History of the Water Supply of the World / arranged in a comprehensive form from eminent authorities, containing a description of the various methods of water supply, pollution and purification of waters, and sanitary effects, with analyses of potable waters, also geology and water strata of Hamilton county, Ohio, statistics of the Ohio river, proposed water supply of Cincinnati.

by Thomas J. Bell

INDEX.

	PAGE.
Absorption of water,	[49]
Adkins & Co., charcoal filter plates,	[31]
Alum, use of,	[31]
Altitudes of Ohio,	[97-99], [102], [109], [121]
Analyses of filtering materials,	[31], [32]
Analysis of water—Methods of,	[8], [10]
Sanitary value,	[11]
Surface water,	[48]
Tables of,	[9], [10], [117]
Well water,	[40], [104], [109]
Aqueducts, date of,	[56]
Description of,	[53]
Examples of,	[5], [26], [53], [71], [74], [88], [90]
Roman aqueducts,	[5]
System of,	[53]
Aeration, effect of,	[15], [16], [20]
Methods of,	[33], [34]
Value of,	[33]
Arsenic in water,	[25]
Artesian Wells—Analysis of,	[109]
Boring and cost of,	[107]
At Cincinnati,	[106]
Description of,	[40], [42], [43], [107]
Examples of,	[42], [43], [90]
Laws of,	[40]
Temperature of,	[42]
Baltimore—Aqueduct of,	[55]
Dams of,	[58]
History of,	[72]
Water rates,	[126], [127]
Berlin—History of water-works,	[85]
Meter rates,	[127]
Bombay—History of water-works,	[91]
Bonded indebtedness water-works,	[73], [74], [77], [79]
Borax, use of,	[31]
Boston—Aqueduct of,	[54], [55]
Dams of,	[58]
History of water-works,	[70]
Pollution of water,	[25]
Protection of water,	[118]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Broad Street pump, London, deaths from,	[14]
Buffalo—History of water-works,	[73]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Carbide of Iron, value of,	[31]
Carbonates in water,	[24]
Cast-Iron water pipes,	[128]
Charcoal, value of,	[31]
Chicago—His. of water supply,	[26], [70]
Pumping engines, cost of,	[67]
Tunnels, description of,	[55]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Cholera caused by impure water,	[12], [118]
Cincinnati—Altitude of,	[109], [110], [114], [121]
Anticlinal,	[97]
Aeration of water,	[34]
Cost of engines,	[64], [67]
Duty of engines,	[62]
Gravity supply, water-sheds,	[109]
Hardness of water,	[115]
History of water-works,	[77]
Kirkwood’s survey,	[113]
Markley Farm,	[120]
Moore’s survey,	[124]
Newport plan,	[125]
Pollution of supply,	[119], [121]
Protection of supply,	[124]
Scowden’s survey,	[120]
Riparian rights of,	[111]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Well-water supply,	[102], [106]
Clark’s system,	[34], [35]
Cleaning water-pipes,	[128]
Cleveland—History of water supply,	[26], [76]
Component parts of water,	[7]
Concretions in water pipe,	[128]
Conduits—See [aqueducts].
Construction of water-works,	[114], [125]
Consumption of water,	[131]
Cost of water-works—See historical account,	[68]
Cornish engines,	[61], [62], [69], [75], [83]
Covered reservoirs,	[34], [83], [91]
Croton aqueduct,	[53]
Dams,	[56], [57], [58], [71], [76], [83], [93]
Dayton (Ky.) sand-beach,	[115]
Deposition of water,	[18], [24]
Detroit—New supply,	[26]
Dilution of water,	[18], [20]
Dividends of Water Companies,	[76], [85], [128]
Dresden—History of water supply,	[89]
Dublin—Aqueduct of,	[54]
Dams of,	[57]
History of water supply,	[84]
Water rates,	[127]
