The grapes of New York

by U. P. Hedrick

ROGERS’ HYBRIDS.

1. Mag. Hort., 23:86. 1857. 2. Horticulturist, 13:86, 119. 1858. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1860:35, 85. 4. Ib., 1862:148. 5. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1864:135, 136, 137. figs. 6. N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt., 1865:338. figs. 7. Horticulturist, 20:81. 1865. 8. Strong, 1866:31, 339. 9. Mead, 1867:204. 10. Fuller, 1867:228, 246. 10. Rec. of Hort., 1868:46. 11. Horticulturist, 24:126. 1869. 12. Grape Cult., 1:153, 193, fig., 194, 262. 1869. 13. Am. Jour. Hort., 5:261. 1869. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:39. 15. Bush. Cat., 1894:173. fig. 16. Meehan’s Mon., 9:94. 1899. 17. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1901:166.

The forty-five seedlings known as Rogers’ Hybrids were originated by Edward S. Rogers of Salem, Massachusetts.[209] Rogers states that the suggestion which started him in this work was an article by Dr. Lindley of the University of London, originally printed in the London Horticulturist and reprinted in Downing’s Horticulturist for September, 1847. This article, which is entitled “Remarks on Hybridizing Plants,” is a general discussion of the results of this practice so far as they were then known.

The female parent used by Rogers was a four or five year old, large-fruited Labrusca known locally as Carter or Mammoth Globe, and very similar to, but not identical with Sage. The pollen for fertilizing the blossoms of this vine was secured from vines of Black Hamburg and White Chasselas growing in a cold grapery near by. In the summer of 1851, clusters of the Carter were fertilized with pollen from the Vinifera vines both at the time of emasculation and later, and small cotton bags were tied on the blossoms to prevent the interference of foreign pollen. In addition to the repeated applications of pollen to the stigmas, Rogers placed clusters of blossoms of the Vinifera sorts in the enclosing sacks. As a result of these pollinations, he secured about one hundred and fifty seeds which were planted in the garden that fall. In the spring of 1852 practically every seed germinated, but cut worms and other accidents reduced the number to forty-five which finally fruited. These were left to grow on poles where they were originally planted for three years, when, because of crowding, twenty-five of them were removed to another part of the garden. The untransplanted vines began to bear fruit in 1856 and the transplanted ones a few years later. The seedlings were numbered by Rogers from one to forty-five and for a long time they were known under these numbers. Of these, one to five inclusive were of the Carter-Black Hamburg cross; six to fourteen inclusive were of the Carter-White Chasselas cross; and all of the numbers from fifteen to forty-five were of Hamburg parentage. As will be noted under Salem, this was later given a number higher than forty-five, owing to the confusion of the sort with some other after being sent out. With this exception, the original crosses were all included in these numbers. In 1858 and 1859, Rogers sent many of these varieties, under the original numbers, to various people for testing. He was compelled to do this, owing to lack of room in the half acre which comprised the Rogers’ garden, to properly test the sorts himself. Of this garden Marshall P. Wilder says: “It is 150 years old; a cold matted soil, filled with old apple and pear trees, currant bushes, flax, and everything mingled in together. It is in a close, hived up place in the city of Salem, and it is a wonder that he ever had a bunch of grapes to show.”

Unfortunately, this dissemination led to the confusion of some of the numbers, a confusion which has never been satisfactorily straightened out.

In 1867, No. 22, or 53, was given the name Salem. Two years later at the earnest request of a committee from the Lake Shore Grape Growers’ Association, Rogers gave names to several of his hybrids, as listed below. He stated that the names selected were either those of persons noted for scientific or literary attainments, or else of counties and towns in Massachusetts. There was some criticism at the time from those who thought there were other numbers as well deserving of names as those which were so distinguished. And it must be admitted that the vines of this collection are remarkably equal in their possession of good and bad characters. About 1870, Bush of Bushberg, Missouri, received three sorts as Rogers’ No. 39. One of these which was particularly promising, he, with Rogers’ consent, named Aminia. None of the others has ever been named, although several of them are still cultivated to a minor extent. The named varieties, with the corresponding numbers, are as follows: 1. Goethe. 3. Massasoit. 4. Wilder. 9. Lindley. 14. Gaertner. 15. Agawam. 19. Merrimac. 28. Requa. 39. Aminia. 41. Essex. 43. Barry. 44. Herbert. 53 or 22. Salem (but not the Salem now known).

For some years, many grape-growers believed that these hybrids were nothing more than seedlings of the wild Labrusca mother but it was soon generally accepted that they were genuine hybrids. To those who are familiar with Rogers’ work, this was evident from the first, as the Carter or Mammoth Globe is a self-sterile sort, and the sacks enclosing the blossoms would prevent the introduction of other pollen than that intentionally placed on the stigmas by Rogers himself. A. D. Rogers, a brother of E. S. Rogers, in a communication to the Horticulturist, in 1858, says that “many of these seedlings had upright stamens,” but of the ones which were later named, Agawam alone is thus characterized. This is important in considering the value of these varieties, as no variety has ever become popular as a market sort which is self-sterile.

Rogers’ Hybrids are unique in that the standard of excellence was so high in all of the forty-five seedlings produced. Some have credited this to the manner in which he did his work and in particular to the excess of pollen applied to the stigmas; others consider it more likely due to his choice of parent vines. Unfortunately the evidence bearing on this point is not sufficient to form definite conclusions.

After the production of the seedlings mentioned above Rogers continued the work, recrossing the varieties already produced with various Vinifera varieties. None of these ever showed sufficient promise to be introduced.

ROMMEL.
(Labrusca, Riparia, Vinifera.)

1. An. Hort., 1889:101. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:117. 3. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:606. 1894. 4. Bush. Cat., 1894:174. fig. 5. Husmann, 1895:125. 6. Kan. Sta. Bul., 73:182. 1897. 7. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 548, 556. 1898. 8. Tex. Sta. Bul., 48:1151, 1162. 1898. fig. 9. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 42, 44, 45, 53, 76. 1899. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:31. 11. Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:271, 280. 1900.

Rommel is rarely found under cultivation in New York, lacking somewhat in robustness, hardiness and productiveness, and being very susceptible to the leaf-hopper. The variety comes from Munson of Denison, Texas, and is seemingly too far removed from the warm climate in which it originated to be profitable in New York. Besides the defects named above, it does not attain its natural high quality in this latitude and the grapes crack badly as they ripen. The bunch and berry are attractive in form, size and color as shown in the color-plate, though the illustration does not do justice to the size of the bunch, the season of 1908, in which the fruit was produced, having been cold and wet and therefore very unfavorable to this variety. At its best, Rommel is a very good table grape and the authorities say makes a very fine white wine. The variety is of interest to the student of grapes from the standpoint of its breeding, having very largely the vine characters of its maternal parent, Elvira, with somewhat better fruit. The name commemorates the service to viticulture of Jacob Rommel of Morrison, Missouri.

T. V. Munson originated Rommel in 1885 and introduced it in 1889. The parents are Elvira pollinated by Triumph. Rommel was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1899.

Vine medium to vigorous, not always hardy, medium to productive, susceptible to injury by leaf-hoppers. Canes medium to long, moderately numerous, thick to medium, light to dark reddish-brown, surface somewhat rough; nodes enlarged, often flattened; internodes medium to short; diaphragm thick or nearly so; pith medium to large; shoots slightly glabrous; tendrils intermittent, medium to long, bifid to trifid.

Leaf-buds intermediate in size and thickness, short to medium, prominent, obtuse to conical, open very late. Young leaves tinged on under side and along margin of upper side with light rose-carmine. Leaves medium to above in size, roundish, thick; upper surface light green, dull, rugose; lower surface pale green, nearly free from pubescence but slightly hairy; leaf usually not lobed with terminus acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus medium to deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus very shallow when present; teeth medium to deep, of average width. Flowers semi-fertile, open moderately late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens in mid-season, ships and keeps fairly well. Clusters variable in size, above medium to short, moderately broad, cylindrical to slightly tapering, usually single-shouldered, compact to medium; peduncle long to medium, thick; pedicel of average length, slender, usually smooth; brush short, pale green. Berries large to medium, oblate to roundish, frequently compressed on account of compactness of cluster, light green with yellow tinge, glossy, covered with a moderate amount of gray bloom, persistent, firm, but breaking easily under pressure. Skin thin, cracks badly, medium to tender, adheres very slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment, without astringency. Flesh greenish, translucent, juicy, tender and melting, slightly stringy, sweet to agreeably tart at center, variable in quality but ranks fair to good, appears to be better in some locations. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, one to four, average two, medium in size and length, rather broad, sharp-pointed, very plump, brownish; raphe buried in a somewhat wide groove; chalaza intermediate in size, above center, oval to circular, indistinct.

R. W. MUNSON.
(Lincecumii, Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1893:118. 2. Husmann, 1895:126. 3. Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:280. 1900. 4. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901. 5. Rural N. Y., 60:614, 726. 1901. 6. Ib., 62:790, 886. 1903. 7. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904:239.

R. W. Munson, from Texas, is a somewhat promising variety for the North for its intrinsic value, and is certainly interesting from the standpoint of its breeding as it gives Northern growers a grape with a generous admixture of Lincecumii blood. Its several essential vine characters are very good though it is self-sterile and needs a companion variety which produces an abundance of pollen. Concord and Brilliant are recommended by the originator as notable pollenizers. R. W. Munson is particularly resistant to black-rot, making it valuable for regions where this fungus is a scourge. The fruit is sweet, juicy and very pleasantly flavored, with tender pulp, and while not of the highest quality yet a most pleasing and particularly refreshing grape. The variety is well worthy more extensive trial in New York.

T. V. Munson of Denison, Texas, raised the original vine of R. W. Munson from seed of Big Berry (a variety of Post-oak) pollinated by Triumph. The seed was planted in 1887 and the resulting variety introduced by the originator in the fall of 1894.

Vine vigorous, doubtfully hardy, productive, healthy. Canes medium to nearly long, intermediate in number, thick to medium, dark red; internodes medium to long; tendrils intermittent, bifid. Leaves healthy. Flowers sterile or nearly so, open late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens about with Concord, does not keep well. Clusters below medium to small, rather short, often single-shouldered, compact to medium. Berries medium to large, slightly oblate, dull black covered with a medium amount of blue bloom, inclined to shatter considerably, not very firm. Skin thin, variable in toughness, not astringent. Flesh pale green, rather tender when fully ripe, peculiarly vinous, nearly sweet at skin to agreeably tart at center, slightly spicy and with some Post-oak flavor, good in quality. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, rather numerous, intermediate in size, length, and width. Raphe obscure in a very shallow groove; chalaza slightly above center, oval; obscure.

SAGE.
(Labrusca.)

1. Allen, 1848:134. 2. Horticulturist, 6:575. 1851. Ib., 7:87, 108. 1852. 4. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1853:300, 301. 5. Mag. Hort., 24:91. 1858. 6. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1859:48, 55, 66. 7. U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1864:134. 8. N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt., 1865:337. fig. 9.(?) Bush. Cat., 1894:151.

Mammoth (7, 8). ?Mammoth Sage (9). Sage (7, 8). Globe (8).

This variety, which is variously known under the names Sage, Mammoth Sage, Mammoth, and Globe, is of interest because it represents a type of large-fruited, early-ripening Labruscas which have been used frequently by breeders as the native parent in a Vinifera cross. A variety similar to this was used in particular by E. S. Rogers as the mother plant in making his notable crosses. They have also been used by White and others.

The original vine was a chance seedling found by Henry E. Sage about 1811 on the banks of a small stream near Portland, Connecticut. The variety was first brought to public notice by John Fiske Allen in 1848 through a very laudatory description which was much criticised by those who objected to the foxy aroma of the Sage but as warmly defended by others who liked the foxiness. The variety was later advertised and sent out by the Shaker community at Harvard, Worcester County, Massachusetts. Within a few years it seems to have been disseminated throughout eastern New England, and was particularly acceptable in those sections where Isabella failed to ripen. There is no evidence that it was ever planted except in gardens. With the introduction of Concord and other early varieties of higher quality the cultivation of the Sage was dropped. It is probably now obsolete.

The best description we have of Sage is the following, copied from the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1864:

“It is much like most of the wild Fox grapes of this vicinity, [Massachusetts] but the berries are much larger, light chestnut or mahogany color, and they have a flattened or compressed shape, instead of being round, frequently an inch in diameter. The bunch is small with three to six berries in a round, ball-like cluster, with sometimes a side stem with one berry at the end of it for a shoulder. The stem of the bunch is not very long. The leaves usually are ‘entire’ with a short pointed termination at the end of the midrib, and two other points of the other divisions into which all American leaves are divided, making always either plainly, or in the rudimental state, five lobes. Thus the leaves are not much lobed, scarcely toothed, and have a rusty, woolly appearance. The young wood, last season’s growth, is hard and wiry and covered with bristles. The grape itself is sweet, but has a hard pulp, that some compare to a piece of India-rubber when eating it. It is early, and perfectly hardy, as much so as any wild grape in this vicinity.”

ST. LOUIS.
(Labrusca.)

1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1899:54. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1905:166. 3. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul., 30:11. 1905.

As St. Louis grows on the Station grounds it is so similar to Worden and Concord that it would seem to be superfluous in the grape list of the State. But the variety is so highly recommended in the West, especially in the states from which the above references come, that it is possibly worthy of trial in the grape regions of New York as an early type of Concord.

St. Louis was introduced by Henry Wallis of Wellston, Missouri, about 1897. In 1900, he states that it is a seedling of Concord, was originated in St. Louis, and that it had created a sensation for twenty years in the St. Louis markets. The general character of both fruit and vine corroborates the Concord parentage though the frequently intermittent tendrils indicate there is a strain of other than Labrusca blood present.

Vine vigorous, hardy, medium to productive. Canes long to medium, intermediate in number, often rather thick, medium brown to nearly dark reddish-brown deepening in color at the nodes, covered with considerable pubescence; tendrils continuous to intermittent, bifid to trifid. Leaves very large to medium, variable in color, thick; lower surface grayish-white tinged with bronze; heavily pubescent. Flowers fertile or nearly so, open medium early; stamens upright. Fruit ripens about with Concord, or slightly earlier, keeps and ships well. Clusters large to medium, intermediate in length, rather broad, usually single-shouldered but occasionally with a double shoulder, medium to compact. Berries nearly large to medium, roundish, dull black, covered with thick blue bloom, persistent. Skin of average thickness and toughness. Flesh tough, foxy, sweet at skin to slightly acid at center, good in quality with a slight resemblance to Concord. Seeds do not separate easily from the pulp, medium to above in size and width, intermediate in length.

SALEM.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1862:148. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1865:16. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1867:114. 4. Mead, 1867:222. 5. Rec. of Hort., 1868:46. 6. N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt., 1868:228. 7. Mag. Hort., 34:7. 1868. 8. Horticulturist, 24:138. 1869. fig. 9. Grape Cult., 1:150, 181, 327. 1869. 10. Am. Jour. Hort., 5:264. 1869. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1869:42. 12. Grape Cult., 2:148, 149, fig., 298. 1870. 13. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1877:205. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:42, 138. 15. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:329. 1890. 16. Ill. Sta. Bul., 28:261. 1893. 17. Tenn. Sta. Bul., Vol. 9:187. 1896. 18. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 542, 543, 544, 548, 553. 1898. 19. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:175. 1899.

Rogers’ No. 22 (1, 2). Rogers’ No. 22 (3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15). Rogers’ No. 53 (4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17).

Salem is the one of Rogers’ hybrids of which the originator is said to have thought most and to which he gave the name of his place of residence. Taking all of its characters, the variety is as close an approximation to the ideal Rogers had in mind of a European grape and an American vine as any one of the score or more of his hybrids. Salem ranks among the best of these hybrids for either the garden or the commercial vineyard, and while commonly found in both it has not been sufficiently recognized by those who grow grapes for the market. It is difficult to say why it is not more largely grown as a market fruit in New York. The two chief faults, unproductiveness and susceptibility to mildew, are not found in all localities, and in these at least and especially near good markets, Salem ought to take high rank as a commercial fruit.

As compared with other hybrids of Vinifera and Labrusca, Salem is early, hardy, vigorous and fairly productive of handsome fruit of high quality both for table and for wine-making. Though the color-plate does not show it, there is a suggestion in bunch and berry of Black Hamburg, the paternal parent. So, too, there is such a suggestion in the flavor and the keeping quality and, as with the parent, the fruit neither cracks nor shatters and therefore ships well. To the two faults named above must be added that of pulpiness of berry, a defect common to many hybrids of the two species represented in Salem. It is useless to recommend for testing varieties that have been known as long and as widely grown as Salem but it is worth while, is almost a duty, in a work of this kind to urge further trials of some of the grapes of highest quality, as Salem, on a commercial basis. Such fruit properly grown, packed, and placed in the market ought to bring remunerative prices.

This one of Rogers’ hybrids is No. 22 of his Vinifera-Labrusca crosses. It early attracted favorable attention from the various cultivators who had received vines from the originator for testing. It was christened Salem by Rogers in 1867, two years earlier than his other hybrids were named. At about this time, owing to a confusion of this variety with some other, and charges that certain parties were sending out a black grape under the name Rogers’ No. 22, Rogers changed the number of Salem to 53.

Salem was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1869 and was removed in 1871, reinstated in 1873, and has since been retained. It is possible that the dropping of the name from the catalog for the one year was a printer’s oversight as there is nothing in the body of the text to indicate a reason for such action. Salem has always been one of the most popular of Rogers’ hybrids and it is offered for sale to-day by practically all grape nurserymen.

Vine medium to vigorous, unusually hardy, variable in productiveness, susceptible to severe attacks of mildew. Canes long, of average number, intermediate in thickness, light to dark brown; nodes enlarged, usually not flattened; internodes medium to above in length; diaphragm thick; pith medium to above in size; shoots slightly pubescent; tendrils continuous to intermittent, long to medium, bifid to trifid.

Leaf-buds rather large, of average size, thick to medium, often compressed, roundish, obtuse to conical, open early. Young leaves faintly tinged on lower side with slight rose-carmine. Leaves variable in size, medium to thin; upper surface dark green, dull, of medium smoothness; lower surface pale green with slight bronze tinge, pubescent; veins moderately distinct; lobes none to three with terminus acute; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus shallow, narrow, often notched; teeth intermediate in depth and width. Flowers sterile, open in mid-season; stamens reflexed.

Fruit ripens slightly before Concord, keeps and ships well. Clusters medium to large, rather short and broad, tapering to cylindrical, frequently heavily single-shouldered, compact; peduncle short to medium, thick; pedicel medium to short, thick, covered with few small warts, enlarged at point of attachment to berry; brush short, pale green. Berries large to medium, roundish, very dark red, dull, covered with a medium amount of blue bloom, decidedly persistent, soft. Skin thick, intermediate in toughness, adheres strongly to the pulp, contains no pigment, astringent. Flesh slightly translucent, juicy, tender, somewhat stringy, moderately fine-grained, inclined to vinous, sprightly, sweet at skin but acid at center, good to very good in quality. Seeds one to six, average four, large, long and broad, blunt, brownish; raphe shows as a distinct cord-like ridge; chalaza small, roughened and frequently with radiating furrows, much above center, variable in shape, distinct.

SCUPPERNONG.[210]
(Rotundifolia.)

1. Amer. Farmer, 1:317. 1819. 2. Ib., 3:332. 1822. 3. Ib., 9:29, 30. 1827. 4. Ib., 9:139. 1827. 5. Prince, 1830:167. 6. Ib., 1830:170. 7. Downing, 1845:258. 8. Horticulturist, 12:457. 1857. 9. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1857:231. 10. Gar. Mon., 5:73, 74. 1863. 11. Grape Cult., 1:38, 280, 292. 1869. 12. Ib., 3:60. 1871. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:16. 14. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:40, 68, 147, 153, 155. 15. Gar. Mon., 28:140, 173. 1886. 16. Ala. Sta. Bul., 29:18. 1891. 17. Bush. Cat., 1894:177. fig. 18. Am. Gard., 20:688. 1899. 19. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49, 59. 1901. 20. N. C. Sta. Bul., 187:58, 60. 1903. 21. S. C. Sta. Bul., 132:18. 1907.

American Muscadine (5, 10, of the South 7). Bull (9, 17, of the South 7). Bullace (9, 17). Bullet (17, of the South 7). Fox grape of the South (7). Green Scuppernong (6). Green Muscadine (6). Hickman (3). Hickman (5, 10). Muscadine (9). Roanoke (4). Roanoke (5, 10, 17, of the South 7). Scuppernong (3, 4, 5). White Muscadine (11, 17). White Scuppernong (5). Wild green Muscadine (6). Yellow Muscadine (17).

The Scuppernong is preeminently the grape of the South. It is the chief representative of the great species Vitis rotundifolia, which runs riot in natural luxuriance from Delaware and Maryland to the Gulf, and westward from the Atlantic to Arkansas and Texas. The name Scuppernong was taken from the Indians and is now common in the geography of North Carolina; a river, a town, a lake, and a swamp all bear this appellation. Calvin Jones, an agriculturist of note in North Carolina during the early part of the last century, gives the following history of the name as applied to the grape it now distinguishes:[211] “This grape & wine had the name of Scuppernong given to them by Henderson & myself, in compliment to James Blount of Scuppernong, who first diffused a general knowledge of it in several well written communications in our paper—and it is cultivated with more success on that river than in any other part of the state, perhaps, except the Island of Roanoke.”

Scuppernong is said to have been found on Roanoke Island at the time of the landing of Sir Walter Raleigh’s colony. There is a tradition that an old vine now growing on this island is the original vine. At an early day it was quite common to propagate Scuppernong by seed, pulling out all vines bearing black fruit as soon as the color of the fruit could be determined. Because of this practice it is probable that there are many seminal varieties under the general name Scuppernong. All that seems to be required for a grape to pass under this name is that the vine should be a Rotundifolia and the fruit white.

In the horticultural accounts of the history of Scuppernong it is commonly spoken of as having been found wild during the latter part of the eighteenth century. But Lawson, writing about 1700, in the account quoted on page 37 of this work, describes with sufficient accuracy a white Rotundifolia which could hardly be any other than the Scuppernong. It is, thus, in a sense, a botanical as well as a horticultural variety. Its close relationship to the black form of Rotundifolia is attested by the fact that its seedlings are as often, probably more often, black than white. That Scuppernong is more distinct than the other varieties of Rotundifolia is indicated by the fact that of the ten cultivated varieties of Rotundifolia now grown in the South, James, Thomas, Eden, Meisch, Flowers, Memory, Seedlin, Tenderpulp, Jeter, and Scuppernong as given by Newman,[212] all are black but the last named.

Scuppernong vines are to be found on arbors, in gardens, or half wild, on trees and fences on nearly every farm in the South Atlantic States. As a rule, these vines receive little cultivation, are unpruned, and are given no care of any kind, but even under neglect they produce large and sure crops, are almost immune to mildew, rot, phylloxera, or other fungal or insect pests. The plants give not only an abundance of fruit but on arbors and trellises are much prized for their shade and beauty. The growth of the vine is prodigious; seemingly well authenticated reports state that vines are known which cover an acre of land; other tales, having at least the semblance of truth, are equally marvellous. Thus there are accounts of vines of this variety over a hundred years old and which bear 500 bushels of fruit and make 2000 gallons of wine.

The fruit, to a palate accustomed to other grapes, is not very acceptable, having a musky flavor and a somewhat repugnant odor, which, however, becomes with familiarity, it is said, quite agreeable. The pulp is sweet and juicy but is lacking in sprightliness. From the Scuppernong are made several very good wines and it would seem that the future of this and other varieties of Rotundifolia, from a commercial standpoint, lies largely in their value for wine. Quite aside from the quality of the fruit as a table grape, they are not suitable for the market from the fact that the berries drop from the bunch in ripening and become more or less smeared with juice so that as they are brought into market in quantity, their appearance is not at all appetizing.

Vine vigorous to rank, not hardy in the North, very productive. Canes long, numerous, slender, vary from ash-gray to grayish-brown; surface smooth, thickly covered with small, light brown dots; pith greenish; tendrils intermittent, simple. Leaves small, thin; upper surface light green, smooth; lower surface very pale green, slightly pubescent along the ribs, otherwise smooth; veins inconspicuous. Flowers open very late; stamens reflexed.

Fruit ripens late, even in the South, often ripening unevenly, appears to keep well but berries drop as they mature. Clusters small, roundish, not shouldered, loose. Berries very few per cluster, large, roundish, dull green often with brown tinge, not persistent, firm. Skin very thick and tough, covered with many small russet dots; no pigment. Flesh pale green, juicy, tender and soft, fine-grained, very foxy, sweet to agreeably tart, fair to good in quality. Seeds slightly adherent to pulp, large, medium to short, often very broad, not notched, quite blunt, plump, surface unusually smooth, brownish; raphe buried in a narrow, shallow groove; chalaza small, nearly central, elongated, rather obscure. Must 88°.

SECRETARY.
(Vinifera, Riparia, Labrusca.)

1. Grape Cult., 2:158. 1870. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:41, 112. 3. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1872:94. 4. Horticulturist, 29:328. 1874. 5. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1876-7:32. 6. N. J. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1881:11. 7. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 27:21. 1882. 8. Bush. Cat., 1883:135. fig. 9. Mass. Hatch Sta. Bul., 37:11, 16. 1896. 10. Tex. Sta. Bul., 48:1151, 1162. 1898. 11. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:176. 1899. 12. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41. 1891.

Injured by mildew and rot which nearly every year attack leaves, fruit and young wood, Secretary is able only in exceptional seasons and in favored localities to produce a crop of good grapes. Nevertheless it has many excellent qualities as an amateur grape and should not be lost to cultivation. The fact that it is the result of the fecundation of a Riparia by a Vinifera, both parents being excellent varieties, gives Secretary added interest and value and makes its perpetuation still further worth while.

There is no question as to the rank of the fruit characters of Secretary. Taken together they make it a grape of exceptionally high quality, the berries being meaty yet juicy, fine-grained and tender with a sweet, spicy, vinous flavor. The bunches are large, well formed with medium-sized, purplish-black berries covered with thick bloom, making a very handsome cluster. While the vine and foliage somewhat resemble those of Clinton, one of its parents, the variety is not nearly as hardy, vigorous or productive nor as healthy, falling short in all of these respects and making its culture in New York precarious. Moreover, in any but favored localities in this State, its maturity is somewhat uncertain. These defects of vine have kept Secretary from becoming of commercial importance and make it of value only to the amateur.

Secretary is one of the first productions of Ricketts of Newburgh. He grew the original vine from seed of Clinton fertilized by Muscat Hamburg. Planted in 1867, it is said to have borne a little fruit when one year old from the seed. Specimens of the variety were exhibited before the American Pomological Society in 1871. Ricketts sold the variety about 1875 to S. W. Underhill of Croton Point, New York, who introduced it a few years later. On account of its many weak points it has never been popular and it is apparently not offered for sale by any of the nurserymen to-day.

Vine not uniform in vigor, doubtfully hardy, quite variable in productiveness, inclined to be an uncertain bearer, subject to attacks of fungi. Canes medium to below in length, numerous, intermediate in thickness, light brown but conspicuously darker at nodes, surface covered with thin blue bloom; tendrils intermittent, bifid. Leaves small to medium, thin; upper surface light green, nearly dull, smooth; lower surface pale green, almost glabrous; veins indistinct. Flowers semi-fertile, open early; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens soon after Concord, keeps and ships well. Clusters medium to large, long to medium, of average width, cylindrical to tapering, frequently with a medium to large single shoulder, variable in compactness but often loose and with many abortive fruits. Berries large to medium, roundish to oval, somewhat flattened at point of attachment to pedicel, dark purplish-black, glossy, covered with thick blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin intermediate in thickness, tough with wine-colored pigment. Flesh greenish, juicy, fine-grained, tender, vinous, sweet, good in quality. Seeds separate readily from the pulp, medium to nearly large, broad to medium, slightly notched, long to above medium, dark brown; raphe shows as a moderately distinct cord; chalaza small, above center, distinctly oval. Must 93°.

SENASQUA.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1868:10. 2. Downing, 1872:120 app. 3. Am. Jour. Hort., 8:9. 1870. fig. 4. U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1875:384. 5. Bush. Cat., 1883:138. fig. 6. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:327. 1890. 7. Ib., 11:636. 1892. 8. Ib., 17:535, 546, 547. 1898. 9. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901.

It is almost a sufficient characterization of Senasqua to say that it is a Labrusca-Vinifera hybrid. The merits and demerits of the cross-breeds of these two species are so similar in the varieties of them now in cultivation that they can be placed in a group having as few variations as can be found in the parent species. The characters of these hybrid grapes have been well discussed in writing of the varieties sent out by Rogers and the place of Senasqua is well designated when the statement is made that it is very similar to Rogers’ hybrids. The vine lacks somewhat in vigor, hardiness, productiveness and health. The grapes are of good quality and when well grown the variety is up to the average of such hybrids in fruit characters so far as the palate is concerned. Unfortunately the berries have a tendency to crack which is aggravated by the fact that the bunches are so compact as to crowd the berries and thus add to the cracking. Senasqua is one of the latest to open its buds and is therefore seldom injured by late frosts. This variety is hardly as well adapted for commercial viticulture as several other such hybrids and can be recommended only for the garden for the sake of variety.

Stephen W. Underhill of Croton Point, New York, originated Senasqua from seed of Concord pollinated by Black Prince. The seed was planted in 1863 and the resulting variety introduced about 1870. This variety, although it attracted much attention at the time of its introduction, was never popular. It was rather widely tested but was soon dropped and is to-day practically obsolete. The foliage and vines of Senasqua show little trace of Vinifera but the descent from the foreign species is plainly marked in the fruit.

Vine variable in vigor, sometimes weak and tender, medium to unproductive, somewhat susceptible to attacks of mildew. Canes short, few in number, above average size, light to dark reddish-brown; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes short to medium; diaphragm thick; pith of medium size; shoots slightly pubescent; tendrils intermittent, long to medium, trifid to bifid.

Leaf-buds below average size, short, of medium thickness, conical, open very late, tinged on under side and slightly along margin of upper side with light rose-carmine. Leaves intermediate in size and thickness, light green, slightly glossy, medium to somewhat rugose; lower surface whitish-green, pubescent; veins distinct; leaf usually not lobed with terminus acute; petiolar sinus of average depth, medium to narrow; basal and lateral sinuses shallow and narrow when present; teeth intermediate in depth and width. Flowers fertile, open late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens a little later than Concord, keeps well. Clusters large to medium, intermediate in length, broad to medium, irregularly tapering, usually with a small single shoulder, very compact with uneven surface; peduncle short to medium, thick; pedicel intermediate in length, thick, usually smooth, enlarged at point of attachment to fruit; brush short to medium, green with slight red tinge. Berries above medium in size, roundish, reddish-black to black, covered with heavy blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin medium to thick, tender, inclined to crack, adheres strongly to the pulp, contains a fair amount of light wine-colored pigment, without astringency. Flesh greenish, translucent, very juicy, tender, meaty, vinous, somewhat spicy, sprightly, good in quality. Seeds separate readily from the pulp, one to five, average two, intermediate in size, rather long, narrow, usually one-sided, light brown; raphe buried in a narrow groove; chalaza small, above center, oval, obscure.

SHELBY.
(Labrusca, Riparia.)

1. Vineyardist, Oct. 15, 1893. 2. Rural N. Y., 53:683. 1894. 3. Bush. Cat., 1894:180. 4. Rural N. Y., 55:638, fig., 642. 1896. 5. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 546, 547, 557. 1898. 6. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901.

Shelby is hardly worth cultivating in New York. It ripens at a time when there are many other grapes which surpass it in flavor and appearance. It has, however, been somewhat highly spoken of and grape experimenters may want to try the variety. The name is from Shelby, Ohio, the birthplace of the originator.

D. S. Marvin of Watertown, New York, originated the Shelby about 1880. It was introduced in the fall of 1894. The originator writes that the parentage of this variety is not positively known but it is supposed to be a Labrusca-Riparia cross. The botanical characters of the fruit and vine as it grows on the Station grounds verify this supposition.

Vine vigorous, variable in hardiness, medium to productive. Canes long, numerous, medium to slender; tendrils intermittent, sometimes continuous, bifid to trifid. Leaves uniform in size, green, often thin; lower surface grayish-green with tinge of bronze, strongly pubescent. Flowers fertile or nearly so, open in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright. Fruit ripens early, sometimes before Winchell, does not keep nor ship well. Clusters medium to below in size, short, frequently with a single shoulder, shorter and more compact than Winchell. Berries medium to small, roundish, light green to yellowish-green, covered with thin gray bloom, somewhat inclined to shatter. Skin thin, variable in toughness, peculiarly astringent. Flesh tough, stringy, foxy, sweet from skin to center, mild, fair to good in quality. Seeds do not separate readily from the pulp, not very numerous, medium to below in size, short, broad, plump.

STANDARD.
(Labrusca, Vinifera, Bourquiniana?)

1. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886:187. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1892:266. 3. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:637. 1892. 4. Bush. Cat., 1894:180. 5. Va. Sta. Bul., 94:136. 1898. 6. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 548, 557. 1898. 7. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41. 1899.

Burr’s No. 2 (1).

Standard is said to be a full sister of Jewel, but it is not equal to the sister nor nearly equal to the reputed parent, Delaware. The variety seems to be thought highly of in the West and it is possible that it has greater value there than in New York. The quality of the grape is high and it is said to make a light-colored wine of good body, taste and aroma, but taking it all and all it does not rise above mediocre and cannot be recommended unless for trial.

The variety was originated by John Burr of Leavenworth, Kansas, from seed of Delaware planted about 1874. It was introduced in 1887 by Stayman & Black of Leavenworth, Kansas. There are few characters of either vine or fruit that show evidence of having come from Delaware.

Vine variable in vigor, usually hardy in ordinary seasons, productive. Canes short to medium, few in number, rather slender; tendrils continuous to intermittent, bifid to trifid. Leaves not very healthy, medium to small, moderately light green; lower surface tinged with bronze, pubescent. Flowers partly fertile, open in mid-season; stamens upright. Fruit ripens about with Concord, usually keeps fairly well. Clusters not uniform in size, short, frequently with a small single shoulder, compact to medium. Berries small to above medium, roundish, very dark reddish-black covered with a large amount of lilac bloom, sometimes shatter considerably from pedicel. Skin thin, rather tender. Flesh unusually pale green, somewhat stringy, vinous, tender, sweet from skin to center, good in quality. Seeds slightly adherent, medium to small, intermediate in width; chalaza oval, often distinctly above center.

STARK-STAR.
(Labrusca, Vinifera, Aestivalis.)

1. National Nur., 10:128, 133. 1902. 2. Rural N. Y., 62:788. 1903. 3. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1903:65, 208, 274, 276. 4. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904:301.

