The Planters of Colonial Virginia

by Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker

INDEX

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

[E]

[F]

[G]

[H]

[I]

[J]

[K]

[L]

[M]

[N]

O

[P]

[Q]

[R]

[S]

[T]

[U]

[V]

[W]

X

[Y]

Z

• Accomac,
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79].
• Allen, Arthur,
  • six tithables, [57].
• Allen, William,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Allerton, Isaac,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Ambrose, Robert,
  • deals in servants, [49].
• Anbury, Major,
  • describes Virginia upper class, [158].
• Andros, Sir Edmund, [29]; [35]; [52];
  • hesitates to deprive wealthy of land holdings, [143]-[144].
• Archer, George,
  • deals in servants, [49];
  • extensive landowner, [79].
• Armetrading, Henry, [79].
• Artisans,
  • became planters in Virginia, [27];
  • called for in broadside of 1610, [28];
  • on the plantations, [156]-[157].
• Ashton, Peter,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Austin, James,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Avery, Richard,
  • his cattle, [101];
  • inventory of, [106].

• Bacon Nathaniel, Sr., [109]; [110].
• Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr.,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91];
  • rebellion of and Navigation Acts, [92]-[93];
  • says peoples hoped in Burgesses, [109]; [113].
• Baker, John,
  • buys Button's Ridge, [49].
• Baldwin, William,
  • landowner, [79].
• Ballard, Thomas, [109].
• Ball, William,
  • has 22 slaves.
• Baltic,
  • English trade of, [8];
  • Denmark controls entrance to, [9];
  • wars endanger trade to, [9];
  • cheap labor of, [16]; [17];
  • tobacco trade to, [118]-[119];
  • trade to injured by wars, [131], [148].
• Banister, John,
  • has 88 slaves, [158].
• Barbadoes,
  • complain of Navigation Acts, [94].
• Barnett, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, [74].
• Bassett, William,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Beer, George Lewis,
  • defends Navigation Acts, [86]-[87];
  • says trade restrictions did not cause Bacon's Rebellion, [92];
  • statement of concerning county grievances, [93];
  • denies that serious opposition existed to Navigation Acts, [93]-[94].
• Bell, Richard,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Bennett, Richard,
  • estate of described, [108].
• Bennett, Samuel,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Berkeley, John,
  • conducts iron works in Virginia, [18].
• Berkeley, Lord John, [90].
• Berkeley, Sir William,
  • describes servants, [34];
  • describes early mortality among servants, [39];
  • estimates servants at 6,000 in 1671, [41];
  • instructed to prohibit foreign trade, [69];
  • permits foreign trade during Civil War, [69];
  • calls Virginia land of opportunity, [75];
  • proclaims Charles II, [84], [111]; [89];
  • describes poverty of Virginia, [90], [91], [92], [93];
  • controls Assembly, [94];
  • goes to England to combat Navigation Acts, [94]-[95];
  • plans to establish manufactures, [95];
  • denounces Navigation Acts, [95]-[96]; [98];
  • secures body guard, [111];
  • elected Governor prior to Restoration, [112];
  • fears King's resentment, [113];
  • small planters turn against in Bacon's Rebellion, [113];
  • estimates slaves at 2,000 in 1670, [124]; [125]; [160].
• Beverley, Robert, Sr.,
  • extensive dealer in servants, [48], [109]; [113].
• Beverley, Robert, Jr., [61];
  • imports slaves, [130];
  • describes pride of poor whites, [155].
• Bibbie, Edmund,
  • deals in servants, [49].
• Binns, Thomas,
  • eight tithables, [57].
• Bishop, John,
  • Burgess and landowner, [78].
• Blackstone, John,
  • patents land, [74].
• Bland, John,
  • remonstrates against Navigation Acts, [88]-[89]; [93].
• Blair, Rev. John,
  • asks funds for college, [50], [136].
• Blewit, Capt.,
  • sets up iron works in Virginia, dies, [181].
• Board of Trade,
  • arrears of quit rents reported to, [51];
  • Nicholson writes to concerning rent roll, [52];
  • says servants not slaves, [60];
  • Berkeley protests to, [95], [119];
  • asks reasons for emigration of Virginia whites, [140];
  • seeks to limit size of land grants, [143];
  • again alarmed at emigration from Virginia, [145], [147], [157].
• Bolling, Mrs. Mary,
  • has 51 slaves, [158].
• Brent, Giles,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109]; [113].
• Bridger, Joseph,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109].
• Briggs, Gray,
  • has 43 slaves, [158].
• British Empire,
  • beginnings of misunderstood, [14];
  • begun, [19];
  • important rôle of tobacco in, [27].
• Broadnat, John, [128].
• Broadside,
  • in 1610 calls for settlers for Virginia, [28].
• Browne, Robert,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Browne, William,
  • nine tithables, [57].
• Bruce, Philip Alexander,
  • describes small planters, [54].
• Brunswick,
  • land patents in small, [145].
• Bullock, William,
  • denies that servants are slaves, [60].
• Burgesses, [54],
  • petition King, [65];
  • complain of high freight rates, [72];
  • freedmen among, [73]-[75];
  • Navigation Acts and, [94]-[95];
  • represent interest of small planters, [109];
  • defy the king, [110];
  • petition of, [110];
  • rule Virginia, 1652-1660, [112];
  • growing influence of, [109].
• Burwell, Francis,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Burwell, John,
  • has 42 slaves, [158].
• Burwell, Lewis,
  • deals in servants, [48]; [109].
• Burcher, William,
  • patents land, [79].
• Bushood, John,
  • sells land, [49].
• Butt, Thomas,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Button, Robert,
  • receives estate, [49].
• Button, Thomas,
  • owner of Button's Ridge, [49].
• Byrd, William I,
  • says rent rolls inaccurate, [52]; [109];
  • uses slaves, [130].
• Byrd, William II,
  • gives reasons for emigration to Carolina, [146].

