes of dependants; the geneat, cotsetla and gebur | [437] |
| Tendency towards administrative strictness. The offence of oferhyrnesse | [438] |
| The borh or warrantor: institution of the tithing | [439] |
| Ordeals | [440] |
| Grants of sake and soke | [441] |
| Tendencies towards feudalism | [441] |
| [CHAPTER XXV.] |
| Edward the Confessor. |
| 1042. | Accession of Edward | [442] |
| 1043. | Harsh treatment of Queen Emma | [442] |
| 1045. | Edward marries Edith, daughter of Earl Godwine | [443] |
| 1047. | Foreign relations: Magnus of Norway | [444] |
| 1048. | Edward joins the Emperor Henry III. against Baldwin | [445] |
| 1049. | Edward’s vow of pilgrimage to the Holy Land: Westminster Abbey planned | [445] |
| Internal History: ships paid off: army tax (here-gyld) abolished | [445] |
| Siward, Earl of Northumbria | [447] |
| Leofric, Earl of Mercia | [448] |
| Vast power of Earl Godwine and his family | [448] |
| Misconduct of Sweyn, son of Godwine | [449] |
| 1049. | Sweyn murders his cousin Beorn | [451] |
| 1052. | Death of Sweyn | [451] |
| Edward’s foreign relatives: their unpopularity | [452] |
| Ecclesiastical favourites: Robert Champart | [452] |
| 1051. | Eustace of Boulogne and the men of Dover | [453] |
| Godwine heads resistance to the foreigners | [454] |
| Exile of Godwine and temporary ruin of his family | [455] |
| Visit of William the Norman to England | [457] |
| 1052. | Death of Queen Emma | [457] |
| Return of Earl Godwine and reinstatement of his family | [459] |
| Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury | [460] |
| Death of Earl Godwine: his son Harold all-powerful | [461] |
| 1057. | Return and death of the Etheling Edward | [461] |
| Scottish affairs: Macbeth’s murder of the young King Duncan | [462] |
| 1054. | Siward of Northumbria aids Malcolm against Macbeth | [463] |
| 1055. | Death of Siward. His earldom given to Tostig | [463] |
| 1037. | Welsh affairs: Victories of Griffith ap Llewelyn | [464] |
| 1055. | Leofric’s son Elfgar outlawed | [465] |
| Harold’s wars with Griffith | [466] |
| Griffith marries Aldgyth, daughter of Elfgar | [467] |
| 1063. | Death of Griffith | [467] |
| 1064? | Harold’s visit to Normandy and oath to Duke William | [469] |
| 1065. | Northumbria rebels against Tostig Godwineson | [470] |
| Tostig banished: his earldom given to Morkere, son of Elfgar | [471] |
| Harold marries Aldgyth, widow of Griffith | [471] |
| Dedication of Westminster Abbey | [472] |
| 1066. | Death of Edward the Confessor | [472] |
| [CHAPTER XXVI.] |
| Stamford Bridge and Hastings. |
| 1066. | Election of Harold | [474] |
| Duke William prepares to invade England | [475] |
| Appearance of the comet | [476] |
| Unsuccessful invasion of Tostig | [477] |
| Invasion of Harold Hardrada of Norway and Tostig | [479] |
| Sept. 20. | Edwin and Morkere, sons of Elfgar, defeated at Fulford | [479] |
| Harold marches northward | [480] |
| Sept. 25. | Battle of Stamford Bridge. Harold Hardrada and Tostig slain | [481] |
| Sept. 28. | William the Norman lands at Pevensey | [482] |
| Story of the voyage of his fleet | [483] |
| William entrenches himself at Hastings | [483] |
| Movements of Harold | [485] |
| Battle of Hastings (or Senlac). Numbers and weapons of the hostile armies | [486] |
| Incident of the Malfosse | [488] |
| Harold slain | [489] |
| William’s supper on the battlefield. Disposal of the body of Harold | [490] |
| Battle Abbey | [491] |
| Appendix I. | On Authorities | [493] |
| II. | Genealogy of Northumbrian kings | [509] |
| III. | Genealogy of West Saxon kings before Egbert | [510] |
| INDEX | | [511] |
| MAPS. |
| (At the End of the Volume.) |
| [Roman Britain.] |
| [Anglo-Saxon Britain.] |