Stark-Star is receiving careful attention in the South and Southwest but unfortunately it does not ripen early enough to promise well for this latitude. On the Station grounds it ripens after Catawba, which does not always mature. If the variety fulfills the high expectations of it in the region of its origin it is worthy a trial in the regions of this State where the Catawba ripens.

The variety was originated by Joseph Bachman of Altus, Arkansas, from seed of Catawba fertilized by Norton or Hermann. The seed was planted about 1892. Stark-Star was introduced by Stark Brothers, of Louisiana, Missouri.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive. Canes medium to short, numerous, often slender, roughened; tendrils continuous to intermittent, bifid to trifid. Leaves large to medium, dark green, frequently thin; lower surface pale green, slightly pubescent, cobwebby. Fruit ripens later than Catawba, appears to be an excellent keeper. Clusters large, medium to long, inclined to broadness, frequently with a well marked short single shoulder, very compact. Berries medium to below in size, oval to roundish but frequently compressed on account of compactness of cluster, black when ripe, covered with blue bloom, persistent. Skin intermediate in thickness, tender. Flesh pale green, not very juicy, tough and solid, slightly aromatic and spicy, almost sweet, fair to good in quality. Seeds adhere somewhat to the pulp, numerous, medium to small, intermediate in length and width, plump; raphe shows as a distinct cord; chalaza distinctly above center to nearly central.

SUPERB.
(Labrusca, Vinifera, Aestivalis.)

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:126. 2. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1891:126. 3. Rural N. Y., 52:636. 1893. fig. 4. Bush. Cat., 1894:180. 5. Husmann, 1895:38. 6. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 18:396. 1899. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:28, 8. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901.

The quality of Superb ranges from good to very good but the appearance of the fruit is against the variety. It resembles Eumelan, the reputed parent, in size, shape, and color but is not as attractive. The vine on the Station grounds is not such as to recommend it highly, and since it has been known for at least twenty years without having become at all popular with grape-growers, it may be assumed that the grape has weaknesses elsewhere as well as here.

A. F. Rice of Griswoldville, Georgia, originated this variety, it is said, from seed of Eumelan. The seed was planted in 1880 near South Weymouth, Massachusetts. Superb was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1899.

Vine medium to vigorous, usually hardy, healthy, productive. Canes short to medium, few in number, often tapering, ash-gray changing to light or dark brown; tendrils continuous, bifid. Leaves healthy, medium to large, moderately light green; lower surface grayish-green, thinly pubescent, the pubescence being distributed in flecks. Flowers strongly self-fertile, open in mid-season or later; stamens upright. Fruit ripens before Concord, keeps and ships well. Clusters intermediate in size and width, medium to long, frequently with a long, loose single shoulder, compact. Berries medium to below in size, roundish to oval, dark purplish-black covered with thin blue bloom, persistent, not very firm. Skin thick, tough, without astringency. Flesh juicy, tender, aromatic, sweet from skin to center, spicy, good to very good in quality. Seeds separate readily from the pulp, medium to small, medium to long, sharp-pointed; raphe occasionally shows as a partially submerged cord in a broad groove; chalaza distinctly above center.

TAYLOR.
(Riparia, Labrusca.)

1. Valley Farmer, 1858:122. 2. Horticulturist, 14:486. 1859. 3. Ib., 15:34. 1860. 4. Gar. Mon., 2:68, 119, 163. 1860. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1860:78. 6. Horticulturist, 19:156. 1864. 7. Husmann, 1866:104. 8. Fuller, 1867:231. 9. Grape Cult., 1:44, 74, 242, 291, 296. 1869. 10. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1881:161. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:133. 12. Bush. Cat., 1883:20, 138. 13. Tex. Sta. Bul., 48:1151, 1162. 1898. 14. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 43, 45, 46, 76. 1899. 15. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901.

Bullitt (1, 4). Bullitt (3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12). Taylor (2, 5). Taylor (4, 11). Taylor Bullit (13, 14). Taylor’s Bullitt (8, 11). Taylor’s Bullitt (12).

Taylor is hardly known in New York nor, indeed, is it now much grown elsewhere. It is of interest for the part it has played in the grape culture of the past and especially for its worthy offspring. Many of these now outrank the parent in the regions and for the purposes for which Taylor is grown. In truth, the most valuable quality of Taylor seems to be its capacity for transmitting its good characters to its seedlings; some of course fall much below it, as a table or wine grape, but a considerable number quite equal it, and a few surpass it, but all resemble the parent vine much more than is common among grapes. While it is from the species to which Taylor belongs that we must look for our hardiest vines yet this grape and its offspring, though not particularly tender to cold, do best in southern regions as they require a long, warm summer and fall to mature properly. Taylor was long grown in both Europe and California as a grafting stock for the Old World varieties as a protection against phylloxera, and is still somewhat cultivated in these regions for that purpose.

The quality of the fruit of Taylor is from fair to good, the flavor being sweet, pure, delicate and spicy and the flesh tender and juicy, but the bunches are small, the flowers infertile so that the berries do not set well and give very imperfect and unsightly clusters. The skin is such, too, that it cracks badly, a defect that is seemingly transmitted to many of the seedlings of the variety. The vine is strong, healthy, hardy but not very productive. Taylor is essentially a wine grape, and it is not likely that it or many of the varieties bred from it will make table grapes. The wine is said to be exceptionally good, of great body and high flavor.

The original vine of Taylor was a wild seedling found in the early part of the last century on the Cumberland Mountains near the Kentucky-Tennessee line by a Mr. Cobb who planted the vine on his farm in Shelby County, Kentucky. Later the farm was sold to Cuthbert Bullitt. About 1840, the grape came to the attention of Judge John Taylor of Jericho, Henry County, Kentucky, an enthusiastic amateur horticulturist who secured the vine from Bullitt and sent cuttings to many grape-growers for testing. It was early introduced into the grape region of the middle West where it was widely tested but was never extensively planted owing to its lack of productiveness. Its culture has been on the wane for many years and only an occasional nurseryman in that section handles the variety to-day. This variety has, at different times, passed under the names Bullitt, Taylor, Taylor’s Bullitt, with various spellings of the name Bullitt.

The following description has been compiled from various sources:

Vine vigorous to rank, healthy, hardy, variable in productiveness. Leaves small, attractive in color, smooth. Flowers bloom early; stamens reflexed. Fruit ripens about two weeks before Isabella. Clusters small to medium, shouldered, loose to moderately compact. Berries small to medium, roundish, pale greenish-white, sometimes tinged with amber. Skin very thin. Pulp sweet, spicy, fair to good in quality.

TELEGRAPH.
(Labrusca, Aestivalis.)

1. U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1863:549. 2. Gar. Mon., 9:51. 1867. 3. Ib., 10:19, 344. 1868. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1869:42. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1869:56. 6. Grape Cult., 1:44, 115, 296. 1869. 7. Gar. Mon., 11:83. 1869. 8. Horticulturist, 30:73. 1875. 9. Bush. Cat., 1883:82, 139. 10. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 36:43. 1891. 11. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:637. 1892. 12. Tenn. Sta. Bul., Vol. 9:187. 1896. 13. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 546, 547, 557. 1898. 14. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 42, 44, 45. 1899. 15. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:237. 1902. 16. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1906:65, 67.

Christine (2, 3, 7). Christine (4, 8, 9, 10, 12). Telegraph (2, 3).

The characters of Telegraph are not such as to give it high rank among grapes and now that nearly forty years have passed since its origin, and many better varieties have come into cultivation, the variety is worth mentioning only as a matter of record. Its most remarkable character is compact, well shouldered bunches, making them attractive in appearance though somewhat small for a commercial variety. Telegraph is susceptible to rot and the birds are particularly fond of its fruit. It ripens very early and is of better quality than Hartford—not high praise. The variety is peculiar in that the ripening season seems to vary from a few days after Hartford to as late as Concord. It is earlier, comparatively, in the South than in the North; that is, in cool summers it matures slowly.

Telegraph, or Christine, as it appears to have first been called, is a chance seedling which appeared about the middle of the last century in the yard of a Mr. Christine, Hestonville, near Westchester, Chester County, Pennsylvania. About 1860 P. R. Freas, editor of the Germantown Telegraph, to whom fruit was sent, bestowed upon it the name of his paper, which finally supplanted the original name. It was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1869 and removed in 1899. Telegraph is apparently a Labrusca with a strain of Aestivalis.

Vine vigorous, hardy, usually healthy, very productive. Canes unusually long, medium to numerous; tendrils continuous, trifid to bifid. Leaves healthy, medium to large, inclined to roundish, light green; lower surface grayish-white, pubescent. Flowers fertile, open in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright. Fruit usually ripens soon after Hartford but sometimes later, a fair shipper and keeper. Clusters medium to small, often short, broad, cylindrical, blunt at ends, single-shouldered, very compact. Berries intermediate in size, roundish to slightly oval on account of compactness of cluster, dull black covered with a large amount of blue bloom, persistent. Skin intermediate in thickness, tough, does not adhere to the pulp, astringent. Flesh greenish, tough and solid, slightly foxy, pleasant flavor, sweet at skin to tart at center, fair to good in quality. Seeds somewhat adherent and numerous, medium to above in size, variable in shape and size.

TO-KALON.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Mag. Hort., 1:459. 1835. 2. N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt., 1847:353. 3. Mag. Hort., 21:42, 1855. 4. Ib., 22:507. 1856. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1856:163. 6. Downing, 1857:345. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1858:72. 8. Horticulturist, 14:299. 1859. fig. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1860:81. 10. Ib., 1862:146. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862:90. 12. Gar. Mon., 5:73, 74. 1863. 13. Grant, 1864:11. 14. Gar. Mon., 8:362. 1866. 15. Grape Cult., 1:327. 1869. 16. Downing, 1869:556. 17. Bush. Cat., 1883:139.

The Beautiful (16). Carter (4). Carter (7, 10, 16, 17, of Boston 12). Spofford Seedling (16, 17). Wyman (3). Wyman (10, 12, 16, 17).

The fruit characters of To-Kalon are so similar to those of Catawba that it was hardly worthy of introduction. Beside duplicating the Catawba in fruit the vines are not healthy, being very susceptible to mildew and rot, the fruit drops badly, and the crop does not ripen well. The quality of the fruit is very good, once it can be secured. A point in its favor is that it ripens a little before Catawba. The variety long since ceased to be of commercial importance and can now be found but rarely in collections.

To-Kalon was originated in the early part of the last century by Dr. Spofford of Lansingburg, New York. The originator states that it is a seedling of a European grape, but from its resemblance to Catawba it is supposed by many to have been a seedling of that variety. Wyman and Carter are two varieties of later introduction which are said to be identical with To-Kalon, but as the origin of each is apparently authentic and distinct it appears more probable that they are merely similar sorts. To-Kalon was placed on the list of sorts recommended by the American Pomological Society in 1862 but was dropped from this list in 1871.

The following description has been compiled from various sources:

Vine vigorous to rank, variable in productiveness, hardy, often mildews badly. Foliage large, abundant. Flowers do not always set well. Fruit ripens somewhat earlier than Catawba. Clusters large, shouldered. Berries large, oval to oblate, darker than Catawba, covered with heavy bloom, shells. Pulp sweet, of pure flavor, melting, very good in quality.

TRIUMPH.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Grape Cult., 2:295. 1870. 2. Am. Jour. Hort., 9:84. 1871. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:33, 40, 162. 4. Downing, 1881:169 app. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1883:26. 6. Bush. Cat., 1883:140, fig., 141. 7. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1884:217. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:104. 9. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:637. 1892. 10. Va. Sta. Bul., 94:142. 1898. 11. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:535, 548, 557. 1898. 12. Miss. Sta. Bul., 56:17. 1899. 13. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:176. 1899. 14. Ala. Sta. Bul., 110:89. 1900. 15. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49, 52, 59. 1901. 16. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:243. 1902. 17. Traité gen. de vit., 5:186. 1903.

Campbell’s Concord Hybrid No. 6 (6). Campbell’s Seedling No. 6 (17). Hybride de Concord No. 6 (17).

When quality, color, shape and size of bunch and berry are all considered, Triumph is one of the finest dessert grapes of America. When at its best it is a magnificent bunch of golden grapes of highest quality, esteemed even in southern Europe where it must compete with the best of the Viniferas, though unfortunately it is nearly as susceptible in that region to phylloxera as the Old World varieties, a defect which has caused its relegation there from commercial vineyards to the collections of experimenters and amateurs. In America its commercial importance is curtailed by the fact that it requires a long season for its proper development and the variety justifies its name only in the South and more particularly in the Southwest. In the latitude of New York it is doubtfully hardy and the short summer season never permits it to attain the quality and beauty which characterize it further south.

Triumph has, in general, the vine characters of the Labrusca parent Concord, especially its habit of growth, vigor, productiveness and foliage characters, falling short in hardiness, resistance to fungal diseases and earliness of maturity. Even in New York the vines are as vigorous and set nearly as much fruit as Concord; but they are injured in cold winters unless protected, and suffer in particular from the mildews. The fruit matures with or a little later than the Catawba. It proves, in regions where it is largely grown, to be quite adaptable to different soils and locations and the small amount of data at hand on this point in New York suggests that this adaptability holds for the grape regions of this State as well. It prefers, if anything, a deep soil to a shallow one and alluvial or clayey soils to lighter lands.

While the vine characters of Triumph are those of Labrusca there is scarcely a suggestion of the coarseness, or of the foxy odor and taste of Labrusca; and the objectionable seeds, pulp, and skin of the native grape give way to the far less objectionable structures of Vinifera. Grapes of this variety do not have the firm and often disagreeable pulpiness of many other similar hybrids, as for instance most of Rogers’ hybrids. The flesh is tender and melting and the flavor rich, sweet, vinous, pure and delicate, giving the variety high rank among the best American grapes. In the North, as would be expected from its lack of proper maturity, the flavor is insipid as compared with the same character in the South. The skins of the berries are faulty being more apparent in eating than those of Vinifera and under unfavorable conditions crack badly; because of the tenderness of the skin the variety neither ships nor keeps remarkably well. Triumph is not only one of the best dessert grapes but it is said to make a very good white wine.

There are numerous pure-bred and cross-bred offsprings of Triumph in America which indicate that this variety may be very successfully used in grape-breeding. Munson of Texas, in particular, among other viticulturists, has used it to advantage in breeding work, his Bailey, Big Extra, Big Hope, Carman, Early Golden, Fern Munson, Governor Ross, Newman, Ragan, Rommel, R. W. Munson, W. B. Munson, all having been bred with Triumph as an ancestor.

When all of its qualities and characters are considered, and for all parts of America, it can hardly be disputed that Triumph is the best of the hybrids of the two species from which it comes that has been produced by artificial fertilization. That it does not succeed better in New York is a distinct loss to the viticulture of the State.

Triumph was originated nearly a half century ago by George W. Campbell of Delaware, Ohio, from seed of Concord fertilized by Chasselas Musque (Joslyn’s St. Albans). The originator considered it of no value in his vineyard but sent it to Samuel Miller of Bluffton, Missouri, who gave it the name Triumph. It was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1883.

Vine vigorous, doubtfully hardy, medium to very productive, somewhat subject to attacks of mildew. Canes medium to long, intermediate in number and thickness, moderately dark brown, surface covered with a slight amount of bloom; nodes enlarged, variable in shape; internodes medium to above in length; diaphragm thick; pith medium in size; shoots slightly pubescent; tendrils intermittent, medium to long, trifid, sometimes bifid.

Leaf-buds large to medium, long and thick, obtuse to conical, open late. Young leaves tinged on under side and along margin of upper side with brownish-carmine. Leaves large, of average thickness; upper surface light green, dull, medium to slightly rugose; lower surface grayish-white, pubescent; veins distinct; leaf usually not lobed with terminus obtuse to acute; petiolar sinus medium to deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping; basal sinus absent; lateral sinus shallow and narrow when present; teeth deep, wide to medium. Flowers fertile, open late; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens with Catawba or later, does not rank among the best keepers. Clusters very large to medium, long, broad, tapering to cylindrical, sometimes single-shouldered, compact; peduncle short to medium, above average thickness; pedicel medium to short, slender, smooth, considerably enlarged at point of attachment to fruit; brush short, pale yellowish-green. Berries medium to above in size, oval, pale green or golden yellow, glossy, covered with heavy gray bloom, persistent, firm. Skin thin, variable in toughness, sometimes inclined to crack, adheres considerably to the pulp, contains no pigment, slightly astringent. Flesh light green, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tender, somewhat vinous, good to very good. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, one to five, average three, below medium to small, intermediate in width, long, brownish; raphe sometimes visible being partly submerged in the short shallow groove; chalaza of average size, above center, oval to circular, distinct.

ULSTER.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Bush. Cat., 1883:141. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:104. 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885-6:224. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1889:24. 5. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1891:128. 6. Rural N. Y., 50:691. 1891. 7. Ib., 51:170, 681. 1892. 8. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:637. 1892. 9. Ill. Sta. Bul., 28:262. 1893. 10. Bush. Cat., 1894:183. 11. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 39:26. 1894. 12. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:536, 548, 553, 557. 1898. 13. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:240. 1902. 14. Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:41. 1903.

Ulster Prolific (1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13). Ulster Prolific (8, 10).

The accompanying color-plate does not do justice to Ulster as to size and beauty of the fruit but it well illustrates one of the chief faults of the variety. The vines usually set too much fruit in spite of efforts to control the crop by pruning, and two undesirable results follow: The bunches are small and the vines, lacking vigor at best, fail to fully recover from the over-fruitfulness. Over-productiveness and lack of vigor are the two defects in Ulster that have kept it from becoming of more importance commercially and a greater favorite as a garden grape. The quality of the fruit is very good, being much like that of Catawba both in flesh characters and in flavor. The color of the berries seems to vary greatly, sometimes being nearly as red as Catawba and under other conditions an unattractive green with a reddish tinge. As a rule the fruit keeps well but there are exceptions especially when the variety is not grown under the conditions best suited to it. Ulster has many good qualities but its deficiency in vigor and capriciousness in both vine and fruit characters prevent its becoming a grape of value for either vineyard or garden.

Ulster was originated by A. J. Caywood of Marlboro, New York, and was introduced by the originator about 1885. It was included in the list of sorts recommended by the American Pomological Society in 1899. Its parents are said to be Catawba pollinated by a wild Aestivalis. Both vine and fruit show unmistakable traces of Labrusca and Vinifera, but the Aestivalis characters, if present, are not apparent.

Vine medium to weak, usually hardy, productive, often overbears, sometimes susceptible to attacks of mildew. Canes medium to short, not numerous, slender, moderately dark brown, surface roughened and covered with faint pubescence; nodes enlarged and flattened; internodes short; diaphragm of average thickness; pith intermediate in size; shoots pubescent; tendrils usually intermittent, of medium length, bifid, dehisce early.

Leaf-buds intermediate in size, short to medium, thick, plump, conical to pointed, open rather late. Young leaves faintly tinged on under side and along margin of upper side, which is rather glossy, prevailing color pale green with considerable rose-carmine tinge. Leaves small to medium, thick; upper surface light green, glossy, somewhat smooth; lower surface grayish-white, pubescent; veins distinct; leaf usually not lobed with terminus acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus of average depth, medium to wide; basal sinus absent; lateral sinus a mere notch when present; teeth shallow to medium, above medium width. Flowers fertile or nearly so, open rather early; stamens upright.

Fruit usually ripens with Concord or a little later, keeps and ships well. Clusters intermediate in size, above average length, intermediate in breadth, cylindrical to slightly tapering, often single-shouldered, compact; peduncle short, slender; pedicel intermediate in length, slender to medium, covered with numerous warts; brush short, yellowish-green. Berries above medium to medium in size, roundish to roundish-oval, rather dark dull red but do not always color well, covered with thin light to dark lilac bloom, persistent, of average firmness. Skin thick, tough, adheres slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment, somewhat astringent. Flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, tender, fine-grained, faintly aromatic, slightly foxy, sweet next the skin to tart at center, good to very good in quality. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, one to six, average three, medium to above in size, variable in length and breadth, somewhat plump, brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza intermediate in size, above center, oval to circular, not distinct; surface of seeds slightly roughened.

UNION VILLAGE.
(Labrusca, Vinifera?)

1. Elliott, 1854:247. 2. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1856:433. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1856:39, 165. 4. Downing, 1857:346. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1858:69. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1858:235. 7. Mag. Hort., 24:92, 94. 1858. 8. Horticulturist, 14:74. 1859. fig. 9. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1860:49. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1860:89. 11. Mag. Hort., 27:533. 1861. 12. Horticulturist, 16:234. 1861. fig. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1862:146. 14. Mag. Hort., 29:422. 1863. 15. Ib., 31:103. 1865. 16. Mead, 1867:198. 17. Grape Cult., 1:43, 44, 151, 239, 262, 327. 1869. 18. Bush. Cat., 1883:142. 19. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:59.

Imitation Hamburg (1). Ontario (8, 9, 10, 14). Ontario (13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19). Shaker (2). Shaker (4, 17, 18).

Rampant in vine, with thick wood, large coarse leaves, bunches and berries, Union Village is marked by grossness in all of its characters. Its vigor of vine and showiness of fruit attracted the attention of the viticulturists of a half century ago and it was then quite commonly grown but has now been almost wholly discarded because of poor quality, susceptibility to disease, and lack of hardiness. It ripens somewhat late and quite unevenly. It might prove of some value in breeding for the characters for which, even among the largest and most vigorous grapes of to-day, it is distinguished.

This variety was originated by the Shakers at Union Village, Warren County, Ohio. It was introduced by Nicholas Longworth of Cincinnati about the middle of the last century. In 1858 it was placed on the American Pomological Society’s list of grapes that promise well and in 1862 was placed on the regular list of recommended sorts. Here it remained until 1883, when it was dropped. Ontario, another grape of this type, which was originated by W. H. Read of Port Dalhousie, Ontario, was considered by many synonymous with Union Village but the evidence seems to show that, though very similar, it had a distinct origin. Union Village is said to be a seedling of Isabella. The characters generally indicate Labrusca although the lobing of the leaves and the susceptibility to fungi may indicate a strain of Vinifera.

The following description has been compiled from various sources:

Vine vigorous to rank, usually productive, somewhat tender, subject to attacks of fungi. Canes large, long; internodes short. Leaves coarse and large. Fruit ripens about one week before Isabella, matures unevenly. Clusters large to very large, often shouldered, compact. Berries large to very large, roundish, dark purplish-black covered with heavy bloom, shell badly. Skin moderately thin. Flesh tart, resembling Isabella somewhat in flavor, quality fair to good.

VERGENNES.
(Labrusca.)

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:34, 117. 2. Barry, 1883:450. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1883:26. 4. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 29:19, 112. 1884. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:103, 105. 6. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886-7:172. 7. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:330. 1890. 8. Ill. Sta. Bul., 28:262. 1893. 9. Bush. Cat., 1894:184. fig. 10. Gar. and For., 8:487. 1895. 11. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:536, 542, 543, 544, 548, 553. 1898. 12. Ib., 18:383, 389, 396. 1899. 13. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 43, 44, 45, 53, 76. 1899. 14. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:176. 1899. 15. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:237. 1902. 16. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assoc. Rpt., 34:99. 1902.

While not one of the leading commercial varieties in New York, Vergennes has steadily increased in popularity during the thirty years since its introduction. One of the most valuable attributes of Vergennes is that it seldom fails to bear a crop though it has a tendency to overbear which causes it to be variable in size of fruits and in time of ripening; with a moderate crop it ripens with Concord but with a heavy load of grapes the crop matures from one to two weeks later. Vergennes is somewhat unpopular with vineyardists because of the sprawling habit of the vine making a vineyard of this grape untractable for vineyard operations. This fault is obviated somewhat by grafting it on other vines. In some of the grape regions of New York the vines are precariously hardy though tenderness to cold can hardly be said to be a serious fault of the variety.

The appearance of the fruit is attractive and while the quality is not high, yet it is good; the flavor is agreeable, the flesh is tender and seeds and skin are not objectionable. Considering all of its fruit characters, Vergennes may be said to be more than an ordinary grape—much better than several better known commercial varieties. The variety is somewhat remarkable in being probably the best shipper and the best keeper among the pure Labrusca varieties. Nearly all of the grapes which ship and keep well have more or less Vinifera blood, but if Vergennes has any foreign blood it shows it only in its keeping and shipping qualities. At present Vergennes is the standard late-keeping grape for this region being very commonly found in the markets as late as January and sometimes February. A number of seedlings of Vergennes, pure-bred and cross-bred, growing on the Station grounds, show that this variety transmits its characters well to its offspring indicating that it has value for grape-breeding. Vergennes may be recommended for its intrinsic value for the vineyard and the garden and to the experimenter as one of the best pure Labruscas for the production of new and improved varieties.

The original vine of this variety was a chance seedling found in the garden of William E. Greene, Vergennes, Vermont. It fruited for the first time in 1874. It was placed on the list of sorts recommended by the American Pomological Society in 1883 and is still retained.

Vine variable in vigor, not always hardy, medium to very productive depending upon amount of winter injury, usually healthy. Canes long to medium, intermediate in number and size, dark dull brown; nodes enlarged, strongly flattened; internodes of average length; diaphragm thick; pith medium in thickness; shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, long to medium, bifid or sometimes trifid.

Leaf-buds large to medium, long, thick; open very late. Young leaves tinged on under side and along margin of upper side with rose-carmine. Leaves large to medium, thin; upper surface light green, glossy, somewhat rugose; lower surface pale green, very pubescent; veins indistinct; leaf usually not lobed with terminus broadly acute; petiolar sinus of average depth, medium to wide; teeth shallow, often wide. Flowers nearly sterile, open in mid-season; stamens upright.

Fruit variable in season but usually ripens one to two weeks later than Concord, keeps and ships well. Clusters intermediate in size and length, broad, cylindrical to tapering, sometimes single-shouldered, variable in compactness but inclined to be loose; peduncle short to medium, thick; pedicel intermediate in length and thickness, covered with numerous small warts, enlarged at point of attachment to fruit; brush slender, short, pale green. Berries large to below medium, oval to roundish, light and dark red, covered with lilac bloom, persistent, medium in firmness. Skin does not crack, thick, tough, adheres considerably to the pulp, contains no pigment, astringent. Flesh pale green, juicy, fine-grained, somewhat stringy, tender, vinous, sweet next the skin, agreeably tart at center, good to very good in quality. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, one to five, average three, variable in size, length and breadth, not notched, usually blunt, brownish; raphe distinct; chalaza small, plainly above center, usually roundish, often with shallow radiating furrows, distinct.

VICTORIA.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1883:92. 2. Ib., 1885:104. 3. Mo. Hort Soc. Rpt., 1891:129. 4. Rural N. Y., 50:691, 847. 1891. 5. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:637. 1892. 6. Del. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:135, 139. 1895. 7. Rural N. Y., 56:822. 1897. 8. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:536, 548, 557. 1898. 9. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:176. 1899. 10. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901.

As a green seedling of Concord, Victoria has much in common with others of its kind that have come from this parent. In particular it resembles Hayes but does not equal it, being of poorer quality and having smaller and less attractive fruits; neither does it equal Martha. Victoria is marked by having more foxiness in flavor than do most of the white seedlings of Concord. In view of the many good green grapes, there is little about Victoria to recommend it,—there are many commonplace grapes of its color and season quite its equal.

This variety was originated by T. B. Miner of Linden, Union County, New Jersey, about 1871.

Vine of medium vigor, usually hardy, productive, subject to attacks of mildew in unfavorable locations. Canes medium to short, not numerous, slender; tendrils continuous, trifid to bifid. Leaves medium in size, dark green; lower surface pale green with tinge of bronze, covered with short down. Flowers nearly fertile, open in mid-season; stamens upright. Fruit ripens about with Concord, does not keep well. Clusters average in size, long, inclined to slender, often single-shouldered, compact. Berries intermediate in size, roundish, light green with pale yellow tinge, covered with thin gray bloom, persistent. Skin thin, tender. Flesh pale green, slightly tough, foxy, sweet at skin to acid at center, good in quality. Seeds do not separate readily from the pulp, medium to below in size, of average width and length.

WALTER.
(Vinifera, Labrusca, Bourquiniana.)

1. Mag. Hort., 31:120. 1865. 2. Ib., 33:7, 54. 1867. 3. Horticulturist, 23:359, 360. 1868. fig. 4. Grape Cult., 1:307, 327, 329. 1869. 5. Am. Jour. Hort., 6:342. 1869. fig. 6. Ib., 8:144, 299. 1870. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1871:16. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:39. 9. Ib., 1883:59, 154. 10. Bush. Cat., 1894:185. fig. 11. Tex. Sta. Bul., 48:1151, 1163. 1898. 12. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:49. 1901. 13. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:243. 1902.

Were it not almost impossible to grow healthy vines of Walter it would take rank among the best of our American grapes. But stunted by fungi which nearly every year attack leaves, young wood and fruit, it is only possible in exceptionally favorable seasons to produce a crop of grapes with this variety. Not infrequently the attacks of mildew are so severe that the vines are defoliated before mid-season. Besides its susceptibility to cryptogamic diseases the variety is fastidious as to soils and even in localities to which it seems adapted it is variable in growth. While not to be classed among the tender grapes yet it is injured in severe winters, and is almost certain to suffer some injury after defoliation by fungi. There are several reports at hand which seem to show that it is hardier and more vigorous on the roots of hardy, strong-growing varieties.

As if to atone for the faults of the vine the fruit of Walter is almost perfect, lacking only in the size of bunch and berry. The bunch and berry resemble Delaware, one of its parents, while it has the peculiar flavor of Diana, the other parent. Well grown, the fruit is more attractive than that of Delaware but it cannot be said that the quality is quite the equal of that of either of its parents. It does not have the fault of ripening its berries unevenly, one of the defects which debars Diana from profitable cultivation. Though more fastidious, Walter is usually adapted to conditions under which Delaware thrives. The variety has been cultivated for nearly half a century but is seemingly less and less grown, a fact to be regretted; for there are few American grapes of more exquisite flavor and aroma and more dainty appearance. It is said that when protected from dew by walls or other shelter the vines are not so badly attacked by fungi, if at all, and that Walter may thus be grown to perfection. If this be true grape-lovers should see that the variety is long retained in collections and for the garden.

A. J. Caywood originated this variety about 1850 from seed of Delaware pollinated by Diana. It was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1871. Walter is still to be found in an occasional varietal vineyard but it is seldom offered for sale by nurserymen.

Vine moderately vigorous, not hardy in exposed locations, variable in productiveness, subject to attacks of fungi. Canes medium to above in length and size, dark reddish-brown, surface covered with thin blue bloom; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes medium to above in length; diaphragm thick; pith of fair size; shoots pubescent; tendrils intermittent, medium to above in length, bifid.

Leaf-buds small, intermediate in length and thickness, pointed to conical. Foliage of average size, thick; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface tinged with bronze, heavily pubescent; lobes none to three with terminus acute; petiolar sinus of average depth, narrow to medium; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus usually a notch if present; teeth intermediate in depth and width. Flowers open in mid-season; stamens upright.

Fruit somewhat variable in season of ripening, averaging about with Delaware, keeps and ships well. Clusters medium in size and length, broad, cylindrical to tapering, usually single-shouldered, compact; peduncle short to medium, of average thickness; pedicel medium in length, slender, covered with small scattering warts; brush short, slender, green with brownish tinge. Berries small to medium, often strongly ovate, red, much like Delaware, glossy, covered with a moderate amount of lilac bloom, persistent, firm. Skin intermediate in thickness, very tough, adheres but slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment, without astringency. Flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, tough, somewhat foxy, vinous, quite strongly aromatic, sweet next the skin to tart at center, good to very good in quality. Seeds do not separate easily from the pulp, one to four, average three, below medium in size and length, intermediate in width, medium to sharp-pointed, light brown; raphe obscure; chalaza large, above center, irregularly circular, distinct. Must 100°.

WAPANUKA.
(Labrusca, Riparia, Vinifera, Bourquiniana.)

1. Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:280. 1900. 2. Rural N. Y., 60:637. 1901. 3. Ib., 62:790. 1903. 4. Iowa Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904:228. 5. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904:305. 6. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1905:302.

Though there are many qualities to commend Wapanuka, yet it is not as popular in the North as was expected it would become at the time of its introduction. The chief reason for its failure is that it does not ship well, seemingly a prime requisite for a commercial grape in New York, though the markets are seldom far distant. It is probable, too, that the flavor is not quite as high in this latitude as in the South, or it may be that the grapes with which we compare it here are better flavored than in the South. At any rate it does not have the comparatively high quality in New York that it is reported to have elsewhere, being too insipid. There is a tendency, too, for the grapes to shatter. The fruits when well grown are attractive and the quality is from fair to good. Wapanuka is worthy a trial in commercial vineyards; and because of the handsome appearance and distinct flavor of the fruit it deserves a place in the garden.

Munson of Texas, originated Wapanuka from seed of Rommel fertilized by Brilliant. It was introduced by the originator in the fall of 1898.

Vine vigorous, usually hardy, productive. Canes medium to short, intermediate in number and size, dark reddish-brown, often with ash-gray tinge; tendrils continuous, bifid to trifid. Leaves large, moderately light green, somewhat rugose on older leaves; lower surface dull green tinged with bronze, pubescent. Flowers fertile or nearly so, open before mid-season; stamens upright. Fruit ripens about with Concord, does not keep well. Clusters intermediate in size, long to medium, frequently with a long-peduncled single shoulder, compact. Berries large, roundish, very pale yellowish-green, covered with thin gray bloom, with a tendency to shatter, soft. Skin covered with few, small, dark dots, very thin and tender. Flesh unusually pale green, tender, somewhat foxy, sweet and mild, good in quality. Seeds separate easily from the pulp, intermediate in size, broad, distinctly notched, short.

WHITE IMPERIAL.
(Vinifera, Labrusca, Bourquiniana.)

1. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:78. 2. Ib., 1892:270. 3. Bush. Cat., 1894:186. 4. Va. Sta. Bul., 94:142. 1898. 5. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:177. 1899. 6. Ga. Sta. Bul., 53:50. 1901.

White Imperial is one of Stayman’s[213] numerous productions. The originator thought it one of the most valuable, if not the most valuable, of his white grapes. As the variety grows in the Station vineyard the fruit is neither especially attractive in appearance nor of very high quality though better in the latter respect than the average. White Imperial is one of a somewhat large number of offspring of Dutchess now known to viticulture in which the good qualities of the parent have been transmitted in a large measure to the progeny. White Beauty, described in the next chapter, is of the same parentage and is similar in general characters of vine and fruit, though berries and bunches are a little larger and the vines a little more vigorous. White Imperial was introduced with great expectations in the West, but, especially in the vineyards of Missouri, while still grown somewhat is not holding its own with better known grapes of its class.

White Imperial was produced by Dr. J. Stayman of Leavenworth, Kansas, from seed of Dutchess. The variety was introduced about twenty-five years ago by Stayman & Black.