• Carter, John, [109].
• Carter, Robert,
  • has 126 slaves, [153].
• Carleill, Capt. Christopher,
  • urges trade with America, [11].
• Carolina,
  • emigration to from Virginia, [99]-[100]; [139]-[146].
• Cattle,
  • plentiful in Virginia, [101].
• Chambers, William,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Chandler, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Charles I,
  • considers smoking harmful, [26];
  • tries to limit tobacco planting in Virginia, [27];
  • tries to limit English tobacco crop, [63];
  • limits price of tobacco, [65];
  • regulates tobacco trade, [67]-[69]; [70];
  • defied by Assembly, [110]; [111].
• Charles II, [33];
  • proclaimed in Virginia, [84]; [111]; [93]; [96];
  • not restored in Virginia before Restoration in England, [112];
  • tyranny of, [114].
• Charles City,
  • plantations small, [53]; [54];
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79]; [81].
• Chastellux,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, [152];
  • notes indolence of poor whites, [155].
• Chew, Larkin,
  • dealer in Spotsylvania land, [154].
• Claiborne, William,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Clayton, Thomas, [80].
• Clergy,
  • many plant tobacco, [28].
• Clothing,
  • want of felt in Virginia, [103].
• Cloyse, Pettyplace,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Cole, Edward,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Colonial expansion,
  • sought as remedy for British economic dependence, [10];
  • urged by economists, [11]; [12]; [13].
• Colonial system, [68];
  • imperfectly enforced prior to 1660, [67]-[69]; [85]-[86];
  • embodied in Navigation Acts, [85];
  • colonies to supplement England, [86];
  • workings of at end of 17th century, [120];
  • British conception of, [136].
• Commerce,
  • of England with Baltic, [8];
  • principles of long known, [11];
  • of England with Europe and East, [12];
  • of England with France declines, [13];
  • affords key to history, [22];
  • in reëxported tobacco, [70];
  • in tobacco revives after 1683, [114]-[115];
  • in reëxported tobacco, [116]-[120];
  • importance of in tobacco for England, [119], [122].
• Commonwealth,
  • tobacco high under, [66];
  • Virginians trade abroad under, [69]; [98];
  • attitude of Virginia under, [110]-[11].
• Constable, John,
  • trades illegally, [69].
• Cooke, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Cornell, Samuel,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Council, [65];
  • complains of high freight rates, [72]; [90];
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91];
  • says Virginia ready to revolt to Dutch, [96]; [109]; [110];
  • members of hold land illegally, [143];
  • gives reasons for immigration out of Virginia, [145];
  • describes misery in Virginia, [150];
  • declining influence of, [159].
• Creighton, Henry,
  • sells 100 acres, [50].
• Criminals,
  • few sent to Virginia, [32], [33];
  • make no imprint on social fabric, [33].
• Crocker, Wm.,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Cromwell, Oliver,
  • sends Irish servants to Virginia, [33].
• Crump, Thomas,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, [74];
  • landowner, [75].
• Culpeper, Lord,
  • fears ruin of Virginia, [91], [114].
• Custis, John, [109].

• Daingerfield, William,
  • has 61 slaves, [157].
• Dawson, William,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Day, John, [80].
• Delaware,
  • manufactures of lure poor Virginia whites, [141];
  • ration to, [139]-[146].
• Delk, Roger,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Dicks, John,
  • purchases land, [49].
• Digges, Dudley, [109].
• Diggs, William,
  • has 72 slaves, [158].
• Dinwiddie county,
  • poor whites in, [151];
  • small slave holders of, [153];
  • large slave holders of, [158].
• Dodman, John,
  • landowner, [79].
• Dorch, Walter,
  • inventory of, [106].
• Duties,
  • French put on English woolens, [13];
  • on reëxported tobacco partly refunded, [70];
  • on reëxported tobacco, [117];
  • on tobacco yield grown large revenue, [120].

• Edwards, John,
  • slaves of in plot, [128].
• Edwards, William,
  • has six tithables, [57];
  • slaves of in plot, [128].
• Effingham, Lord,
  • tyranny of in Virginia, [114].
• Elizabeth City,
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • servants and slaves in, [59].
• Emigration,
  • from Virginia in years from 1660 to 1725, [40], [62], [139]-[146];
  • not caused by large land grants, [144]-[145];
  • extent of, [146].
• England,
  • colonial expansion necessary for, [7];
  • forests depleted, [7];
  • industry declining, [8];
  • Baltic trade of, [8];
  • future depends on colonies, [13]; [14];
  • joy of at founding of Virginia, [15];
  • disappointed in Virginia, [19];
  • tobacco bill of, [26];
  • supplies Virginia with labor, [31];
  • poverty in, [31];
  • cannot consume entire colonial tobacco crop, [86];
  • tobacco planting in prohibited, [87];
  • glut of tobacco in, [68]-[89];
  • adheres to colonial policy, [95].
• Epes, Francis, [79], [127].
• Essex,
  • land transfers in, [46];
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58].

