PUMPING SYSTEM.
The divisions of power are:
Wind Power. Water Power. Steam Power.
And the methods of supply by:
Reservoir. Stand Pipe. Direct or Holly Plan.
The value of a pumping system recommends itself on the point of economy in construction, for the outlay is in proportion to the existing necessities, which can be increased as the demands require. The original water consumers are not, therefore, taxed so heavily for future exigencies of gravity works. This idea can be better illustrated by the comparative cost of construction and maintenance of gravitation and pumping works:
| BALTIMORE | CHICAGO | |
| GRAVITATION. | PUMPING. | |
| Available capacity for daily supply | 200 millions | 120 millions |
| Largest daily consumption in 1880 | — | 73 “ |
| Total valuation of works | 10 “ | 8.8 “ |
| Bonded indebtedness | 9 “ | 3.9 “ |
| Annual interest | 440 thousands | 283 thousands |
| Annual current expenses | 87.5 “ | 206 “ |
| Annual maintenance, including interest at 5 per cent on total valuation of works. | 587.5 “ | 646 “ |
| BOSTON | CINCINNATI | |
| GRAVITATION. | PUMPING. | |
| Available capacity for daily supply | 86 millions | 36 millions |
| Largest daily consumption in 1880 | 28 “ | 38 “ |
| Total valuation of works | 18 “ | 7 “ |
| Bonded indebtedness | 12 “ | 1.6 “ |
| Annual interest | 619 thousands | 108 thousands |
| Annual current expenses | 211 “ | 200 “ |
| Annual maintenance, including interest at 5 per cent on total valuation of works. | 1,111 “ | 50 “ |
The reservoir system is the most preferable of the three methods, when natural elevation can be secured, for the pumping service is distinct from the distribution; and, where reservoirs of large capacities are obtainable, a closer margin for reserve pumping power can be adopted, besides a storage reservoir provides for contingencies that may arise, and allow cessation of pumping during the turbidity of water source, caused by sudden freshets.
The stand-pipe is adopted where the elevated grounds are not sufficient for reservoir purposes, to give a desirable water pressure; or where reservoirs may not be desired, but to secure the head and provide for a constant and reliable action of the pump that is not obtained by a direct system.
The direct system, commonly called the Holly Plan, does away with reservoir and stand pipe, and delivers the water directly into the mains under a pressure usually fifty pounds per square inch for domestic use, which is increased to one hundred pounds when fires occur. In the Holly Plan, a reserve power is used for fire purposes, besides mechanical device for regulating and controlling the variable pressure.
In either the stand pipe or direct system, a reserve power should be provided equal to the largest daily consumption.
From a compilation of general information concerning water-works of the United States and Canada, published by the Holly Manufacturing Company in 1878, we arrange the following:
| 188 | cities and towns | use steam-power | for water supply. |
| 104 | “ | have gravity works | “ |
| 32 | “ | use water-power | “ |
| 10 | “ | have gravity and steam works | “ |
| 27 | “ | use steam and water-works | “ |
| 2 | “ | have gravity, steam, and water-powers | “ |
Of the above number of pumping works—
| 139 | have reservoir system. |
| 98 | have direct system. |
| 16 | have stand-pipe system. |
| 4 | have direct and reservoir combined. |
| 1 | has the three systems combined. |
| 1 | has stand-pipe and direct combined. |
The expense of pumping water by steam and water-powers, also the practical yearly duties of various pumping engines, are given in the tables on [pages 61] and [64], compiled from annual reports for 1880:
PRACTICAL DUTIES (WITHOUT DEDUCTIONS) OF PUMPING ENGINES (YEARLY AVERAGE).
(From Annual Reports of 1880.)