Vine medium to very vigorous, hardy, variable in productiveness, susceptible to attacks of fungi under unfavorable conditions. Canes intermediate in length, rather numerous, inclined to slender; tendrils continuous to intermittent, bifid to trifid. Leaves above average size, intermediate in color and thickness; lower surface pale green, often with considerable pubescence, slightly cobwebby. Flowers partly sterile, open early; stamens upright. Fruit ripens about a week before Delaware, keeps well. Clusters variable in size, intermediate in length, slender, frequently single-shouldered, variable in compactness. Berries medium to small, oval to roundish, light green, sometimes with a yellow tinge, covered with thin gray bloom, persistent. Skin sprinkled with reddish-brown dots, thin, tender, without astringency. Flesh pale green, fine-grained, tough, sweet at skin to agreeably tart at center, somewhat sprightly, good to best in quality. Seeds not numerous, medium to small, sharp-pointed.

WILDER.
(Labrusca, Vinifera.)

1. Mass. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1861:68. 2. Horticulturist, 18:98. 1863. 3. Ib., 21:325. 1866. fig. 4. Mead, 1867:205, 207. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1867:44. 6. Horticulturist, 24:126. 1869. 7. Grape Cult., 1:181. 1869. 8. Ib., 2:29, fig., 30. 1870. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:40, 42, 123, 138, 153, 162, 168. 10. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:81. 11. Bush. Cat., 1894:187, fig., 188. 12. Va. Sta. Bul., 94:136. 1898. 13. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:537, 548, 553. 1898. 14. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 43, 44, 46, 64, fig. 1899. 15. Ala. Sta. Bul., 110:70, 89. 1900. 16. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:243. 1902.

Rogers’ No. 4 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Rogers’ No. 4 (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15).

The accompanying color-plate scarcely does Wilder justice as to size of bunch and berry but were the illustration somewhat enlarged it would be very typical of the variety. The berries when fully ripe are quite similar in size and color to Black Hamburg but the bunches have fewer berries than the European parent and the quality, as would be expected, is not so good, falling short chiefly in flesh characters. While Wilder is surpassed in quality, and, as usually grown, in appearance by other of Rogers’ hybrids, it is one of the most reliable of all of them for vineyard culture, the vines being vigorous, hardy, fairly productive, and, though somewhat susceptible to mildew, as healthy as any of the hybrids of Labrusca and Vinifera. Wilder is not as well known in the markets as it should be, and now that fungal diseases can be controlled by spraying, this, with other such hybrids, should be more generally planted in commercial vineyards and especially for local and special markets. The wine from this, and for that matter from any of Rogers’ grapes, is not of quality such as recommends it and neither are the grapes suitable for grape juice. Surplus fruit would often, therefore, be a loss in large plantations.

Wilder is one of the forty-five Labrusca-Vinifera hybrids raised by E. S. Rogers of Salem, Massachusetts. For an account of its origin and parentage, see Rogers’ Hybrids. The first notes as to the qualities of this variety were published in 1858. The variety was placed on the American Pomological Society list of recommended sorts in 1867 and has never been removed. In 1869, Rogers expressing a desire to name one of his seedlings after Marshall P. Wilder, Mr. Wilder selected this one as in his estimation the best of all Rogers’ hybrids and it was given his name.

Vine medium to very vigorous, hardy, productive, somewhat susceptible to attacks of mildew. Canes long, moderately numerous, often below average thickness, ash-gray to dark reddish-brown with darker tinge at the nodes which are usually not flattened; internodes long; diaphragm of average thickness; pith intermediate in size; shoots thinly pubescent; tendrils intermittent, medium in length, bifid to trifid.

Leaf-buds of average size, short, thick, roundly obtuse to conical, open early. Young leaves tinged on lower side and along margin of upper side with rose-carmine. Leaves large, often irregularly roundish, of average thickness; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface pale green, pubescent; veins distinct; usually not lobed with terminus acute to obtuse; petiolar sinus deep, narrow, often closed and overlapping; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus shallow, narrow, or a mere notch when present. Flowers sterile, open mid-season or earlier; stamens reflexed.

Fruit ripens with Concord or earlier, keeps and ships fairly well. Clusters variable in size but are not large, short and broad, irregularly tapering, heavily single-shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered, loose; peduncle of average length, thick; pedicel long, thick, covered with numerous, prominent warts; brush of fair length, thick, green with tinge of light red. Berries large, slightly oval, purplish-black to black, not glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom, persistent, firm. Skin thick, variable in toughness, adheres somewhat to the pulp, with bright red pigment, astringent. Flesh greenish, translucent, juicy, tender, has some Vinifera sprightliness, sweet at skin to tart at the seeds, good in quality. Seeds adherent to the pulp, one to five, average three, above medium in size, often long, intermediate in breadth, light brown; raphe sometimes shows as a partially submerged cord; chalaza small, above center, oval, distinct.

WINCHELL.
(Labrusca, Vinifera, Aestivalis.)

1. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 4:224. 1885. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1887:91. 3. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 7:105, 108. 1888. 4. Rural N. Y., 47:675. 1888. fig. 5. Gar. and For., 2:24, 432. 1889. 6. Ohio Hort. Soc. Adv. Rpt., 1890:21. 7. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:331. 1890. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1891:151. 9. Rural N. Y., 50:691, 705. 1891. 10. Ib., 51:19, 63, 633, 681. fig. 1892. 11. Bush. Cat., 1894:130, 131, fig., 188. 12. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:223. 1896. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:19. 14. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:39, 42, 45, 46, 50, 54, 76. 1899. 15. Rural N. Y., 58:23. 1899. 16. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:177. 1889. 17. Ala. Sta. Bul., 110:82. 1900. 18. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:236, 238. 1902.

Green Mountain (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 18). Green Mountain (10, 11, 12, 13, 16). Winchell (6, 9, 14, 17, 18).

Winchell is at once very early and of very good quality, characters seldom found combined in grapes. But this is not all that can be said; the vines are vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive, and the fruit keeps and ships well, altogether making a most admirable early grape. Unfortunately the berries, and under some conditions the bunches, are small, and this, combined with the fact that green grapes are not as popular as black and red ones, has kept Winchell from being as largely planted as it otherwise would have been. Then, too, as has been noted before, the competition from the South, in which larger, cheaper and as good grapes compete with early northern crops of this fruit, is limiting the production of early varieties of grapes in the North.

There are some minor faults, too, which under some conditions become drawbacks to the culture of Winchell. At best the bunch of this variety is loose and characterized by a large shoulder. Sometimes this looseness becomes so pronounced as to give a straggling, poorly-formed cluster; so, too, the shoulder when as large as the cluster itself, which often happens, makes the cluster unsightly. There is a tendency, under some conditions, for the grapes to shell when fully ripe and this is often a serious fault. Again, while the crop usually ripens evenly yet there are seasons when two pickings are needed because of unevenness in ripening. Lastly the skin is thin and there is danger in unfavorable seasons, or in shipping, of the berries cracking though this is seldom a serious fault. These defects do not begin to offset the several good characters of Winchell and it is, for New York at least, the standard early green grape and deserving to rank with the best early grapes of any color.

The original vine of this variety was raised by James Milton Clough of Stamford, Bennington County, Vermont, about the middle of the last century from seed of an unknown purple grape. For some years it had a local reputation and was propagated by some of Clough’s neighbors. By what name it was then known does not appear. In December, 1885, according to their statements, Ellwanger & Barry of Rochester, New York, received this variety from C. E. Winchell, then of Stamford. In 1888, this firm introduced the variety to the trade. The same year there was introduced by Stephen Hoyt’s Sons of New Canaan, Connecticut, a variety under the name Green Mountain. This firm states that they bought the variety from James M. Paul, of North Adams, Massachusetts, in December, 1885. Previous to his sale Paul had sent a vine of the grape to this Station; he exhibited fruit of Green Mountain before the American Pomological Society in 1887, but without any name.

Later grape-growers found that Winchell and Green Mountain were very similar or identical. Unfortunately, in the meantime, Paul had died and no one knows positively where he secured his vines although there is every reason to believe they were from Mr. Clough. Those who consider the Winchell and Green Mountain separate varieties say the Winchell has larger berries and is somewhat later in ripening than the Green Mountain. Though unable to make a close comparison of vines and fruits of the two supposed varieties, the authors of The Grapes of New York choose to consider them so nearly identical, if not identical, as to pass under one name which should be the one first published, Winchell.

Although the botanical characters of this variety are chiefly Labrusca, the thin bloom which sometimes shows on the canes, the occasional intermittent tendrils, and the lobing of the leaf, indicate slight admixtures of Vinifera and Aestivalis.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive. Canes long to medium, numerous, slender, medium dark brown, surface covered with very thin bloom; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes above medium to short; diaphragm thick; pith medium to below in size; shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, sometimes intermittent, of average length, bifid.

Leaf-buds medium to below in size, short to medium, thick, open early. Young leaves faintly tinged on under side only with faint rose-carmine. Leaves large to medium, of average thickness; upper surface light green, glossy, smooth to medium; lower surface dull green, tinged with bronze, faintly pubescent; lobes three to five with terminal lobe acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus deep, of medium width; basal sinus shallow, intermediate in width; lateral sinus variable in depth and width; teeth shallow, moderately wide. Flowers fertile, open about mid-season or somewhat earlier; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens very early, sometimes before Moore Early, keeps and ships well for an early grape. Clusters large to below medium, long, slender, cylindrical to slightly tapering, often with a long single shoulder, loose to moderately compact; peduncle long, moderately slender; pedicel short, slender, covered with few, small, inconspicuous warts; brush greenish-white. Berries above medium to small, roundish, light green, covered with thin white bloom, usually persistent, soft. Skin often marked with small reddish-brown spots, thin, tender, adheres very slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment, slightly astringent. Flesh greenish, translucent, juicy, tender, fine-grained, sweet; very good to best in quality. Seeds separate fairly well from the pulp, one to four, average two, small, plump, moderately wide and long, blunt, brownish; raphe obscure, chalaza small, slightly above center, circular, not distinct.

WOODRUFF.
(Labrusca, Vinifera?)

1. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:44, 65. 2. Ib., 1885:107, 108. 3. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1887-8:87, 209. 4. Ib., 1888-9:16. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1889:24. 6. Gar. and For., 3:490, 599. 1890. 7. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:179. 8. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:638. 1892. 9. Ill. Sta. Bul., 28:262. 1893. 10. Bush. Cat., 1894:188. fig. 11. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:537, 545, 546, 548, 553. 1898. 12. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:177. 1899. 13. Ib., 194:59. 1901. 14. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:238. 1902. 15. Kan. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904-05:228.

Woodruff Red (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14). Woodruff Red (10).

Woodruff is a handsome, showy, brick-red grape with large clusters and berries. While very attractive in appearance its taste belies its looks, for the flesh is coarse and the flavor foxy. In spite of its attractive appearance, Woodruff would scarcely be worth attention were it not for its excellent vine characters. The vines are hardy, vigorous, productive and fairly healthy. In appearance it is a typical strong-growing Labrusca with the varied adaptabilities of that species for soils and ability to withstand adverse conditions. It ripens a little before or with Concord and comes on the market at a good time, especially for a red grape. When introduced Woodruff promised to be a valuable commercial grape but its poor quality, the fact that it does not keep well, and a pronounced tendency to crack and shatter, have kept the variety from becoming prominent for either vineyard or garden. While it is worthy of attention under some conditions because of hardiness and possibly other vine characters, yet it is hardly worth growing where other varieties of its color and season can be had.

Woodruff, or as it was first known, Woodruff Red, came from C. H. Woodruff of Ann Arbor, Michigan. He reported it as a chance seedling which came up in 1874 and fruited for the first time in 1877. It was supposed to be a cross of Catawba and Concord. It was introduced in 1885 and placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1889.

Vine very vigorous, hardy, produces as heavy or heavier crops than Concord, inclined to mildew in unfavorable locations. Canes intermediate in length, number and thickness, dark brown; nodes slightly enlarged, flattened; internodes medium to short; diaphragm medium to above in thickness; pith below average size; shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, of mean length, bifid to trifid.

Leaf-buds small, short to medium, slender, pointed to conical. Leaves intermediate in size, of average thickness, somewhat roundish; upper surface light green, dull, rugose; lower surface greenish-white to bronze, pubescent; veins indistinct; leaf usually not lobed with terminus acute to obtuse; petiolar sinus intermediate in depth, medium to wide; basal sinus lacking; lateral sinus shallow and narrow when present; teeth very shallow and narrow. Flowers semi-fertile, open moderately early; stamens upright.

Fruit variable in season of ripening, usually shortly before Concord but sometimes slightly later, does not always keep well. Clusters variable in size, of fair length, broad, often widely tapering, usually single-shouldered or with largest clusters sometimes double-shouldered, compact; peduncle medium to long, variable in thickness; pedicel medium to short, thick, smooth, with scarcely any enlargement at point of attachment to fruit; brush long, pale green. Berries large to below medium, roundish to oval, dark red, dull, covered with thin lilac to faint blue bloom, sometimes drop badly from pedicel, firm. Skin thin, medium to tender, adheres strongly to the pulp, contains no pigment, slightly astringent. Flesh very pale green to nearly white, translucent, juicy, tough, coarse, very foxy, sweet at skin but quite tart at center, fair in quality. Seeds do not separate easily from the pulp, one to five, average, three or four, intermediate in size, medium to broad, short, rather plump, blunt, brownish; raphe obscure; chalaza small, slightly above center, oval, not distinct.

WORDEN.
(Labrusca.)

1. Am. Hort. An., 1870:95. 2. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1873:71. 3. Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1874:258. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1881:24. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1881:42, 115, 121, 123, 136, 144, 168. 6. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 27:30, 97. 1882. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:103, 106. 8. Wis. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1885:176. 9. Ohio Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886-7:171. 10. Ill. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1887:91. 11. Wis. Sta. An. Rpt., 5:162. 1888. 12. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 9:328. 1890. 13. Miss. Sta. Bul., 22:12, 13. 1892. 14. Bush. Cat., 1894:190. 15. Col. Sta. Bul., 29:20. 1894. 16. Tenn. Sta. Bul., Vol. 9:189. 1896. 17. Gar. and For., 9:300. 1896. 18. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:537, 542, 543, 544, 545, 547, 553, 557. 1898. 19. Ev. Nat. Fruits, 1898:75. 20. Ont. Fr. Exp. Stas. Rpt., 8:11, fig., 49. 1901. 21. Mich. Sta. Sp. Bul., 27:10. 1904.

Worden’s Seedling (1, 6). Worden’s Seedling (12, 14).

Worden possesses most of the good qualities of Concord and lacks some of its bad ones. Of all the offspring of Concord, this variety is best known and is most meritorious. It is of the type into which nearly all of the black seedlings of Concord fall and surpasses all of these in quality though it does not equal the best of the green seedlings of the parent in fruit characters, especially in flavor. It differs chiefly from Concord in having larger berries and bunches, in having better quality and in being from a week to ten days earlier. It is equally hardy, healthy, vigorous and productive. It is more fastidious in its adaptations to soil and other conditions than its parents but now and then it is found to do even better under some conditions.

Worden is not as good a grape in many minor characters as the Concord and this is the chief reason why it is not grown as much as its distinguished parent. Its chief fault is that the fruit cracks badly, often preventing the profitable marketing of a crop. The Concord cracks also in unfavorable weather but the cracked berries often, or nearly always, partly or wholly recover from the injury through the growing over of the wounds. The Worden lacks the power of overcoming the cracking. Beside this tenderness of skin, the pulp of Worden is softer than that of Concord, there is more juice and the keeping qualities are not as good, so that the variety hardly ships as well as the more commonly grown grape. In some seasons there is a decided tendency to shell or shatter if the fruit is overripe. Worden is very popular in New York and the North both for commercial plantations and the garden. It is a more desirable inhabitant of the garden and for nearby markets, because of higher quality, than Concord, and under conditions well suited to it, is better as a commercial variety, as it is handsomer as well as of better quality. In the markets it ought to sell for a higher price than Concord if desired for immediate consumption and if it can be promptly harvested, as it does not hang well on the vines. In many markets Worden is sold as Concord and has the effect of extending the Concord season. Its earlier season is against it for a commercial variety in the great Chautauqua Grape Belt of New York and with the defects mentioned will prevent its taking the place of Concord to a great degree.

The Worden was originated by Schuyler Worden of Minetto, Oswego County, New York, from seed of Concord planted about 1863. It bore its first fruit when four years old. Its history is peculiar in that it was for many years unappreciated, being confused with Concord, which was frequently sent out as Worden. It was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1881, where it still remains. The variety was given its name by J. A. Place of Oswego, New York, a local horticulturist of some note and a friend of Worden.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive, yielding as heavy crops as Concord. Canes above medium in size and number, thick, dark brown with reddish tinge; nodes enlarged, flattened; internodes intermediate in length; diaphragm thick; pith of fair size; shoots pubescent; tendrils continuous, somewhat slender, bifid, sometimes trifid.

Leaf-buds small, short, slender, pointed, open in mid-season. Young leaves tinged on under side and along extreme margin of upper side with light rose-carmine. Leaves healthy, large, thick; upper surface dark green, glossy, smooth; lower surface light bronze, pubescent; leaf usually not lobed; petiolar sinus of average depth, medium to wide, often urn-shaped; teeth shallow, medium in width. Flowers fertile, open in mid-season or earlier; stamens upright.

Fruit ripens one or two weeks earlier than Concord, does not keep long. Clusters large, medium to long, broad, tapering to cylindrical, usually single-shouldered, somewhat compact; peduncle short, thick; pedicel of medium length, slender, covered with few small warts; brush long, light green. Berries large, roundish to oval, dark purplish-black to black, glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom, not always persistent, moderately firm. Skin of average thickness, somewhat tender, cracks badly, adheres slightly to the pulp, contains considerable dark red pigment, astringent. Flesh greenish, translucent, juicy, fine-grained, tough, slightly foxy, sweet at skin to tart at center, mild, good to very good in quality. Seeds adherent, one to five, average three, large, broad, medium to short, blunt, brownish; raphe buried in a shallow groove; chalaza of average size, slightly above center, oval, somewhat obscure.

WYOMING.
(Labrusca.)

1. N. Y. Ag. Soc. Rpt., 1868:230. 2. Downing, 1869:558. 3. Am. Hort. An., 1871:83. 4. Horticulturist, 29:339. 5. Bush. Cat., 1883:145. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1885:103. 7. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 30:89. 1885. 8. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1889:24. 9. Am. Gard., 12:48. 1891. 10. Ill. Sta. Bul., 28:262. 1893. 11. Va. Sta. Bul., 94:139. 1898. 12. N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:537, 548, 557. 1898. 13. Mo. Sta. Bul., 46:41, 42, 44, 46, 54. 1899. 14. Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:178. 1899. 15. Kan. Sta. Bul., 110:238. 1902.

Hopkins Early Red (2). Wilmington Red (3, 5). Wyoming Red (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15). Wyoming Red (5).

Such value as Wyoming has lies in its hardiness, productiveness, healthiness and earliness. The general appearance of the fruit of the variety is very good; the bunches are well-formed and composed of rich amber-colored berries of medium size. But the quality is poor, being that of the wild Labrusca in foxiness of flavor and in the flesh characters. It is not nearly as valuable as some other of the red Labruscas hitherto described and can hardly be recommended for either the garden or the vineyard. It may be of value in breeding work and possibly for localities in which grapes are precariously hardy or in which more fastidious varieties cannot be grown. Wyoming is illustrated in The Grapes of New York chiefly because it is a typical red Labrusca though in times past it has been of commercial importance and hence has some historical interest.

Wyoming was introduced to public notice by Dr. S. J. Parker of Ithaca, New York, who states that it came from northern Pennsylvania in 1861. About 1870 it was fruited in central New York where it immediately attracted attention and was exhibited at various fairs and horticultural society meetings. It was named after the Wyoming Valley, beyond which place it could not be traced, and where it presumably originated. The variety was first known as Wyoming Red but later the Red was dropped. Another variety under the name Wyoming preceded this. It was a black-fruited sort of apparently no value and seems now to be obsolete. The name Wilmington Red has been used to designate this variety, by what authority does not appear, as it was apparently first described under the name Wyoming Red. The Wyoming was placed on the grape list of the American Pomological Society fruit catalog in 1889 and removed in 1899. In spite of the fact that this variety has been discarded by the American Pomological Society, it is still offered for sale by many grape nurserymen.

Vine vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive to very productive. Canes medium to below in length, numerous, slender, dark reddish-brown, surface covered with a slight amount of blue bloom; nodes enlarged, frequently flattened; internodes short to medium; diaphragm medium to below in thickness; pith medium in size; shoots thinly pubescent; tendrils continuous, rather short, bifid.

Leaf-buds small, short, slender, pointed to conical, open late. Young leaves slightly tinged on under side only with faint rose-carmine. Leaves medium in size, of average thickness; upper surface light green, dull, smooth; lower surface dull green with tinge of bronze, slightly pubescent; lobes none to three with terminus acute to acuminate; petiolar sinus medium to shallow, wide to medium; basal sinus usually none; lateral sinus shallow and wide when present; teeth shallow, of average width. Flowers sterile, open in mid-season; stamens reflexed.

Fruit usually ripens from a week to ten days earlier than Concord, keeps and ships well for a grape of its species. Clusters medium to small, frequently below average length, medium to rather slender, slightly cylindrical to tapering, usually not shouldered but sometimes with a small single shoulder, compact to medium. Peduncle short to medium, slender; pedicel short, slender, covered with few small warts; brush slender, medium in length, pale green with brownish tinge. Berries above medium to small, roundish, dark dull red to rich amber red, covered with thin lilac bloom, persistent, firm. Skin medium in thickness, tender, adheres slightly to the pulp, contains no pigment, astringent. Flesh pale green, translucent, juicy, tough and solid, strongly foxy, vinous, sweet at skin to tart at center, poor in quality. Seeds do not separate easily from the pulp, one to three, average two and three, intermediate in size, breadth and length, slightly notched, usually rather blunt, light brown; raphe buried in a narrow, shallow groove; chalaza of average size, slightly above center, irregularly circular to oval, obscure.

CHAPTER VI
THE MINOR VARIETIES OF AMERICAN GRAPES.

Abby Clingotten. (Lab.) Noted by Prince in 1863 as a worthless Labrusca.

Ada. (Vin. Lab.) Valk’s Seedling. (See page 56.) Originated in 1845 by Dr. Valk, of Flushing, Long Island, from Isabella fertilized by Black Hamburg. Vigorous, hardy; bunches very large, compact to loose; berries large; skin thin, almost black; vinous flavor. This is the first recorded hybrid between Labrusca and Vinifera.

Adelaide. (Vin. Lab.) A hybrid between Concord and Muscat Hamburg, by Ricketts; brought to notice in 1870. Bunch shouldered, loose; berries large, oval, black; sweet and sprightly.

Adelia. (Rip.?) Petit Noir. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report, 1859, as a small black native grape, raised in Orange County, New Jersey.

Adeline. (Lab.) One of T. B. Miner’s seedlings of Concord. Vigorous; berry large, light green.

Admirable. (Linc. Aest.) From Munson; introduced in 1894. Vigorous; leaves large, smooth; stamens reflexed; bunch medium, shouldered, moderately compact; berry small, black; sweet and sprightly.

Adobe. (Long.) A wild variety of Vitis longii; found by Munson in Hutchinson County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

Aiken. (Lab. Vin.?) Closely resembles Isabella and is the same variety or a seedling.

Albaiis. Noted by Warder in 1867 as follows: “Vine thrifty, hardy; bunch large; berry large, round, black; good.”

Albania. (Linc. Aest. Lab. Bourq.) Parents, Post-oak, Norton, and Herbemont; from Munson. Very vigorous, prolific; cluster large to very large, shouldered; berry medium, translucent white; juicy, tender, sprightly; very late.

Albert. (Lab.) From Theophile Huber, of Illinois City, Illinois. Vigorous; leaf large, healthy; bunch small, compact; berry very large, round, red with bluish bloom; skin thin, tender; sweet, spicy, vinous; season about with Concord.

Albino. (Lab. Vin.?) Garber’s Albino; Garber’s White. From J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pennsylvania, previous to 1830, from the seed of York Madeira. Bunch medium; berry medium, oval, greenish-white; sweet.

Aledo. (Lab.) From B. F. Stinger, Charlottesville, Indiana, about 1887. Bunch medium, compact; berry medium to large, green, tinged with yellow, nearly round, oblate; ripens with Concord.

Aletha. (Lab. Vin.) Brought to notice about 1870, at Ottawa, Illinois; said to be a Catawba seedling. Bunch medium; berries purple, nearly black; flesh pulpy, foxy; early.

Alfarata. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Brighton crossed with Delaware; from Henry B. Spencer, Rocky River, Ohio, about 1890. Berries small, dark red with a rich, vinous flavor.

Alice Lee. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Lady Washington; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Vigorous, moderately productive; clusters medium, compact; berries large, golden yellow; very good; ripens with Concord.

Allair. Described by Downing in 1869. “Bunch small, loose; berry medium, reddish-brown; flesh pulpy, harsh, poor.”

Alma. (Rip. Lab. Vin.?) A seedling of Bacchus fertilized with a doubtful hybrid seedling; from Ricketts. Vigorous, healthy; bunch medium, compact, seldom shouldered; berry medium, black, blue bloom; spicy, very sweet; season with or after Hartford.

Alphonse. (Lab. Rip. Vin.) From Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Strong open grower; leaf subject to disease; a shy bearer; bunch medium, loose; berry large, oval, yellowish; later than Concord.

Aluwe. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.?) A seedling of Lucky pollinated by Carman; from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Alvey. (Aest. Vin.) Hagar. From Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Maryland. Brought to notice about 1860; in 1867 listed by the American Pomological Society but dropped in 1883. Medium in vigor, uncertainly productive, mildews; stamens reflexed; bunches medium, loose, shouldered; berries small, round, black; juicy, sweet, vinous; very good; skin thin; ripens early.

Amalia. (Lab. Rip.) Amelia. A cross between Rommel’s Faith and Ives; from F. E. L. Rautenberg, Lincoln, Illinois. Very hardy, healthy; leathery foliage; bunch above medium; berries medium, round, black; good quality; almost like Rogers’ Aminia.

Amanda. (Lab.) From Missouri, about 1868. Strong grower, productive; bunches large, compact, shouldered; berries large, black, blue bloom, hard pulp, thick skinned; poor quality; may be the same as August Pioneer.

Ambecon. (Linc. Lab. Rup.) Parentage, America crossed with Beacon; from Munson in 1897. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Amber. (Rip. Lab.) Rommel’s Amber. The same parentage as Elvira; from Jacob Rommel. Vigorous, hardy, moderately productive; bunches long, shouldered, somewhat loose; berry medium, oblong, pale amber; pulp tender, sweet, juicy; skin thin; season between Concord and Catawba.

Amberbonte. (Bourq. Linc. Rup.) A cross between America and Herbemont; from Munson. Vigorous and prolific; cluster very large; berry small to medium, dark red; skin thin, tough; flesh tender, juicy; fine quality; ripens with Herbemont.

American Hamburg. (Lab.) A large black grape pronounced a worthless Labrusca by Prince in 1863.

Amersion. (Linc. Lab. Rup.) Parentage, America pollinated by Profusion; from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Amonta. (Mont. Rup. Linc.) A seedling of Vitis monticola pollinated by America; from Munson in 1899. Cluster medium; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Amos. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A Delaware seedling grown in 1865 by W. W. Jones, Douglas County, Illinois. Vigorous, productive; berry medium; good keeper.

Amy. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Healthy, hardy; berries greenish-yellow; ripens with parent.

Andover. (Lab.) According to Mitzky, 1893, a black fox grape of no value.

Anida. Mentioned in the Arkansas Experiment Station Report for 1890 as “a variety, the foliage of which was but little affected by the grape leaf folder.”

Anna. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Catawba; from Eli Hasbrouck, of Newburgh, New York, fruited in 1851 and later introduced by Dr. Grant of Iona. Resembles the Catawba in appearance of vine but is unhealthy and feeble; bunches medium, loose; berries medium, pale amber; meaty, vinous; ripens with Catawba.

Annie M. (Lab.) A chance seedling from L. C. Chisholm. Vigorous, unproductive; stamens upright; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, whitish-green; sweet; ripens with Diamond.

Anuta. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) Parentage, America crossed with Beacon; from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens medium late.

Arbeka. (Linc. Lab. Rup.) Parentage, America crossed with Profusion; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Archer. (Vin. Lab.?) A chance seedling which fruited about 1851 in the garden of Ellis S. Archer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Foliage shows Vinifera; bunch above medium; berry medium, round, inclining to oval, greenish-white to amber; juicy, sweet; very good; ripens late.

Ariadne. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Clinton and a Vinifera; from Ricketts. Vine moderately vigorous; bunch small to medium, compact; berry small, round, black.

Arkansaw. (Lab.) Wells Seedling. From Joseph Hart, Fayetteville, Arkansas, in 1893. Vigorous, productive; bunch medium, moderately compact; berry medium to large, round, dull pink with minute red dots; sweet, very foxy; hardly fair in quality.

Armalaga. (Vin. Linc. Lab.) From Munson, about 1907, who gives it as a hybrid of Armlong and Malaga. Very vigorous, healthy; cluster large, compact; berry large, yellowish-green.

Armbrilong. (Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Armlong crossed with Brilliant; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster very large; berry medium, red; ripens late.

Armlong. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) A hybrid of Ten-Dollar-Prize crossed with Black Eagle; from Munson. On account of its large clusters, used largely by the originator in crossing.

Aroma. (Lab.) Noted in the Hermann Grape Nurseries Catalog for 1906 as a new red variety; bunches medium; berries very large; fine aroma.

Arrold. (Lab. Vin.) According to Husmann in 1870, “so much like Cassady that it will not pay to cultivate the two.”

Atavite. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from Munson, in 1885. Lacks vigor, unproductive; stamens erect; cluster small, irregular; berries small, black; good; very early; now discarded by Munson.

Atoka. (Linc. Rup. Bourq. Lab.) A cross-breed of America and Delaware; listed by Munson in 1899. Vigorous, healthy; clusters large, often with short shoulder, moderately compact; berries small to medium, globular, dark purplish-red; skin thin; juicy, sprightly; good.

Auburn Pearl. (Lab.) Noted by Dr. Parker of Ithaca, New York, as from a Mr. Cox of Auburn, New York. White; mild, sweet; early.

Aughwick. (Rip.) Found wild in the Aughwick Valley, Pennsylvania, by William A. Fraker of Shirleysburg. Resembles Clinton; berries larger and vine less productive.

August Coral. (Lab.) Noted by Prince in 1858 as from North Carolina. Hardy; berries bright red; early, sweet.

August Pioneer. (Lab.) Origin unknown; introduced about 1867. A coarse, large, black grape with firm, hard, pulpy flesh; early.

Augusta. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from T. B. Miner. Vigorous, hardy, unproductive; bunch medium; berries medium, white; fair quality; early.

Augusta. (Lab.) From a Mr. Broderick of St. Catherines, Ontario. Noted only as having been exhibited by Ontario at the World’s Fair in 1893.

Augustina. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) By Munson; from Delaware, Goethe and Brilliant. Introduced in 1901 under the name Augusta but changed to the above. Vigorous, very prolific; cluster large; berry very large, translucent, carmine; pulp meaty, tender, juicy.

Australis. (Long.) A wild variety of Vitis longii found by Munson on the Red River in Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster small to medium; berry very small, black; ripens very early.

Auteonello. Mentioned in the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association Report for 1887 as a variety of medium vigor.

Avery Prolific. (Lab.?) Noted in the American Horticultural Annual for 1870 as a black grape received from John P. Avery, Norwich, Connecticut, and as very early, a great bearer, and of poor quality.

Avilla. (Aest.) Noted in the Missouri Horticultural Society Report for 1891 as a black grape of the same type and character as Cynthiana; a native of southern Kansas. Vigorous, productive, hardy, healthy; fruit black; sweet, sprightly, vinous.

Ayres Pride. (Lab. Vin.) From E. J. Ayres, Villa Ridge, Illinois, about 1890. Healthy; bunch large; berry large, black; quality best; resembles Norfolk.

Azure. (Aest.) Noted in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1893, as from J. S. Breece, Fayetteville, North Carolina. Cluster medium, cylindrical, small shoulders, moderately compact; berry medium to below, roundish, adhering firmly, black; meaty, sweet with pleasant aroma; season with Catawba.

Badart. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Ten-Dollar-Prize crossed with Triumph; from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry large; ripens late.

Bailey Prolific. (Lab.?) A Mr. Weis, in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1865, speaks of Bailey Prolific. Productive, hardy, healthy, superior in flavor to Hartford. May be the same as Avery Prolific.

Bailie. From Samuel Bailie, of Virginia, about 1830. Fruit of medium size, red, free from pulp.

Baker. (Lab. Vin.) Mentioned by Mitzky in 1893 as a seedling of Isabella which it resembles.

Baldwin Lenoir. (Bourq.) A supposed seedling of Lenoir from Westchester, Pennsylvania. Foliage and habit of growth like Lincoln; bunch small, loose; berries small, black, sugary; a wine grape.

Balziger. (Lab. Aest.) A cross between Norton and Martha; from J. Balziger, Highland, Illinois. Of agreeable taste, ripens very late.

Balziger’s Concord Seedling No. 2. (Lab.) Resembles Concord; ripens later.

Balziger’s No. 32. (Lab.) A fine-flavored white Concord seedling; must 84°.

Baltimore Seedling. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report for 1845 as from Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina.

Barbara. From Theophile Huber. Moderately vigorous; shy bearer; bunch small and irregular; berry medium, greenish-white; sweet, rich, tender pulp; ripens with Agawam.

Barnes. (Lab. Vin.) From Parker Barnes, Boston, Massachusetts, about 1864. Bunches shouldered; berries medium, oval, black; sweet; good; in season with Hartford.

Barnes. (Champ.) A wild vine of Vitis champini; found in Bell County, Texas, by Munson. Stamens reflexed; clusters small; berry medium, black; ripens mid-season.

Baroness. (Lab.) From Dr. H. Schroeder, Bloomington, Illinois. Resembles Moore Early in vine and fruit.

Bartlett. (Lab.) A pale red variety found in the woods at Lexington, Massachusetts, by Elias Phinney. Pronounced a worthless Labrusca by Prince in 1863.

Bates. (Lab.) Given in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1869 as a Labrusca.

Bauchman Red Fox. (Lab.) Prince states in 1830 that he received this vine from C. Bauchman of Pennsylvania. Fruit of large size, resembling the common red fox in flavor and color.

Baxter. (Aest.) A southern grape considered worthless by Prince in 1863. Clusters large; berries small, black; season very late.