• Falling Creek,
  • iron works at, [17];
  • destroyed in 1622, [18].
• Fane, Francis,
  • says slave labor cheapens tobacco, [132].
• Fish,
  • plentiful in Virginia, [15].
• Fithian, Philip,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, [152], [155].
• Fitzhugh, William, [109];
  • refers to slave imports, [130].
• Flax,
  • in Virginia, [15].
• Fleet, tobacco,
  • brings servants, [35];
  • size of in 1690 and 1706, [122].
• Foster, Armstrong, [79], [80].
• Foster, Robert,
  • buys 200 acres, [50].
• Fowl, wild,
  • abundant in colonial Virginia, [102].
• Fox, William,
  • has 25 slaves, [153].
• France,
  • exports wine and silk, [12];
  • British trade with declines, [13];
  • tobacco trade to, [119];
  • trade to injured by war, [131].
• Freedmen,
  • 80 per cent of servants become, [40];
  • prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, [40];
  • form large part of population, [41];
  • annual recruits of, [41];
  • usually young, [42];
  • might acquire property, [43];
  • perform bulk of work, [43];
  • what became of, [43];
  • become small planters, [60];
  • outfit of, [61];
  • not entitled to land, [61];
  • prosperity of hinges on tobacco, [62];
  • Virginia land of opportunity for, [71];
  • profits of from tobacco, [71]-[72];
  • in Burgesses, [73]-[74];
  • prosperous, [74]-[80];
  • little hope of advancement for after 1660, [97]-[100];
  • few in rent roll of 1704, [122]-[123].
• Freemen,
  • entitled to headrights, [35];
  • many come to Virginia, [36];
  • become small planters, [60]-[75];
  • many pay own passage, [81]-[82].
• Freight rates,
  • high from England, [71]-[72];
  • excessive, [90].
• Fruit, [12],
  • abundant in Virginia, [102].
• Fuel,
  • abundant in Virginia, [105].

• Gardens,
  • common in Virginia, [102], [105].
• Garnet, John,
  • buys 600 acres, [50].
• George, The,
  • takes cargo of tobacco to England, [25]; [64].
• Gilbert, George,
  • patents land in James City, [77], [79].
• Gilbert, Sir Humphrey,
  • voyage to America, [11].
• Glass,
  • possibilities for in Virginia, [15];
  • beginning made of in Virginia, [17];
  • early history of in Virginia, [18]-[19].
• Gloucester,
  • average plantation in, [54];
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [80]; [113];
  • poor whites of, [151];
  • small slave holders in, [154];
  • large slave holders in, [157]; [159].
• Good, John,
  • describes poverty in Virginia, [91].
• Gooch, Governor,
  • says large holdings no impediment to settlement, [145];
  • says poor whites make best tobacco, [147].
• Governor,
  • plants tobacco, [28];
  • appoints sheriffs, [51];
  • makes efforts to collect quit rents, [51]; [65];
  • neglects servants, [73]; [90]; [109];
  • elected by burgesses, 1652-1660, [112].
• Goring, John,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Grain,
  • abundance of in Virginia, [102].
• Graves, Ralph,
  • his servant valued at £10, [127].
• Grey, James,
  • buys 200 acres, [49].
• Grey, John,
  • his cattle, [101];
  • inventory of, [106].
• Grey, Francis,
  • Burgess and landowner, [78]-[79].
• Grey, Thomas, [78].

• Hakluyt, Richard,
  • advises colonial expansion, [11];
  • shows British dependence on Spain, [12];
  • expects surplus of population in England to emigrate to America, [16]; [19].
• Hammond, John,
  • advice to servants, [61];
  • describes Virginia residences, [104].
• Harmar, Charles,
  • imports slaves, [124].
• Harris, John,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Harrison, Benjamin, [109].
• Hart, Henry,
  • his slave in plot, [128].
• Hartwell, Henry,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Harvey, Sir John,
  • complains of low prices for tobacco, [65];
  • asks freedom of trade for Virginia, [68];
  • testifies to illegal foreign trade, [68]-[69];
  • complains of high freight rates, [72];
  • ejected by people, [110].
• Hatfield, James,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Headrights,
  • described, [34]; [35];
  • averaged about 1750 a year, [41];
  • determine size of land grants, [47];
  • brought in by well known planters, [48];
  • do not belong to servant, [61];
  • appear in wills, [76];
  • transfer of by sale, [76];
  • become landowners, [77];
  • not all servants, [77];
  • compared with rent roll, [97]-[99].
• Hemp,
  • in Virginia, [15].
• Henrico,
  • false returns in, [55];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • servants and slaves in, [59]; [79].
• Hill, Edward, [109].
• Hill, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75];
  • book binder at Oxford, [75].
• Hodge, John,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Holding, John,
  • landowner, [79].
• Holland,
  • exports fish, [12];
  • trade of declines, [13];
  • controls slave trade, [31]; [125];
  • tobacco exports to, [86]-[89];
  • Navigation Acts cut exports to, [87];
  • distributor of English colonial tobacco, [88];
  • plants own tobacco, [88];
  • wars with, [89];
  • Virginians threaten to revolt to, [91], [96]; [116];
  • tobacco exports to, [120];
  • fights to preserve her monopoly of slave trade, [126];
  • seeks to control tobacco trade on continent, [149]-[150].
• Honey,
  • produced in Virginia, [102].
• Hotten's Emigrants to America,
  • gives lists of servants, [42]; [73].
• Houses,
  • comfortable in Virginia, [103]-[104].
• Howlett, William,
  • buy 200 acres, [50].

• Immigration,
  • volume of in 17th century, [35]-[36];
  • fixes character of eastern Virginia, [36];
  • not restricted to servants, [36].
• Indentures,
  • system of, [32];
  • terms of, [61].
• Indians,
  • desire to convert, [14];
  • revere tobacco, [24];
  • unsuited for laborers, [30].
• Industry, [22];
  • pictured in Virginia, [28];
  • Virginia not suited for, [29].
• Inventories,
  • throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, [59]; [73];
  • typical examples of, [106]-[107].
• Iron,
  • smelting of exhausts forests, [8];
  • could be smelted in Virginia, [15];
  • early manufacture of in Virginia, [17]-[18].
• Isle of Wight county,
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79].