Duty, tables of,	[61], [62]
Fuel expense,	[67]
Term of,	[61]
Edinburgh—History of water supply,	[84]
Engines for pumping water,	[61], [62], [64], [67], [81]
Evaporation, tables of, etc,	[49], [52], [90]
Filtration of water,	[29], [32], [80], [82], [84], [85], [86], [89], [90], [114]
Frankfort-on-the-Main—History of water supply,	[88]
Friction in water pipes,	[129]
Genoa (Italy), filtering gallery,	[28]
Geology—Structure of, for gravity supply,	[50]
Geology of Ohio,	[93]
Glasgow—Aqueduct of,	[53]
Cholera epidemics,	[13]
Filtering gallery,	[28]
History of water supply,	[83]
Value of its soft water,	[35]
Gravitation—Cost of,	[58], [125]
Geological structure,	[50]
Examples of, see [Chapter V],	[68]
Objectionable sites,	[50]
Points on,	[50]
Short supply,	[49]
Surface water,	[48]
System of supply,	[47]
Water-shed resources,	[49], [51], [84], [85]
Vegetable impurities,	[26]
Great Miami River,	[110], [116]
Grenelle well,	[42]
Hamburg—History of,	[88]
Water rates,	[127]
Hardness of water,	[24], [34], [35], [115], [128]
Hemp joint, effect of,	[129]
High service, examples of,	[68], [69], [71], [77], [78]
Holly system,	[61], [63], [64], [74]
Husband’s balance valve,	[66]
Impurities in water,	[7], [22], [24], [25], [26], [34], [35]
India—Dams of,	[57]
Reservoirs of,	[6]
Indianapolis—New supply,	[26]
Infiltration,	[27], [28], [29], [87]
Inspections for waste of water,	[83], [85]
Intakes, change of,	[12], [120]
Intercepting wells,	[46]
Kirkwood’s, J. P. survey of,	[113]
Laramie reservoir,	[110]
Lead pipes, effect of soft water,	[129]
Leipsic—History of water supply,	[89]
Lewiston reservoir,	[110]
Little Miami River,	[122]
Liverpool—History of,	[49], [58], [83]
Well supply,	[37]
London—Cholera epidemics,	[12]
Covered reservoirs,	[34]
Filtration and subsidence,	[29], [32]
Hardness of water,	[35]
History of water supply,	[20], [80]
Pollution of water,	[20], [120]
Projected supplies,	[38], [82]
Stand pipes,	[65]
Thames water,	[20], [120]
Well supply,	[37], [38], [106]
Cost of works,	[125]
Louisville—History of water sup.,	[75]
Stand-pipe,	[65]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Lowell—Filtering gallery,	[27]
Lynn (Mass.)—Wells of,	[46]
Lyons (France)—Filtering gallery,	[28]
Madrid (Spain)—Aqueduct of,	[54]
Mad River,	[110]
Magnesia, effect of,	[24]
Maintenance of water-works,	[69], [75], [80], [86], [127]
Manchester (Eng.),	[12], [49], [84]
Markley Farm,	[114], [120], [124]
Marseilles—History of,	[53], [89]
Meters in use,	[131]
Mexico—Water channels of,	[6]
Miles of pipe in use,	[131]
Moore, A. G.,	[33], [124]
Newark (N. J.)—Filtering gallery,	[28]
Newport plan,	[125]
New York—Aqueduct of,	[54]
Dams of,	[57]
History of,	[68]
Pollution of water,	[24], [25]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Ohio River,	[20], [75], [114], [115], [116], [119], [120]
Oxidation,	[15], [18]
Oxide of iron, use of,	[31]
Paisley—Cholera epidemic,	[13]
Paris—History of,	[90]
Perchloride of iron, use of,	[31]
Perth (Scotland)—Filtering gal.,	[28]
Peru—Water channels of,	[6]
Philadelphia—Aqueduct of,	[54]
History of,	[68]
Schuylkill River,	[19], [118]
Water revenue & expense,	[126], [127]
Pollution of water,	[13], [17], [22], [25], [26], [117], [120], [129]
Pollution of well water,	[38], [46], [105], [106]
Poniary reservoir,	[6]
Pont du Gard aqueduct,	[5]