Bay State. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) From N. B. White; parents, Marion crossed by Black Hamburg. Vigorous, hardy; bunch medium, shouldered; berry slightly oblong, red; juicy, sweet, sprightly; season early.

Beach. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Post-oak No. 3 crossed with Triumph; from Munson in 1889. Stamens reflexed; clusters large; berry medium, black; ripens early.

Beagle. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira crossed with Ives; from Munson, about 1888. Vigorous, moderately productive; bunch medium, sometimes shouldered; berry small to medium, oblong, black with heavy bloom; pulp firm, sweet; ripens about with Moore Early.

Beansville. Mentioned by William Saunders of the United States Department of Agriculture in 1864, as not being worthy of further attention.

Beaufort. (Rot.) Given in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1871 as a cultivated variety of Rotundifolia.

Beauty of Minnesota. (Lab. Bourq.) From J. C. Kramer of La Crescent, Minnesota, about 1866; supposed parents, Delaware and Concord. Vigorous, healthy; bunch large, compact, often shouldered; berry greenish-yellow; good; ripens early.

Beaverdam. (Lab.? Vin.?) Prince, in 1830, gives this variety as from Virginia, and states that vine and fruit resemble Bland.

Beeby Black. Described in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1897 as more productive than Moore Early; bunch and berry not as large; ripens a little earlier; hardly as good.

Belinda. (Lab.) From T. B. Miner; a white seedling of Concord with large, juicy, sweet, slightly foxy fruit; ripens shortly after Lady.

Belton. (Champ. Vin. Lab. Bourq.) Parentage, De Grasset crossed with Brilliant; from Munson. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry medium, black; ripens medium early.

Belvidere. (Lab.) Supposed to be a seedling of Concord or Hartford from Belvidere, Illinois; brought to notice by Dr. L. L. Lake in 1870. Resembles the Hartford in vine and fruit; early.

Belvin. (Linc. Rip. Lab.) From Munson. Very strong grower; large, loose, oblong bunches; berries medium, black with blue bloom; quality fair; ripens very late.

Ben. (Linc. Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Ten-Dollar-Prize crossed with Norton; from Munson in 1889. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Ben Hur. (Linc. Aest. Lab. Bourq.) A combination of Post-oak with Norton and Herbemont; from Munson. Exhibited at the American Pomological Society in 1903 and introduced about 1904. Vigorous, prolific, healthy; cluster large, rather loose; berry small, black; shells; good; ripens late.

Benjamin. (Lab.) From W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois; offspring of Northern Muscadine. Vigorous; cluster large, loose to compact; berry large, black with blue bloom, pulpy; flavor similar to Woodruff; ripens with Concord.

Berks. (Lab. Vin.) Lehigh. A seedling of Catawba; from Berks County, Pennsylvania, about 1863. Vigorous, vine similar to parent; bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry large, red; of Catawba flavor.

Berlaussel. (Berland. Linc. Lab.) A seedling of Vitis berlandieri and Laussel; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; clusters large; berry medium, purple; ripens very late.

Berlin. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from Geo. Hosford, Ionia, Michigan. Vigorous, hardy, unproductive; bunch large, small-shouldered; berry medium to large, round, greenish-yellow; sweet, vinous, with slight foxiness; quality fair to good; ripens mid-season.

Bertha. (Lab.) From Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois; about 1892. Vigorous; self-fertile; clusters medium to large, compact; berry medium, white with yellowish tinge; of fair quality; ripens with Worden.

Bertha. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Roenbeck; from Fred Roenbeck, Bayonne, New Jersey. Bunch and berries not as large as the parent; white; sweet; of fair quality.

Beta. (Lab. Rip.?) A cross between Carver and Concord; from L. Snelter, Carver, Minnesota. Very hardy, productive; fruit of fair quality; early.

Beta. A Labrusca-Vinifera hybrid given by the Canada Experimental Farms Report, 1896, as originating in London, Ontario. A table grape, neither large nor attractive.

Bettina. (Vin. Lab. Rip.) Parentage, Hartford crossed with Muscat Hamburg; from G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio. In appearance and quality intermediate between the two parents.

Big Berry. (Linc.) Big Bunch; Great Cluster? A variety of the north Texas glaucous form of Lincecumii considerably used by Munson in his breeding work. It is characterized by great vigor of vine and large bunch and berry. One parent of Bailey, Collier, R. W. Munson, and many others.

Big Black. (Linc. Lab.) From Munson. Vigorous; bunches large, loose to compact, shouldered; berries very large, black, similar to Concord in appearance; poor in quality; ripens after Concord; good shipper.

Big Cluster. (Mont.) A variety of Vitis monticola; found by Munson in Bell County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster large to medium; berry small, purple; ripens very late.

Big Hope. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) From Munson, about 1889; parents, Big Berry crossed with Triumph. Vigorous; clusters medium to large, variable in compactness; berries small to medium, purplish; fair in quality.

Big Ozark. (Lab.) In 1863, Prince noted this as a worthless Labrusca.

Bird’s Egg. (Lab. Vin.) Downing, in 1869, described Bird’s Egg as follows: “Bunch long, pointed; berry long, oval, whitish, with brown specks; flesh pulpy; only good as a curiosity.” Resembles Catawba.

Bishop. (Lab. Vin.) A chance seedling from D. Bishop, Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1905. A supposed offspring of Brighton fertilized by Diamond. Fruit much like Diamond in color and size but less compact; ripens with Winchell.

Bismarck. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Brighton; produced by F. E. L. Rautenberg, of Lincoln, Illinois. Almost a reproduction of its parent except that it is hardier.

Bismarck. (Lab.?) A chance seedling from Fred Roenbeck, Bayonne, New Jersey. Healthy, vigorous, productive; bunch large; berries large, black, agreeable aroma.

Black Bear. Mentioned in Texas Station Bulletin No. 48, 1898, as “hardly desirable”; bunch oblong, loose; berries size of Lenoir, black with blue bloom; acid but rather pleasant; self-sterile; ripens mid-season.

Black Claret. (Lab.) Noted by W. R. Prince in 1863 as a worthless Labrusca.

Black Cluster. A very hardy, very productive, black, medium-sized native raised at an early day in the Northwest.

Black Delaware. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware raised by Rommel of Missouri over thirty years ago. Fruit resembles Delaware very closely except for the color which is black. Vine mildews in some neighborhoods.

Black Heart. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) Parentage, Marion crossed with Black Hamburg; originated by N. B. White of Norwood, Massachusetts; exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1872. Berry medium; sweet and juicy.

Black Herbemont. (Bourq. Aest.? Lab.?) Either a Herbemont seedling or Herbemont crossed with Norton; from Munson, in 1893. Vigorous, productive, healthy; stamens upright; clusters large, loose; berry small, black; poor quality; ripens late.

Black King. (Rip. Lab.?) First noticed by Prince in 1863, who describes it as an early, small, good table and wine grape. Fuller received the variety from Bucks County, Pennsylvania, and in Record of Horticulture for 1868 he writes: “Said to be a fox grape; but the specimen vines we received from a very reliable source, have persisted in bearing Clinton grapes.”

Black Madeira. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) Madeira. Parentage, Marion crossed with Black Hamburg; originated by N. B. White; exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1873. Large, open bunch; berry very small; sprightly flavor; good.

Black Rose. (Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Concord crossed with Salem; raised by Rautenberg, of Lincoln, Illinois, in 1884. Vine resembles Concord, hardy, subject to mildew; bunch similar to Concord; berries large, black; of fine flavor.

Black September. (Rip.?) Given in the United States Patent Office Report for 1860 as a small, juicy, unproductive native grape under test by the Department of Agriculture.

Blackstone. (Lab.) An early black grape of poor quality, pronounced a worthless Labrusca by Prince in 1863.

Black Taylor. (Rip. Lab.) Rommel’s No. 19. From Rommel, about 1882; similar to Montefiore.

Black Tennessee. (Aest.) According to Gardener’s Monthly, 1859: Bunch large, long, shouldered, compact; berries medium, brownish-crimson with blue bloom; very juicy, sweet.

Black Virginia. (Rip.) A wild frost grape of Virginia; said to have been disseminated by Peter Raabe as the Emily.

Blackwood. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Delago by Governor Ireland; from Munson, in 1897. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens early.

Blanco. (Rip. Vin. Lab.) Seedling of Elvira crossed with Triumph; from Munson. Unproductive, self-sterile; cluster medium, cylindrical, loose; berry medium, oval, purple with blue bloom, moderately juicy, somewhat vinous, sweet; good; season about with Concord.

Bland. (Lab. Vin.) Bland’s Fox; Bland’s Madeira; Bland’s Pale Red; Bland’s Virginia; Carolina Powel; Powell; Red Bland; Red Scuppernong; Rose Grape; Virginia Muscadell. An old variety brought to notice by Colonel Bland of Virginia in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Moderately vigorous; leaves lobed, light green, smooth, delicate; cluster long, loose, often with imperfect berries; berries large, round; pedicels long; skin thick, light red to dark purple; flesh pulpy, sprightly, slightly foxy; ripens late. Many of the early authorities consider Bland a probable Vinifera hybrid on account of its resemblance to the European Chasselas.

Blondin. (Bourq. Aest. Linc. Lab.) A combination of Ten-Dollar-Prize, Post-oak, Norton and Herbemont; from Munson in 1899. Very vigorous, prolific; cluster large, compact, shouldered; berry medium, white, translucent; juicy, sprightly, acid; ripens with Catawba.

Blood. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Lincecumii fertilized with Herbemont; from Munson. Moderate in vigor and productiveness; bunch small to medium, compact; berry small, black, juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor, seedy; ripens a week later than Concord.

Blood Black. (Lab.) From a Mr. Blood, Newburyport, Massachusetts, about 1854. Hardy, vigorous, productive; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, round, black; sweet, with strong, foxy flavor; ripens early.

Blood White. (Lab.) From Blood, Newburyport, Massachusetts, about 1854. A red grape with the same general characters as Blood Black.

Blue Dyer. (Rip.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1883: Bunch medium; berries small, black.

Blue Favorite. (Aest.?) Purple Favorite. From Georgia, about 1825 or earlier. Very vigorous, resembling Cunningham but not so prolific; cluster large, conical; berries small, round, black; juicy, vinous; good; ripens with Herbemont.

Blue Imperial. (Lab.) Described by Downing in 1869 as follows: “Vigorous, healthy, unproductive; bunch medium, short; berry large, round, black, hard pulp; poor in quality; ripens with Hartford.”

Boadicea. (Lab. Vin.) A cross of Telegraph with Black Hamburg; from Chas. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Of medium vigor; bunch medium, compact; berry oval; meaty, sweet with a rich, aromatic flavor; good keeper; ripens with Isabella.

Boadicea. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from T. B. Miner of New Jersey. Vigorous, unproductive; bunch small; berry small, white.

Bokchito. (Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Brilliant; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens mid-season.

Bonne Madame. Listed with varieties which ripened earliest at the Experimental Farms, Canada, in 1905.

Bottsi. (Bourq.) From South Carolina. Very vigorous, productive; bunch very large, loose; berry below medium, light to dark pink, susceptible to black-rot. Very similar to Herbemont and names by some believed to be synonymous.

Boulevard. (Lab. Vin.) From A. Koeth, Charlotte, New York; Concord crossed with Brighton. Vigorous, productive; bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry medium, round, greenish-white; juicy, sweet, vinous; ripens with Concord.

Bowman. (Lab.) Described in Magazine of Horticulture, 1863, by Prince as a dark purple, early table grape of good quality.

Braddock. (Lab.) W. R. Prince, in Magazine of Horticulture for 1863, notes this as a purplish, early sweet table grape; hardy and adapted to New England.

Bradley. (Lab. Vin.?) Described by A. C. Hubbard of Troy, Michigan, in the United States Patent Office Report for 1849 as a grape of the Isabella type but three or four weeks earlier.

Braendly. (Lab.? Vin.?) From Illinois. Very weak, unproductive; stamens upright; bunch small, irregularly loose; berry small, yellow; of poor quality; ripens with Cynthiana.

Brand White. (Lab. Vin.) Resembles Cassady; exhibited before the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers’ Association in 1867.

Breck. (Lab.) Exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1855 by Thomas Waterman who gave it the above name. Resembles Winne. Hardy; early.

Bridgewater. (Lab.) Supposed to be a sport of Worden, received at this Station in 1901 from J. B. Tuckerman, Cassville, New York. Very similar to Worden but said by the originator to be a week or ten days earlier.

Brunk. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Lincecumii crossed with Triumph; from Texas. Medium in vigor and productiveness; stamens upright; bunch medium, irregularly loose; berry medium, black; poor quality; susceptible to black-rot.

Buist. (Lab. Vin.) Supposed to be a cross between Catawba and Brighton; from H. B. Buist, Greenville, South Carolina, about 1878. Vigorous, hardy, inclined to mildew; late in ripening.

Bumper. (Linc. Aest. Lab.) Post-oak crossed with Norton; from Texas. Very vigorous; stamens reflexed; bunch large, irregular, very loose; berry medium, black; of poor quality; susceptible to black-rot; season with Cynthiana.

Buncombe. (Lab.) A variety of Vitis labrusca found in North Carolina and used by Munson in his breeding work. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Bundy. (Lab.) A black seedling of Concord from the same lot of seeds as Colerain; from David Bundy, Colerain, Ohio. Vigorous, productive, hardy, healthy; bunch and berry resemble parent in appearance and quality; ripens with Moore Early.

Burlington. Given in American Farmer, 1822, as a New Jersey grape of high quality.

Burlington. (Lab.) A seedling from A. Taylor, Burlington, Vermont, about 1871. Reported hardy in northern New England and equal to Adirondac as a table grape.

Burnet. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Hartford crossed with Black Hamburg; from P. C. Dempsey, Albury, Prince Edward County, Ontario. Vigorous, productive, mildews; stamens reflexed; cluster large, shouldered, loose; berry large, oval, black; juicy; earlier than Concord.

Burroughs. (Rip. Lab.?) According to Downing, 1869, from Vermont. Vine like Clinton; bunch small; berry round, black with thick bloom; harsh, acid; ripens earlier than Isabella.

Burrows No. 42C. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Concord crossed with Jefferson; from J. G. Burrows, Fishkill, New York, received at this Station in 1888. Sometimes unproductive; bunch medium, very compact, handsome; berry medium or above, dark red with lilac bloom; juicy, sweet, tender, slightly vinous, fine flavor; ripens about with Concord.

Burton Early. (Lab.) Downing notes in 1869: A large, early grape; unworthy of culture.

Bush. (Bourq. Linc.) Parentage, Herbemont crossed with a Post-oak; from Munson. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry medium, black; ripens very late.

Bushberg. (Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Willie crossed with an Aestivalis; from Dr. L. C. Chisholm, Tennessee. Aestivalis characters are predominant in both vine and fruit. Described by the originator as vigorous, healthy; clusters above medium, long, loose, shouldered; berries large, oblong, black, adherent; sprightly, vinous, tender; ripens about with Concord.

Cabot. (Lab. Vin.) Stetson No. 1. A seedling from A. W. Stetson, Braintree, Massachusetts, about 1853; a cross of a native Labrusca and Grizzly Frontignan. Bunch long, firm, short shoulder; berries medium, round, black with thick bloom; skin thick; musky, sweet.

Cairnano. Tested by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1864 and discarded as worthless.

California Rosea. Described by Warder in 1867 as: “Bunch large, compact; berry large, round, black, sweet.”

California White. Noted by Warder in 1867. Bunch full, medium; berry large, yellow; very fine.

Calloway. (Bourq. Vin.?) Possibly a synonym of Ruckland. Vigorous, healthy, productive; cluster small to medium, compact; berries medium, oval, red; skin thin, tough; quality good; ripens very late.

Calypso. (Lab. Vin.) Produced by Chas. J. Copley, of Stapleton, New York, from seed of Lady crossed with Secretary; fruited in 1887. Hardy, strong in growth; bunches large, heavily shouldered; berries large, black; juicy, vinous; good; ripens with or after Concord.

Camaks. Found growing in the garden of James Camaks, about 1847. Bunch shouldered, long, loose, tapering; berries small, round, brownish-red; flesh tender, melting, sweet; good.

Cambridge. (Lab.) Originated in the garden of Francis Houghton, Cambridge, Massachusetts, about 1867. Vigorous; bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry large, black, covered with heavy bloom; similar to Concord; ripens four days earlier.

Camden. (Lab.) Bunch medium; berry large, greenish-white; flesh with hard center, acid; poor.

Canaan. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report in 1843, as one of the varieties grown at that time.

Canby. (Lab. Vin.) From W. Canby, Wilmington, Delaware; probably a seedling of Isabella, brought to notice about 1852. Hardy, vigorous; cluster medium size, compact; berry medium size, purple; flavor sweet; quality “best.”

Canonicus. (Lab. Vin.) From D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, about 1888. Vigorous and productive; stamens upright; bunch loose, medium; berry medium, round, pale green, translucent, whitish bloom; skin thin; pulp sweet, tender, juicy, sprightly; ripens with Concord.

Cape May Prolific. Large Blue English. Mentioned by Prince in 1863 in a list of varieties in Gardener’s Monthly.

Capital. (Lab.) Given in Bushberg Catalogue in 1894 as a white Concord seedling raised by W. H. Lightfoot of Illinois.

Carlotte. (Lab.) Produced by T. B. Miner of Linden, New Jersey, from seed of Concord. Vigorous, hardy; greenish-white; good.

Carminet. (Bourq.?) Bunches small, ragged; berries small, black; sweet; skin and pulp tender.

Carolina Blue Muscadine. Jones’ Perfumed. Mentioned by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863.

Caroline. Carolina. Said by Husmann in 1871 to be the same as Concord.

Carter. (Lab. Vin.?) An old variety mentioned as early as 1831; a seedling of Isabella. Bunch large, shouldered; berries large, round, black, heavy bloom; good, very similar to Isabella with which it ripens.

Carter. (Lab.) Mammoth Globe. A large-fruited red Labrusca used by Rogers.

Carver. Given as one of the parents of Beta. Not described.

Case. (Rip.) Mentioned by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1869.

Case Crystal. (Lab.) Noted in the United States Patent Office Report for 1859 as a reliable variety for New England.

Caspar. (Bourq.) A seedling of Louisiana; from A. Caspar of New Orleans, supposed to be a cross with Herbemont. Vigorous; cluster medium, compact; berries brownish-red, small; juice white; good; ripens late.

Cassady. (Lab. Vin.) Arcott; Arnott; Arrott. A chance seedling from H. P. Cassady, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; fruited in 1852. Medium in vigor, productive; stamens upright; cluster medium, compact, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, round, greenish-white, covered with white bloom; skin thick, tough; flesh juicy, tender, pleasant; very good; ripens with Catawba.

Catarobe. Mentioned in the Horticulturist of 1850 as growing well in Illinois.

Catherine. (Lab. Vin.) From Gen. N. M. Waterman of Hartford, Connecticut, 1854. Clusters small, compact, firm; berries medium, slightly oval, green, translucent; skin thin; pulp soft, sweet, well flavored, foxy.

Catoosa. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.?) Parentage, Lucky crossed with Carman; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Caywood No. 1. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) From A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York; a red seedling of Poughkeepsie fertilized with Iona.

Caywood No. 50. (Lab. Vin.) From A. J. Caywood, about 1888. Vigorous, healthy, productive; stamens upright; cluster medium, compact, often shouldered; berry large, roundish, black with abundant bloom; shatters; skin thick, tender; pulp juicy, sweet, tough, vinous; good; ripens a little before Worden.

Chambersburg White. Mentioned in Gardener’s Monthly in 1863 in a list of worthless varieties.

Chambril. (Champ. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Vitis champini crossed with Brilliant; from Munson. Stamens upright; cluster medium or above; berry small, purplish-black, thin bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, not juicy, vinous; good.

Champanel. (Champ. Lab.) Parents, Vitis champini crossed with Worden; from Munson. Vigorous; clusters large, conical; berries globular, large, black; season with Concord.

Champovo. (Champ. Vin. Lab. Bourq.) Parentage, De Grasset crossed with Brilliant; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; cluster medium; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Chandler. (Lab.) A chance seedling from N. M. Chandler, Ottawa, Kansas, about 1886; probably from Worden. Vigorous, productive; stamens upright; cluster medium, shouldered, compact; berry above medium, round, rich yellow; good.

Chapin. Noted in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863, as worthless.

Charles. (Rip. Lab.?) Mentioned by Joseph Hobbins about 1869 as having been injured by winter; exhibited at Wisconsin State Fair that year. Resembles Clinton.

Charles A. Green. A white grape originated by P. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin; introduced by the Chas. A. Green Nursery Company of Rochester, New York. Said to be “a vigorous grower, and an enormous yielder of very large and beautiful clusters of excellent fruit.”

Charlotte. (Lab. Vin.) From Edmund Ward, Kelleys Island, Ohio; a seedling of Catawba. Bunch medium, not shouldered; berries medium, roundish, pale red; flesh tender, sweet, vinous; skin thick; season with Delaware.

Charlton. (Vin. Lab.) A cross between Brighton and Mills; from John Charlton, Rochester, New York; fruited about 1893. Vigorous, productive, hardy; clusters large, generally well shouldered, compact; berry large to medium, roundish-oval, dark red; skin rather thin, tough; pulp meaty, tender releases seeds easily; juicy, sweet, rich, vinous; ripens a week before Concord; keeps well; promising.

Charter Oak. (Lab. Aest.) A large coarse, foxy grape from Connecticut. Vigorous, hardy; canes long with blue bloom; tendrils continuous; clusters small, loose; berries large, roundish, dull dark amber; shatter; flesh soft, tough, foxy; fair quality; ripens with Concord.

Chavoush. Exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1868. Productive; bunch large; berry large, oval, white; keeps well.

Cheowa. Noted in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1863 as a variety to be discarded.

Cherokee. (Aest. Lab.) From Stayman, of Kansas; the same parentage as Ozark. Vigorous; free from rot and mildew; bunch large, compact; berry medium, black; tender, juicy, sweet; season with Cynthiana.

Chicago. (Lab.) A chance seedling found in Lincoln, Illinois, by F. E. L. Rautenberg. Vigorous, productive, hardy; bunch medium, sometimes double; berries medium, round; skin tough; color red resembling Delaware; sweet, rich; ripens early; ships well.

Chidester’s Seedlings. Produced by C. P. Chidester, Battle Creek, Michigan, about thirty years ago. All are apparently second generation Vinifera-native hybrids. They are of high quality but all seem to have some weakness which makes their permanent popularity doubtful. These varieties appear to have become confused, as the Michigan Experiment Station Bulletins, our chief source of information, have published contradictory descriptions in different places.

No. 1. See Lyon.

No. 2. (Lab. Vin.) Moderately vigorous, hardy; stamens reflexed; cluster medium, compact; berry medium, round, dark red; flesh soft, sweet, vinous; good; ripens early; shatters somewhat.

No. 3. Vigorous; cluster large, loose, shouldered; berry large, dark purple; flesh firm, juicy, sweet; keeps well.

No. 4. Vigorous; cluster medium, roundish, shouldered, loose; berries large, round, nearly black; flesh tender, vinous; good; ripens just after Concord.

Chillicothe. (Lab. Vin.) From Ohio. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report in 1863. Bunch long, loose; berry medium, oval, dark purple.

Chippewa. Found growing on the banks of Chippewa Creek, Ontario; described in 1858 by W. H. Read. Bunch large, compact, heavily shouldered; berry medium, black; flesh tender, sweet, good.

Chisholm’s Seedlings. Produced by Dr. L. C. Chisholm, Spring Hill, Tennessee. Of his named sorts there are: Annie M., Bushberg, Delawba, Gilt Edge, La Marie, Lutie, and Willie, the best known being Lutie. The following unnamed seedlings from Chisholm have been tested and described:

No. 1. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A Delaware seedling. Weak, healthy; stamens reflexed; cluster small, very loose; berry medium, purple; quality poor; ripens with Worden.

No. 3. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware. Medium in vigor, healthy; stamens upright; cluster small, compact; berry small, reddish-purple; quality fair; ripens with Worden.

No. 4. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware. Vigorous; cluster medium size; berries light green, sprightly, vinous; good; ripens with Delaware.

No. 5. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A Delaware seedling. Moderately vigorous; berry light red; good quality; ripens just before Concord.

No. 6. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware. Weak, apparently healthy, a shy bearer; stamens reflexed; cluster small, loose; berry medium, purple; fair quality; ripens with Worden; not a good keeper.

No. 8. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A Delaware seedling. Vigorous, hardy, productive; cluster medium; berry medium, black; very good; ripens with Moore Early.

No. 9. (Aest.) Moderately vigorous, attacked somewhat by black-rot, hardy; stamens upright; cluster medium; berry medium, red; quality hardly fair; ripens with Concord.

Chocolate. Mentioned in a list of worthless varieties in Gardener’s Monthly in 1863.

Choteau. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.?) Parentage, Lucky crossed with Carman; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Church Seedling. (Lab.) From Dr. Durfee, Fall River, Massachusetts; a seedling of a wild grape unworthy of cultivation.

Claret. (Rip.) From Charles Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio. Vigorous; bunch and berry medium; claret red; acid; resembles Clinton.

Clarissa. (Lab. Vin.) A white seedling of Salem; from F. E. L. Rautenberg, Lincoln, Illinois.

Clark. (Lab. Vin.) From J. S. Phelps, Washington, District of Columbia. Cluster of medium length, sometimes shouldered, compact; berry medium, oval, dull red, heavy bloom; sweet, foxy.

Clark Seedling. (Lab.) From a Mr. Clark of Framingham, Massachusetts; described in Magazine of Horticulture in 1861. Hardy and early; bunch loose; berry reddish; quality excellent.

Clarkes. Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as being grown in Virginia. Bunch and berry large; early; keeps well.

Claude. (Lab.) From Georgia. Vigorous; stamens upright; bunch medium, loose; berry large, black; poor quality; ripens a little before Norton.

Cleopatra. (Lab. Rip.) Parentage, Ives crossed with Faith; from F. E. L. Rautenberg, Lincoln, Illinois. Vigorous, hardy, productive; bunch and berry medium; black; early.

Clifton. (Lab. Vin.) Parents, Telegraph crossed with White Frontignan; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Vigorous, productive; bunch large, compact; berries white, large; ripens in September.

Climax. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling from A. Reisinger of Naples, New York, about 1883; supposed to be a seedling of Catawba. Vigorous; berry medium to large, red; tender, sweet, sprightly; ripens with Concord.

Clinton-Vialia. (Rip.) Probably identical with Franklin. Used in France as a grafting stock.

Cloantha. (Vin. Lab.) An Isabella seedling from Kentucky. Vigorous; berry black, small; foxy.

Clover Street Black. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Diana crossed with Black Hamburg; from Jacob Moore. Bunches large, compact; berries large, round, black; flesh tender, sweet, ripens with Concord.

Clover Street Red. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Diana crossed with Black Hamburg; from Jacob Moore. Vigorous; berries large, roundish-oval, crimson; Diana flavor and season.

Cluster. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report, 1852, as a native grape.

Clyde. (Lab.? Vin.?) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Bunch medium, compact; berry large, red; tender, juicy, sweet.

Cochee. (Lab. Bourq.) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas, 1887. Vigorous; tendrils intermittent; cluster medium to small, compact; berry medium, dark red, lilac bloom; flesh tender, fine, vinous, sweet; good; ripens about with Concord.

Coe. (Lab.) From Iowa. Hardy, vigorous; cluster small, compact, rarely shouldered; berries small to medium, black; a week earlier than Concord.

Colesvine. (Lab.? Vin.?) Enumerated in a list of unpromising grapes for North Carolina by Sidney Weller in 1845.

Collier. (Linc. Lab.) Big Red; Dr. Collier. A seedling of Post-oak by Concord; from Munson. Vigorous, productive; tendrils intermittent; stamens upright; cluster medium to large, variable in compactness; berries large, roundish, dark reddish-purple, heavy bloom; flesh tender, fine-grained, vinous, nearly sweet; quality good; ripens just after Concord.

Collina. Hill Grape of Ohio. Listed by Prince in Gardeners’ Monthly in 1863.

Colorado. From John Gravestock, Canon City, Colorado. Vigorous; cluster medium, long, shouldered, compact; berries medium; sweet, tender; late.

Colp. (Lab.) A wild vine of Vitis labrusca found in Maryland and used by Munson. Stamens depressed; cluster medium; berry large, white; ripens mid-season.

Columbia. (Rip.) Said to have been found by Major Adlum on his farm at Georgetown, District of Columbia, previous to 1830. Vigorous, productive; cluster small, loose; berries round, black, small; quality poor.

Columbia. (Lab.) From J. T. C. Clark, Washington, before 1883. Vigorous; cluster and berry medium, white; good; late.

Columbian. Originated about the same time as Columbian Imperial and probably identical with it. The literature of the two is so confused, Columbian Imperial having been sold as Columbian, that it is impossible to determine whether they are distinct.

Columbus. (Bourq. Aest. Rip.) From John Hertlein, Spielerville, Arkansas; parents, Delaware and Norton. Vigorous; bunches large, nearly compact; berries medium, black; sweet, pleasant flavor; ripens with Delaware.

Compacta. (Bourq. Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Herbemont crossed with Triumph; from Munson. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry small, white; ripens very late. Now discarded by originator.

Concord Chasselas. (Vin. Lab.) From G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, 1881; a cross between Golden Chasselas and Concord. Vigorous; cluster long, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, oval, greenish-white; pure flavor; good; ripens with Concord.

Concord Muscat. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Concord crossed with Muscat; from G. W. Campbell. Vigorous; cluster compact, long, sometimes shouldered; berries large, oval, light greenish-white; flesh tender and melting; quality very good; ripens with Concord.

Concordia. (Lab. Bourq.) From Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas. Vigorous, hardy; bunch large, compact; berry large, black; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; very good; ripens about with Concord.

Conelva. (Lab. Rip.) A seedling of Concord crossed with Elvira; from Munson. Vigorous, hardy; stamens upright; cluster medium, compact; berry medium, round, black; quality fair; ripens with Cottage.

Connecticut. Mentioned by Prince in a list of worthless varieties in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Connecticut Seedling. Cited in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1868 as a promising table grape.

Conqueror. (Vin. Lab.) From Rev. Archer Moore, New Jersey, about 1868; supposed by him to be a cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine. Vigorous; stamens upright; bunch medium, loose; berries medium, oval, black, pulpy; quality fair; ripens about with Concord.

Cooper Wine. From Joseph Cooper, Gloucester County, New Jersey, about 1800. Vigorous; berry round, medium, purple; quality fair.

Copley’s Hybrids. Chas. J. Copley of Stapleton, Staten Island, New York, about thirty years ago originated and exhibited a large number of hybrid grapes. His productions were chiefly the result of fertilizing cultivated American varieties with pollen of standard Viniferas, particularly the White Frontignan. His seedlings which received names are Boadicea, Calypso, Clifton, Cornelia, Daphne, D’Elboux, Lulie, Mineola, Paragon, and Zelia. They show too many Vinifera weaknesses, particularly a tendency to mildew, to become popular. None of them was ever introduced.

Coppermine. Discarded as worthless from test vineyards of the Department of Agriculture in 1864.

Corby. (Lab. Vin.) From C. C. Corby, Montclair, New Jersey. Vigorous, hardy, productive; blooms mid-season; stamens upright; clusters above medium, variable in compactness; berries intermediate in size, oval to roundish, dull black with heavy blue bloom; flesh fine-grained, sweet, resembles Concord in flavor; good; ripens about with Concord.

Coriel. (Lab. Vin.) From New Jersey. Hardy; bunch medium; berry small, oval, black; good.

Cornelia. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Telegraph crossed with White Frontignan; from Chas. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Bunch large, shouldered; berries round, white with amber tint; juicy, rich, sweet.

Cornucopia. (Vin. Rip.) Arnold’s No. 2. Parents, Clinton crossed with Black St. Peters; from Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, 1859. Vigorous; stamens upright; cluster large, shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, black; flesh tender, vinous, juicy; good; ripens with Concord.

Corporal. (Lab. Aest. Vin.) Parents, Eumelan crossed with Worden; from D. S. Marvin, about 1881. Bunch and berry medium, loose; black; vinous; good.

Corsican. From Ohio. Hardy; bunch large; berry small, round, red; very good.

Cortland. (Lab.) Courtland. A seedling of Concord crossed with Hartford; from M. F. Cleary, Cortland, New York, about 1863. Believed by some to be identical with Champion. Vigorous; clusters large, compact; berry large, black; sweet; early.

Cotoctin. Described by Fuller in 1867 as a chance seedling from Pennsylvania. Bunch large, shouldered; berries large, white; good; late.

Covert. (Lab.) A chance seedling; from N. B. Covert, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Bunch large, compact; berries large, greenish-white; sweet; ripens with Concord.

Cowan. (Rip.) McCowan; McGowan; McOwen. An old variety of unknown origin; once raised on Lake Champlain. Very hardy; clusters medium; berries small, black, heavy bloom; juicy, sour; very early.

Cozy. (Lab. Vin.) From J. S. Breece, Fayetteville, North Carolina. Cluster large, compact; berry oval, medium, black, blue bloom; flesh translucent, tender; good; ripens a week before Ives.

Craig. (Rip.?) French Grape. A variety found growing at Franklin, Pennsylvania, about 1809; perhaps synonymous with Franklin. Fruit dark-colored; bunch and berry medium; juicy; good.

Critic. (Lab. Vin.?) A seedling of Jefferson; from J. S. Breece, Fayetteville, North Carolina; described in 1892. Cluster large, shouldered, compact; berries round, medium, dull red; foxy; good; earlier than Brighton.

Crown. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) From Munson; parents, Post-oak crossed with Triumph. Vigorous; stamens upright; cluster large, compact; berry large, black; good; ripens with Catawba.

Crystal. (Lab.) A native grape found by S. D. Case, Canton Center, Connecticut. Vigorous; cluster medium; berries large, oblate, green with white dots; sweet, juicy.

Culbert Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) From Dr. W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, New York. Parents, Iona crossed with Muscat Hamburg. Bunch and berry large; purplish-black; good.

Curtis. Stetson’s Seedling No. 4. From Nahum Stetson, Bridgewater, Massachusetts; mentioned in the Magazine of Horticulture in 1857 as being a seedling of “superior flavor”.

Curtis. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) Parentage, Post-oak No. 3 crossed with Triumph; from Munson in 1889. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens mid-season.

Cuyahoga. (Lab. Vin.?) Coleman’s White; Wemple; Wemple’s Seedling. Found by a Mr. Wemple at Euclid, Ohio, previous to 1859, and named after the county in which it was found. Vigorous; cluster large, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, covered with bloom, pale yellowish-green tinged with amber; pulp melting, juicy, sweet, fine musky flavor; ripens about with Catawba.

Cuyarano. (Lab.) Given in a list of native fox grapes in the report of the Department of Agriculture in 1869.