• Jackson, William,
  • has 49 slaves, [158].
• James I,
  • forced to use tobacco, [25];
  • considers smoking harmful, [26];
  • regulates tobacco trade, [67].
• James II,
  • tyranny of, [114].
• James City county,
  • plantations and tithables of, [58];
  • landowners listed as headrights in, [76]-[77]; [79];
  • slave plot in, [128].
• James River,
  • iron works on, [17]; [39]; [70]; [148].
• Jamestown, [14];
  • glass furnace at, [18];
  • streets of planted with tobacco, [25]; [86]; [111]; [112].
• Jefferson, Thomas,
  • says slavery made whites lazy, [155].
• Jeffreys, Jeffrey,
  • imports slaves, [131].
• Jennings, Edmund, [109];
  • describes slave plot, [128]-[129];
  • says slaves injure credit of Virginia, [130];
  • says few servants in 1708, [130]-[131];
  • describes slave trade, [130]-[131];
  • describes migration of poor whites, [145]-[146].
• Johnson, John,
  • sells land, [49].
• Johnson, Joseph,
  • transports servants, [78]-[79].
• Jones, Anthony,
  • servant, becomes landowner, [74].
• Jones, Hugh,
  • says tenants small part of population, [45]; [155];
  • says negroes make poor artisans, [156].
• Jordan, Lt. Col.,
  • pays taxes on seven tithables, [56].

• Kemp, Richard,
  • says immigrants mostly servants, [82].
• King William county,
  • farms and tithables of, [58].
• King and Queen county,
  • farms and tithables of, [58].
• Kinsman, Richard,
  • makes perry, [108].
• Knight, Sir John,
  • says Virginia ready to revolt to Holland, [96].

• Labor,
  • lack of in Virginia, [16];
  • foreign at Jamestown, [18];
  • lack of handicaps industry, [19]; [20];
  • in Virginia determined by tobacco, [23];
  • cheap needed in Virginia, [29];
  • serious problem, [29];
  • Indians unsuited for, [30];
  • slave, [30];
  • England supplies, [31];
  • indenture system to supply, [32];
  • influx of, [35].
• Lancaster, [79];
  • poor planters in, [151];
  • small slave holders of, [153].
• Land,
  • cheap in Virginia, [29]; [45];
  • transfers of in Surry county, [46];
  • in York, [46];
  • in Rappahannock, [46];
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, [53];
  • monopoly of said to cause migration from Virginia, [141]-[143];
  • large tracts granted, [142]-[144].
• Land grants,
  • average extent of, [47];
  • determined by method of transporting immigrants, [47];
  • vary greatly in size, [47];
  • not index to size of plantations, [49].
• Landowners,
  • few large in 17th century, [43];
  • glad to sell in small parcels, [45];
  • chiefly small proprietors, [46];
  • in census of 1626, [46];
  • in York county, [46];
  • in Essex, [46];
  • often avoid quit rents, [51];
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, [53];
  • small proprietors neglected in history, [54];
  • often poor men, [55];
  • many work farms with own hands, [57];
  • Government expects servants to become, [62];
  • profits of from tobacco, [71]-[72].
• Larkin, George,
  • describes large land holdings, [144].
• Lawrence, Richard,
  • landowner, [79].
• Leah and Rachel, [61].
• Lee, Richard,
  • imports 80 slaves, [125].
• Leightenhouse, Thomas, [127].
• Linton, John,
  • estimates colonial tobacco, [115];
  • estimates amount of reëxported tobacco, [118];
  • declares Baltic tobacco trade ruined, [148];
  • describes tobacco raising in Holland, [149].
• London Company,
  • national character of, [13];
  • plans manufactures for Virginia, [15];
  • cannot secure laborers for Virginia, [16];
  • sets up iron works at Falling Creek, [17]-[18];
  • displeased at tobacco culture in Virginia, [25];
  • tobacco only hope of, [26];
  • expects Virginia to duplicate England, [28];
  • high price of tobacco pleases, [64]; [73]; [75].
• Ludwell, Philip, [109]; [113].
• Ludwell, Thomas,
  • places average tobacco crop at 1200 pounds, [64]; [90];
  • says tobacco worth nothing, [90]; [91]; [96].

• Manufactures,
  • attempts to establish in Virginia, [15]-[19];
  • cause of failure, [19];
  • purchased from Dutch, [68]-[69];
  • colonial system based on expectation of, [86];
  • Berkeley tries to establish, [95];
  • local in Virginia, [103];
  • of tobacco in England, [119], [122];
  • exports of to tobacco colonies, [120];
  • in northern colonies lure Virginia whites, [140]; [141];
  • on plantations, [108]; [156]-[157].
• Market,
  • not free for tobacco, [66];
  • tobacco sent to foreign, [67]-[70];
  • Navigation Acts cut of foreign, [87];
  • tobacco reëxported to continental, [116]-[120];
  • Virginia and Maryland furnish for England, [120].
• Maryland,
  • emigration of whites from, [140];
  • House of Delegates of explains migration, [191].
• Mason, Francis,
  • seven tithables, [57].
• Mason, Winfield,
  • has 40 slaves, [158].
• Massacre,
  • iron works destroyed during, [18].
• Matthews, Samuel,
  • his estate described, [108].
• Merchant marine,
  • threatened in England by lack of shipbuilding materials, [9];
  • part of sea defense, [10];
  • depleted at end of 16th century, [10];
  • tobacco exports aid British, [26], [119], [122].
• Menefie, George,
  • his estate described, [108].
• Middlesex,
  • plantations small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58].
• Milner, Thomas,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Moseley, Capt. William,
  • buys part of Button's Ridge, [50], [109].
• Muir, Francis,
  • has 47 slaves, [158].
• Muscovy Company,
  • Baltic trade of, [8];
  • not exempt from customs, [9];
  • urged to trade with America, [11].