| NON ROTATIVE. | ROTATIVE. | |||||
| WORTH- | CORNISH. | HOLLY. | LOW | HIGH | ||
| INGTON. | PRESSURE. | PRESSURE. | ||||
| Louisville, Ky. | { | — | 44189515 | — | — | — |
| { | — | 45544384 | — | — | — | |
| { | — | — | — | 56004900 | — | |
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | { | — | — | — | 59550000 | — |
| { | — | — | — | 68378000 | — | |
| Albany, N. Y. | { | — | — | — | — | — |
| { | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Toronto, Canada | { | 38477030 | — | — | — | — |
| { | 38726890 | — | — | — | — | |
| Toledo, O. | 36399973 | — | — | — | — | |
| Boston; high service | 51063000 | — | — | — | — | |
| Charleston, Mass. | 52845400 | — | — | — | — | |
| Columbus, O. | — | — | 28758135 | — | — | |
| Chicago, north side | — | — | — | 52956684 | — | |
| Chicago, west side | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Schuylkill | { | — | 24342000 | — | — | — |
| { | — | 35360000 | — | — | — | |
| { | 39000000 | — | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Belmont | { | 37900000 | — | — | — | — |
| { | 44870000 | — | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Delaware | — | — | — | — | 39000000 | |
| Phila., Roxborough | 38280000 | 36280000 | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Frankfort | 27000000 | — | — | — | — | |
| Lawrence, Mass. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Dayton, O. | — | — | 15000000 | — | — | |
| Cleveland, O. | { | 42397185 | 30361497 | — | — | — |
| { | 31925636 | — | — | — | ||
| Lynn, Mass. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Lowell, Mass. | 59112831 | — | — | — | — | |
| { | — | — | — | — | 44304907 | |
| Cincinnati, O. | { | — | — | — | 38014283 | 38953517 |
| { | — | — | — | — | 45886944 | |
| COMPOUND. | MISCELLANEOUS. | |||
| LEAVITT. | MISCELLANEOUS. | |||
| Louisville, Ky. | { | — | — | 20280502[2] |
| { | — | — | 19572536 | |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | { | — | — | — |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Albany, N. Y. | { | — | 70991413 | — |
| { | — | 70327595 | — | |
| Toronto, Canada | { | — | — | — |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Toledo, O. | — | — | — | |
| Boston; high service | — | — | — | |
| Charleston, Mass. | — | — | — | |
| Columbus, O. | — | — | — | |
| Chicago, north side | — | — | — | |
| Chicago, west side | — | 58808495 | — | |
| Phila., Schuylkill | { | — | 49726000 | — |
| { | — | 55633000 | — | |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Belmont | { | — | — | — |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Delaware | — | — | — | |
| Phila., Roxborough | — | — | 28380000[3] | |
| Phila., Frankfort | — | 57160000 | — | |
| Lawrence, Mass. | 98583176 | — | — | |
| Dayton, O. | — | — | — | |
| Cleveland, O. | { | — | 29558769 | — |
| { | — | — | ||
| Lynn, Mass. | 92843506 | — | — | |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | — | — | 96046816[4] | |
| Lowell, Mass. | — | 76108012 | — | |
| { | — | — | — | |
| Cincinnati, O. | { | — | — | 21665474[5] |
| { | — | — | — | |
Remarks.—
[2] Blake pump;
[3] Knowles;
[4] Corliss;
[5] Low pressure, direct acting.
The term, duty of a pumping engine, is a conventional one, used by engineers to measure the relative merits of performance, or effective work, expressed by the ratio of product in foot pounds of the weight water into the height it is lifted, to one hundred pounds of the coal consumed to lift the water. The following tables of expert trials are taken from “Manual for Engineers and Steam Users,” by John W. Hill, M. E. (1878), with a few additions:
PERFORMANCE OF PUMPING ENGINES.
| LOCATION. | DATE. | ENGINE. | DESIGNER. |
| United Mines, Cornwall | Sept. 1842 | Cornish single cylinder, jacketed | Taylor |
| Carn Brea, Cornwall | 1841 | Cornish compound, jacketed | James Sims |
| Lynn, Mass. | Dec. 1873 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, jacketed | E. D. Leavitt |
| Lowell, Mass. | June 1875 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, jacketed | Simpson |
| Lawrence, Mass. | May 1876 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, jacketed | E. D. Leavitt |
| Trenton, N. J. | Mar. 1876 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, jacketed | Wm. Wright |