Population of cities and water-sheds,	[116], [131]
Portland (Me.)—History of,	[77]
Potable water,	[6], [7], [12], [13], [14]
Puddle walls,	[57], [76], [91]
Pumping System—Cost of,	[114], [125]
Description of,	[59]
Examples of, see [Chapter V],	[68]
Expense of,	[64]
Engines,	[61], [64], [67], [81]
Survey of,	[114], [122]
Tables of,	[59]
Purification of Water—Agents,	[17]
Aeration,	[15], [16], [19], [20]
Deposition,	[18]
Dilution,	[18], [19], [20]
Means of,	[27], [117], [118], [124]
Ohio River,	[122]
Oxidation,	[15], [18]
Rain-Fall—Availability of,	[49], [51], [84], [85]
Measurements of,	[112]
Storage of,	[52]
Resources of,	[52]
Resources of Ohio water-sheds,	[109]
Resources for wells,	[46]
Reservoir System—Brick structures,	[73], [74]
Covered reservoirs,	[34], [83], [91]
Deposit in,	[72]
Equalizing reservoirs,	[88]
Examples of, see [Chapter V],	[68]
Impounding reservoirs,	[76], [82], [84], [91]
Iron tanks, at Cincinnati,	[77]
System of,	[6], [59], [68], [69], [75]
Relief tanks,	[83], [85]
Revenue—Water-rent,	[126], [127]
Riparian rights, compensation,	[82], [84], [111]
Rivers, flow of,	[116]
River Pollution—Description of,	[15], [117], [118], [122]
Population on rivers,	[116]
Purification of,	[15], [20], [24], [27], [32], [117], [124]
Merrimack River,	[18]
Ohio River,	[115]
Schuylkill River,	[19], [117]
Thames River,	[20], [120]
Quality of pollution,	[18], [22], [23], [118]
Rochester (N. Y.)—New supply,	[26]
Rome—Water supply of,	[5]
Roquefavour aqueduct,	[53]
St. Louis,	[26], [67], [72], [126], [127]
St. Mary’s reservoir,	[110]
St. Mary’s River,	[89]
San Francisco,	[76], [130]
Scioto River,	[110]
Scowden, T. R.,	[75], [120]
Sewage in river water,	[9], [10], [20], [23], [118]
Sheet-Iron strips, use of,	[31]
Schuylkill River,	[19], [117]
Sources of supply—Lakes, see [Chapter V],	[68]
Rivers—See [Chapter V],	[68]
Springs—See [Chapter V],	[68]
Wells—See [Chapter V],	[68]
Soft water,	[35], [84], [129]
Spencer’s process of,	[31]
Springs,	[36], [82], [84], [88], [90]
Stagnation of water,	[25]
Stand-Pipes—System of,	[59], [66], [70], [72], [86], [88]
Statistics of water-works,	[131]
Stuttgart—History of,	[89]
Strychnine in water,	[24]
Subsidence of water,	[32], [86], [89], [114]
Systems of supply,	[36]
Taps—Number of,	[131]
Thames River,	[20], [21], [32], [117]
Toledo—History of,	[65], [80]
Toronto filtering gallery,	[28]
Turbidity of water,	[32], [72], [88], [90], [115]
Toulouse filtering gallery,	[28]
Typhoid Fever, cause of,	[15]
Vital statistics,	[12], [25], [35], [120]
Vienna—History of,	[87]
Washington—Aqueduct of,	[54]
History of,	[74]
Water—Ammonia in,	[9]
Analyses of,	[9], [10]
Drinking,	[8]
Effect on water pipes,	[128]
Impurities in,	[7], [8]
Sewage in,	[9], [20], [118]
Water Companies—See [Chap. V],	[68]
Dividends of,	[128]
Water revenue,	[68], [69], [85], [86], [126]
Water pipes,	[128], [129]
Water-Power,	[64], [69]
Weight of pipe,	[130]
Wells—Abatement of,	[106]
Availability,	[37], [38], [47], [105]
Boring of,	[44]
Description of,	[36], [37], [102]
Examples of,	[37], [70], [81], [83], [87], [90], [102]
Flow of,	[37], [38]
Laws of,	[36], [38]
Pollution of,	[38], [46], [85], [105]
Resources,	[45], [46]
Tables of,	[103], [104]
Wooden conduits,	[77]
Worthington pumps,	[61], [62], [69], [74]
Wrought-Iron pipe,	[77], [128]
Zymotic diseases of,	[48]