• Nansemond,
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • plantations and tithables in, [58].
• Navigation Acts, [69];
  • described, [84]-[86];
  • resented in Holland, [88]-[89];
  • Bland's remonstrance against, [88];
  • cause of war with Holland, [89];
  • cause extreme poverty in Virginia, [90]-[92];
  • connected with Bacon's Rebellion, [92]-[93];
  • why Virginia Assembly did not protest against, [94]-[95];
  • Berkeley protests against, [94]-[95]; [98];
  • retard growth of population, [98]-[99];
  • design of, [116].
• New Albion,
  • describes abundance of food in Virginia, [103];
  • advises settlers in Virginia as to clothing, [104].
• New Description of Virginia,
  • presents optimistic picture of Virginia, [63];
  • puts price of tobacco at 3d a pound, [66];
  • describes foreign tobacco trade, [69];
  • describes Virginia houses, [104];
  • cites cases of wealth in Virginia, [107].
• New Kent,
  • farms and tithables of, [58].
• Newport, Capt. Christopher,
  • returns to England in 1607, [15];
  • brings iron ore to England in 1607, [17].
• New Jersey,
  • manufactures of lure Virginia whites, [141].
• Nicholson, Sir Francis, [29]; [50];
  • orders accurate rent roll in 1690, [51];
  • again attempts rent roll in 1699, [52];
  • completes rent roll, [52]; [54];
  • makes rent roll accurate, [55], [97]; [114];
  • gives reason for migration from Virginia and Maryland, [140], [141];
  • sues Col. Lawrence Smith for arrears of quit rents, [143];
  • testifies to large land grants, [144].
• Norfolk,
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • slave plot in, [129].
• Northampton,
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [79].
• North Carolina,
  • servants flee to, [83].
• Northern Neck,
  • omitted in rent roll, [50]; [54]; [55].
• Norton, Capt. Wm.,
  • brings glass workers to Virginia, [19];
  • dies, [19].

• Page, Matthew, [109].
• Page, Mann,
  • has 157 slaves, [157].
• Pagett, Anthony,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Parke, Daniel, [109].
• Patent Rolls,
  • in Virginia Land Office, [34];
  • average grants in, [47];
  • show large dealers in servants, [48]; [73];
  • reveal names of freedmen, [74]-[75].
• Pattison, Thomas,
  • landowner, [79].
• Pearson, Christopher,
  • inventory of, [107].
• Pelton, George, [102].
• Pennsylvania,
  • manufactures of lure Virginia whites, [191];
  • migration to, [139]-[146].
• Perfect Description,
  • numbers cattle in Virginia, [101].
• Perry Micajah,
  • reports on tobacco trade, [119].
• Plantations,
  • Virginia made up of, [29];
  • cheap in Virginia, [29];
  • labor for, [29]-[37];
  • unhealthful sites for, [39];
  • few large, [43];
  • small hold own with large, [44];
  • small outnumber large, [45]; [46];
  • transfers of in Surry county, [46];
  • patents not index to size of, [49];
  • tendency to break up large into small, [49];
  • listed in rent roll of 1704-5, [53];
  • largest in various counties, [53];
  • average size of, [53];
  • accurately listed in rent roll, [55];
  • comparison of number of with workers, [55];
  • number in each county, [58];
  • settlers buy on frontier, [76];
  • part only of each cultivated, [105].
• Popleton, William,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Population, [28]; [29];
  • growth of from 1649 to 1675, [98];
  • growth of slow, [99], [142].
• Potash,
  • England's need for, [8];
  • found in Virginia, [15];
  • first efforts to produce in Virginia, [17].
• Pott, Dr. John,
  • incites people against Sir John Harvey, [110].
• Poultry,
  • plentiful in Virginia, [102].
• Poverty,
  • in England, [31];
  • Navigation Acts cause in Virginia, [91];
  • one cause of Bacon's Rebellion, [92]-[93].
• Present State of Tobacco Plantations,
  • describes tobacco trade to France and Spain, [119];
  • puts tobacco duties at £400,000, [121];
  • describes ill effects of wars on tobacco trade, [148].
• Prince George county,
  • plantations and tithables of, [58].
• Princess Anne county,
  • plantations of small, [53]; [54];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • slave plot in, [129];
  • small slave holders in, [154].
• Public Record Office,
  • has copy of rent roll of 1704, [52].

• Quary, Colonel,
  • says wars ruin tobacco trade, [148]; [157].
• Quit rents,
  • collected by Crown on land, [50];
  • revenue from considerable, [50]; [51];
  • often in arrears, [51];
  • roll of in 1704, [51]-[55].

• Ramshaw, William,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Randall, Robert,
  • seven tithables, [57].
• Randolph, Edward,
  • remarks on slow growth of Virginia population, [99];
  • says holdings of large tracts of land causes migration from Virginia, [141]-[143];
  • says quit rents avoided, [142];
  • suggests limiting size of grants, [143].
• Randolph, William,
  • imports slaves, [130].
• Rappahannock county,
  • land transfers in, [46];
  • landowners of listed as headrights, [76]; [79].
• Rent Roll,
  • Nickolson orders, [51];
  • attempted in 1699, [52];
  • completed in 1704-5, [52];
  • shows small plantations, [53];
  • accuracy of, [54]-[55];
  • 5,500 farms listed in, [55];
  • compared with tithables of 1702, [57]-[58];
  • compared with headrights, [97]-[99];
  • contains names of few freedmen, [122]-[123].
• Restoration Period,
  • brings suffering to Virginia, [84]; [97]; [104]; [115]; [116].
• Rich, Nathaniel,
  • buys tobacco at 2s a pound, [64].
• Roberts, Robert,
  • buys land, [49].
• Robertson, William,
  • makes copy of rent roll of 1704, [52].
• Robins, Sampson, [79];
  • patents land, [80].
• Robinson, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Rolfe, Capt. John,
  • first to cure Virginia tobacco, [24]; [25].
• Rooking, William,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Rowlston, Lionell,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, [73];
  • Burgess in 1632, [74];
  • landowner, [74].
• Russell, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Russia,
  • tobacco trade to, [118]-[119]; [148].

