Section 12.—CARRIAGES AND CARS.
The design and details of these must always be suited to circumstances. We only propose here to indicate the various types of under-framing and wheels in use, and to give sketch sections of bodies or cars for different purposes.
UNDER-FRAMES.
[209]. Two-wheel suspension car for single rail or wire rope, used commonly on some kinds of cranes. See [Section 18].
[210], [211], [212], & [213]. Three-wheel cars. See also the various types of tricycles in use.
[214], [215], [216], & [217]. Various forms of four-wheel under-frames, with and without swivelling bogies.
A car with four wheels arranged as [No. 217], but with the leading and trailing wheels slightly raised off the ground, is used as a goods car or hand truck, and is very readily swivelled about, running, of course, actually on three wheels only.
[218]. Five-wheel under-frame, with and without swivelling bogies.
[219] & [223]. Plans of six-wheel cars, with swivelling gear for curves; the centre pair having end play, swivel the leading and trailing axles by means of the jointed stays.
[220]. Plan of four-wheel car, with swivelling gear for curves.
[221], [222], & [224]. Six-wheel cars, the latter with leading and trailing swivelling bogies.
[225]. Eight-wheel double-bogie under-frame. This is the plan usually employed in long cars; each bogie is free to swivel independently, and is centrally loaded.
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[226]. Ten-wheel double-bogie under frame, the centre pair to have end play or broad flat tyres.
[227]. Twelve wheels and three bogies. The centre bogie must have end play, either as in [Nos. 222] or [226], or with transverse rollers between the bogie and frame.
Note that in [Nos. 221], [223], & [224] the centre pairs, if running on rails, must have either end play in the bearings or flat broad tyres.
[228]. Open passenger car, either with transverse or longitudinal seats.
[229]. Covered passenger car, with either longitudinal or transverse seats.
[230]. Passenger car, with outside and central longitudinal seats.
[231]. Passenger car, with upper and lower longitudinal seats.
[232]. Passenger car, as [No. 231], but with seats reversed.
[233]. Passenger car, for one-rail railway.
[234]. Passenger car, similar to [No. 230], but with seats reversed.
[235]. American plan of passenger car, with transverse seats and central gangway.
[236]. Goods cars, low sided.
[237]. Covered or box wagon.
[238]. Hopper wagon for discharging below.
[239]. Side discharge hopper wagon.
[240]. Side tip (or end tip) three-centre wagon.
[241]. Tip cart.
[242]. Tip wagon.
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[243]. Furniture wagon.
[244]. Grafton’s patent side tip wagon.
[245]. Long truck for boilers, &c.
[246]. Incline car for passengers.
[247]. Segmental swivelling bearings, used instead of a swivelling bogie and centrepin.
[248]. Hudson’s patent tip wagons, with three centres.
[249]. Hopper wagon, with central discharge.