Cyncon. (Lab. Aest.) A seedling of Cynthiana crossed with Concord; from Munson. Vigorous, healthy, dark green foliage; bunch long; berry black; late.

Dana. (Lab.) A seedling from Francis Dana, Roxbury, Massachusetts, about 1860. Vigorous, hardy, mildews slightly; bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berries large, nearly round, red with heavy bloom; free from pulp as Delaware, not as sweet; ripens about with Concord.

Danbury. (Lab.) A chance seedling from H. C. Coble, Danbury, Connecticut. Hardy, healthy; bunches medium, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, black; flesh tender, mild, sweet; good; ripens earlier than Hartford.

Daphne. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Telegraph crossed with White Frontignan; from Chas. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York, about 1875. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive; bunch medium to large with very long stem; berry medium to large, white; without pulp, sweet, rich, Muscat flavor; ripens early.

Dartmouth. (Lab.) Listed by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863 as a worthless variety.

Darwin. (Aest. Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with some vigorous Aestivalis; from Dr. J. Stayman. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive; foliage of Aestivalis type; bunch large, compact, double-shouldered; berry medium, red; tender, juicy, vinous; ripens with Delaware.

Davis. (Long.) A variety of Vitis longii found by Munson in Hutchinson County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

Davkina. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) A cross of America and Beacon; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

De Grasset. A variety of Champini, noted by Munson in Texas Station Bulletin No. 56 as the female parent for a few of his crosses.

Delago. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware cross-pollinated by Goethe; from Munson in 1883; introduced in 1896. Medium in growth and productiveness, not hardy, susceptible to mildew; stamens reflexed; clusters below medium to small, often oval, variable in compactness; berries medium to above, roundish to oval, dark red, lilac bloom, very persistent; meaty, vinous, sweet; very good; ripens late.

Delaware Seedling. (Bourq. Vin. Lab.) J. A. Warder in 1867 describes a “Delaware Seedling” from Ohio. Healthy; bunch short; berry medium, dull red; rich, sweet, somewhat foxy; very early.

Delaware Seedling. (Vin. Bourq. Lab.) Delaware Seedling No. 4. A seedling of Delaware crossed with Gen. Marmora; from Dr. W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, New York. More vigorous grower than Delaware, hardy, prolific.

Delaware Seedling No. 2. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) From Jacob Rommel. Vigorous, healthy, productive; bunch above medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, black; pulpy, sweet; very good; ripens earlier than Hartford.

Delaware Seedling No. 9. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) From Jacob Rommel. Moderate grower, healthy, hardy, very productive; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, black, firm, sweet; ripens before Concord; good keeper and shipper.

Delaware Seedling No. 16. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) From Jacob Rommel. Moderate grower, very productive, healthy; bunch medium; berry medium, white with white bloom; very sweet, pure flavor, pulpless; ripens with Concord; fine keeper and shipper.

D’Elboux. (Vin. Lab.) D’Elboux Seedling. A seedling of Telegraph crossed with Black Hamburg; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York, in 1876. Very vigorous, productive, hardy, healthy; foliage like Labrusca except smooth underneath; bunch very large, sometimes slightly shouldered, compact, handsome; berries very large, black with blue bloom, oval, persistent; juicy, sweet, rich, vinous; skin thick; ripens with Hartford.

Delgoethe. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with Goethe; from Munson; possibly same as Delago. Noted by Mitzky in 1893 as still under test.

Delicious. (Linc. Bourq.) Big Berry crossed with Herbemont; from Munson in 1887, introduced about 1894. Vigorous, productive, healthy; stamens upright; bunch medium, moderately compact; berry medium, round, black with blue bloom; sprightly, sweet; skin thin, tough; ripens a little after Concord.

Delmar. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Mentioned by Mitzky in 1893 as a seedling of Delaware crossed with Martha; from Munson.

Delmerlie. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Governor Ireland; from Munson, in 1898. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Dempsey’s Seedlings. P. C. Dempsey, Albury, Prince Edward County, Ontario, a noted Canadian hybridist of various cultivated plants, has produced several hybrid grapes which are mentioned in grape literature as follows:

No. 4. (Lab. Vin.) Medium in vigor.

No. 5. (Lab. Vin.) Resembles Massasoit in some respects but earlier.

No. 18. (Lab. Vin.) Failure.

No. 25. (Lab. Vin.) Failure.

No. 60. (Lab. Vin.) Hardy; white, vinous, very good.

Apparently none of these were ever introduced. Besides these he originated Burnet. (See p. 443.) Dempsey’s work with grapes was done about thirty years ago.

Denison. (Lab.) A seedling of Moore Early; from Munson. Medium in vigor, unproductive, usually healthy; bunch medium in size and compactness; berry large, round, black with blue bloom, of Concord flavor.

Dennis Seedling. (Lab.) Found growing wild on the bank of a river by John Dennis, Hillsborough, New Hampshire. Compact grower, hardy, productive; fruit large, amber-colored, of fine flavor.

Denniston. (Lab.) A native grape found on an island in the Hudson River below Albany, by Isaac Denniston about 1823. Very vigorous, hardy; berry large, yellowish-red; slight musky flavor.

De Soto. (Rot. Muns.) A seedling of Scuppernong pollinated by Vitis munsoniana; from Munson in 1896. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry medium, black; ripens very late.

Detroit. (Lab. Vin.) Supposed to be a Catawba seedling; found in the garden of T. R. Chase, Detroit, Michigan, about 1860. Vigorous, hardy, with foliage like Catawba; bunch large, very compact; berry medium, round, darker than Catawba; rich, sweet, sprightly Catawba flavor; earlier than its parent.

Diller. (Lab.) According to Strong, 1866, pulpy and inferior to Isabella which it resembles.

Dingwall White. (Lab.) Vigorous, healthy; bunch short, compact; berry large, round, white; quality poor; late.

Dinkel. (Lab. Vin.) A Catawba seedling; from Munson. Vine and leaf much like parent; bunch medium to large, compact, slightly shouldered; berry medium, round, deep coppery red with thick bloom; much like Catawba in flavor; ripens with parent.

Dixie. (Rot. Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parents, San Jacinto crossed with Brilliant, from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry large, amber-colored; ripens late.

Dr. Bain. (Lab.) A white seedling of Concord; from Illinois.

Dr. Kemp. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Herbemont; from Munson; introduced in 1896. Vigorous and productive, subject to downy mildew; stamens upright; bunch medium, loose, shouldered; berry small, purple; poor quality; ripens a week after Concord.

Dr. Robinson Seedling. (Lab.?) Described by Wisconsin Experiment Station in 1888. Productive; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, round, black, purple bloom; poor quality; ripens with Concord.

Dr. Warder. (Lab.) Of unknown parentage; from Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Vigorous, hardy, healthy; cluster medium to large, compact, often heavily shouldered; berries large, round, black, heavy bloom; pulp tough, juicy, sprightly, sweet; good; said to ripen before Hartford which it closely resembles.

Doder. Washington. Noted in the American Pomological Society Report for 1877 as a seedling from a Mr. Doder, Washington County, Iowa.

Dog Ridge. (Champ.) A variety of Vitis champini found by Munson in Bell County, Texas. Stamens depressed; cluster small; berry medium, black; ripens mid-season.

Dolle. According to W. F. Bassett in Rural New Yorker for 1885, supposed to have come from Germany but it has none of the characters of Vinifera. Vigorous; clusters sometimes loose; berry larger than Moore Early; of good quality, persistent; ripens early.

Dorinda. (Lab.) Said to be a seedling of Rebecca; from Hudson, New York, about 1858. Bunch medium; berry oval, greenish-white, sweet, sprightly, with scarcely any pulp.

Dorr Seedling. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) Said to be a seedling of Delaware; from Livingston County, New York. Resembles Delaware in form, color, and bunch but the berries are larger and have a foxy odor.

Dry Hill Beauty. Described in Hermann Grape Nursery Catalog for 1906 as a red, very sweet grape with medium bunches and small berries.

Dufour. (Linc. Aest.) Jaeger No. 56. A seedling of Post-oak (No. 43) crossed with Aestivalis; from Hermann Jaeger. Resembles Herbemont in quality and size of bunch and berries, but is of Catawba color; ripens two weeks after Norton.

Dunlap. (Lab. Vin.) One of Rickett’s hybrids; probably the same as Lady Dunlap.

Dunn. (Bourq.?) G. Onderdonk, of Texas, obtained this variety from a Mr. Dunn, of western Texas. It resembles Herbemont but has larger, paler-colored berries and ripens two weeks later.

Duquett. (Lab. Vin.) Duquett’s Seedling. Noted in the Rural New Yorker, 1868, as a new variety from Orleans County, New York. Hardy; berries large, white, transparent; of White Chasselas flavor.

Eames Seedling. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between Concord and Delaware; from Luther Eames, Framingham, Massachusetts, about 1887. Bunch large, double-shouldered; berry large, light amber; pulp tender with Muscat flavor.

Early. (Lab.) A pure seedling of Pierce; from Luther Burbank, Santa Rosa, California. According to originator, the variety is vigorous, productive, and ripens two weeks earlier than Concord; berries large, black with lilac bloom; sweet and meaty.

Early Amber. (Lab.) Amber. A native grape from the United Society of Shakers, Harvard, Massachusetts; possibly same as Sage. Hardy, productive, healthy; fruit dark amber; sweet, slightly foxy.

Early August. (Lab.) Burton’s Early August. A native seedling from the United Society of Shakers, Lebanon, New York. Large; early; foxy.

Early August. (Lab.) A twin seedling of Pocklington, offspring of Concord; from John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, New York. Vigorous, productive, healthy, hardy, Concord foliage; bunch medium to large, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, round, greenish-yellow, white bloom; translucent, juicy, sweet, slightly acid flavor; ripens before Moore Early.

Early Bird. (Vin. Lab. Bourq.) A dark red grape from Munson, the parentage being a Lincecumii seedling crossed with Agawam for one parent, and Brilliant for the other.

Early Black. Mentioned in United States Patent Office Report for 1853 as an early foreign variety which always ripens in Utica, New York. Ten years later Prince pronounced this Early Black a worthless Labrusca.

Early Black. (Lab.) A seedling from J. B. Moore, Concord, Massachusetts; exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1880. Bunch and berry large; quality similar to Hartford.

Early Black. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) According to Mitzky, 1893, a seedling of Delaware; from Jacob Rommel. Vigorous, productive, healthy; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berries medium, black; firm, sweet; ripens with Hartford.

Early Black July. (Rip. Vin.?) Described by Dufour in 1826 as a prolific bearer; bunches small; berries small, round, black; season early. Dufour suspects it to be a Riparia-Vinifera hybrid.

Early Black Summer Grape. (Lab.?) Noted by Prince in 1830 as an early Virginia variety with fruit of large size.

Early Concord. (Lab.) A seedling from John Kready, Mt. Joy, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1874. Vigorous, hardy; bunch and berries resembling Concord in size, color, taste, and substance; ripens early.

Early Delmonico. (Lab. Vin.) Noted in Rural New Yorker for 1886 as a variety resembling Brighton; from Wm. E. Green, Vermont. Green states that the variety is very early and superior to Vergennes or Brighton.

Early Golden. (Lab. Vin.) Campbell. A seedling of Triumph; from Munson from seed planted in 1883; disseminated as Campbell but the name was changed in 1894 to Early Golden to avoid confusion with Campbell Early. Weak grower, productive; bunch large, usually shouldered, compact; berry medium, roundish, yellowish-green, gray bloom, usually persistent; later than Catawba.

Early Harvest. (Lab.) Noted in United States Patent Office Report for 1855 as an early grape grown in Indiana. Fruit larger and rounder than Isabella; light purple to amber; sweet, juicy, musky flavor.

Early Hudson. (Lab.?) Mentioned by Prince in 1863 as a worthless variety. Berries medium, round, black; early; frequently seedless.

Early June. (Rip.? Lab.?) Described by Warder in 1867 as like Vitis cordifolia. Bunch large; berry large, dark; sweet; very early.

Early Lebanon. Given by Warder in 1867 as from Pennsylvania. Bunch medium; berry medium, blue; good; very early.

Early Malvasia. (Vin.?) Noted in United States Patent Office Report for 1853 as a foreign variety that habitually ripens at Utica, New York.

Early Market. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Elvira, crossed with Bacchus; from Munson, in 1885. Vigorous, productive; subject to mildew; bunch small to medium, moderately compact; berry small, round, black; of fair quality; ripens with Moore Early.

Early Prolific. (Lab.) Supposed to be a Concord seedling. Described in Missouri Horticultural Society Report for 1892, as vigorous, very hardy, productive; bunch large, shouldered, compact, handsome; berry large, black, tender, juicy, sprightly, sweet; very good; ripens a few days after Jewel.

Early Purple. (Linc.) A Post-oak native grape found in the woods near Denison, Texas; used by Munson in grape-breeding. Described in his catalog for 1901 as vigorous, healthy; stamens reflexed; clusters large, cylindrical, shouldered; berry large, purple, persistent; of fair quality.

Early Vicks. Noted in the Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report for 1886 as a desirable red grape.

Early Wine. (Linc. Rup.) Parentage, Jaeger No. 70 crossed with a Rupestris seedling; from Munson about 1894. Very vigorous, productive; clusters small to medium, moderately compact; berries medium, black with heavy bloom; fair quality.

Ebony. One of Munson’s grapes which was not introduced on account of reflexed stamens. Vines tested at Wisconsin Experiment Station proved very vigorous and productive; bunch and berry medium; black; fair quality.

Echland. Mentioned in the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association Report for 1887 as a variety of medium vigor.

Eden. (Rot.) Exhibited by Dr. Samuel Hape, Hapeville, Georgia, before the American Pomological Society in 1887 as a new fruit. Very vigorous, productive; bunches contain from four to twelve black berries; good quality; ripens late.

Edmeston. (Lab.) Edmeston No. 1. Supposed to be a pure Concord seedling; from D. G. Edmeston, Adrian, Michigan, in 1890. Vigorous; stamens upright; bunch medium, moderately compact; berry medium to large, dark purple with blue bloom; pulp moderately tough, juicy, vinous, sweet, good; ripens with Concord.

Edward. (Lab.) From Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Vigorous; stamens upright; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, golden yellow; tender, sweet; ripens about with Concord.

Elaine. (Lab. Vin.) Supposed to be a seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, about 1890. Vigorous, unproductive, hardy, healthy; stamens reflexed; bunch long, loose; berry medium, dark red with bluish-white bloom; juicy, rich, sprightly; very good; ripens early.

Elbling. (Lab.) Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report for 1859 as a northern grape under test in the government experimental garden.

Eleala. (Lab.? Vin.? Bourq.?) Described in the Missouri Horticultural Society Report, 1904. Very vigorous; bunch and berry much like Concord; white; quality similar to Wapanuka but flesh is more meaty.

Electra. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Brighton crossed with Delaware; from Henry B. Spencer, Rocky River, Ohio, about 1890. The berries resemble Delaware but the bunches are larger.

Elizabeth. (Lab. Vin.) From Joseph Hart, near Rochester, New York, about 1845. Productive, medium hardy; bunches large, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, oval, greenish-white with reddish tinge in the sun; juicy, pleasant, brisk acid flavor.

Elkton. (Lab.) Described by Adlum in 1828 as an uncommonly large fox grape of a deep purple color.

Ellen. (Lab. Vin.?) From Charles Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio, exhibited as a new variety before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1862. Berries small, amber-colored; subacid, with slight Catawba flavor.

Elpo. (Linc. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira crossed with Lincecumii; from Munson. Described by the Virginia Experiment Station in 1898 as vigorous, productive; bunch long, rather loose, sometimes shouldered; berry small, globular, pale green, not adherent; skin thin, tough; pulp firm, meaty, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet, agreeable; good; resembles Elvira.

Elsmere. From Texas. Described by Georgia Experiment Station in 1901 as very vigorous, productive; stamens upright; bunch large, moderately compact; berry small, black; ripens just after Concord.

Elvibach. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira crossed with Bacchus; from Munson. Vigorous and hardy, very productive; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, sometimes single-shouldered, compact; berries medium to small, roundish, black, heavy blue bloom, not adherent; spicy, good in flavor and quality; skin thin, tender; ripens before Concord.

Elvin. (Lab. Rip. Vin.) Parentage, Elvira crossed with Irving; from Munson in 1885. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry large, white; ripens mid-season.

Emerald. (Vin. Bourq. Lab.) A supposed cross of Delaware and some foreign variety, possibly Buckland Sweetwater; from Dr. William Saunders, Ottawa, Canada, about 1886. Vigorous, hardy, not productive; stamens upright; clusters small to medium, cylindrical, usually not shouldered, medium to compact; berries small, roundish, jet-black with heavy bloom; juicy, tender, spicy, vinous, mildly sweet.

Emma. (Lab.) Of unknown parentage; from Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Lacking in vigor; stamens upright; bunch medium to small, shouldered, compact; berry round, translucent, yellow; rich, sweet, tender pulp; skin very thin, tender.

Enfield. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report for 1845 as a select American grape grown in North Carolina.

Engle’s Seedlings. C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan, about twenty-five years ago originated Elaine, Guinevra, Honey, Iris, Metis, Michigan, Pulpless, Themis, and Vesta. They are all seedlings of Salem. None of them has ever been regularly introduced although some have been sent out for testing.

Ensenberger’s Seedlings. About twenty-five years ago, G. A. Ensenberger, of Bloomington, Illinois, originated several varieties of grapes from seed of standard sorts. Of his varieties which received names there are: Herald, Hercules, Isabella Seedling, Juno and Mathilde. None of them has apparently been introduced and none has qualities which would make it permanently popular.

Eolia. (Lab.) According to Mitzky, 1893, a seedling of Concord; from Robert Linville, Forsyth County, North Carolina, and introduced by N. W. Craft, Shore, North Carolina. Hardy; bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry medium, greenish-white; tender, sweet; ripens with Concord.

Epurill. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Brilliant; from Munson in 1897. Stamens reflexed; cluster medium; berry very large, red; ripens late.

Erickson. (Lab.) Pronounced a worthless Labrusca by Prince in 1863.

Essex County (Mass.) Seedling. (Lab.) Given in the American Pomological Society Report, 1862, as from Thomas C. Thurlow; a variety of fox grape; common all through the country.

Estella. (Linc. Rup. Rip. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Jaeger No. 72 crossed with Rommel; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry medium, white; ripens late.

Etawa. (Lab. Vin.?) Woodruff’s No. 1. Described in the American Pomological Society Report, 1883, as an accidental seedling from W. W. Woodruff, Vineyard P. O., near Griffin, Georgia. Vigorous, foliage luxuriant, shows Labrusca characters; bunch large; berry large, round, blue; pulp dissolving, vinous; best; fruit showy and hangs on the vines for two months.

Eudora. (Lab.) Noted as a worthless Labrusca by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Eufaula. (Linc. Rup. Bourq. Lab. Aest. Vin.) A seedling of America crossed with Laura; from Munson in 1895. Weak grower; stamens erect; cluster large, loose; berry small, red; ripens late.

Eugenia. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of White Frontignan crossed with Catawba; from J. T. Clark, of Washington. Said to have been raised from seed of the same berry that produced the Columbia, a white grape. A red grape of good quality; late.

Eugenia. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from T. B. Miner. Vigorous, hardy; bunch medium; berry medium, white; fair quality; ripens early.

Eumedel. (Lab. Vin. Aest. Bourq.) A seedling of Eumelan crossed with Delaware; from Munson. Of medium growth, usually hardy, variable in productiveness, susceptible to mildew; stamens upright; clusters medium to small, shouldered, compact; berries small, roundish, black, heavy blue bloom, persistent; flesh tender, slightly foxy, sweet to agreeably tart; good. The vine has pronounced Labrusca characters.

Eumorely. (Lab. Aest. Vin.) Parents, Eumelan crossed with Moore Early; from Munson, in 1887. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens early. Discarded by originator.

Eva. (Lab.) Miller’s No. 2. A Concord seedling; from Samuel Miller, Calmdale, Pennsylvania, about 1860. On account of its close resemblance to its sister Martha, it was dropped by the originator. Medium in vigor, tender; stamens upright; bunch small, compact; berries medium, greenish-yellow, sweet, of mild flavor, lacks sprightliness; ripens about with Martha.

Evaline. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Ideal; from John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Vigorous, hardy, productive; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, white with light bloom; very tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, vinous; skin thin, tough; ripens before Concord.

Everett. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report, 1860, as a native grape under propagation at the government experimental garden.

Ewing. (Lab. Vin.) Ewing’s Seedling. A seedling of Isabella; from Jefferson City, Missouri. Husmann, in 1869, considered this variety an improvement on its parent which it resembles.

Exquisite. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas. Moderate grower, hardy, healthy, productive; bunch medium, compact; berry small, black, slight bloom; very tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, vinous; ripens with Delaware.

Extra. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Big Extra. A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Triumph; from Munson. Vigorous, healthy, productive; cluster large, usually shouldered, compact; berry medium to large, dark purple or black; good in quality in the South; does not mature at Geneva.

Fallwicke. An undescribed variety from Joseph Fallwicke, Wartburg, Morgan County, Tennessee, about 1860.

Fancher. (Lab. Vin.) Saratoga. Introduced by T. B. Fancher of Lansingburg, New York, over fifty years ago. A seedling of Catawba and so similar to it that many consider them identical.

Fanny Hoke. A chance seedling of Aestivalis or Bourquiniana reported from North Carolina in 1871. Vigorous, short-jointed; cluster rather large, not shouldered; berry medium, black; sweet, sprightly.

Farmers Club. A seedling from David Thompson of Green Island, near Troy, New York, over forty years ago. A green grape, undescribed.

Farrell. A seedling found in the garden of a Dr. Farrell and introduced by Dr. Stayman of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1880. Hardy, vigorous, productive; clusters medium, tapering; berries large, light yellowish-green, roundish or slightly oblate; pulp firm, moderately juicy, sweet; good; skin thin, tender; ripens with Concord.

Far West. (Aest.) A variety of Aestivalis; found by Hermann Jaeger in the woods of southwest Missouri, about 1870. Vigorous, hardy; leaves large; clusters large, shouldered; berries small; skin thin, tough, black with blue bloom; pulp soft, tender, meaty, sweet and spicy; seeds few; ripens with Norton.

Feemster. (Lab.) Cluster and berry small; foxy and worthless.

Feemster Favorite. (Lab.) From Indiana. Hardy; cluster medium; berry large, green.

Fena. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Jewel; from Ludwig Hencke, Collinsville, Illinois. Similar to its parent but more vigorous and with fruit larger in bunch and berry.

Fisk. (Lab. Vin.) Probably a seedling of Isabella which it resembles very closely. It was originated by John Fisk Allen of Salem, Massachusetts, about fifty years ago.

Fitchburg. (Lab.) Fox; Free Black. A local New England variety of Labrusca, apparently never known in cultivation.

Flickwir. (Rip. Lab.) Tested by the United States Department of Agriculture about 1860 and proved to be the same as Clinton.

Flora. (Vin. Lab.) A Vinifera hybrid; from A. M. Spangler of Philadelphia, about the middle of the last century. Vine hardy and productive; cluster small, compact; berry medium, oval, dark purplish-red; somewhat pulpy, juicy; late.

Florence. (Lab. Vin. Aest.) Originated by Marine, about 1875. It is a probable cross between Eumelan and Union Village and is a large, handsome grape, resembling in some respects the Isabella.

Florence. (Lab.) A variety known for about thirty years and which has attracted considerable attention on account of its extreme earliness, ripening earlier even than Hartford. Hardy, vigorous; bunches small, imperfect; berries medium, black; resembles Hartford in quality.

Flower of Missouri. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A Delaware seedling; from William Poeschel, Hermann, Missouri. Said to resemble Walter.

Flowers. (Rot.) A Rotundifolia, the origin of which is unknown; introduced about 1850. Vine tender, very vigorous, very productive; berries large, oval, growing in clusters of twelve to fifteen; blossoms self-sterile; ripens very late; quality not as good as Scuppernong. Probably a strain of other than Rotundifolia blood is present.

Fluke’s Hybrids. Newton K. Fluke, of Davenport, Iowa, has originated a series of hybrids which are now being tested but as yet none has been introduced.

Foster. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Niagara; from John Reichenbach, Columbus, Ohio. A white grape said by the originator to be of high quality.

Fox. This name has been applied to many varieties of Labrusca and Rotundifolia. It does not indicate any particular variety.

Framingham. (Lab.) Resembles Hartford so closely that they can hardly be distinguished. It was raised by J. G. Morneberg, Saxonville, Massachusetts, about 1850.

Frances E. Willard. (Lab.? Bourq.? Vin.) A seedling noted in the Rural New Yorker for 1894. Said to resemble Delaware but with a thicker skin.

Franklin. French grape. A wild grape found at least sixty years ago on an island in French Creek, Crawford County, Pennsylvania. It resembles Clinton very closely but the wood is of lighter color, the fruit sweeter, and it matures earlier.

Fredonia. (Lab. Vin.) From Seth Avery of Fredonia, New York. Vigorous, hardy, productive; tendrils continuous, sometimes intermittent; leaves of the Labrusca type; clusters medium, sometimes shouldered; berries medium, oval, light green with gray bloom, some small, dark-colored dots; sweet; good.

Fritz. A seedling of Roenbeck; raised by F. Roenbeck, of Bergen Point, New Jersey. Vigorous; cluster large, compact; berry white; skin thin, tough; juicy; ripens with Concord.

Frost. A class name commonly applied in America to varieties of Cordifolia though sometimes to those of Riparia.

Gallup Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) Probably a seedling of Salem; from Adams Basin, New York. Resembles Salem; berries a little larger; quality good; excellent keeper; ripens with Concord.

Garber. (Lab.) A seedling from J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Vigorous, hardy, very productive; bunch below medium, compact; berries medium, black, with very dark juice; fair quality; ripens early.

Garber Red Fox. (Lab. Vin.?) Produced by J. B. Garber, of Pennsylvania, from the same lot of seed as Albino. Fruit resembles the wild red Labrusca, except that it ripens later and is sweeter.

Garfield. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Missouri Riesling, from John Reichenbach, Columbus, Ohio, about 1902. Vigorous; berries large, green; rich and sweet.

Garnet. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Red Frontignan and Clinton; from Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, South Carolina. Bunch and berries larger than Clinton; deep garnet color; flavor and texture that of a Vinifera but foliage that of Clinton.

Garrigues. (Lab. Vin.?) Probably a seedling of Isabella; from Edward G. Kingsessing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Resembles Isabella but is a few days earlier.

Gassman. (Aest.) Noted in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1869 as a variety of Aestivalis.

Gauger. Described in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1901 as vigorous and healthy, but too poor in flavor to be desirable.

Gazelle. A seedling from J. H. Ricketts. Vigorous, healthy and productive; bunches medium, compact; berry small, greenish-white; sprightly, sweet, pleasant.

General Pope. (Aest.) A seedling from John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1880. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; bunch and berries smaller than those of Concord; without foxiness.

Genesee. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with Iona; from near Rochester, New York, about 1880. Vigorous, productive, healthy; bunch large, compact; berries large, red; high quality.

Gerbig No. 2. (Lab. Vin. Aest.) A seedling of Eumelan, open to cross fertilization; from A. V. Gerbig, Archbald, Pennsylvania, about 1890.

Gerbig No. 10. (Lab. Vin. Aest.) A seedling of Gerbig No. 2, open to cross fertilization; from A. V. Gerbig, about 1892. Vigorous, hardy, productive; cluster small, compact; berry medium, slightly oval, yellowish-green; juicy, slightly meaty, sweet, mild; good.

German Seedling. (Rip.) Noted in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report, 1871, as much like Clinton but not as productive.

Giant. (Rup.) A wild male Rupestris; found by Munson in Missouri. It is now discarded by him.

Gibb. (Rip.) From Magloire Dery, St. Hilaire, Canada. Slow in growth, hardy; bunch small, loose, sometimes shouldered; berry small, black with heavy bloom; melting, juicy; good.

Gilbert’s White Shonga. (Lab. Vin.) According to Floy-Lindley, 1833, this is a wild grape found by Garret Gilbert on the Shonga Mountains, New York, in 1825. Similar to Isabella in habits; bunch and berries resemble Isabella in size and shape; white with purple tinge on sunny side; sweet; good.

Gill Wylie. (Lab. Vin.) Noted in the Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, as a new grape from Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, South Carolina. Foliage healthy, of Labrusca type; bunch large, loose, shouldered; berry large, oblong; texture soft, rich; ripens with Concord.

Gilt Edge. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from Dr. L. C. Chisholm. Medium in vigor, shy bearer; stamens upright; bunch small, compact; berries small, yellowish-green; subacid, delicate flavor; ripens a few days later than its parent.

Gold Dust. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Munson No. 22. A seedling of Lindley crossed with Delaware; from Munson, about 1880. Vigorous, productive; stamens upright; clusters medium to above, usually shouldered, loose; berries medium, roundish, yellowish-green with thin gray bloom, persistent, with tendency to shrivel before ripening; juicy, foxy, mild; fair in quality.

Golden Beauty. (Lab.) A seedling of Perkins; from J. B. Miller, Anna, Illinois. Bunches short; berries medium; sweet; good; long keeper.

Golden Berry. (Vin. Lab.) Culbert No. 5. A white seedling of Hartford and General Marmora; from Dr. W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, New York; exhibited as a new fruit before the American Pomological Society in 1877; hardy and a free bearer.

Golden Clinton. (Rip.) King. A chance seedling, probably of Clinton, found in a garden in Rochester; fruited in 1857; introduced by William King. Apparently the same as Clinton except that it is less productive and the berries are greenish-white.

Golden Concord. (Lab.) Valle’s White Concord. A white seedling of Concord; from John Valle, New Haven, Missouri. Reported as inferior to Martha.

Golden Drop. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Adirondac crossed with Delaware, from C. G. Pringle, Vermont, in 1869. Medium in vigor, shy bearer; stamens upright; clusters small, loose; berries small, roundish, greenish-yellow, persistent; firm, juicy; tender, sweet, mild; good.

Golden Gem. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with Iona; from J. H. Ricketts; first exhibited before American Pomological Society in 1881. Vigorous, hardy, productive; clusters small, shouldered, compact; berries small, roundish, golden yellow, thin bloom; juicy, sweet, vinous; very good; ripens with Concord.

Golden Grain. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Lindley crossed with Delaware; from Munson. Vigorous, doubtfully hardy, productive; stamens upright; clusters medium, frequently shouldered, compact; berries small, oval, light green, thin bloom, inclined to drop and to shrivel; moderately juicy, foxy, sweet; fair quality.

Goldstein. (Lab.) Goldstein’s Early. From Mississippi, about 1897; similar to Champion. Vigorous, hardy, productive; stamens upright; clusters medium, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, black; poor quality; ripens early.

Good Adle. (Vin.?) Noted in the Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report for 1872 as a fine white German grape; exhibited by a Mrs. Curtis, Milwaukee.

Goodman. (Lab.) Noted by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863 as a worthless Labrusca.

Governor Ireland. (Lab.) A pure seedling of Moore Early; from Munson. Lacks vigor, medium in productiveness; bunch large, loose; berry large, globular, black with whitish bloom; resembles Concord but is much coarser; subject to rot.

Governor Ross. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Triumph; from Munson and introduced in 1894. Weak to medium in growth, not productive; stamens upright; nearly self-sterile; bunch large, oblong, compact; berries large, oval; sprightly, sweet; good; rots badly.

Graham. An accidental seedling, supposed to have been a cross of Bland and Elsinburgh; from W. Graham of Philadelphia, about 1850. Cluster of medium size, shouldered, not compact; berry large, round, purple; juicy, sweet, sprightly; very good.

Gravel. Received by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1863 for testing.

Grayson. (Lab.) Seedling of Moore Early; raised by Munson. A black, large-berried variety with clusters medium to large; moderately vigorous and productive; flavor sweet but lacks character; good.

Gray’s Seedlings. A number of seedlings of Concord were raised by W. C. Gray of Atwood, Illinois, about 1890. None attained prominence.

Green Castle. (Lab.) A large-clustered, large-berried black seedling of Concord; from D. S. Marvin.

Green Ulster. (Lab.) A light green seedling of Concord; from J. B. Moore, of Concord, Massachusetts, about 1870.

Greer. (Doan.) A wild male vine of Vitis doaniana found by Munson in Greer County, Oklahoma.

Grein Extra Early. (Rip. Lab.) Grein No. 7. A yellowish-green seedling of Taylor; from Nicholas Grein. Vigorous, productive; bunch medium; berry small with speck at distal end; good; ripens with Concord.

Grein’s Seedlings. Nicholas Grein, of Hermann, Missouri, over thirty years ago planted a number of seeds of the European Riesling, and also seeds of Taylor. He stated that the Taylor seedlings failed to germinate but that the European Riesling seeds germinated and of the resulting seedlings Missouri Riesling, Grein Golden and Grein Extra Early were named and introduced. As they are all of the Riparia type, very similar to Taylor, and show no trace of Vinifera, it has always been supposed that Grein had his seeds confused and that it was the European Riesling that failed to germinate, Taylor being the real parent of these varieties.

Grevaduly. A Massachusetts seedling of over fifty years ago, mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report of 1859.

Greverson. A seedling received by the United States Department of Agriculture over fifty years ago.

Grote. (Rip.) A wild variety of Vitis riparia secured by Munson from Mauston, Wisconsin. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

Grove. (Lab. Vin.) A cross of Clinton with Concord. Vigorous, hardy, productive; cluster and berry of medium size and of pale green to amber color; flesh tender, sweet and spicy; ripens shortly after Concord.

Guesta. A variety mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report for 1860 as being blue; sweet, slightly pulpy, of agreeable flavor.

Guignard. Black Guignard. Origin unknown but at one time raised by Longworth, of Ohio. Vigorous, productive; small, brown berries; high quality.

Guinevra. (Lab. Vin.) From C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan; a seedling of Salem. Hardy, vigorous, productive; clusters large, sometimes shouldered, compact; berry large, yellowish-green; very late.

Gula. (Linc. Lab. Rup.) A seedling of America crossed with Beacon; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Gulch. (Linc. Rup.) Parents, Jaeger No. 70 crossed with a seedling Rupestris; from Munson in 1888. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late; now discarded by the originator.

Hadden Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) From a Mr. Hadden, of Pulteney, New York, about 1890. Vigorous; cluster small, compact; berries red with a peculiarly wrinkled skin; pleasant, sweet, Muscat flavor.

Hagar. Noted in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report, 1893, as one of the varieties exhibited at the World’s Fair.

Halifax. (Lab.) Weller’s Halifax. Noted by Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, Halifax County, North Carolina, in United States Patent Office Report for 1845, as a native grape.

Halifax Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Halifax by a Vinifera; from Sidney Weller, about 1840. Fruit like Catawba but sweeter. Used by Dr. A. P. Wylie in the production of new varieties.