---

---

JOSEPH SHARP,
BELTING and HOSE,
PACKING, LACE LEATHER,
AND
SUPPLIES,
59 Walnut St., CINCINNATI, O.
STEAM and PUMP PACKING
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
RESPECTFULLY REFER TO
Cincinnati Water Works. Covington, Ky. Water Works.
JOSEPH SHARP, No. 59 Walnut St., CINCINNATI, O.

---

J. E. McCRACKEN,
GENERAL AGENT FOR
McMAHAN, PORTER & CO.’S
SEWER PIPE, FIRE BRICK AND CLAY,

CEMENT PLASTER LIME

Flue Linings,
Fire Clay Stove Pipe,
CHIMNEY TOPS.

ALL BRANDS OF LOUISVILLE
AND
ENGLISH PORTLAND
CEMENT,

Louisville White Lime,
Newark and Michigan
Plaster and Hair,
Zanesville Pressed Brick.

Office, No. 221 E. FRONT STREET,

—BRANCH YARDS:—

Harrison Ave., and M. & C. R. R.—534 & 536 John St.

Warehouse, 3, 5, 7 & 9 Butler Street. CINCINNATI, O.

---

COPE & MAXWELL M’F’G COMPANY,
HAMILTON OHIO.
STEAM
PUMPING MACHINERY
—FOR—
WATER WORKS.

CONSTRUCTED AFTER VARIOUS DESIGNS FOR RESERVOIR,
STAND PIPE, OR DIRECT PRESSURE SYSTEMS.

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL, DUPLEX OR SEPARATE ACTING
AT WILL. PHOTOS, DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
ON APPLICATION.

The following are places where Water Works Machinery of the
Cope & Maxwell manufacture is in use:

Newport,	Ky.	Broadford,	Pa.
Clinton,	Iowa.	Pullman,	Ills.
Anamosa,	“	Hyde Park,	“
Muscatine,	“	East Liverpool,	Ohio.
Logansport,	Ind.	Cincinnati,	“
Milwaukee,	Wis.	Springfield,	“
Fort Dodge,	“	Athens Asylum,	“
Atchison,	Kansas.	Dayton Asylum,	“
Desloges,	Mo.	Longview Asylum,	“
Trinidad,	Col.

STEAM PUMPS

—FOR—

Mining, Mills, Factories, Fire Protection, Sewage, Sugar Refineries,
Draining, Distilleries, Breweries, Boiler-Feeding,
and all kinds of Pumping Service.

CIRCULARS ON APPLICATION.

---

CHAPMAN VALVE MANUFACTURING COMPANY,

Manufacturers of

STEAM, GAS

AND

Water Valves,

AND

GATE

Fire Hydrants,

WITH OR WITHOUT INDEPENDENT
NOZZLES.

—————

ALL VALVES & HYDRANTS
FURNISHED WITH

BABBETT METAL SEATS

AND

NON-CORROSIVE

WORKING PARTS.

—————

All Work Guaranteed.

GENERAL
OFFICE AND WORKS:

INDIAN ORCHARD,
MASS.

