Section 57.—PIPES AND CONVEYORS.
Plain tubing may be either of iron, brass, zinc, lead, tin plate, sheet iron, papier mâché, indiarubber, guttapercha, leather, cotton, or canvas.
Flexible sorts of the last five materials named are strengthened when required by spiral wire, either inside or outside or imbedded in the material; also, in the case of rubber, by canvas insertion; or by being payed with yarn or wire, either wound or plaited round the exterior.
CAST IRON PIPES.
[1048] to [1053]. Show sections and elevations of forms of flanges employed. 1053 has a small V space, in which is inserted a ring of guttapercha cord or soft lead. Used for heavy pressures.
[1054]. Socket and spigot pipes.
The ordinary earthenware socket drain pipes, flue pipes, &c., are examples.
[1055]. Socket and spigot pipes, with tapered, bored, and turned joint.
[1056]. Cup and ball joint for uneven ground, &c.
[1057]. Wrought iron pipes, with cast iron flanges.
[1058]. Diagonal universal joint. See [No. 1078].
[1059]. Swivelling joint. Coupling quickly opened or closed, faced with rubber or leather.
[1060]. Bayonet joint, for hydrants, &c. See [No. 963].
WROUGHT IRON PIPES.
[1061]. Sheet iron flue pipes.
[1062]. Wrought iron pipe and screwed couplings.
[1063]. Wrought iron flange coupling.
[1064]. Reducing socket or coupling.
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[1067]. Bend.
[1068]. Internal coupling for handrailing, &c.
[1069]. Patent lap-folded pipe.
[1070]. Long screw, coupling and back nut, for making the last joint in a series of pipes when the last piece cannot be screwed into both joints.
[1071] to [1073]. Screwed unions. The nut may be as [No. 1072] or [1073].
See also [Section 78].
[1074] & [1075]. Unions with right and left-hand threads.
[1076]. Expansion joint plain.
[1077]. Expansion joint with gland and safety bolt to prevent the joint blowing out.
A bent U-shaped tube of copper is sometimes used as an expansion piece in a line of hot piping.
[1078]. Royle’s patent diagonal universal joint, by swivelling the diagonal joint the pipes can be set at any angle from 0° to 90° to each other.
[1079]. Expanding pipes with stuffing boxes at each joint, used for conveying water, steam, or air to a movable engine or machine.
CONVEYORS.
[1080] & [1081]. Wood troughs sometimes lined with metal.
For conveying materials other than liquids, such as sand, coal, grain, &c., the following contrivances are used:—
Endless bands of canvas, rubber, leather, &c., sometimes with flanges like [1082].
Sloping wooden tubes or shoots.
[1082]. Sectional conveyor, endless, carried round pulleys like [No. 1083].
[1083]. Creeper, an endless chain of boards or buckets sliding along a fixed wood trough. See Ewart’s patent detachable drive chain, which is fitted with special links for attachment of boards or buckets.
[1084]. Worm and trough, similar in principle to an archimedean screw.
See [No. 1022].
Elevators for vertical or sloping conveyance usually consist of an endless band of some flexible material or chain with a number of tin or metal buckets attached at regular intervals (as [No. 1086]) like a creeper, [No. 1083], but working in an enclosed tube.
Pneumatic tubes. See [Section 19]. Valves for do., [No. 1638].
[1085]. Is an improved form of worm having no centre shaft. “Patent Anti-Friction Conveyor.”
[1086]. Elevator, or band and buckets, may be run in any position.
[1087] & [1088]. Endless web and roller devices for conveying sheets of paper, for printing or folding.
See also Raising and Lowering, [Section 69].
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Section 58.—PACKINGS, JOINTS, STUFFING BOXES, &c.
PISTONS.
[1089]. Piston with junk ring; the packing is sometimes cast iron, steel, brass, or phosphor bronze rings, or even hemp or asbestos.
[1090]. Small pistons have generally two rings of steel or brass sprung into the grooves.
[1091]. Double-acting hydraulic piston for cold water; if single acting, one leather only is required; for hot water, rings are generally employed.
[1092]. Indiarubber rolling ring packing, used on Kennedy’s patent piston water meters.
[1093]. Piston, with junk ring for fibrous packing.
Numerous patents are in use for springs of various kinds applied to piston rings. See [Section 80].
STUFFING BOXES, &c.
[1094], [1095], [1096], & [1097]. Sections and plans of gland stuffing boxes.
[1098]. Leather packing ring or collar, used generally for higher pressures up to 3 or 4 tons per square inch.
[1099]. Stuffing box for hydraulic rams, up to pressures of about 1000 lbs. per square inch, with special hard packing.
[1100] & [1101]. When the wear on an hydraulic leather is considerable a guard-ring should be added, as shown here.
[1102]. Stannah’s patent stuffing box; the packing is tightened by a set screw.
[1103] & [1104]. Ram leathers, with gland to facilitate renewing.
[1105]. Grooved steam packing. It is said that the steam will not readily pass a series of grooves round a piston rod.
[1106]. Useful form of gland for a screwed spindle, the thread being cut in the outer cap.
[1107]. V-ring piston packing rings. The inner spring ring presses the outer rings out against the cylinder.
[1108]. “Bottle” gland to cover a reciprocating rod end.
[1109]. Gland with oil space to keep the rod lubricated.
[1110]. Water lute or seal for gas holders, &c.
[1111]. Grooved joint for packing round covers, &c.
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[1112]. Indiarubber sheet joint for the tubes of condensers, the rubber being pressed around the tube joints by a plate with projecting rings. See [Plate], [page 139].
[1113]. V-ring metallic gland packing. See [Plate], [page 139].
Joints of plane surfaces are usually made with red-lead for steam and water; asbestos, millboard, and sometimes rubber insertion, tape, paper, or wire gauze for steam, water, air, &c.