• Samuel, Anthony,
  • buys 300 acres, [50].
• Sandys, George,
  • selects site for iron works, [17];
  • describes failure of glass works in Virginia, [19];
  • writes for servants, [30];
  • gives wages of laborers, [44].
• Sandys, Sir Edwin,
  • expects Virginia to duplicate England, [28].
• Savadge, Thomas,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Scotchmon, Robert,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, [74].
• Scott, Thomas,
  • has 57 slaves, [158].
• Scruely, Richard,
  • patents land, [79].
• Servants,
  • London Company sends to Virginia, [16];
  • Indian children as, [30];
  • system of indentures for, [32];
  • not criminals, [32];
  • political prisoners among, [33];
  • Irish among, [33];
  • Oliverian soldiers among, [33];
  • they plot against Government, [33];
  • Scotchmen among, [33];
  • Sedgemour prisoners among, [33];
  • chiefly Englishmen, [34], [36];
  • list of preserved, [34];
  • headrights from, [35];
  • influx of, [35];
  • four or five years of service for, [38];
  • become part of Virginia social fabric, [39];
  • hardship and perils encountered by, [39];
  • 80 per cent. become freedmen, [40];
  • prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, [40];
  • length of service for, [40];
  • usually young when freed, [41], [42];
  • estimated at 6,000 in 1671, [41];
  • "seasoned," [42];
  • become small part of population, [43];
  • merchants bring to complete cargoes, [47];
  • individual orders for, [48];
  • in immigrant ships, [48];
  • dealers in, [48];
  • numbers in 1704, [56];
  • listed as tithables, [56];
  • distribution of, [58]-[59];
  • not slaves, [60];
  • like English apprentices, [60];
  • outfit of on expiration of term, [61];
  • not entitled to land, [61];
  • hope to become landowners, [61]-[62];
  • Virginia land of opportunity for, [71];
  • freedmen often purchase, [72];
  • of early period become prosperous, [73]-[80];
  • list of, [78];
  • proportion of among immigrants, [81]-[82];
  • little hope for advancement of after 1660, [96]-[100];
  • importation of in Restoration period, [98]-[99];
  • inventories which show none, [106]-[107];
  • many freed to fight in Bacon's Rebellion, [113];
  • few become landowners at end of 17th century, [112]-[113];
  • usefulness of as compared with slaves, [126];
  • price of, [127];
  • not always docile, [128];
  • slave labor curtails importation of, [134];
  • England opposes migration of, [135];
  • vast numbers imported, [142].
• Seymour, Attorney-General,
  • tells Virginians to make tobacco, [136].
• Sheep,
  • scarce in Virginia, [102].
• Sheriff,
  • collects quit rents, [51];
  • draws up rent roll, [52];
  • unearths false returns, [54]-[55].
• Sherwood, William,
  • calls Bacon's men rabble, [93].
• Shipbuilding,
  • materials for needed in England, [8];
  • lack of injures merchant marine, [9];
  • materials for found in Virginia, [15];
  • Capt. Smith explains why Virginia cannot produce materials for, [17].
• Shurley, Daniel,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Sickness, The Virginia,
  • Capt. Blewit dies of, [18];
  • glass workers die of, [19];
  • servants die of, [33];
  • described, [39];
  • terrible mortality from, [39], [80];
  • abates before end of 17th century, [40];
  • not fatal to slaves, [128].
• Silk,
  • from South Europe, [12];
  • in Virginia, [15].
• Slaughter, John, [80].
• Slave trade,
  • in hands of Dutch, [31];
  • restrictions on, [45].
• Slaves,
  • adequate for tobacco raising, [29];
  • first cargo of in Virginia, [30];
  • few in Virginia prior to 1680, [31];
  • influx of, [40];
  • numbers in 1704, [56];
  • listed as tithables, [56];
  • distribution of, [58]-[59];
  • inventories show that many planters had none, [106]-[107];
  • used by wealthy men in 17th century, [108];
  • first cargo of, [124];
  • few prior to 1680, [124];
  • importations of, [124]-[125];
  • Dutch control trade in, [125]-[126];
  • fitness of for tobacco culture, [126];
  • price of, [127];
  • labor of crude, [127]-[128];
  • health of good, [128];
  • docile, [128];
  • plots among, [128]-[129];
  • no wrong seen in, [129];
  • duty on importation of, [129];
  • large importations of, 1680-1708, [130]-[131];
  • 6,000 by 1700, [130];
  • 12,000 in 1708, [130];
  • 30,000 in 1730, [131];
  • use of cheapens tobacco, [132];
  • use of curtails importation of servants, [134];
  • England favors use of in Virginia, [135]-[136];
  • pernicious effect of in ancient Rome, [137]-[139];
  • effect of on Virginia yeomanry, [139]-[155];
  • causes migration of whites, [139]-[146];
  • at first produce only lower grades of tobacco, [147];
  • become more efficient, [147];
  • contempt of for poor whites, [152];
  • small holders of, [152]-[159];
  • cast stigma on labor, [155];
  • large holders of increase in numbers, [155]-[159].
• Smelting,
  • wood needed for, [8];
  • in Virginia, [15];
  • machinery for sent to Virginia, [17];
  • begun at Falling Creek.
• Smith, Capt. John,
  • describes Baltic trade, [8];
  • explains difficulty of building up manufacturers in Virginia, [17].
• Smither, William,
  • buys 200 acres, [50].
• Smyth,
  • describes poor whites of Virginia, [152], [155].
• Spain,
  • commerce with, [12];
  • growing domains of, [14];
  • tobacco of used in England, [25], [26];
  • tobacco of excluded from England, [67], [68], [86], [87];
  • tobacco trade to, [119];
  • trade to injured by war, [131].
• Spanish Succession, War of, [103]; [115]; [119];
  • cuts off tobacco trade to France and Spain, [131]; [148].
• Sparshott, Edward,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Smith, Lawrence,
  • sued for arrears of quit rents, [143].
• Sparkes, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Spencer, Capt. Robt.,
  • servants and slaves of, [59].
• Spencer, Secretary,
  • writes of reviving tobacco trade, [115];
  • says slaves cheaper labor than whites, [132].
• Splitimber, John,
  • his cattle, [101];
  • inventory of, [106]-[107].
• Spotsylvania,
  • large grants in, [145];
  • poor whites in, [151];
  • small slave holders of, [153]-[154];
  • land transfers in, [154];
  • large slave holders in, [157]; [159].
• Spotswood, Alexander,
  • says slaves cause over production of tobacco, [129]; [151];
  • has 60 slaves, [158].
• Storey, John,
  • imports negroes, [130].
• Stuarts, second despotism of,
  • affects Virginia, [114].
• Stublefield, George,
  • has 42 slaves, [158].
• Surry,
  • land transfers in, [46];
  • tithables in, [56], [58];
  • inventories and wills in, [59];
  • negroes plot in, [128].
• Sweden,
  • tobacco trade to, [118]-[119].
• Symonds, Roger,
  • granted 100 acres, [81].