TREASURER’S OFFICE:

77 KILBY STREET,
BOSTON.

---

HENRY RANSHAW, WM. STACEY, THOS. H. BIRCH, R. J. TARVIN,
Pres. and Manager Vice-President. Ass’t Manager. Sec’y and Treas.

THE STACEY M’F’G CO.

Gas Works Builders,

ARCHITECTURAL IRON WORK,

Oil and Water Tanks, Lamp Posts,

IRON ROOFS, COAL ELEVATOR CARS,

COKE CRUSHERS, ROLLING MILL MACHINERY.

---

ALL KINDS OF HEAVY WROUGHT & CAST-IRON WORK.

---

33, 35, 37 and 39 Mill Street, & 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 & 26 Ramsey Street,

CINCINNATI, O.

---

CROWN WATER METER,

ADOPTED BY THE

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS,

NEW YORK CITY.

A POSITIVE ROTARY PISTON METER,

ACCURATE, DURABLE AND SIMPLE, HAVING

ONLY ONE WORKING PART.

In this new Meter will be found all the advantages of the best known Meters, and none of their defects. It is a positive displacement measurer. It forms no obstruction to the free flow of water. The dial face is always dry and clean, and the interior structure of brass and hard rubber renders corrosion impossible. We claim that it will register on a finer stream than any other Meter ever made. For Illustrated Circulars, giving testimonials, results of tests, etc., address

NATIONAL METER COMPANY,

SOLE MANUFACTURERS.

JOHN C. KELLEY, President,

51 Chambers Street, New York.

N. B.—METERS FURNISHED OF ALL SIZES, FROM HALF INCH TO TEN INCHES INCLUSIVE.

---

HUGH MERRIE. Established, 1869. HENRY VERHAGE.

Merrie, Verhage & Co.,

—MANUFACTURERS—

LEAD PIPE & SHEET LEAD

—AND ALL KINDS BRASS WORK FOR—

Plumbers, Gas and Steam Fitters, Water Works & Machinists.

---

DEALERS IN PLUMBERS, GAS & STEAM FITTERS SUPPLIES.

---

11 and 13 W. Seventh St. CINCINNATI, OHIO.

---

—AGENTS FOR—

Murdock’s Hydrants and Street Washers, Bignall’s Pumps and Sinks,
Ætna Iron Works, Wrought Iron Pipe, Abendroth Bros. Soil Pipe and Fittings,
Star Rubber Co.’s Hose and Belting, Jenning’s Water Closets,
Rob’t Brown and Son’s Earthenware.

---

THE CINCINNATI

Stationary Engine and Hydraulic

WORKS,

MANUFACTURERS OF

STATIONARY STEAM ENGINES

OF THE MOST APPROVED PATTERN.

THE HOLDEN ICE MACHINES & REFRIGERATORS,

AND ALL KINDS OF

Machinery Castings and Iron Forgings of all Descriptions.

JOSEPH BELL, Manager,

Cor. Third and Lock Streets, CINCINNATI, O.

---

ESTABLISHED, 1846.

WM. KIRKUP & SON,

—AGENTS FOR—

NATIONAL TUBE-WORKS CO.

—ALSO MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN—

Wrought Iron Pipe and Boiler Tubes,

Malleable & Cast-Iron Pipe Fittings, Brass Goods,

---

Machinists’, Steam and Gas Fitters’, Boiler-Makers’, Engineers’, & Plumbers’ Tools and Supplies,

---

BRASS AND COMPOSITION CASTINGS.

SALESROOM & FACTORY—S. E. CORNER PEARL & LUDLOW STREETS.

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

---

HENRY J. REEDY,

MANUFACTURER OF

HORIZONTAL, VERTICAL AND DIRECT ACTING

Hydraulic Elevators,

—FOR—

FREIGHT AND PASSENGER SERVICE.