Hall. A seedling from David Hall, Urbana, Ohio; first mentioned in 1858. Berries larger and better flavored than Clinton, but not equal to Isabella; nearly black; ripens earlier than Isabella.

Hall. (Lab.) From a Mr. Hall, Michigan; received at the Michigan Experiment Station in 1893. Very vigorous, productive; bunches below medium, cylindrical, compact, shouldered; berries above medium, round, black; ripens with Early Victor.

Hamilton. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Mills; from a Mr. Gardner, of Rochester, New York. Less vigorous than parent; bunches large, shouldered, compact, attractive; berries adherent; pulp tougher than Mills and the flavor is inferior; keeps well.

Hamill Seedling. (Lab. Vin.?) Tested by the United States Department of Agriculture about 1860 and proved to be so near like Isabella that the two could not be distinguished.

Hardy Chasselas. (Vin. Lab.) From a cross between Diana and Royal Muscadine; from Jacob Moore; exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 1865. Hardy, with Vinifera foliage; juicy; good.

Harmer. (Lab. Rip.) A cross between Vitis labrusca and Vitis riparia, found in Hartford County, Connecticut, by D. Alderton, Marlboro, New York. Very vigorous, healthy, hardy, medium in productiveness; bunch small, compact; berries black with hard pulp; sweet, spicy; late.

Harmer Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) Noted in the American Horticultural Annual for 1870 as a native red grape with a small Catawba-like berry having hard pulp.

Harrell. (Lab.) A chance seedling; from Obed Harrell, Chrisman, Illinois, about 1890. Vigorous, productive; cluster medium, compact; berry medium, white, round; very sweet.

Harriet Beecher. From William M. Marine. Bunch small; berry large, round, dark red; pulp soft; skin thick; good.

Harris. (Bourq.?) Old House Grape. Found growing near a deserted house by a Mr. Harris of Milledgeville, Georgia. Described in Horticulturist for 1857 as vigorous; clusters medium, shouldered, compact; berries small to medium, round, black with blue bloom; a little pulpy, sweet, juicy, agreeable; very good.

Harrison. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from Isaac Staples, Dayton, Ohio. Thrifty as Concord, hardy; foliage thick, healthy; bunch large, compact; berries medium, red, pure flavor; ripens with Concord.

Harrison. (Lab.) T. T. Lyon, in the Michigan Horticultural Society Report for 1881, thinks this is Woodruff’s No. 2. A black grape of the character of Concord, but larger in both berry and bunch and a week earlier.

Harvard Seedling. (Lab.) Noted in the United States Patent Office Report for 1853 as a native seedling raised at Harvard, Worcester County, Massachusetts; may be synonymous with Northern Muscadine.

Harwood. (Bourq.) Improved Warren; Sacks of Wine. From Major Harwood, Gonzales, Texas; noted in the American Pomological Society Report for 1881. Like Herbemont but not as vigorous and the fruit is about twice as large, lighter purple, and ripens four or five days earlier.

Haskell’s Seedlings. George Haskell, of Ipswich, Massachusetts, was one of the early and persistent grape-breeders of the last century. His efforts were similar to those of Rogers in that he produced direct hybrids of Vinifera with early ripening selected Labruscas. He used several varieties of both parent species and produced several thousand seedlings. Experts to whom samples were sent affirmed that their quality was of the best. A few were sent out for testing but the most of them were destroyed as Mr. Haskell did not think that any of the offers would recompense him for the cost of production. Those sent out were highly commended at first but soon dropped from sight. The only named variety of his is Ruby.

Haskew. Noted in the American Horticultural Annual for 1871 as a native grape from W. B. Kelly, Abingdon, Virginia.

Hattie. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Michigan or Catawba; from N. R. Haskell, Monroe, Michigan; fruited in 1861. Leaves similar to Catawba but smaller; bunch medium, loose; berries medium, slightly oval, red with white bloom; little pulp, pleasantly vinous; ripens with Concord.

Hattie. (Lab.) Given by Mitzky, 1893, as a chance seedling from J. A. Putnam, Fredonia, New York. Productive; bunch short, compact; berries medium, black; very sweet, flavor similar to Aminia; ripens with Moore Early.

Hattie. (Lab.) Noted by Mitzky, in 1893, as a supposed seedling of Concord; from Benjamin Stratton, Richmond, Indiana; nearly identical with Concord. Probably the same variety that Bush mentions as being introduced by E. Y. Teas, of Richmond.

Hatton. (Lab. Rip.) A cross between Faith and Ives; from F. E. L. Rautenberg, Lincoln, Illinois. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive; foliage resembles Faith, and fruit, Telegraph; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, black; vinous; ripens a little after Concord; a better keeper.

Hattus. (Lab. Vin.?) Noted by Mead in 1867 as perhaps the same as Hattie. Said to be a seedling of Catawba, but of smaller size and quite acid; of claret color.

Hawkins No. 3. From William Hawkins, Hamilton, Ontario. Exhibited as a new grape at the American Pomological Society meeting in 1879. Described as hardy; bunch and berry large; white; vinous, high flavored; best.

Hawkins No. 10. From same grower as above and exhibited at the same time and place. Hardy; bunch and berry small; white; sweet, very good; skin tough.

Hearthenge. Listed with varieties of grapes under test by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1863.

Helen. Noted by Buchanan as a grape grown and exhibited by N. Longworth in 1846.

Helen Keller. (Lab. Vin. Aest.?) Said to be an accidental seedling from James Nicholson; sent out in 1895 by P. R. De Muth, Connellsville, Pennsylvania. Very vigorous, hardy, usually productive; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, usually shouldered, loose; berries large, roundish, dark dull red with lilac bloom, persistent; juicy, tender, vinous, good; skin thick, rather tender, inclined to crack. Resembles Salem in appearance; worthy of further trial.

Helpfer. (Lab.) According to Mitzky, 1893, from Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Medium in vigor and hardiness; bunch and berries medium, white; good.

Henrico. Noted by Prince in his Treatise on the Vine, 1830, as a native grape found in Henrico County, Virginia. Berries size of Bland; clusters half the size; pale blue or purplish; sweet, agreeable.

Henry. (Lab.) From Theophile Huber. Described by Mitzky in 1893; bunch size of Concord; berry large, round, white; juicy, sweet, foxy; ripens with Concord.

Henshaw. A native grape from Martinsburg, Virginia. Described in United States Patent Office Report for 1859 as purple and of medium size.

Herald. (Lab.) Received from G. A. Ensenberger, Bloomington, Illinois, in 1889. Vigorous, productive; foliage good; stamens upright; bunch medium, compact; berry large, poor in quality; ripens early.

Herbemont Seedling. (Bourq.) Noted by Warder in 1867 as from Ohio; like its parent; very good; promising for wine.

Hero. (Lab.) A bud variation of Concord; introduced by Ludwig Hencke, Collinsville, Illinois; exhibited at World’s Fair in 1893. Moderate in growth; apt to overbear; foliage healthy; bunch large, showy; berry very large, black; in flavor similar to Concord.

Hertia. (Lab.) A seedling from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan; brought to notice in 1890. Bunch medium, compact; berry large, round, purple; juicy, sweet, slightly foxy; good; mid-season.

Hettie. Husmann in the Grape Culturist for 1869 describes this variety as much like Isabella, but not better. This may be the grape which Downing in 1869 describes as “bunch small; berry black; flesh somewhat pulpy; a poor grower and bearer; ripens early.”

Heunis. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from W. W. Jones, Douglas County, Illinois, about 1870. Hardy, productive; bunch resembles Clinton in shape; berry medium, white; good.

Hexamer. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Dr. Hexamer. A seedling of a wild Post-oak crossed with Triumph; from Munson, introduced in 1893. Vigorous, hardy, productive, similar to America in foliage and fruit characters; tendrils intermittent; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, often shouldered, variable in compactness; berries medium to below, slightly oblate, black with heavy bloom, persistent; tender, spicy, nearly sweet, with Post-oak flavor.

Hiawasse. Discarded by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1863.

Hine. (Lab. Vin.) Hine Seedling. Raised by Jason Brown (son of the patriot, John Brown), at Put-in-Bay, Ohio, in 1851, from seed of Catawba and Isabella grapes growing close together. Hardy, productive; bunch and berry much like Catawba in size and form, but darker; tender, sprightly, sweet, rich; ripens earlier than Catawba.

Hock. (Bourq. Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Herbemont crossed with Norton; from Munson about 1890.

Hofer Seedling No. 2. (Lab.) A volunteer grape from the Concord vineyard of A. F. Hofer, Iowa, in 1876. Described as an improved Concord; berries larger and the clusters more compact; ripens with Worden.

Holmes. (Bourq. Lab.) A chance seedling believed to be a cross between a variety of the Herbemont group and a Labrusca; from Galveston, Texas. Onderdonk states that it combines, in its growth and appearance, both Aestivalis and Labrusca blood. Very productive; fruit about the size and color of Lindley.

Honey. Given in Prince’s Treatise on the Vine as a native variety, grown near Philadelphia about 1827. Leaves deeply five-lobed, indentures irregular, under surface covered with down; clusters medium, compact; sweet.

Honey. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, about 1890. Vigorous, hardy, very productive; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium to large, white, almost translucent; of honeyed sweetness; ripens with Worden.

Honey Dew. (Lab.) Yonker’s Honey Dew; Youngken’s Honey Dew; Yunker’s Honey Dew. A seedling of Concord which was thought to have been fertilized by Delaware; from David Youngken, Richlandtown, Pennsylvania. Lacks vigor; fairly productive, foliage healthy; bunch medium, long, compact; berry large, round, black with blue bloom; pulpy, very foxy, sweet; ripens after Hartford.

Hooker. Given in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1869 as a Labrusca.

Hopeon. (Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.?) A seedling of Big Hope crossed with Carman; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, white; ripens late.

Hopherbe. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Herbemont; from Munson. Very vigorous, productive; stamens upright; bunch large, very compact; berry medium, of dark copper color; quality fair; ripens late.

Hopican. (Lab. Vin. Aest. Rip.) A seedling of Eumelan fertilized by Elvira; from D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, about 1889. Vigorous, not always hardy, productive; stamens upright; clusters large, sometimes shouldered, compact; berries medium, roundish, unattractive yellowish-green, persistent, moderately juicy, tender; fair in quality; skin thin, adheres to pulp; ripens with Concord.

Hopkins. (Linc. Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Cynthiana; from Munson. Vigorous, not always hardy, variable in productiveness, susceptible to mildew; stamens upright; clusters small, frequently shouldered, very compact; berries small, oblate, black with heavy bloom, persistent; soft, juicy, tough, spicy, vinous; fair in flavor; ripens after Catawba.

Horner. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from Joel Horner, Delair, New Jersey; received at this Station in 1894. Moderately vigorous; bunch large; berries small, round, black with blue bloom; sweet, slightly foxy; skin thick, tough; ripens early.

Hoskins Seedling. A seedling which came up between an Alvey and a Delaware; from A. Hoskins, Toronto, Ontario, in 1886. Bunches large, compact; berries similar to Clinton in size and color but inferior in quality; ripens unevenly and late.

Howell. From Edward Tatnall, Wilmington, Delaware, about 1860. Bunch large; berries medium, black; pulp firm; skin thick; good; ripens early.

Hubbard Seedless. (Lab.) Grown by the T. S. Hubbard Company, Fredonia, New York, but has not been disseminated. Vigorous, very hardy, somewhat unproductive, of Labrusca type; quality equal to Delaware; berries the size of Delaware but darker in color.

Huber. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Taylor; from Jacob Rommel, Morrison, Missouri. Vigorous, healthy; bunch smaller than Concord; color of Catawba; late.

Huber’s Seedlings. Theophile Huber of Illinois City, Illinois, something over twenty years ago originated a large number of seedlings which he sent out for testing. He writes that, with the exception of Huber No. 12, which is from Hartford, his seedlings are from mixed seed of Concord, Clinton, Marion, Rebecca, Isabella, Delaware, Catawba and Creveling. Of his named sorts there are: Albert, Alphonse, Bertha, Braendly, Doctor Warder, Edward, Emma, Illinois City, Marguerite, Marie Louise, and Theophile. Most of Huber’s grapes were named before disseminating but a few, as follows, have gone out with numbers.

No. 11. As tested by the Virginia Experiment Station, weak, unproductive; stamens upright; bunch small, loose; berries large, black; poor quality; ripens between Concord and Catawba.

No. 12. Described by Illinois Experiment Station as very vigorous, healthy, promising; bunch medium, oblong, sometimes shouldered, compact; berry small to large, round, black with heavy bloom; juicy, tender, sweet, very rich; skin tender; about a week later than Concord.

No. 13. Described by the Virginia Experiment Station as weak; stamens upright; bunch small, compact; berry medium, coppery in color; ripens late.

Hudson. (Lab.) Given by Downing in 1857 as from Mr. Calkins, Hudson, New York. Growth similar to Isabella; two or three weeks earlier; bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so rich.

Hudson. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Rebecca; from A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York, about 1870. According to Caywood and several prominent horticulturists, this variety is identical with Prentiss. Caywood says he refrained from introducing this grape on the advice of several grape experts but sent it out for testing to several persons amongst whom was J. W. Prentiss, introducer of the Prentiss.

Hulkerson’s Seedlings. (Lab. Vin.) Twenty-one seedlings from a single bunch of Wilder, from W. G. Hulkerson and Company, Oriel, Michigan, were shown before the American Pomological Society in 1879. None was better than the parent, but all were interesting as they showed much variation in size of berries and in color, the latter ranging from black to red.

Humboldt. (Rip. Bourq.?) A seedling of Louisiana, probably crossed with Riparia; from Frederick Muench, Marthasville, Warren County, Missouri. Vigorous vine of Riparia character, hardy, healthy; stamens upright; cluster medium, sometimes shouldered, compact; berries medium, oblate, dull golden green with thick bloom, amber when fully ripe; sweet, of Elvira flavor; ripens with Catawba.

Hunterville. Mentioned by Sidney Weller, in the United States Patent Office Report for 1845, as a native variety, subject to rot, grown in North Carolina.

Huntingdon. (Rip.) Australian. Vigorous, hardy, productive, subject to mildew; resembles Clinton; bunch small, shouldered, compact; berry small, round, black; juicy, vinous; drops badly; ripens unevenly.

Husmann. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Armlong crossed with Perry; from Munson, introduced in 1900. Vigorous, prolific, subject to mildew; clusters very large, long, cylindrical, compact; berries medium, globular, black, with tendency to drop; juicy, tender, more vinous than Black Eagle but less sweet; skin thin, tough; ripens with Herbemont.

Hutchinson. (Long.) A wild variety of Vitis longii; secured from Hutchinson County, Texas, by Munson. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens mid-season.

Hutporup. (Long. Linc. Rup.) A seedling of Hutchinson fertilized by Porup; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

Hyde Black. (Lab.) Given in Prince’s Treatise on the Vine, 1830, as a native variety found on the farm of Wilkes Hyde, near Catskill, New York. Very vigorous and productive; berries medium, black; juicy, tender, rather astringent, foxy.

Hyde Eliza. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling from Wilkes Hyde, about 1828. This variety so closely resembles York Madeira that it has caused much confusion. Charles Downing in the Horticulturist for 1860 says that it is more vigorous; bunch and berry larger, somewhat like the Isabella, but a week or two earlier.

Icterida. (Aest. Lab. Linc. Bourq.) A cross of Gold Coin with Bull; from Munson, about 1899. Vigorous, healthy; cluster medium, well-formed; berry large, light yellow, persistent; skin thin, tough; pulp of medium tenderness, juicy, sweet; good; ripens about with Gold Coin.

Ida. (Lab.) A white seedling produced by T. B. Miner, from seed of Concord. Vigorous, hardy but not productive; cluster large; berry large and of light green color; late.

Iden. Lake. Noted in the American Pomological Society Report for 1858 as worthless.

Illinois City. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from Theophile Huber, about thirty years ago. Vigorous, not always hardy, unproductive; cluster small; berries medium, dull yellowish-green; skin thin and tender; foxy, mild, sweet; good. The flowers are sterile and the fruit ripens with Concord.

Illinois Early. From G. A. Ensenberger, Bloomington, Illinois, about 1897. Vigorous; clusters small; berries medium, black; ripens a few days later than Moore Early.

Illinois Prolific. Noted as worthless in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Improved Purple Fox. (Lab.) Buchanan mentions this variety as having been raised and exhibited by Longworth in 1846.

Indiana. Mentioned by Buchanan in 1852 as having been tested by Warder in 1846 and found worthless.

Indian Field. A staminate vine mentioned in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

International. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Marion fertilized by White Frontignan; from N. B. White, Norwood, Massachusetts, about 1888. Vigorous, not always hardy, very productive; clusters large; berries large, light red; flavor resembles Delaware but with an Aestivalis taste; very good.

Iola. (Rip.) Originated by John Burr. Described by Stayman: “bunch medium, compact; berry medium, white; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy, sprightly, rich, sweet, best; vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive, free from rot and mildew; ripe before Concord. * * * of the Riparia class.”

Iowa. Mentioned about forty years ago as being of very high quality.

Iowa Excelsior. (Lab. Vin.) Originated by Professor Mathews, of Iowa, about 1880. Clusters medium; berries large, red; high quality; ripens early; self-sterile.

Iris. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of one of Rogers’ hybrids; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan, about 1888. Vigorous; cluster large, long, compact; berry large, round, dark amber, thin bluish bloom; skin thin; pulp tough, slightly astringent, sweet, vinous, foxy; good.

Irvin October. (Bourq.) Originated on the Irvin farm in Guilford County, North Carolina, about 1885. Vigorous but inclined to mildew; cluster large, long, tapering; berries medium in size, of dingy red color; sweet; good; very late.

Irving. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Catawba fertilized by Chasselas de Fontainbleau; from S. W. Underhill in 1868. Vigorous canes, short-jointed; clusters large, long, shouldered, not well filled; berry large, round, yellowish-green, thick bloom; skin thick, tough; flesh tender, melting; flavor vinous, sweet; very good; rots and mildews badly.

Ithaca. (Vin. Bourq. Lab.) Parker; Tucker’s Parker. A seedling of Delaware fertilized by Chasselas Musque; from a Mr. Tucker, of Ithaca, New York, about 1868. Of moderate vigor; cluster large; berry large, pale green with amber tinge; skin thick; pulp tender, juicy, sweet; high quality.

Jacent. (Rip. Lab.) Noted by T. V. Munson in Gardener’s Monthly for 1884, as undistinguishable from Bacchus, except that the saccharometer shows less sugar.

Jaeger’s Seedlings. About forty years ago Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho, Missouri, became interested in the horticultural possibilities of the wild grapes of his neighborhood. He corresponded with Frederick Muench, of Marthasville, who encouraged him in his efforts. Beside selecting various vines from the woods he made crosses of species. His object was to secure more vigorous, productive and disease-resistant sorts than any of our standard varieties. He was particularly impressed with the Lincecumii or so-called Summer grapes of his section. His selections of this species are notable for their extreme vigor but many of them are susceptible to fungi and as they are all self-sterile they are uncertain bearers when removed from the wild male vines. His most promising seedlings are as follows:

No. 9. Productive; subject to black-rot; cluster large; berry below medium; juicy, sweet; good.

No. 12. Cluster and berry medium; sweet.

No. 13. Hardy, prolific; as large as Ives and of no better quality.

No. 17. Cluster large; berries medium; sweet; good.

No. 42. Cluster very large; berry medium; very sweet and juicy; good.

No. 43. (Linc.) One of Jaeger’s selections from the woods. Rank grower; canes thick, numerous, glaucous; diaphragm thick; shoots glabrous, spiny; tendrils intermittent; leaves large, thick, glossy green, glaucous below, not lobed; cluster large; berry medium, oblate, black; ripens too late for this section. Does not ripen its wood well and is slightly tender and very susceptible to leaf-hopper here. Self-sterile.

No. 50. See Longworth.

No. 56. See Dufour.

No. 70. See Munson.

No. 72. (Linc. Rup.) A seedling of No. 43 crossed with a male vine of Vitis rupestris. Bunch medium, very compact; berry size of Concord, black with pale bloom; sweet, of pure flavor; ripens with Norton.

No. 100. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira. Vine shows Labrusca characters, very hardy, productive; bunch and berry as large as Concord, yellowish with reddish tinge; quality and flavor similar to Catawba; cracks when ripe; season with Delaware.

James Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) From J. H. James, Urbana, Ohio. Resembles Catawba but is hardier and healthier.

Jane Wylie. (Rip. Vin. Lab.) Janie Wylie. A hybrid between Clinton and a foreign grape; from Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, South Carolina, about 1870. Vigorous, productive; bunch large, shouldered; berry large, globular to oval, dark red with thick bloom; pulp firm, meaty, juicy, sweet, rich, vinous; skin thick, tender; early.

Jelly. Exhibited before the American Pomological Society in 1856 and described by William G. Waring of Pennsylvania as “extremely productive, good; especially valuable for culinary use. Very good when dried.”

Jemina. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira crossed with an unknown variety; from D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, about 1891. Vigorous, hardy, healthy; bunch short, compact; berry medium, black, delicious; skin thin, liable to crack; much earlier than Elvira.

Jennie May. (Lab.) Mitzky, in 1893, states that this variety is a Concord seedling grown by John Laws, Geneva, New York. Apparently identical with Concord.

Jennings. (Lab.) A native grape from Lexington, Massachusetts, noted in Magazine of Horticulture for 1860. Hardy, productive, free from mildew; bunch medium; berries black; pulpy, foxy; ripens very early.

Jessie. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of a cross between Delaware and Diana; received by the Gardener’s Monthly in 1879, from F. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin. Described as looking like Diana but of better flavor.

Jeter. (Rot.) Described in South Carolina Station Bulletin No. 132. Vigorous, very productive; bunches contain three to eight large, brownish-black berries; skin thick, very tough; pulp tender, juicy; quality good; ripens about August 25th.

Joen. Noted by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863 as a worthless variety.

John Burr. (Lab.) Noted by Mitzky, in 1893, as “a Concord seedling grown by the late John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas.”

Johnson. A South Carolina seedling. Mentioned in the American Pomological Society catalogs for 1875 and 1881.

Jolly. A Pennsylvania grape noted by Waring in 1851.

Joly. (Champ.) A wild vine of Vitis champini secured by Munson from Lampasas County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry medium, black; ripens early.

Jonathan. Noted by S. J. Parker of Ithaca, New York, in the United States Patent Office Report for 1861 as a grape that “grew well and ripened its wood.”

Joplin’s Peaks of Otter. A native grape of the Blue Ridge Mountains, Virginia, from J. Joplin. Noted in Gardener’s Monthly for 1869 as having been in cultivation for thirty-five years. Very vigorous, very productive, healthy; fine wine grape.

Jordan Large Blue. Jordan’s Blue. Prince in 1830 states that this grape is an exotic but that a Mr. Smith of New Jersey believed it to be a native of New England. Bunches large; berries large, blue; flesh pulpy.

Joseph Henry. A seedling from D. J. Piper, Illinois; received first premium at the State Fair in Freeport, Illinois, in 1877, as the best new grape. Said to be very early and as of high quality as Delaware.

Judd. Noted in the American Horticultural Annual for 1871, as a seedling raised by P. Stewart of Mt. Lebanon, New York.

Judge. (Doan.) A wild male vine of Vitis doaniana secured by Munson from Greer County, Oklahoma.

Judge Miller. (Bourq. Lab.) A seedling of Herbemont crossed with Martha; from Munson. Described by the Georgia Experiment Station as moderately vigorous; stamens upright; bunch large, moderately compact; berries medium, greenish-yellow, of good quality; ripens a little earlier than Catawba.

July. C. E. Goodrich of Utica, New York, mentions this variety, in the United States Patent Office Report for 1853, as valuable because of ripening early.

July Twenty-fifth. (Rip. Lab.) According to Mitzky, 1893, this is an Elvira seedling; from Jacob Rommel, Morrison, Missouri.

Jumbo. (Lab.) Big Concord. Probably a Concord seedling; from Reuben Rose, Marlboro, New York. Vigorous, hardy, productive; bunches and berries vary in size from year to year; ripens a week earlier than Concord.

Juno. (Bourq. Lab.) A seedling of Delaware; from G. A. Ensenberger, Bloomington, Illinois, 1882. Vigorous and productive; cluster medium, sometimes shouldered; berry white, translucent with yellow tinge, round, medium; pulp tender; good.

Juno. (Vin. Lab.) Uno. A cross between Muscat Hamburg and Belvidere; from G. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, about 1882. Rich and sweet.

Juno’s Sister. (Vin. Lab.) The same origin and parentage as the preceding. Berry black, blue bloom; flesh meaty; seeds part readily; no acidity.

Kalamazoo. (Lab. Vin.) From a Mr. Dixon of Steubenville, Jefferson County, Ohio, about 1860, from seed of Catawba. Resembles Catawba closely but is larger in bunch and berry; not of as high quality and ripens ten days earlier.

Kalista. (Bourq. Lab.) A white-fruited seedling of Delaware produced by J. Sacksteder of Louisville, Kentucky. Resembles the parent except for the color of fruit and greater vigor of vine.

Kansas July. (Rip.?) A variety mentioned by Mead forty years ago as an early grape from Kansas with small bunches of very small sweet berries. Vine vigorous.

Kay Seedling. (Bourq.) A seedling of Herbemont from Kentucky.

Keller. Dr. Keller. Noted in Gardener’s Monthly in 1863.

Keller White. (Lab. Vin.) Noted by Mitzky in 1893 as a seedling of Catawba inferior to the parent.

Kellog. (Lab.) A wild Labrusca from New Canaan, Connecticut, and described by Prince in 1830 as having large, purple, foxy fruit of oblate form.

Kemp. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Herbemont; from Munson in 1885. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, dark red; ripens very late.

Kendall. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Isabella; from Brooklyn, New York, about 1865. Resembles Isabella very closely but larger in bunch and berry.

Kenena. (Linc. Rup.) A cross between Munson of America and a Post-oak hybrid, about 1898. Very vigorous; canes smooth, much branched; leaves rather small, deeply four- to seven-lobed; cluster above medium; berries small, purple, round, persistent; skin thin, tough; flesh tender, juicy; good; seeds small; ripens just before Herbemont.

Kenrick’s Native. (Lab.) Noted by Prince in 1830 as a wild Labrusca found near Newton, Massachusetts. Fruit light green, oval.

Kentucky. (Aest. Lab.) A supposed seedling of Norton; found by James Childers of Auburn, Kentucky, in 1887. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; canes rather slender; tendrils continuous; leaves large; flowers self-sterile; clusters large, shouldered, tapering; berries small, oblate, purplish-black, persistent; moderately juicy, tough, mild, somewhat insipid, hardly fair in quality; seeds numerous, medium size to above; raphe a cord; ripens late.

Kentucky Wine. Mentioned by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Ketchum. Received by the United States Department of Agriculture about 1860 from an unknown source. Fruit described as black, sweet, pulpy, of medium size.

Keystone. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from John Kready, Mount Joy, Pennsylvania. Resembles Concord very closely but considered by some as of better quality and as a better keeper.

Kiamichi. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parents, Delago crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster medium; berry large, purple; ripens mid-season.

Kilvington. (Lab. Vin.) Bought by a Mr. Cassady of Philadelphia for an Isabella, in 1847. Grant considers it a seedling of Catawba which it resembles in every respect except that the berries are smaller, rounder and of a duller red.

King Philip. (Vin. Lab. Rip.) A second generation Vinifera-Labrusca-Riparia hybrid; produced by N. B. White of Norwood, Massachusetts, about ten years ago. Vine vigorous, resembling Labrusca; cluster large; berry large, roundish or slightly oval, purple; flesh solid, tender; flavor vinous, sweet; very good.

Kingsessing. (Lab. Vin.?) Of unknown origin, mentioned in 1866 by Husmann. Vine tender, subject to mildew and rot; cluster large, loose, shouldered; berries medium, round, pale red with lilac bloom; fair quality.

King William. One of Marine’s seedlings, not disseminated.

Kinney’s Seedlings. According to Mitzky, I. Kinney of Zanesville, Ohio, has produced two seedlings as follows:

Kinney No. 1. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Vergennes. “Bunch medium to large, compact; berries large, round; skin tough; very fine flavor; good keeper; ripens early.”

Kinney No. 2. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord. “Bunch medium, compact; berries small, round, white, transparent, but few seeds, very sweet, without any disagreeable taste; leaf similar to Concord; healthy; good grower.”

Kiowa. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Jaeger No. 43 crossed with Herbemont; from Munson, in 1898. Described by him as follows: “Growth very strong and healthy, much branched, leaves small to medium, 5 to 7 lobed; cluster medium to large, with long peduncle; berry small to medium, nearly black, round; skin thin, tough; flesh tender, juicy, sprightly, agreeable quality; ripens just before Herbemont.”

Kitchen. (Rip.) A seedling of Franklin, about 1865. Cluster medium; berry medium to small, round, black; skin thin, tough; flesh tender; very late.

Knob Mountain. A variety mentioned in 1869 by the United States Department of Agriculture as under trial.

Kosomo. (Lab. Linc. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Beacon; from Munson in 1899. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry large, purple; ripens mid-season.

Kramer Seedling. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from J. C. Kramer, of La Crescent, Minnesota. Vine resembles Concord but not thrifty; fruit resembles Concord but is sweet and with a spicy flavor.

Krause. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A second generation Herbemont-Niagara cross; from Munson, in 1908. Munson says, “Vine vigorous, usually healthy, very prolific; clusters large, handsome; berries medium size, pearly white, fine quality; promising for Southwest.”

Kruger. (Linc. Rup. Lab. Vin.) Parents, America by R. W. Munson; from Munson, in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster very large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Labe. An accidental seedling from Lebanon, Pennsylvania, about 1850. Vigorous, hardy; bunch small, short, loose; berry black; flesh tender, sweet.

Lacon. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord from D. H. Wier, Lacon, Illinois, about 1862. Medium in vigor, hardy; bunch small; berry medium, black; Concord flavor.

Laconia. (Lab. Vin.) From Jos. N. Sanborn, Laconia, New Hampshire. Received at this Station in 1903 for testing but has not fruited. Rather weak grower; self-sterile.

La Crissa. (Bourq. Lab.) Sacrissa; Saccharissa. A Delaware seedling; from J. Sacksteder, Louisville, Kentucky. Vigorous; berry small, white; good.

Ladies. (Lab.) Mentioned by Downing in 1845 as a fox grape with a strong scent, harsh flavor and of no value for dessert.

Lady Charlotte. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with Iona; from C. G. Pringle of Vermont, 1869. Vigorous; bunch large, shouldered, compact; berry medium, round, light green to golden; juicy, sweet; good.

Lady Dunlap. (Lab. Vin.) Dunlap? From J. H. Ricketts, about 1875. Bunch medium, compact; berry medium, amber; vinous; good.

Lady Helene. From Fred Roenbeck, Bergen, New Jersey. Vigorous; cluster large, shouldered, compact; berry large, white; good.

Lady Younglove. (Lab. Rip.) A cross between Missouri Riesling and Perkins; from John Sacksteder, Leavenworth, Indiana. Vigorous, hardy; cluster medium, generally shouldered; berry large, oval, light red.

Lake. Iden. Exhibited by Nicholas Longworth in 1852. Bunch and berry small, black; acid, harsh; early.

La Marie. (Lab.) A seedling of Willie; from L. C. Chisholm. Vigorous, hardy; bunch large, shouldered; berry large, very foxy, color “ashes of roses.”

La Reine. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) A seedling of America by Beacon; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Large Berry. (Long.) A wild vine of Vitis longii secured by Munson from Motley County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry medium, black; ripens early.

Large Leaf. (Long.) Like the preceding, this is one of Munson’s varieties, a wild form of Vitis longii from Motley County, Texas. Stamens depressed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

La Salle. (Rip. Linc. Rot.) A Scuppernong crossed with a Post-oak hybrid; from Munson. Vigorous and comparatively hardy; stamens depressed; cluster medium, ovate, short; berries large to very large, black with white specks; juicy; “better than Scuppernong.”

Laughlin. (Lab.? Bourq.? Vin.?) A chance seedling, probably of Concord crossed with Delaware; from W. R. Laughlin, College Springs, Iowa. Hardy; cluster large, compact, shouldered; berries medium, white; skin tender; sweet, vinous, high quality; early.

Laura. (Lab.) From H. B. Lum, Sandusky, Ohio, 1867. Hardy, productive; berry large, pale red; sweet, somewhat foxy.

Laura. (Bourq. Lab. Aest. Vin.) Lama; Watertown. A cross of Eumelan with Delaware; from D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, about 1880. Medium in vigor; bunch small, shouldered; berry small, dark purple; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy; hardly good.

Laussel. (Linc. Lab. Aest.) A seedling of a Post-oak crossed by Gold Coin; from Munson. Vigorous, hardy; cluster medium, moderately compact; berry medium, round, dark purple or black; skin thin; pulp firm; good.

Lavega. (Lab. Vin.) A hybrid seedling; from W. H. Mills, Hamilton, Ontario. Hardy; bunch medium; berry large, reddish; vinous; very good.

Lawrence. (Lab.) Found growing wild by Dr. R. B. Black, Fay, Pennsylvania, about 1880. Very vigorous; cluster large, conical, compact; berry medium to large, round, dark purple to black; sub-acid; quality poor.

Lawson. (Lab.) From E. W. Bull, Massachusetts; first exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1874. Bunch large; berry large, white.

Leader. (Lab. Vin.?) A chance seedling of unknown parentage; from the Storrs and Harrison Company, Painesville, Ohio, about 1893. Variable in vigor and productiveness; flowers semi-fertile; tendrils continuous; clusters not uniform, medium to short, shouldered; berries medium, roundish, light green changing to yellowish; skin thin, tender; flesh tender, vinous; good to very good.

Leavenworth. (Lab. Vin.) Burr No. 47. A seedling of Concord; from Francis Godard of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1888. Weak, hardy, medium in productiveness; tendrils continuous; flowers fertile or nearly so; cluster small, short, moderately compact; berries small, slightly oval, dull green; flesh tender and soft; fair in quality.

Lehman. (Lab. Vin.) From William Lehman, New Lebanon, Pennsylvania; parentage, Bland crossed with Isabella. Bunch and berry large, nearly white; late.

Lenori. Alvey’s Lenori. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report of 1861.

Leon. (Vin. Lab.?) From William H. Marine. Bunch medium; berry large, oval, pale red.

Letovey. (Linc. Lab.? Vin.) From Munson. Very vigorous; shy bearer; stamens reflexed; cluster large, compact; berry small, round, deep purple to black; pleasant flavor; quality medium.

Lewis. Noted in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1881 as productive, healthy, early; berry black; fair quality.

Lexington. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from T. B. Miner, New Jersey. Hardy, not productive; bunch large; berry medium to large, black; quality medium.