• Taliaferro, Richard,
  • has 43 slaves, [158].
• Tenants,
  • few in Virginia, [44], [45], [62].
• Thoroughgood, Adam,
  • servant, Burgess in 1629, [73];
  • Burgess in 1632, [74];
  • landowner, [75];
  • brother of Sir John Thoroughgood, [75].
• Tithables,
  • those listed as, [56];
  • in Surry, [56]-[57];
  • number of in various counties, [58].
• Tobacco,
  • history of Virginia built on, [20], [23];
  • Indians revere, [24];
  • first cured in Virginia by Rolfe, [24];
  • Virginia suited for, [24];
  • ready market for, [24];
  • extensively used in England, [24];
  • used by James I, [25];
  • Virginians turn eagerly to culture of, [25];
  • send first cargo of to England, [25];
  • London Company displeased at culture of, [25];
  • England reconciled to, [26];
  • Virginia's only hope, [26];
  • Crown tries to divert Virginia from, [27];
  • cultivation in Virginia universal, [27];
  • shapes immigration, [29];
  • requires unskilled labor, [29];
  • prosperity of freedmen hinges on, [62];
  • amount of one man could produce, [63]-[64];
  • over production of in 1640, [63];
  • price of prior to 1660, [64]-[67];
  • account for migration of 1618-1623, [64];
  • rich returns from, [64];
  • restrictions on trade of, [67]-[69];
  • growing of in England prohibited, [67];
  • tax on, [67];
  • illegal foreign trade in, [68]-[69];
  • reëxported from England, [70];
  • Virginia underbids world in, [70];
  • returns from, [71]-[72];
  • freight on high, [72];
  • effect of Navigation Acts on, [85]-[96];
  • foreign trade in prohibited, [85];
  • requires world market, [86];
  • planting in England prohibited, [87];
  • exports of to Spain, [87];
  • reëxported, [87];
  • planted in Holland, [88];
  • glut in England causes price of to drop, [89]-[91];
  • exhausts soil, [105];
  • Charles I makes offer for, [110];
  • trade of revives, [115]-[116];
  • production of increases, [115]-[116];
  • returns from, [116];
  • reëxports of, [116]-[120];
  • production of abroad, [117];
  • duty on yields crown large revenue, [121];
  • price of still low at end of 17th century, [123];
  • slaves adequate to its cultivation, [127]-[128];
  • wars interfere with trade in, [131];
  • slaves cheapen production of, [132];
  • poor whites produce the best, [146]-[147];
  • foreign trade in ruined by war, [148]-[150];
  • advantages of large plantations for, [156]-[157].
• Towns,
  • few in Virginia, [29].
• Townsend, Richard,
  • Burgess in 1629, [73].
• Trussell, John,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Turnbull, Robert,
  • has 81 slaves, [158].

• Underwood, John,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Upton, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75].

• Vegetables,
  • abundant in Virginia, [102].
• Virginia's Cure,
  • says Burgesses mostly freedmen, [74].
• Virginia Unmasked,
  • describes Virginia houses, [104].
• Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,
  • shows that many freedmen migrated to Virginia, [81].
• Virginia Richly Valued,
  • advises emigrants as to outfit, [104].

• Wages,
  • high in Virginia, [16]; [29]; [30];
  • low in England, [31].
• Wage earners,
  • few in Virginia, [44];
  • mostly recently freed servants, [44].
• Walker, Robert,
  • has 52 slaves, [158].
• Warburton, Thomas,
  • patents land in James City, [77].
• Warden, Thomas,
  • landowner, [79].
• Warwick,
  • average plantation of, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58]; [81].
• Washington, Richard,
  • deals in servants, [48].
• Watson, John,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Weaver, Samuel,
  • landowning freedman, [75].
• Webster, Roger,
  • servant, Burgess in 1632, [74].
• Whitlock, Thomas,
  • will of, [105]-[106].
• Williamsburg, [35]; [54].
• Williams, William,
  • buys 200 acres, [50].
• Wills,
  • throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, [59]; [73];
  • headrights mentioned in, [76].
• Wine,
  • prospect for in Virginia, [15].
• Woolens,
  • need of potash for, [8];
  • French duty on, [13].
• Woolritch, William,
  • landowning freedman, [74].
• Wormsley, Ralph, [109];
  • letter to from Fitzhugh, [130].
• Wray, Thomas,
  • granted 50 acres, [81].