WORKS:

EIGHTH, LOCK AND CLEVELAND STREETS.

—CINCINNATI.—

Elevators in all the principal Cities in the United States.

---

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICES.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Table cells that were blank or had dots in the original book, are displayed with a — in this etext.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

[Pg 8]: ‘per 1000 gollons’ replaced by ‘per 1000 gallons’.
[Pg 13]: ‘The testimory Dr.’ replaced by ‘The testimony of Dr.’.
[Pg 14]: ‘of cholora; and’ replaced by ‘of cholera; and’.
[Pg 19]: ‘the 57 colleries’ replaced by ‘the 57 collieries’.
[Pg 23]: ‘Massachussets State’ replaced by ‘Massachusetts State’.
[Pg 24]: ‘New Yory City’ replaced by ‘New York City’.
[Pg 25]: ‘on the pharanx’ replaced by ‘on the pharynx’.
[Pg 25]: ‘miscroscopic plants’ replaced by ‘microscopic plants’.
[Pg 31]: ‘ORRGANIC CARBON’ replaced by ‘ORGANIC CARBON’.
[Pg 33]: ‘TO AL SOLIDS’ replaced by ‘TOTAL SOLIDS’.
[Pg 36]: ‘through permeable’ replaced by ‘through a permeable’.
[Pg 36]: ‘which land’ replaced by ‘which the land’.
[Pg 36]: ‘wells are which’ replaced by ‘wells are those which’.
[Pg 40]: ‘imperrious strata’ replaced by ‘impervious strata’.
[Pg 43]: ‘to exend it to’ replaced by ‘to extend it to’.
[Pg 44]: ‘Divonian.’ replaced by ‘Devonian.’.
[Pg 44]: ‘argellaceous below’ replaced by ‘argillaceous below’.
[Pg 45]: ‘reduce the jaring’ replaced by ‘reduce the jarring’.
[Pg 55]: ‘pockets of quick sand’ replaced by ‘pockets of quicksand’.
[Pg 58]: ‘SOURCE’ replaced by ‘SRCE’ to save table space.
[Pg 60]: ‘to one hunded’ replaced by ‘to one hundred’.
[Pg 60]: ‘States and Canadas’ replaced by ‘States and Canada’.
[Pg 63]: ‘American Society of Civil Engineers’ abbreviated to ‘A. S. C. E.’ in the table.
[Pg 67]: ‘SYSTEM CYLINDER’ replaced by ‘SYS. CYL.’ to save space.
[Pg 77]: ‘at Sycaamore Street’ replaced by ‘at Sycamore Street’.
[Pg 84]: ‘reservoir enbankment’ replaced by ‘reservoir embankment’.
[Pg 87]: ‘private puildings’ replaced by ‘private buildings’.
[Pg 90]: ‘the depurition of’ replaced by ‘the deposition of’.
[Pg 91]: ‘and Moutrouge’ replaced by ‘and Montrouge’.
[Pg 95]: ‘a shallowy and’ replaced by ‘a shallow and’.
[Pg 108]: ‘Chloride of Calcuim’ replaced by ‘Chloride of Calcium’.
[Pg 109]: ‘average attitude’ replaced by ‘average altitude’.
[Pg 109]: ‘FFET.’ replaced by ‘FEET.’.
[Pg 109]: ‘23. Allen Coounty’ replaced by ‘23. Allen County’.
[Pg 109]: ‘Perryshurgh’ replaced by ‘Perrysburgh’.
[Pg 119]: ‘LOWEST, AMD’ replaced by ‘LOWEST, AND’.
[Pg 122]: ‘renders that cite’ replaced by ‘renders that site’.
[Pg 127]: ‘Stuggart, Germany’ replaced by ‘Stuttgart, Germany’.
[Pg 128]: ‘also cruses the’ replaced by ‘also causes the’.
[Pg 133]: Entry ‘HIGH service’ moved in front of ‘HOLLY system’.