| Milwaukee, Wis. | May 1875 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, jacketed | R. W. Hamilton |
| Marion, Ind. | Feb. 1877 | Single cylinder yoke and fly-wheel, condensing | Dean |
| Haarlem Meer, Holland | June 1848 | Compound beam annual cylinder | Gibbs & Dean |
| Chicago | Dec. 1874 | Single cylinder beam and fly-wheel, unjacketed | D. C. Creiger |
| Chicago | April 1877 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, unjacketed | Quintard Works |
| Chicago | April 1877 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, unjacketed | Quintard Works |
| Chicago | April 1877 | Compound beam and fly-wheel, unjacketed | Quintard Works |
| Cincinnati | Nov. 1872 | Horizontal crank and fly-wheel, two engines coupled, non-condensing | Shield |
| LOCATION. | DUTY FOR ONE HUNDRED POUNDS COAL. | CAPACITY. | AUTHORITY. |
| United Mines, Cornwall | 114,361,700[6] | — | Pole. |
| Carn Brea, Cornwall | 101,702,000[6] | — | Pole. |
| Lynn, Mass. | 103,923,215 | 4,938,528 | Experts’ Contract Trial. |
| Lowell, Mass. | 117,350,100[6] | — | Evans’ Annual Report. |
| Lawrence, Mass. | 96,201,900 | Each eng’e 4,979,234 | Experts’ Contract Trial. |
| Trenton, N. J. | 84,500,000 | 2,086,523 | Slade. |
| Milwaukee, Wis. | 76,955,520 | Each eng’e 8,683,720 | Expert’s Contract Trial. |
| Marion, Ind. | 49,231,207 | Two eng’es cupled 1,500,000 | Cook. |
| Haarlem Meer, Holland | 80,000,000[6] | 200,000,000 | Appleton’s Dictionary. |
| Chicago | 65,824,581 | Two eng’es cupled 36,000,000 | Experts’ Contract Trial. |
| Chicago | West engine 99,082,300 | 16,160,470 | Experts’ Contract Trial. |
| Chicago | East engine 96,066,800 | 15,571,970 | Experts’ Contract Trial. |
| Chicago | 75,000,000 | — | Theron Skeel. |
| Cincinnati | 43,566,178 | 4,702,805 | Hermany. |
[6] Said to be average duty; all others obtained by special tests. The capacity is stated in delivery of gallons per day of twenty-four hours.
PERFORMANCE OF PUMPING ENGINES.
| LOCATION. | DATE. | ENGINE. | DESIGNER. |
| Cincinnati | Nov. 1872 | Vertical single cylinder crank and fly-wheel, condensing | Scowden |
| Cincinnati | Nov. 1872 | Vertical single cylinder crank and fly-wheel, condensing | Scowden |
| Cincinnati | Nov. 1872 | Vertical direct acting single cylinder, condensing | Shield |
| Louisville | 1873 | Cornish | Scowden |
| Newark, N. J. | 1870 | Compound duplex | Worthington |
| Cleveland, O. | 1873 | Cornish | Allaire Works |
| Jersey City | 1856 | Cornish | W. Point Foundry |
| Charleston, Mass. | 1872 | Duplex | Worthington |
| Providence | 1874 | Radial cut off | Geo. H. Corliss |
| Providence | 1874 | Compound duplex | Worthington |
| New Bedford, Mass | 1869 | Beam and fly-wheel | McAlpine |
| Brooklyn, No. 1 | 1860 | Single cylinder beam | Wright |
| Cleveland, O. | 1875 | Compound duplex | Henderson |
| Cincinnati, O. | Mar. 1879 | Compound direct acting | Warden |
| Columbus, O. | Feb. 1876 | Crank and fly-wheel, four engines coupled | B. Holly |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | — | Compound beam and fly-wheel, steam jacket Geo. | H. Corliss |
| Buffalo, N. Y. | 1879 | Holly, four cylinders, with fly-wheel | Holly Co. |
| LOCATION. | DUTY FOR ONE HUNDRED POUNDS COAL. | CAPACITY. | AUTHORITY. |
| Cincinnati | 37,789,990 | 4,651,987 | Hermany. |
| Cincinnati | 34,064,977 | 4,263,297 | Hermany. |
| Cincinnati | 23,580,687 | 11,847,481 | Hermany. |
| Louisville | 37,536,730[7] | 3,816,575 | Journal A. S. C. E. |
| Newark, N. J. | 77,157,840 | — | Bailey. |
| Cleveland, O. | 41,774,955[7] | 5,711,988 | Journal A. S. C. E. |
| Jersey City | 72,115,396 | — | Copeland & Worthen. |
| Charleston, Mass. | 56,937,643[7] | — | Journal A. S. C. E. |
| Providence | 25,865,000 | — | Smith, Graff & Reynolds. |
| Providence | 53,528,210 | — | Smith, Graff & Reynolds. |
| New Bedford, Mass | 59,336,497 | — | Hoadley & Francis. |
| Brooklyn, No. 1 | 60,798,200 | 15,439,653 | Smith, Graff & Worthen. |
| Cleveland, O. | 31,968,006[7] | 8,400,000 | Annual Report. |
| Cincinnati, O. | 53,957,957 | 2,000,000 | Hill. |
| Columbus, O. | 24,045,951 | — | — |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | 133,522,090 | — | Contract Trial. |
| Buffalo, N. Y. | 86,176,315 | 6,502,000 | Park Benjamin. |
(A. S. C. E. is the American Society of Civil Engineers.)