• Yates, William,
  • has 55 slaves, [158].
• Yeomanry,
  • largest class in Virginia, [59], [62];
  • freedmen in, [72]-[82]; [85];
  • desperately poor, [90]-[91];
  • driven to revolt by poverty, [92]-[93];
  • no advancement for after 1660, [97]-[100];
  • enjoy plentiful food, [101]-[103];
  • often suffer for proper clothing, [103]-[105];
  • Burgesses represented interests of, [109];
  • aid in ejecting Harvey, [110];
  • many favor Parliament in Civil War, [110]-[111];
  • in control from 1652 to 1660, [112];
  • chief sufferers from Navigation Acts, [113];
  • support Bacon in rebellion, [113];
  • struggle for political rights, [114];
  • few recruits to at end of 17th century, [122];
  • condition of at end of 17th century, [123];
  • effect of slavery on in ancient Rome, [137]-[139];
  • migration of from Virginia [139]-[146];
  • produce higher grades of tobacco, [146]-[147];
  • misery of in 1713, [150];
  • many sink into poverty, [151]-[154];
  • many become slave holders, [152]-[159];
  • slaves make less industrious, [155]; [160].
• Yeardley, Sir George, [29];
  • instructed to enforce free exchange of goods, [65].
• York,
  • land transfers in, [46];
  • plantations of small, [53];
  • farms and tithables of, [58];
  • servants and slaves in, [59];
  • landowners of who had been headrights, [76]; [79]; [107]; [130].
• Young, Richard,
  • granted 100 acres, [81].

---

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation corrections:

Pg. 3 - added closing quotes (not even beggars;")

Pg. 142 - added quotes ("It should be inquired into," he said, "how it comes to pass ...)

Pg. 151 - added period (for themselves only. Making)

Pg. 152 - added opening quote ("illiberal, noisy and rude,")

Pg. 172 - Footnote [5-29], added closing quote (to the Government.")

Pg. 251 - added comma after "George" (Archer, George,)

Pg. 252 - changed "." to ";" (Carolina ... 99-100; 139-146.)

Pg. 254 - added comma after "Benjamin" (Harrison, Benjamin,)

Pg. 254 - added comma in Freedmen (what became of, 43;)

Pg. 257 - changed comma to semi-colon (Plantations ... listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53;)

Spelling Corrections:

Pg. 87 - "exlusive" to "exclusive" (1) (secured exclusive privileges)

Pg. 88 - "nigher" to "higher" (profit higher at home?)

Pg. 124 - "butt wenty" to "but twenty" (there were but twenty)

Pg. 125 - "chieftians" to "chieftains" (the native chieftains)

Pg. 156 - "Birtish" to "British" (upon British imports)

Pg. 162 - added Chapter Title "Notes to Chapters" as shown in the Contents.

Pg. 176 - "Britain" to "British" (in Footnote [7-23] ... British Public Record Office)

Pg. 191 - "ped" to "per" (per Robert Rivers)

Pg. 208 - "Sgeriff" to "Sheriff" (Henry Royall Sheriff)

Pg. 215 - "Shreiff" to "Sheriff" (the Sheriff is to be allowed)

Pg. 215 - added "A" at head of alphabetical list of names.

Pg. 223 - "Sherif" to "Sheriff" (Tho Parker Sheriff)

Pg. 245 - added "D" at head of alphabetical listing of names.

Pg. 252 - "Spotsvylvania" to "Spotsylvania" (Chew, Larkin ... dealer in Spotsylvania)

Pg. 255 - "gratned" to "granted" (Land, ... large tracts granted,)

Pg. 257 - "Eir" to "Sir" (Sandys, Sir Edwin,)

Pg. 258 - "centry" to "century" (Sickness ... abates before end of 17th century,)

Pg. 259 - "Thorouhggood" to "Thoroughgood" (Thoroughgood, Adam, ... brother of Sir John Thoroughgood,)

Footnote and Anchor Corrections/Notations:

Footnotes and their anchors have been renumbered to include the chapter number, thus the Chapter 3 Footnote #5 becomes [3-5] in this e-text.

Footnotes without anchor points are not hyper-linked.

Pg. 19 - A second anchor to Footnote [1-18] has been corrected to anchor Footnote [1-19].

Pg. 87 - Chapter 5, Footnote anchors skip from [5-2] to [5-7], and again from [5-33] to [5-35]. No anchor points for Footnotes 3 through 6 or 34 appear in the original text though the footnotes are included in the "Notes to Chapters" beginning on pg. 162. Also;

Pg. 115 - Chapter 7, Footnotes skip from [7-2] to [7-4]. No reference point for Footnote 3.

Pg. 163 - Footnote [2-19], no page number was given. (p.--.)

Pg. 179 - Footnote [8-54], in reference to Philip Fithian, Journal and letters, p. 130 appears twice in original text and has been retained.

Appendix - Information contained in the Rent Rolls appears to have been set out verbatim for each VA county or Parish. Inconsistencies appearing in the original text, which have been retained include:

a. Inconsistent punctuation of abbreviations;
b. Inconsistent representation of abbreviations;
c. Missing end of line punctuation;
d. Inconsistent alphabetization of proper names;
e. Inconsistent spelling of proper names;
f. Inconsistent mathmatical calculations;

Other notes and corrections:

Printer or Author regularly used "country" in place of what are VA. counties.

Pg. 251 - Index listing for Ball, William, no page reference given. However this name is referenced on [page 153].

Pg. 253 - "558" to "58" (Index listing for Essex, ... farms and tithables of, 58.)

Pg. 258 - Index listing for Smelting ... begun at Falling Creek. No page reference given. However reference to both Smelting and Falling Creek appear on [page 18].

Word variations:

"Perfect Discription" and "Perfect Description"

"pre-eminence" and "preëminently"