Lida. A chance seedling from Ludwig Hencke, Collinsville, Illinois. Bunch and berry medium, red; sweet, not foxy; mid-season.

Lightfoot’s Seedlings. W. H. Lightfoot, of Springfield, Illinois, has raised a large number of seedlings from standard varieties, such as Concord, Northern Muscadine, Goethe and others. Of his named seedlings there are Alice Lee, Amy, Benjamin, Capital, Lightfoot, Miriam, Sangamon and Springfield.

Lightfoot. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Niagara; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Vigorous, healthy; stamens upright; leaves three- to five-lobed; cluster medium, shouldered, loose; berry medium, round, light green to yellowish; flesh melting, juicy, sweet; good; keeps well; ripens after Concord.

Lightfoot Seedling No. 34. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Lady Washington; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Vigorous and healthy; bunch large, compact; berries large, round, black; juicy and sweet.

Limington White. (Lab.) Described by Cole in 1849. Hardy; bunch and berry large; good.

Linceola. (Linc. Rip. Lab.) A cross between a Lincecumii and Elvira credited to Munson but not cataloged by him. Vigorous, shy bearer.

Lincoln. Hart; McLean. A southern grape found growing in the Catawba River in North Carolina, by Dr. Wm. McLean, about 1800. Vigorous, hardy, early; berry small, round; skin thin, dark purple with light bloom; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, vinous. Resembles Devereaux, and by some considered identical.

Lincoln. (Lab. Vin.) Lincoln County; Read’s Hybrid. A seedling of Concord crossed with Black Hamburg; from Wm. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, Ontario. Vigorous, hardy, productive; cluster below medium, compact, cylindrical, shouldered; berry below medium, round, black; skin thick, tough; pulp firm but breaking, sweet, sprightly, slightly foxy; good; ripens with Concord.

Lincoln Downer. (Lab.) Listed in the United States Patent Office Reports of 1859-61 as being under test. Vigorous.

Lincrup. (Linc. Rup.) From Texas. Vigorous; productive; stamens reflexed; bunch large, medium in compactness; berry small, black; medium in quality.

Lincy. (Linc.) From Texas. Vigorous; stamens upright; cluster large, compact; berry medium, black; quality medium.

Lindell. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Lindley crossed with Delaware; from T. V. Munson.

Linden. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from T. B. Miner, Linden, New Jersey. Hardy; bunch and berry large, black, firm.

Linherbe. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Lindley crossed with Herbemont; from Munson. Vigorous; cluster medium, conical; berry small, red, translucent; flavor sweet; quality medium.

Lindmar. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Lindley crossed with Martha; from Munson. Vigorous, not always hardy, variable in productiveness; tendrils continuous; flowers partly fertile; stamens upright; cluster small, compact; berries small, oval, dull, pale green, thin gray bloom; flesh pale green, slightly vinous, foxy; good.

Linelvi. (Rip. Lab. Vin.) Munson No. 45. From Munson; parentage given as Lindley by Humboldt, or Lindley by Elvira. So lacking in vigor as to be unpromising.

Linley. (Lab. Rip. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Rommel crossed with Delaware; from Munson in 1897. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry medium, yellow; ripens early.

Linn. (Lab.) From P. B. Crandall, Ithaca, New York, about 1890. Vigorous; tendrils continuous; cluster medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, round, yellowish-green with reddish dots; pulp fibrous, foxy and acid; good.

Linn Queen. (Lab.) Vigorous; cluster medium, compact; berry large, black, poor; stamens upright.

Little Blue. (Lab. Vin. Aest.) From A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York, about 1888. Vigorous, medium in productiveness; tendrils intermittent to rarely continuous; diaphragm thick; flowers partly fertile; stamens upright; cluster medium, shouldered; berry medium, oblong, black; pulp juicy, sweet, good; ripens after Concord.

Little Giant. (Lab. Vin.) Noted as under test in the vineyards of the United States Department of Agriculture from 1863 to 1866. Resembles Isabella very closely.

Little Ozark. Hardy; bunch long, loose; berry medium, black; juicy; good.

Livingston. (Lab. Vin.) From John C. Wheaton, Dansville, Livingston County, New York; believed to be a seedling of Wilder or Aminia. Vigorous, not always hardy, productive; tendrils continuous; leaves large, dull green; flowers nearly self-fertile; stamens upright; cluster large, long, frequently loosely single-shouldered, very compact; berries medium, roundish, black with blue bloom, persistent; skin thin, tender; flesh tender, faintly spicy; good; characters of vine and fruit indicate Labrusca and Vinifera.

Lizzie. (Lab.) A seedling from E. W. Bull, exhibited by him before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1874. Bunch and berry large, white.

Lobata. (Linc. Lab.) A seedling of Munson crossed with Profusion; from Munson in 1897. Stamens depressed; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Logan. (Lab. Vin.) David Hall Grape; Purple Urbana; Urbana. A seedling of unknown parentage, brought to notice by Dr. Thompson; supposed to have come from Logan County, Ohio. Medium in vigor, usually hardy; cluster medium, compact, shouldered; berries large, oval, dark purple to black; sweet, juicy; good.

Logan. Alvey’s Logan. Mentioned by Dr. G. P. Morris, Wilmington, Delaware, in United States Patent Office Report, 1861, as a hardy grape.

Long. (Bourq.) Madison County. Found by Col. James Long on his plantation near Danielsville, Madison County, Georgia, about 1827. Vigorous; cluster medium to large, compact, shouldered; berries small, dark purple with thin bloom; pulp tender, sweet, vinous; good; ripens late. Considered by some synonymous with Cunningham.

Long John. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Parents, Big Berry crossed with Triumph; from Munson. Vigorous, not hardy here; cluster large, long, cylindrical to tapering, compact; berry large, roundish, black; skin thin, tough; texture tough and coarse; flavor tart, slightly acid at center; good; ripens very late.

Longworth. (Bourq.) Longworth No. 20. Found in the garden of Nicholas Longworth, Cincinnati, Ohio, about 1867. Healthy, vigorous, productive; clusters large, shouldered; berry small, round, black, juicy, refreshing; of the Herbemont type but ripens earlier.

Longworth. (Linc. Bourq.) Jaeger No. 50. A seedling of Jaeger No. 43 crossed with Herbemont; from Hermann Jaeger, Neosho, Missouri, about 1880. Susceptible to mildew; bunches large; berries medium, blue-black; good; very late.

Longworth Monster. From Ohio. Vigorous, healthy, productive; bunch medium; berry large, round, blue.

Loomis’ Honey. (Lab.) Exhibited in 1863 by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia, in New York at the New York Fruit Growers’ meeting. Hardy; clusters large; berries large, black; sweet.

Looney Seedling. (Lab.) From C. S. Looney, Cowan, Tennessee, about 1902. Cluster small, shouldered, blunt at end, loose; berry large, round, thick blue bloom over black; skin thin, tender; sweet, slightly foxy; good; ripens early. Resembles Concord.

Lorain. From Lorain, Ohio, about 1865. Cluster medium; berry large, amber-yellow; sweet; good.

Loretto. (Lab.) Queen Loretto. From Tennessee. Berry medium, round, white; good; mid-season.

Loudon Seedling. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware and Diana; from F. W. Loudon, Janesville, Wisconsin. Resembles Diana in bunch, berry and flavor.

Louisa. (Lab. Vin.) Grown by Samuel Miller, Calmdale, Pennsylvania. Vigorous, hardy; cluster compact, occasionally shouldered; berry round, oval, black with blue bloom; flavor resembles Isabella; ripens early.

Louise. (Lab. Vin.) Given by Mitzky as a seedling from New Jersey. Vigorous; bunch large, compact; berries large, white; juicy, sweet; very good.

Louisville. Noted in a list of supposed hardy grapes in United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1863.

Lowell Globe. Noted in a list of worthless varieties in Gardener’s Monthly in 1863.

Lucky. (Linc.) An undescribed variety used by Munson as a parent in a number of crosses.

Lucy Winton. Noted in the Gardener’s Monthly for 1861 as being equal in quality to Isabella and four weeks earlier.

Luders. (Rip.) A wild male vine of Vitis riparia secured from near Madison, Wisconsin, by Munson.

Luffborough. (Lab. Vin.?) Found near Georgetown, District of Columbia, before 1828. Berries large, deep purple; juice sweet, foxy. Recommended by John Adlum for wine and cited in a list of worthless varieties in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863.

Lugawana. Noted in the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association Report for 1887 in a list of varieties ripening late.

Lukfata. (Champ. Lab.) A seedling of Moore Early crossed with Vitis champini; from Munson. Vigorous, hardy; cluster medium, ovate, compact; berries globular, large, black, persistent; juicy, very sweet and agreeable; good; early; stamens reflexed.

Luckyne. (Linc. Bourq.) Parents, Lucky crossed with Sweety; from Munson in 1897. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, black; ripens late.

Lulie. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Telegraph crossed with Black Hamburg; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Hardy, healthy and productive; cluster large; berry very large, black with a fine bloom; good. Awarded a medal at the World’s Fair, Chicago, 1893.

Luna. (Lab.) From William M. Marine. A large, hardy, white grape.

Lycoming. (Lab. Vin.) From a Mr. Evenden, Williamsport, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, about 1860. Hardy; canes short-jointed; cluster large; berry large, oval, light red.

Lydia. (Lab. Vin.) A chance seedling from Charles Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio. Cluster short, compact; berries large, oval, greenish-white; skin thick; pulp tender, sweet, slightly vinous; good; ripens with Delaware.

Lyman. (Rip.) A northern variety said to have been brought from Quebec more than fifty years ago. Hardy; productive, vigorous; cluster large, handsome, compact; berry medium, round, black with thick bloom; juicy; good.

Lyon. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Chidester No. 1; Pres. Lyon. A seedling of Concord crossed with Delaware; from C. P. Chidester, Battle Creek, Michigan, named in honor of T. T. Lyon of Michigan about 1890. Vigorous, productive; cluster medium to large, cylindrical, shouldered, medium compact; berries large, round, white, whitish bloom; pulp tender, sweet, rich, vinous; very good.

Mabel. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Originated by A. J. Caywood of Marlboro, New York, from seed of Walter. Moderately vigorous, not always hardy, inclined to mildew, productive; canes medium size with thin blue bloom; tendrils intermittent; leaves medium size, thin, slightly pubescent; flowers fertile; clusters large, usually shouldered; berries large, round, black; skin thin, rather tough, inclined to crack, purplish pigment; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; good; ripens before Concord but not a good keeper.

McDonald’s Ann Arbor. (Lab.) Noted in the American Pomological Society Report for 1881. Berry very large, black with blue bloom; quality of Concord; ripens with Worden.

Macedonia. (Lab.) Miller’s No. 3. An early white seedling of Concord; raised by Samuel Miller of Calmdale, Pennsylvania, over fifty years ago. Said to resemble Martha but not so vigorous.

McKinley. (Lab. Vin.) Originated by Frank L. Young, Lockport, New York, from seed of Niagara pollinated by Moore Early, planted in 1891. Not vigorous, usually hardy, moderately productive; tendrils continuous; leaves of medium size; clusters medium to large, usually single-shouldered, compact; berries large, oval, light green; skin tender; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; good; resembles Niagara but about ten days earlier.

McNeil. (Lab.? Rip.?) A variety resembling Clinton, cultivated in the Champlain region from fifty to seventy-five years ago.

Madeira. The name Madeira is common in the early grape literature of the country. Its use was begun at the time when many of the cultivated sorts were supposed to be of foreign origin. The significance of the word when found unqualified depends somewhat on the time and place. Thus, in the South, Madeira usually means Herbemont’s Madeira; in Ohio, Ives Madeira and in Pennsylvania, York Madeira.

Madeline. (Lab.) Given by Mitzky, in 1893, as a chance seedling grown by G. Henderson, Eddyville, New York. Bunch medium to large, compact, often shouldered; berry large, round, greenish-white with a white bloom; skin medium thin but tough, translucent; sweet, juicy, with a pleasant flavor; ripens early.

Magee. Given by Mitzky as the name of the variety described in this work as Glenfeld.

Magnificent. (Lab.? Vin.?) From A. F. Rice, Griswoldville, Georgia, about twenty-five years ago. Cluster large, broad, shouldered, loose; berries large; skin thin, tender; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; very good.

Maguire. (Lab.) This variety was known about fifty years ago as a very early black sweet grape of fair quality which originated at Lansingburg, New York. Similar to Hartford but more foxy.

Mahogany Colored. (Lab.) Mahogany. A wild Labrusca introduced over fifty years ago by G. W. Clark, of Malden, Massachusetts. Fruit of the Labrusca type; mahogany-red.

Main. (Lab.) Mentioned in the horticultural periodicals of fifty years ago as a variety very similar to Concord and thought by many to be the same; from a Mr. Main, of Concord, New Hampshire, about 1854. Said to be about ten days earlier than Concord.

Malinda. An early white variety mentioned in Gardener’s Monthly in 1869.

Malvin. One of Marine’s seedlings, described as black, of good quality and with cluster and berry of medium size.

Manhattan. An amber-green seedling of Isabella which originated on Long Island about 1850. Unproductive; cluster small, compact; berry medium; flesh tough, foxy; good; ripens late; shatters.

Manockanock. Listed by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly in 1863 as worthless.

Mansfield. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Concord fertilized by Iona; raised in 1869 by C. G. Pringle of Charlotte, Vermont. Very vigorous; leaves large, thick, very pubescent below; cluster large, shouldered, compact; berry large, slightly oval, black; flesh tender; very good; ripens before Concord.

Manson. A cross between R. W. Munson and Gold Coin; produced by Munson in 1899 and introduced in 1906. Munson says: “Vigorous and productive; clusters large; berry above medium, of yellow color; skin thin and tough; pulp tender; quality excellent; ripens late, with Triumph.”

Marguerite. (Lab. Vin.) A Labrusca-Vinifera variety; from Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Vigorous, not productive; stamens upright; cluster small, loose; berries medium, light amber; tender, sweet, vinous; good; ripens a week after Concord.

Marguerite. (Linc. Bourq.) Originated by Munson; from Post-oak No. 2 fertilized by Herbemont. Very vigorous, very productive; shoots spiny, not downy; leaves medium to large, three- to five-lobed; stamens upright; clusters medium, cylindrical, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, dark purple; skin thin, tough; flesh tender; good; ripens ten days later than Catawba.

Marine’s Seedlings. A number of varieties were produced by Wm. M. Marine about 1870. They were all crosses of native sorts produced by putting the pollen in water and then applying the water to the stigma of the sort to be fertilized. Of the varieties thus produced are Nerluton, Greencastle, Leon, Lucas, Mianna, Malvin, Olympia, King William, Minnie, Harriet Beecher, U. B., Uncle Tom, Red Jacket, and many others.

Mariole. Joe’s Mariole. Mentioned by R. O. Thompson, of Nursery Hill, Nebraska, in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1866.

Marique. Warder, in 1867, says, “Ohio. Healthy, vigorous, very productive; bunch full medium, compact; berry oval, large, blue; spicy; very good.”

Marker. Listed by the Superintendent of the Experimental Garden of the United States Department of Agriculture in the report for 1863.

Marsala. (Lab.) A dark red grape introduced about thirty years ago by Dr. Stayman. Cluster large; berry large; foxy, somewhat solid, tough; good; very resistant to rot.

Marvin’s Seedlings. D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, grew many crosses of American varieties, few if any having been made by him with Vinifera. His best known grapes are Cayuga, Centennial, Hopican, Rutland and Shelby. Besides these he produced others, many of which were never named nor disseminated. One of these which was received at this Station in 1892 was described in the Thirteenth Annual Report under the name Marvin’s Seedling. Clusters medium, compact; berry small, pale green or yellow; flesh firm, sweet, vinous; good; season last of September.

Marvina. (Lab. Vin. Bourq. Aest.) A seedling of Laura by Brilliant; from Munson in 1897. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, white; ripens early.

Mary. (Lab. Vin.) A chance seedling of Catawba found in 1849 in the garden of Datus Kelley, Kelleys Island, Ohio. Vigorous, hardy; leaf medium, light-colored, downy beneath; cluster large, loose; berry medium, round, greenish-white, gray bloom, translucent; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly; very good; ripens with Catawba; mildews badly.

Mary. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Catawba introduced by a Mr. Hasselkus, of Griffin, Georgia, about 1885. Resembles Lindley very closely but is said to be more vigorous with larger and rounder berries of a lighter red and shorter, more compact clusters; ripens with Concord.

Mary Ann. (Lab. Vin.) North Carolina Muscadine. Originated by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pennsylvania, about 1850. Vigorous and productive; cluster medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, oval, black, foxy, poor; resembles Isabella; ripens with Hartford.

Mary Favorite. From J. T. Coffin, of Westland, Hancock County, Indiana, in 1889; a chance seedling found growing near a trellis on which Delaware and one of Rogers’ hybrids were growing. Vigorous, usually hardy, variable in productiveness; canes long; tendrils continuous; leaves large, lower surface grayish-white, pubescent; flowers fertile, open early; clusters medium to small, usually shouldered, very compact; berries small, roundish, purplish-black, persistent; skin thin, tough; flesh tough, slightly vinous, sweet, tart at center; good to best.

Mary Mark. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from Dr. Stayman. Lacks vigor, hardy, apparently healthy, productive; berry medium, red; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, sweet; very good; ripens with its parent which it closely resembles.

Mary Wylie. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A hybrid of Clinton and Red Frontignan; from Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, South Carolina. Cluster large, loose; berry above medium, yellowish-green; flesh tender, juicy, vinous, delicate; very good; ripens late.

Maryland Purple. Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as a seedling from the woods of Maryland. Berries medium, purple, sweet and juicy; ripens very late.

Mason. A chance seedling of 1881; from Mrs. E. Mason, Lamont, Ottawa County, Michigan. Vigorous; clusters medium, sometimes shouldered, compact; berries large, round, reddish-amber; flesh tender, sweet, vinous, sprightly, slightly foxy; good; ripens just before Worden.

Mason. (Lab.) Mason’s Seedling. A white Concord seedling raised by B. Mason, of Mascoutah, Illinois, about thirty years ago. Moderately vigorous, unproductive; cluster small, compact; berry large, round, light yellowish-green; skin thin; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, slightly foxy; ripens a few days before Concord; very persistent; self-fertile.

Mason Renting. (Lab.) Described in Bulletin 10, 1890, Alabama Experiment Station. Vigorous, productive; clusters small, compact; berries small, greenish-yellow; good; ripens with Catawba.

Massachusetts White. (Lab.) A red foxy Labrusca, apparently a wild grape sent out by B. M. Watson, of Plymouth, Massachusetts, about 1860. Utterly worthless and name a misnomer.

Matchless. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.?) Originated by John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1887, Vigorous, hardy; black with heavy bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh tender, sprightly, vinous; very good; ripens with Brighton and hangs well for some time.

Mathilde. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) Originated by G. A. Ensenberger, Bloomington, Illinois, from seed of Delaware. Vigorous, productive, not quite hardy; cluster large, very compact; berry small to large, round, dark red with lilac bloom; small ones seedless; flesh tender, juicy, vinous; good; very late.

Mauston. (Rip.) A wild vine of Vitis riparia secured by Munson from near Mauston, Wisconsin. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early.

May Red. Mentioned in the Report of the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association for 1887 as ripening with Janesville.

Mead Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) Found in 1847 in the garden of John Mead, Lowell, Massachusetts. A supposed seedling of Catawba which it strongly resembles but darker and with round berries.

Meanko. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Delago crossed with Brilliant, from Munson, in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster medium; berry large, red; ripens mid-season.

Medora. (Bourq. Vin.? Lab.?) A seedling of Lenoir, probably pollinated by Croton; raised by Dr. Thos. R. Cooke, Victoria, Texas. Moderately vigorous; leaf resembles Lenoir; clusters large; berries pale green, medium, round, very translucent; sprightly, vinous; good.

Melasko. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago by Governor Ireland; from Munson in 1899. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Memory. (Rot.) Vigorous, very productive, tender; cluster small, containing four to twelve large, round, brownish-black berries; skin thick; flesh tender, juicy, sweet; good to best; ripens early for a Rotundifolia.

Mendota. (Lab. Vin.) Originated about 1883 by John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, from mixed seed. Not vigorous nor productive; leaves round, pale green; stamens upright; cluster small, very compact; berry above medium, round, black; skin tender; flesh tender, melting, sprightly, sweet; good; ripens just before Brighton.

Meno. (Lab. Vin.) Mentioned in Bulletin 10, 1890, Alabama Experiment Station. Clusters small and compact; berries medium size, amber; good; ripens with Catawba; rots and mildews.

Merceron. (Lab. Vin.) A somewhat recent seedling of Catawba and so similar as to be difficult to distinguish from it.

Merceron. (Lab. Vin.) From F. E. Merceron, Catawissa, Pennsylvania, about 1893; said to be a cross of Wilder and Concord. Cluster large, heavily shouldered; berries large, black; sweet, sprightly; very late.

Mericadel. (Linc. Rup. Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of America crossed with Delaware; from Munson, in 1898. Very vigorous, very productive; cluster large; berry medium, purple, very persistent; skin thin and tough; flesh tender, sweet; very good; ripens just after Concord.

Meta. According to Mitzky, a seedling of Jewel produced by Mr. L. Hencke, of Illinois. Bunch large, compact, shouldered; berry large, red; sweet and juicy; good; ripens before Concord.

Metis. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, of Paw Paw, Michigan. Cluster small, not compact, sometimes shouldered; berry large, dark red, gray bloom; skin thick; flesh rather tough, juicy, vinous; good.

Metternich. (Rip. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Metterny. A seedling of Clinton fertilized by Poughkeepsie; from A. J. Caywood, Marlboro, New York. Moderately vigorous; cluster medium, long, cylindrical, sometimes shouldered, compact; berry small, roundish or slightly oval; skin thin, tough, light green to medium dark red; flesh tender, not very sweet, fine flavor; good; ripens late.

Mianna or Mienna. One of Marine’s seedlings which some call a white grape and others black.

Michigan. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Vigorous, hardy and productive; cluster large, compact, usually shouldered; berry above medium, light green; good; ripens with Concord. There was another sort named Michigan or Michigan Seedling about fifty years ago which was said to resemble Catawba but about two weeks earlier.

Middlesex. (Lab.) One of E. W. Bull’s seedlings. Apparently never disseminated.

Miland. Described in Alabama Station Bulletin No. 29, 1891, as a vigorous, not very healthy vine with medium-sized amber berries.

Miles. (Rip. Lab.) Matlock. From West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, over sixty years ago. Vigorous, productive, very early but does not keep; better than Hartford.

Millardet. (Berland.) From Llano County, Texas. Moderately vigorous, productive; stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry small, black; good; ripens late.

Miller. (Cord. Vin.) Mentioned by John Craig in the Canadian Horticulturist as a new grape, “a very happy combination of the European V. vinifera and the American V. cordifolia. It also keeps excellently.”

Miller. (Bourq. Lab.) A seedling of Herbemont by Martha; from Munson. Stamens erect; cluster large; berry medium, white; ripens late.

Miller’s Seedlings. Samuel Miller, during his early life a resident of Calmdale, Pennsylvania, later of Bluffton, Missouri, was one of the well known grape-breeders of the last century. He started this work about the time of the introduction of Concord and continued it until his death in 1901. Miller was an advocate of close breeding rather than cross-breeding as a means of improving fruit. His best known grape productions are: Black Hawk, Eva, Macedonia, Martha and Young America. Martha is the best known of these and this has been superseded. At the time of Miller’s death he was engaged in improving the native persimmon.

Millington. (Lab.) Tested by the Michigan Experiment Station and reported in 1899 as being fairly vigorous, variable in productiveness; clusters large, roundish, moderately compact; berries large, round, black with blue bloom; flesh tender, very light green, sprightly, sweet, vinous, with a perceptible aroma; fair to good; ripens mid-season.

Millington White. (Rip.) Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as having been found growing north of the Missouri River, in Missouri, by Dr. Millington of that state. “Fruit of good size, very juicy, rather tart, the skin is thin and each berry generally contains three seeds.”

Mineola. (Lab. Vin.) A cross between a seedling of Telegraph and Chasselas Musque; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Of medium vigor, healthy, hardy and productive; bunches medium, cylindrical, compact, seldom shouldered; berries large, roundish, white or pale yellow, transparent, no pulp; very rich, pure, Muscat flavor; ripens very early.

Miner’s Seedlings. About forty years ago, T. B. Miner, of Linden, Union County, New Jersey, raised 1500 seedlings of Concord in central New York. In 1879 after Miner’s death, twelve of these seedlings were named and sent out for testing. They are Adeline, Antoinette, Augusta, Belinda, Boadicea, Carlotta, Eugenia, Ida, Lexington, Linden, Rockingham and Victoria. None of these is of great value and they are chiefly of interest as indicating what may be expected from Concord seedlings.

Mingo. Mentioned by Samuel Miller in 1895 as being among the newer varieties; bunch and berry small, black; ripens before any other; makes a heavy dark wine.

Minnehaha. (Vin. Lab.) Said to be a cross between Muscat of Alexandria and Massasoit; from Marshall P. Wilder. Vigorous, productive, not hardy; bunch large, very long, variable in compactness, shouldered; berry medium, very sweet, vinous, “of the most delicious quality.” Said by some to be Croton.

Minnesota. (Rip.) A wild vine of Vitis riparia, secured by Munson from near Carver, Minnesota. Stamens reflexed; cluster small; berry very small, white; ripens very early.

Minnesota Mammoth. (Lab.) Introduced by L. W. Stratton, Excelsior, Minnesota, about 1879. Vigorous, hardy and productive; bunch and berry large, dark red; skin thick; characteristic spicy flavor, sweet; poor.

Minnie. From William M. Marine. Bunch small; berry medium, dark red; sweet; nearly equal to Delaware.

Miriam. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Lady Washington; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy; bunch large, compact, shouldered; berries large, black, juicy and sweet; of superior quality; ripens two weeks later than Concord.

Mish. (Rot.) Meisch. Origin in North Carolina. Vine vigorous, very productive; bunches contain from six to fifteen medium-sized, reddish-black oval berries with thin skin; tender and sweet; very good; self-sterile.

Mission. (Vin. Gird.?) El Paso. The exact origin of Mission is unknown but it is believed to have originated in the remote Missions of northern Mexico at a time when grape-growing was forbidden by Spain. The variety was introduced into California at a very early day and was raised by the Mission fathers, hence the name. Mission is believed by some to be a hybrid between Vinifera and Girdiana. Vigorous; canes short-jointed, dull dark brown to grayish; leaf above medium size, slightly oblong, five-lobed; stamens erect; clusters slightly shouldered, loose, distinctly compound; berries medium, round; skin thin, purplish-black with heavy bloom; flesh tender, vinous, sweet; very good; ripens with Concord in Texas; said to be imperfectly self-fertile.

Missouri. Missouri Seedling. Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as a native grape. Vine weak, not very productive; bunches medium size, loose; berries small, round, bluish-black with little bloom; tender with little pulp, sweet and pleasant.

Missouri Bird Eye. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report for 1859 as being free from rot in the vicinity of Hermann, Missouri.

Missouri Muscadine. Mentioned in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1877 as being very hardy and very productive.

Modena. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from Caywood, about 1867. Vigorous and hardy; bunch and berry medium, roundish, black; similar to Concord in flavor and ripens about with that variety.

Moffats. Mentioned in the Minnesota Horticultural Society Report, 1877, as being a large, hardy grape.

Moltke. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from F. E. L. Rautenberg, of Lincoln, Illinois. Very productive and vigorous, resembles Agawam; cluster medium, sometimes shouldered; berries very large, oblong, dark red; skin thick; sweet and aromatic; ripens ten days earlier than Agawam.

Monarch. (Lab.?) Tested by the Alabama Experiment Station and reported as “vigorous and a strong grower. Clusters large, compact; berries large, round, black with blue bloom; skin thick; pulp half tender, pleasant, quality good; season last of August; productive. A promising market grape.”

Monard. Vine weak; stamens reflexed; bunch small to medium; berry medium, light red; very good; a few days later than Concord.

Monlintawba. (Mon. Linc. Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Vitis monticola by Fern Munson; from Munson. Stamens depressed; cluster large; berry small, purple; ripens very late.

Montclair. (Lab. Vin.) From C. C. Corby, of Montclair, New Jersey. Moderately vigorous, not fully hardy, productive; stamens upright; clusters above medium, long and broad, tapering, shouldered; variable in compactness; berries large to medium, slightly oval, dark red with lilac bloom, unusually persistent; skin thin, tough; pulp greenish, somewhat tough and solid, slightly vinous, sweet; good to very good; late in ripening.

Montisella. (Mon. Linc. Lab. Aest.) A seedling of Vitis monticola crossed with Laussel; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; cluster medium; berry medium, purple; ripens very late.

Montour. (Lab.) Mentioned by the United States Department of Agriculture in their report for 1869 in a list of varieties of Labrusca.

Montreal. Noted in the Rural New Yorker for 1886 as being a new black grape, superior to Concord; from Wm. E. Green of Vermont.

Morin. Noted by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863, in a list of worthless varieties.

Morrell Seedling. Raised by a Mr. Morrell of Germantown, New York; noted in Gardener’s Monthly for 1871. A medium-sized blue grape with a sharp and pleasant flavor. Said to be a “better grape than Hartford Prolific or Concord, but not equal to them in earliness.”

Morse. Noted by Prince in 1863 in a list of worthless varieties.

Mottled. (Lab. Vin.) Carpenter’s Seedling. An offspring of Catawba grown by Chas. Carpenter, Kelleys Island, Ohio, about 1860. Vigorous, hardy and prolific; bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berries medium, round, like Catawba in color and mottled with darker shades; skin thick; pulp tender, sweet, juicy, brisk and sprightly, rather pulpy and acid at center.

Mountain. One of a list of worthless varieties mentioned by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863.

Mount Lebanon. (Lab. Vin.) From George Curtis of the United Society of Shakers, Mount Lebanon, Columbia County, New York; supposed to be a cross of Spanish Amber and Isabella. Bunch medium; berry round, reddish; flesh pulpy, tough, sweet.

Mrs. McLure. (Rip. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) McLure. One of Dr. Wylie’s hybrids from a cross between Clinton and Peter Wylie; noted by the American Pomological Society in 1875. Vigorous, productive; foliage resembles Clinton; stamens upright; bunch medium, shouldered, not very compact; berries medium, round, white; good; ripens before Catawba.

Mrs. Munson. (Linc. Bourq.) From Munson; a cross between Neosho and Herbemont. Vigorous, hardy, very productive; clusters large, conical, shouldered, compact; berry small, purple with a thin, tough skin; pulp melting, juicy, sprightly; very good; ripens late.

Mrs. Stayman. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) A Delaware seedling; from Dr. J. Stayman. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; free from rot and mildew; bunch large, compact; berry above medium, red with light bloom; skin thick, tough; pulp tender, juicy, sprightly, rich, sweet; very good; ripens about with Concord.

Muench. (Linc. Bourq.) Parentage, Neosho crossed with Herbemont; from Munson, in 1887. Very vigorous, hardy; cluster large, usually shouldered; berry below medium, round; skin thin, tough, dark purple; flesh tender, juicy.

Multiple. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) Munson’s No. 107. A seedling of Herbemont pollinated by Triumph; produced by Munson. Vigorous, self-fertile; cluster large; berries medium, purple; ripens very late.

Muncie. (Rip. Lab.) Said to be a seedling of Elvira; from Leavenworth, Kansas. Described by Stayman in Missouri Horticultural Society Report, 1892, as follows: “Bunch medium, compact, handsome; berry medium, white; skin thin, rather tough; pulp tender, juicy, sprightly, rich, sweet, very good; vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; free from rot and mildew; ripe about with Concord.”

Muncy Black. (Lab.) Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as having been found on the same farm as the Pale Red Muncy. Very productive, with harsh and unpleasant fruit.

Munier. Noted in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863, as coming from a German near Massillon, Ohio. Early, of excellent quality as a table grape, productive and as hardy as the Isabella or Concord.

Munson. (Linc. Rup.) Jaeger No. 70. A seedling of Jaeger No. 43 crossed with a male Rupestris. Very vigorous, productive; clusters medium, shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, black; slight Post-oak flavor; ripens before Norton.

Murdock. A grape grown by Judge Murdock at Elkader, Clayton County, Iowa. Hardy and free from mildew; very sweet.

Muscadine Superior. A seedling exhibited by John Hopkins, of Wilmington, North Carolina, before the American Pomological Society in 1871.

Muscat. The name of a group of Vinifera grapes the best known variety of which is Muscat of Alexandria.

Muscat Catawba. Listed by Prince in 1863 as a worthless sort.

Mylitta. (Lin. Rup. Lab.) From Munson; a cross between America and Beacon. Cluster large; berry large, black; ripens late; self-fertile.

Nahab. (Lab.) Described in Alabama Station Bulletin No. 87 for 1900 as follows: “Vines lacking in vigor; clusters medium in size, compact; berries medium, round, white; skin thin; pulp tender, juicy, slightly acid; season middle of August; not productive.”

Nashua. Mentioned by Prince in 1830 as originating in Maine.

Nashua. A variety under this name was exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society meeting in 1869 by Allen Putnam. Described as “between the Hartford and Concord, but sweeter than either and does not drop.”

Naumkeag. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Isabella raised by a Mr. Bowker of Salem, Massachusetts, which fruited in 1848. Bunches resemble the parent; berries above medium, round, red with slight bloom; pulpy, with Isabella flavor; a little earlier than its parent.

Nazro. (Lab. Vin.) Prince, in 1830, states that this variety was originated from seed of the Troy grape planted in 1825 by Henry Nazro of this state; fruited in 1828. Berries medium in size, oval; sweet, of pleasant flavor, slightly foxy; ripens early.

Nebraska. Noted by Fuller in 1867 as “a beautiful ornamental vine, but the fruit of no value.”

Neff. (Lab.) Keuka. From a Mr. Neff, near Keuka, New York. Bunch and berry medium, dark red; foxy; good; early.

Nell. (Bourq. Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Herbemont crossed with Norton; from Munson. A very late, large-clustered, small-berried, white grape; self-fertile.

Nelson. A chance seedling from Roger Nelson, Ilion, New York, about 1896; undescribed.

Neosho. (Linc.) Found growing wild on the farm of E. Schoenborn, Neosho, Missouri, by H. Jaeger. Very vigorous, hardy, not productive; large, glossy, beautiful dark green foliage; stamens reflexed; bunches medium to large, long, shouldered; berries small, black with blue bloom; skin thin; pulp firm, sweet, spicy; produces a light wine with a peculiar aroma.

Neponset. Noted as a worthless sort by Prince in 1863.

Nerluton. One of Marine’s seedlings. Vigorous; leaf large, leathery; cluster large; berries medium, black.