[7] Said to be average duty; all others obtained by special tests. The capacity is stated in delivery of gallons per day of twenty-four hours.
COST OF PUMPING ONE MILLION GALLONS OF WATER,
(From Annual Reports, 1880.)
| CITY. | MILLIONS | AVERAGE | COST OF | COST OF PUMPING ONE MILLION GALLONS. | ||
| OF GALLONS | LIFT | COAL | FOR | FOR | FOR | |
| PUMPED. | IN FEET. | PER TON. | WAGES. | COAL. | REPAIRS | |
| St. Louis, Mo. | 9944 | 50. | $2.66 | $1.57 | $2.85 | $ .15 |
| St. Louis, Mo. | 9857 | 225. | 2.66 | 3.17 | 8.19 | .31 |
| Charleston, Mass. | 3434 | 150.8 | 4.81 | 2.03 | 5.73 | .09 |
| Boston, Mass. | 856 | 116.4 | 5.07 | 4.32 | 4.82 | — |
| Philadelphia, Penn. | 13232 | 124. | 3.34 | 2.64 | 3.72 | .41 |
| Philadelphia, Penn. | 7887 | 100. | 3.34 | 1.33 | .10 | .35 |
| Columbus, O. | 912 | 175. | 1.37 | 8.10 | 3.48 | .16 |
| Chicago, Ill. | 12354 | 104. | 4.00 | 1.73 | 3.36 | .10 |
| Chicago, Ill. | 8648 | 98. | 3.60 | 2.32 | 2.67 | — |
| Dayton, O. | 387 | 127. | 2.70 | 16.68 | 8.88 | — |
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | 11196 | 163. | 4.40 | 3.03 | 5.27 | — |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | 325 | 262. | 4.86 | 7.57 | 5.51 | — |
| Toledo, O. | 1193 | 160. | 2.28 | 4.32 | 4.63 | — |
| Montreal, Can. | 3095 | 165. | — | — | — | — |
| Montreal, Can. | 452 | 165. | — | 7.28 | 8.85 | 3.02 |
| Lowell, Mass. | { 771 | 165. | 4.40 | 3.07 | 4.25 | .20 |
| { 52 | 166. | 4.40 | 3.74 | 5.54 | — | |
| Cincinnati, O. | 2325 | 171. | 2.79 | 6.53 | 5.38 | 2.06 |
| Cincinnati, O. | 4959 | 245. | 2.86 | 4.00 | 7.66 | 1.59 |
| Cincinnati, O. | 563 | 293. | 3.15 | 12.50 | 8.49 | 2.69 |
| CITY. | COST OF PUMPING ONE MILLION GALLONS. | COST PER MILLION | REMARKS. | |
| FOR | TOTAL. | ONE HUNDRED | ||
| STORES. | FT. HIGH. | |||
| St. Louis, Mo. | $ .18 | $4.75 | $9.50 | Low service. |
| St. Louis, Mo. | .36 | 12.03 | 5.34 | High service. |
| Charleston, Mass. | .30 | 8.15 | 5.40 | — |
| Boston, Mass. | .47 | 9.69 | 8.30 | High service. |
| Philadelphia, Penn. | 1.49 | 8.27 | 6.68 | Steam. |
| Philadelphia, Penn. | .20 | 1.98 | 1.98 | Water. |
| Columbus, O. | .41 | 12.15 | 6.90 | Holly. |
| Chicago, Ill. | .49 | 5.68 | 5.42 | North works. |
| Chicago, Ill. | .36 | 5.15 | 5.24 | West works. |
| Dayton, O. | — | 28.36 | 22.33 | Holly. |
| Brooklyn, N. Y. | — | 10.84 | 6.65 | — |
| Pawtucket, R. I. | .50 | 13.58 | 5.17 | — |
| Toledo, O. | — | 9.25 | 5.77 | — |
| Montreal, Can. | — | 1.98 | 1.20 | Water. |
| Montreal, Can. | 1.05 | 20.20 | 12.53 | Steam. |
| Lowell, Mass. | { .32 | 7.84 | 4.73 | Morris engine. |
| { .20 | 9.48 | 5.69 | Worthington engine. | |
| Cincinnati, O. | .40 | 14.37 | 8.40 | Low service. |
| Cincinnati, O. | .42 | 13.67 | 5.58 | Middle service. |
| Cincinnati, O. | .65 | 24.33 | 8.30 | High service. |