Neva Munson. (Linc. Bourq.) Neva. One of Munson’s crosses between Neosho and Herbemont; originated about 1885. Very vigorous, hardy and productive; stamens upright; clusters large, cylindrical, shouldered, compact; berries small, purple with thin, tough skin; pulp tender, juicy, sprightly, sweet flavor; too late for the North.

Neverfail. Mitzky in 1893 says: “This variety was found in Roanoke County, Virginia. Feeble at first but grows rapidly when older; free from rot; bunch and berry medium, black, juicy and vinous; too late for the North.”

Newark. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A hybrid between Clinton and a Vinifera; from Newark, New Jersey. Vigorous, hardy and very productive; bunches long, loose, shouldered; berries medium, dark, almost black; sweet, juicy and vinous, of pleasant taste.

New Buda. (Lab.) Tested by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1863 and thought to be Concord.

Newburgh. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Concord crossed with Trentham Black; from Ricketts. Mitzky in 1893 says: “Bunch and berry of the largest size, bunch heavily shouldered; berries large, black, with bluish-gray bloom; flesh tender, juicy with peculiar flavor; very vigorous, a fine amateur grape.”

Newburgh Muscat. (Lab. Vin.) Culberts No. 3; White Moline; White Muscat of Newburgh. From Dr. W. A. M. Culbert of Newburgh, New York, in 1877; a seedling of Hartford crossed with Iona; exhibited before the American Pomological Society in 1877. Vigorous and hardy, unproductive; flowers sterile; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, short, often single-shouldered, loose; berries medium, roundish, pale yellowish-green, gray bloom, shatter badly; skin thick, tender; flesh soft and tender, musky, sweet, mild; good.

New Haven. (Lab.) New Haven Red. A seedling of Concord; from J. Valle of New Haven, Missouri. Vigorous, thrifty, hardy, productive; stamens upright; bunches medium, variable in compactness, sometimes shouldered; berries large, black with blue bloom; skin thin and tender; pulp tender, juicy, good; ripens about a week before Concord.

Newman. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) A cross between Big Berry and Triumph; from Munson, introduced in 1894. Vigorous, hardy, productive; stamens erect; bunches large, loose; berry large, black, with thin tough skin; pulp tender, juicy, nearly sweet; good; late.

New Mary. (Lab. Vin.) Mitzky, 1893, says this is “Lindley under a new name.”

Newport. (Bourq.) A seedling of Herbemont; resembles its parent.

Newton. A large, showy grape bought from an agent by Stephen H. Shallcross, Louisville, Kentucky, and exhibited at the Mississippi Valley Horticultural Society meeting at St. Louis in 1881.

Newtonia. (Linc. Rup. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of America pollinated by R. W. Munson; from Munson, in 1897. Cluster large; berry medium, black; self-fertile; ripens early.

Nimalba. (Linc. Bourq.) From Texas. Tested by Georgia Experiment Station and described as follows: Very weak, light yielder; stamens upright; bunch small, compact; berry small, white; good; ripens with Catawba.

Nina. (Lab. Vin.) Mitzky, 1893, says this is “a seedling of Diana, raised by C. H. Woodruff, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Vine very hardy and productive; bunch medium to large; berries medium, dark red, very sweet and good quality; ripens early with Champion and Moore Early, in quality better than either.”

Ninekah. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, in 1899. Cluster medium; berry large, red; self-fertile; ripens mid-season.

Nizola. Noted by Cole in 1849. From Col. L. Chase, Cornish, New Hampshire; medium bunch and berry; vinous and excellent.

Nonantum. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling raised by Francis Dana near Boston, Massachusetts; exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864. Vigorous; bunch small, shouldered; berries medium, oval, entirely free from pulp; good; in appearance very much like Isabella and probably a seedling of that variety.

Nonpareil. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, in 1896. Cluster medium; berry large, red; self-fertile; ripens early.

Nora. (Bicolor, Vin.?) Received for testing at this Station in 1902 from Dr. G. L. Tinker, New Philadelphia, Ohio. Lacks vigor; tendrils intermittent; buds apparently tender. Has not fruited.

North America. (Lab. Rip.?) Noted frequently since 1860; said to be a seedling of Franklin. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, unproductive; bunch small, shouldered; berries round, black; juicy, sweet, foxy; early.

North Carolina. (Lab. Vin.) North Carolina Seedling. From J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pennsylvania. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy, very productive; stamens erect; bunches medium to large, generally shouldered, compact; berries large, oblong, black with slight blue bloom; skin very thick; pulpy, sweet; good; ripens a few days after Hartford.

North Carolina White. Noted by Prince in 1830. From North Carolina and different from Scuppernong; white berries of good flavor.

Northern Light. (Lab.) A chance seedling from John D. Cameron, L’Original, Ontario, about 1880. Vigorous, hardy, productive; leaf thick, leathery; bunch long, cylindrical, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, round, greenish-white with thin whitish bloom; pulp juicy, melting, sweet, vinous; good; ripens a little later than Champion.

Northern Muscat. Mentioned in Rhode Island Station Bulletin No. 6, 1890, as being a new variety received from Ohio for testing; bunch medium or above; berry medium, amber color; good.

North Star. Noted in the Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report, 1886, as a seedling from Waupaca County, Wisconsin. A black grape with long clusters; poor quality.

Obed. Noted by Mitzky, 1893, as “a chance seedling grown by Obed Harrell, Chrisman, Illinois. Cluster medium to large, moderately compact; berry medium, round, whitish-green with delicate bloom; vigorous and productive.”

Oberon. (Vin. Lab.) From G. W. Campbell about 1880; a cross between Concord and Muscat Hamburg. Moderately vigorous, productive, not hardy; bunch large; berry large, black, resembles Muscat Hamburg; good.

Occidental. (Lab. Vin.) Produced by N. B. White from a cross between a wild Labrusca and Black Hamburg. Clusters compact with dark red berries.

Octavia. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, in 1896. Cluster large; berry large, red; self-sterile; ripens mid-season.

Offer. (Lab.) Warder in 1867, says of this variety: “Bunch large; berry large, dark red, sweet, musky; not approved.”

Ohio Claret. A native variety under test by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1863.

Oktaha. (Champ. Vin. Lab. Bourq.?) A seedling of Vitis champini pollinated with Brilliant or Delaware; from Munson and introduced in 1898. Moderately vigorous, healthy, productive; cluster medium, cylindrical, shouldered, compact; berries medium, round, black with little bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp melting, juicy, sprightly, good; early.

Old Ford. (Lab.) Noted by Mitzky in 1893 as a wild grape from the mountains of North Carolina. Remarkably healthy and vigorous, productive; bunches medium; berries large, round, dark wine color; pulpy, juicy, sweet; very early.

Old Gold. (Rip. Lab. Vin.) Munson’s No. 29. Elvira crossed with Brighton; from Munson. Tested by Virginia Experiment Station and discarded; not introduced by the originator.

Old Hundred. (Cin. Aest.?) Mitzky, in 1893, says of this variety: “Introduced by J. A. Francis, Salem, Virginia. Bunch medium, not very compact; about the size of Clinton; black; very prolific; good table and wine grape; contains Cinerea blood in large quantity with probably Aestivalis.”

Olita. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware fertilized by Irving; from Munson in 1898. Moderately vigorous, not hardy, moderately productive, somewhat subject to attacks of mildew; flowers semi-fertile; stamens upright; clusters variable in size, long, nearly cylindrical, single-shouldered, variable in compactness; berries medium, round, yellowish-green, often with slight amber tinge, gray bloom; skin thin; somewhat tough; flesh tender and melting; mild, slightly vinous, nearly sweet; fair; ripens about with Concord; of the Delaware type but inferior to that variety in both fruit and vine characters.

Olitatoo. (Vin. Lab. Linc.) A seedling of Armlong crossed with Excelsior; from Munson in 1896. Cluster very large; berry medium, white; self-fertile; ripens very late.

Olmstead. (Lab.) A fox grape mentioned by Nicholas Longworth in Buchanan’s Culture of the Grape, 1852.

Olympia. From William M. Marine about 1870. Bunch and berry medium, round, black.

Omega. (Lab. Vin.?) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Moderately vigorous, hardy, healthy, not productive; clusters medium to small, short, usually shouldered, compact; berries medium, oblate to roundish, dull red with thin gray bloom, persistent, soft; flesh green, tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly; good; ripens about with Concord; self-sterile.

Omega. Noted in the Record of Horticulture, 1868, as “a new variety from the West, resembling Catawba but said to be better.” Possibly the same as the preceding.

Onderdonk. (Bourq. Lab.? Vin.?) Said to be a pure seedling of Herbemont but also given as Herbemont crossed with Irving; from Munson, about 1890. Very vigorous, hardy, very productive; affected some with soft rot; stamens upright; clusters large, conical, compact; berries small, white, translucent, with scattering dots; skin thin, tough; pulp juicy, sweet, sprightly; very good; makes excellent white wine.

Oneovem. (Rip. Bourq. Lab.) A seedling from Munson in 1897; from One Seed fertilized by Rommel. Cluster medium; berry large, white; stamens reflexed; ripens late.

One Seed. (Rip. Bourq. Lab.) A variety produced by Munson from Elvira crossed with Humboldt; used by him as a parent in some of his breeding work.

Onondaga. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of a cross between Diana and Delaware; from Lewis Hueber, Fayetteville, Onondaga County, New York; exhibited at the American Institute Fair in 1865. Hardy, vigorous and prolific; bunches large, compact; berries medium, amber color with thick skin; pulp sweet, rich, fine flavored; ripens with Delaware.

Ontario. (Lab.) A very large black grape, probably identical with Union Village.

Onyx. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Delago crossed with Golden Gem; from Munson in 1899. Cluster medium; berry medium, dark red; stamens erect; ripens early.

Opal. (Lab. Vin.) A white seedling of Lindley crossed with Martha; from Munson, introduced about 1892. Lacks vigor; hardy, not productive at this Station; self-fertile; bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact; berries medium, nearly round, yellowish-white with thin white bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tough, not readily releasing seed, juicy, sweet, sprightly, vinous with little or no foxy flavor; good; ripens with Niagara.

Oriole. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Devereaux; from Munson. Vigorous and productive; stamens erect; bunch medium to large, cylindrical, shouldered, moderately compact; berries small, black, with thin, tough skin; pulp tender, sweet; best quality; very late.

Orphan Boy. (Vin. Lab. Bourq.) Noted by Mitzky, 1893, as from J. H. Dawson, Weatherford, Texas, and as a cross between Delaware and Wilder. Bunch medium, shouldered; berry large, black with fine bloom; quality much like Delaware; ripens a little after Delaware.

Orwigsburg. (Lab. Vin.) Black Palestine; Schuylkill. Found growing near Orwigsburg, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, by Dr. W. E. Hulings of Philadelphia. Generally supposed to be a hybrid between a Vinifera and some native species, probably Labrusca; said to be productive, hardy, subject to mildew; berries round, small, white; juicy, sweet; good.

Osage. (Lab. Vin.) A black seedling of Concord; from John Burr, of Kansas. Vigorous, usually hardy and healthy, medium to very productive; flowers sterile; stamens reflexed; tendrils continuous; clusters variable in size, usually short, shouldered, compact; berries large, distinctly flattened to sometimes roundish; dull black with blue bloom, shatter badly, not firm; flesh tough, foxy, sweet, good; of Concord type but less foxy; a week earlier than its parent.

Osceola. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Standard; from Dr. J. Stayman. Vigorous, very hardy, healthy and productive; stamens upright; bunch medium to large, compact; berry large, white; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, sweet, rich, sprightly, vinous; very good; ripens with Jewel.

Osee. (Rip. Lab.) A white Riparia from John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas; said to be a seedling of Grein Golden. Variable in vigor, very productive, hardy; bunch medium, short and thick, compact; berry white, very large; tender, very juicy, sprightly, sweet with a peculiar flavor; good only for wine; ripens before Concord.

Oskaloosa. (Bourq. Lab.) A Delaware seedling; from Dr. J. Stayman. Vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; bunch medium, compact; berry large, black with bloom; skin thick, tough; pulp tender, rich, sweet, sprightly, juicy, vinous; very good; very late.

Osmond. (Rip.) Noted by Downing, 1869, as a seedling of Franklin from O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pennsylvania. Bunch small; berry small, round, black, blue bloom; flesh vinous, harsh.

Oswego. (Lab.) Noted in Bushberg Catalogue, 1894; origin unknown, from Dr. J. Stayman of Leavenworth, Kansas. Vigorous, hardy and productive; bunch and berry very large, handsome, resembling Concord in color; little pulp and with native aroma; ripens with Concord.

Otoe. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report, 1863, as one of the varieties under trial in the government experimental garden.

Ouachita. (Aest.) A wild grape found on the plantation of Dr. G. W. Lawrence near Midland on the Ouachita River, Hot Springs County, Arkansas. Hardy and productive with long, compact bunches; one time popular in France for wine-making.

Owego. From John Burr. Vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; bunches medium, compact; berry very large, red; tender, juicy, sprightly and vinous; best quality.

Owens White. (Lab.) Noted by Prince in 1830 as from Wm. Owens of Virginia. A large-fruited, white Labrusca.

Owosso. (Lab. Vin.) A chance seedling from C. H. Goodhue, Owosso, Michigan; supposed to be from Catawba. Very vigorous, hardy, productive; self-sterile; bunches medium to large, round, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, dark amber with slight lilac bloom; pulp tough, sweet, vinous; quality not high; ripens with Delaware.

Ozark Seedling. Among the worthless sorts listed by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863.

Pagan. Noted by Mitzky, in 1893, as on trial.

Palermo. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, fruited in 1899. Intermediate in vigor, hardy, not a heavy bearer; tendrils usually intermittent; foliage medium to large, light green, pubescent; flowers semi-fertile; stamens upright; clusters medium to below in size and length, often single-shouldered, compact; berries average size, roundish, yellowish-green with tinge of amber, covered with thin gray bloom, adherent, firm; skin thick, tough; flesh green with tinge of yellow, tender and nearly melting, vinous, sweet from skin to center, agreeable flavor; very good.

Palmer. (Lab.) From a Mrs. Millington, of New York, about 1890. Vigorous, hardy; cluster large; berry large, round, black; pulp soft, sweet; very good.

Palmetto. (Bourq.) From David Johnson, Union, South Carolina. Resembles Herbemont very closely in form, size of cluster and berry but is distinct. Berry dark red, heavy light blue bloom; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, aromatic, vinous.

Pamlico. (Rot.) Noted in the United States Department of Agriculture Report in 1871 as a Rotundifolia with must having a saccharine strength of 80°.

Paradox. (Lab. Vin.) Seedling No. 502. A seedling of Hartford crossed with Iona; from Ricketts. Vine variable in vigor, not always hardy, an uncertain bearer; tendrils continuous; foliage healthy, large to medium; flowers semi-fertile, bloom medium late; stamens upright; fruit ripens about with Concord or earlier, does not keep well; clusters large, of medium length, broad, compact; berries medium, roundish, purplish-black, glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom, drop considerably from pedicel, firm; skin thin to medium, often rather tender, astringent; flesh nearly tough, stringy, somewhat vinous; good in quality.

Paragon. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Telegraph crossed with Black Hamburg; from Chas. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York, years ago. Moderate vigor; leaves dark green, three- to five-lobed; cluster large, compact; berries large, black; quality very good; good keeper; rots some.

Paragon. (Lab.) Burr’s No. 15. From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Lacks vigor; tendrils intermittent; flowers nearly fertile; stamens upright; season between Worden and Concord; keeps well; clusters not uniform, short, compact; berries medium, roundish, black, glossy, covered with abundant blue bloom, persistent; skin varies in toughness, tender, not astringent; flesh moderately tender, stringy and foxy, nearly sweet at skin to acid at center; good, equal to Concord.

Parker Rocky Mountain Seedling. Noted in a list of native grapes under test in the experimental vineyards of the Department of Agriculture in 1860.

Pattison. (Lab.?) Given in a list of earliest ripening varieties in the report of the Canada Central Experimental Farms for 1905.

Pauline. (Bourq.) Burgundy of Georgia; Red Lenoir. A Southern grape valuable only for wine; grown rather extensively fifty years ago. Not vigorous; leaves more downy than Devereaux; cluster large, long, tapering, shouldered, compact; berries below medium, copper color or violet, lilac bloom; brisk, sweet, vinous.

Paultne. Described by Wm. Falconer, Glen Cove, New York, in Country Gentleman in 1884. Cluster medium, loose; berries greenish, unequal, not over medium; foliage healthy.

Pawnee. (Aest. Lab.) From Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kansas. Medium in vigor, productive; stamens upright; cluster large, double-shouldered, compact; berry above medium; skin thin, tough, black; pulp tender, meaty, not juicy, sprightly, rich, vinous, sweet, peculiar flavor resembling Ozark; quality medium.

Paxton. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from F. F. Merceron, Catawissa, Pennsylvania; fruited in 1863. Said to be as hardy and productive as the Concord, which it much resembles; large bunch and berry; quality given by originator as better than Concord.

Pearl. (Rip. Lab.) Rommel’s Taylor Seedling No. 10. From Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Missouri. Very vigorous, hardy, variable in productiveness; tendrils continuous, bifid to trifid; leaves large, light green; lower surface pale green, pubescent; flowers semi-fertile, open early; stamens upright; fruit ripens with Concord or later; clusters intermediate in size, short, slender, usually with a small single shoulder, compact; berries small, roundish, very light green, often with amber or yellow tinge, covered with thin gray bloom, shatter badly; skin variable in thickness and toughness; flesh moderately juicy, tender and vinous, sweet from skin to center; fair in quality. The vine is peculiar in having very hairy petioles and nearly glabrous shoots.

Pedee. (Rot.) Discovered on Pedee River, South Carolina, over thirty years ago. Vigorous; stamens reflexed; cluster very small, loose, irregular; berry very large, black; medium in quality; ripens a month after Scuppernong.

Peerless. (Lab. Vin.) A hybrid between Hartford and Muscat Hamburg; from Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio. Productive; cluster long, slightly shouldered, rather loose; berry green, large, adherent; skin thin, tough; seeds two to four; pulp quite large, firm, separating easily from seeds, juicy; excellent quality.

Peggy. (Lab.) In 1869, R. W. Gandy, Troy, Iowa, described Peggy as hardy and healthy; berry size of Isabella and equal to Delaware in flavor; ripens five days before Hartford. In 1876, John Balsiger, of Highland, Madison County, Illinois, said of it: “A very foxy, small and valueless grape.”

Pell’s Illinois. (Rip.?) Found wild in prairies of Illinois and sent to Prince by G. T. Pell, of Illinois, about 1830.

Peola. (Lab. Vin.) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1890. Vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; free from rot and mildew; berry medium, black, with some bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, vinous; very good; ripens about with Concord.

Perfume. Named by a General Jones previous to 1830. The original vine grew on a small island in the Roanoke River a few miles above the Great Falls, in North Carolina. A. J. Davie, describing it in the American Farmer gives the color as purple; berry one-third larger than common grape of woods, slightly elongated; fine flavor.

Perry. (Linc. Bourq.) Parentage, Post-oak No. 2 fertilized with Herbemont; from Munson. Very vigorous, healthy, very productive; cluster large, slender, compact; berry small to medium, purple; skin thin, tough; pulp melting, juicy, good; season two weeks later than Concord.

Peter Wylie. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Peter Wylie No. 1. Parents, Halifax crossed with a Vinifera, fertilized with Delaware crossed with a Vinifera; from Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Chester, South Carolina. Vigor and hardiness medium, inclined to rot in some places, not productive; shoots smooth; leaves medium to small, shallow three-lobed, glabrous underneath; stamens upright; cluster medium to large, compact, often shouldered; berry medium, greenish to greenish-yellow; skin thin, tender; flesh tender, sweet, vinous, Muscat flavor; quality good; ripens soon after Concord.

Pierce. (Lab. Vin.) Isabella Regia; Royal Isabella. A bud-sport from Isabella, originating about 1882 with Mr. J. P. Pierce, of Santa Clara, California. Very vigorous, large leaves, prolific; cluster large; berries very large, black, light bloom, not firm; pulp tender, sweet, strongly aromatic; good; a valuable grape west of Rocky Mountains.

Pioneer. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Isabella and very similar to it.

Piqua. Mentioned by Buchanan as raised and exhibited by Longworth in 1846.

Pittsburg Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) Found growing wild in 1851, by J. S. Arthur, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Does not yield as well as Delaware, but earlier, more sprightly and vinous and with less pulp; ripens in August.

Pizarro. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) Parents, a Clinton seedling crossed with a Vinifera; from J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New York. Medium in vigor, productive; stamens upright; cluster large, loose; berry medium, black, oblong; juicy, sweet, aromatic; good quality; ripens mid-season.

Planchette. (Bourq. Lab. Vin.) Herbemont fertilized by Triumph; from Munson. Self-fertile; cluster medium; berry white; season late.

Planet. (Lab. Vin.) From Ricketts; parents, Concord crossed by Black Muscat of Alexandria. Healthy and productive; cluster large, loose, shouldered; berries large, intermixed with smaller ones which have no seeds, oblong; pulp tender, juicy, sweet; good flavor with slight taste of Muscat.

Plymouth. (Lab.) Plymouth White. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report of 1860 as a native white grape, suitable for culture in the Northern and Middle States.

Pocohontas Red. (Lab.) A worthless variety noted in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Poeschel Mammoth. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Mammoth Catawba; from Michael Poeschel, Hermann, Missouri. Healthy; cluster medium, compact, sometimes shouldered; berry very large, round, red; pulpy, deficient in flavor; season a week later than Catawba.

Pollock. (Lab. Vin.) From a Mr. Pollock, of Tremont, New York, previous to 1862. A free grower; foliage thick and leathery; free from mildew; cluster compact, long, large; berry dark purple or black; flesh tender, vinous, not too sweet.

Pond’s Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling grown by Samuel Pond of Massachusetts, previous to 1830. Very vigorous, short-jointed; shy bearer; cluster long, large; berry round, purple; juicy; good quality.

Ponroy. (Doan.) A named wild variety found by Munson in Wilbarger County, Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster medium; berry medium, black; season early.

Pontotoc. (Vin. Bourq. Lab.) A cross of Delago fertilized with Brilliant; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; cluster and berry large, red; quality as good or better than Brighton; season early.

Porup. (Linc. Rup.) A seedling of Post-oak by Rupestris; from Munson. Mississippi Station Bulletin No. 56 says: A late ripening variety; shatters badly; yield and quality poor.

Post-oak No. 1. (Linc.) From Munson, found in 1881. Stamens reflexed; cluster large; berry medium to small; black; season late.

Post-oak No. 2. (Linc.) From Munson, found in 1883. Stamens reflexed; cluster and berry medium; black; season very late.

Post-oak No. 3. (Linc.) Found by Munson in 1883. Stamens reflexed; cluster and berry black; season very late.

Potter. (Lab.) Potter’s Early; Potter’s Seedling; Potter’s Sweet. Originated in Providence, Rhode Island about 1881. Vigorous; cluster compact, medium size, not shouldered; berry large; skin thick, black; pulp rather tough; season earlier than Concord.

Prairie State. (Lab.) From Jacob Christian, Mount Carroll, Illinois, before 1892. Hardy, productive; cluster large, compact; berries large, white, fine bloom; skin thin; no pulp, sweet, pleasant flavor; good; ripens ten days before Concord.

President. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Herbert; from Munson. Strong, healthy, prolific; flower perfect; cluster medium, compact; berry large, black, persistent, does not crack; quality better than Concord; ripens with Moore Early.

Presly. (Lab. Rip.) Lyon; President Lyon. A seedling of Elvira crossed with Champion; from Munson, the name changed by him from President Lyon to Presly. Vigorous, hardy, produces good crops; tendrils continuous; flowers nearly fertile; stamens upright; fruit ripens the last of August; clusters medium, slender, cylindrical, frequently single-shouldered, loose; berries small, roundish, purplish-red, heavy blue bloom, persistent; skin medium, tender, adheres strongly to pulp; flesh dull green, juicy, tender, foxy, mild, sweet from skin to center; good quality.

Primate. (Lab. Bourq.?) Originated by John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas, from mixed seed. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive; cluster long, compact, handsome; berry medium or above, red, firm; pulp tender, juicy, rich, vinous; quality very good; season a little after Concord.

Professor Brunk. Vigorous, healthy; cluster medium size, ragged; ripens unevenly; very late. Reported upon at Mississippi Experiment Station in 1899.

Professor Gulley. According to Mississippi Station Bulletin No. 56, 1899, vine and fruit resemble those of Concord and fruit ripens irregularly about the same time. Yield not so large, more subject to rot.

Professor Hilgard. (Linc. Bourq.) Parents, Post-oak crossed with Herbemont; from Munson. Cluster large, shouldered, compact; berry medium, purple; juicy, sweet and sprightly; medium to late.

Profitable. (Lab. Rip.) A seedling of Elvira fertilized by Perkins; from Munson. Vigorous and productive, hardy; stamens upright, perfectly self-fertile; cluster medium to large, long, medium compact, shouldered; berry medium size, round, inclined to oblong, pale greenish-red; skin rather thin, tender; pulp tender, sweet, juicy; flavor pleasant and agreeable; season about with Concord.

Profusion. (Linc. Lab.) Ten-Dollar-Prize fertilized by Worden; from Munson, 1889. Very vigorous; stamens upright; cluster large, compact; berry small, black, adheres well; quality good; later than Concord in Texas.

Progress. (Lab. Vin.) Thought to be a hardy native Labrusca by Black Hamburg cross; from A. F. Rice, of South Weymouth, Massachusetts, previous to 1883. Good grower; cluster medium size, shouldered; berries large, dark red; skin thick, rather tender; quite pulpy, juicy, not high flavored; quality fair.

Progress. (Lab. Vin.) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas, previous to 1885. Very vigorous, healthy, hardy; cluster large, compact, shouldered; berry large, medium, black, fine bloom; pulp tender, juicy, rich, vinous; quality best; season a little later than Concord.

Prolific. (Lab.) From Dr. Stayman about 1880. Vigorous, productive; clusters large, double-shouldered, compact, hang well on vine; berry large, black; season soon after Jewel.

Prolific Chicken Grape. (Rip.?) A wild grape from Goochland County, Virginia; mentioned by Prince in 1830. Very productive; flavor pleasant; ripens in August in Virginia.

Provost White. (Lab.) Noted by Strong in 1866 as a common wild variety of little value.

Prunella. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling from M. Vibert, of France, produced by crossing a Vinifera with Isabella, about 1842. Resembles Wilder very closely.

Pukwana. (Mont. Rup.) A seedling of Vitis monticola crossed with Rupestris; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; blooms mid-season; cluster small; berry small, black.

Pulaski. (Lab. Vin. Aest.?) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas. Vine vigorous, hardy, medium to productive; canes long; tendrils continuous to sometimes intermittent; foliage large to medium; flowers nearly fertile; stamens reflexed; keeps well; clusters small, inclined to short, often with a small single shoulder, compact; berries intermediate in size, roundish, dark purplish-black covered with blue bloom; skin thin, tender, adheres to pulp; flesh greenish, tender, sweet; good to very good in quality.

Pulliat. (Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Herbemont; from M. Pulliat, of France; received at this Station in 1896. Vigorous, not hardy, very productive; foliage shows Vinifera, mildews; tendrils intermittent; stamens upright; clusters large, compact, shouldered; berries small, round, black; pulp tender, moderately juicy, of good flavor; ripens about ten days later than Herbemont.

Pulpless. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Vigorous, productive; stamens upright; cluster large, shouldered, medium in compactness; berry large, black, oval; vinous, rich; quality very good; ripens with Concord.

Purity. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A cross between Delaware and some native variety; from G. W. Campbell, about 1870. A white grape of the Delaware type but a stronger, healthier grower; foliage larger and thicker; bunches smaller than Delaware; berries larger; sweet, of very fine quality; ripens very early; difficult to propagate.

Purple Bloom. (Lab. Vin.) Culbert’s Seedling No. 6. A seedling of Hartford and General Marmora; from Dr. W. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, New York, exhibited before the American Pomological Society in 1877. Vigorous, hardy, productive; bunches large, showy; berries above medium, purple, of good quality.

Purple Favorite. (Aest.) Discarded as a worthless variety by United States Department of Agriculture in 1864.

Purple Marion. Mottier. Noted by W. R. Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Putnam. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Ricketts’ Delaware Seedling No. 2. A cross between Delaware and Concord; from J. H. Ricketts, Newburgh, New York, previous to 1871. Vine resembles Concord more than Delaware; tendrils intermittent; clusters medium, moderately compact, usually single-shouldered; berries medium, oval, black, persistent; pulp tender, sweet, good; ripens early.

Quassaic. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A cross between Clinton and Muscat Hamburg; from Ricketts of Newburgh, about 1870. Usually vigorous, productive; stamens upright; bunch large, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, roundish-oval, black with heavy blue bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich, aromatic; good; ripens soon after Concord.

Queen of Sheba. Sent out from Connecticut about 1869 as a promising variety but proved to be Diana.

Quinnebang. Pronounced worthless by Prince in 1863.

Quintina. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Jaeger; from Munson in 1897. Cluster large; berry medium, black; stamens erect; ripens late.

Raabe. (Lab. Vin.) Honey; Raabe’s Honey; Raabe’s No. 3. Raised by Peter Raabe of Philadelphia about 1850; supposed to be a Catawba seedling but some say it is a cross between Elsinburgh and Bland. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, prolific; foliage much like Catawba; bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered; berries small, round, dark purplish-red, heavy bloom; pulp sugary, very juicy, vinous with Catawba aroma; very good; early.

Raabe’s Seedlings. Peter Raabe, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, years ago originated several varieties of pure Vinifera seedlings. The best known of these were Brinckle and Emily. They were unfit for outdoor culture and are now long obsolete. Raabe originated native varieties as well as the above mentioned Vinifera sorts.

Rachel. Exhibited at the grape show in New York in 1867 from the vineyard of Rev. J. Knox, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. Healthy and vigorous; bunch and berry medium, white; early.

Racine. (Linc.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, “of similar origin as Neosho and at first supposed to be the same grape but afterwards recognized as distinct.” Hardy, healthy, not very productive; small pulpy berries of poor quality.

Ragan. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) Reagan. A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Triumph; from Munson about 1892. Vigorous and fairly productive; stamens upright; clusters large, conical, sometimes shouldered, compact; berries medium, roundish, a little flattened; skin moderately thick, tough, shiny black with blue bloom; pulp rather tender, juicy, some trace of Post-oak flavor; fair to good.

Raisin. Noted in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report for 1897. Very productive; a medium-sized bunch with small, black berries of fair quality.

Raisin de Cote. According to Prince 1830, this is a native of Louisiana of which there are two varieties, the more common one being dark blue, round with thick skin, somewhat pulpy, extremely sweet and not musky.

Ramsey. (Champ.) One of Munson’s, a variety of Vitis champini found in San Saba County, Texas. Cluster small; berry medium, black; ripens early; self-sterile.

Randall. Received at this Station in 1893 from Peter Henderson and Company, New York, as a cutting of a seed sport originating in the garden of a Mr. Randall, Bayonne, New Jersey. It proved to be very similar if not identical with Agawam.

Raritan. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Ricketts’ Delaware Seedling No. 1. A seedling of Delaware crossed with Concord, from J. H. Ricketts. Moderately vigorous, doubtfully hardy; foliage much like Delaware; quite productive; bunch medium, shouldered, resembles Delaware; berry medium, round, black; flesh juicy, sweet, vinous; ripens about with Delaware.

Rautenberg’s Seedlings. F. E. L. Rautenberg, of Lincoln, Illinois, has originated many varieties of grapes. His varieties were raised from seed of various standard varieties and are most of them second generation hybrids. His best known sorts are: Amalia, Black Rose, Bismarck, Chicago, Clarissa, Cleopatra, Hatton and Moltke.

Read Seedling. From M. A. Read, Port Dalhousie, Ontario; awarded the first premium at the Industrial Fair, Toronto, 1895, as the best seedling grape. Described by the originator as vigorous with heavy foliage similar to Concord, very productive; bunch large, well shouldered, very compact; berry of fair size, firm, black; good; early.

Red Bird. (Lab. Vin.) Munson’s No. 33. A cross between Lindley and Champion; from Munson, about 1888. Vigorous, hardy except in severe winters, variable in productiveness; tendrils continuous; flowers sterile; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, usually shouldered, variable in compactness; berries medium, roundish, dull dark red with heavy blue bloom; skin thick, tough; pulp tough, sweet, juicy, decidedly foxy; good.

Red Giant. (Lab.) From Pennsylvania, about 1898. Vigorous, healthy, prolific; sterile; bunch medium, compact; berry very large; skin thick and tough, dark red; pulp tender, sweet, foxy; similar to Columbian Imperial.

Red Jacket. From William M. Marine. A medium-sized bunch with large oval berries of the Isabella type.

Red Juice. Mentioned by Adlum in 1823. Said to make a claret wine.

Red Leaf. (Rup.) A wild Rupestris found in Missouri and used by Munson. Cluster very small; berry small, black; stamens reflexed; ripens early.

Red Riesling. Introduced by the Hermann Grape Nurseries, Hermann, Missouri. Described as being hardy and free from rot; bunches medium; berries dark red, large.

Red Rover. (Lab. Vin.) Found growing in the vineyard of C. W. Seelye at Vine Valley, on Canandaigua Lake, New York. Vigorous, healthy, fairly productive; clusters large, shouldered, moderately compact; berries medium, round, resemble Brighton in size and color; skin moderately thick and tough; pulp tender, sweet, vinous, juicy, agreeable flavor; good; ripens two weeks later than Brighton and is a better keeper but not so high in quality.

Red Sheperd. (Rip. Lab.) Disseminated by a Mr. Estell of Rush County, Indiana. Very vigorous, resembles Taylor; bunches small and compact; berries small, round, red; sweet, very foxy.

Red Sweet Water. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling exhibited at the Ohio State Fair, 1876, from Dr. Clark of Lebanon; said to be of southern origin and of the Catawba type.

Regina. Listed among the grapes on trial in the government experimental garden in 1863.

Reinecke. (Lab.) From F. E. L. Rautenberg of Lincoln, Illinois. A seedling of Woodruff and, according to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, not sufficiently distinct to be disseminated as a different variety.

Reinike. (Rip. Lab.) Noted in the Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report, 1871, as a vigorous, hardy grape resembling Clinton but with a less compact bunch.

Reliance. (Vin. Bourq. Lab.) Exhibited by J. G. Burrows, Fishkill, New York, before the American Pomological Society in 1881; a probable cross between Delaware and Iona. Vigorous, hardy and very productive; bunch resembles Delaware in size but not so compact; berry medium, light red; tender, juicy, sweet; ripens with Delaware.

Rentz. (Lab. Vin.) Rentz Seedling; Riatz. A Catawba seedling; from Sebastion Rentz, of Cincinnati. Vigorous, healthy, hardy, very productive; stamens upright; bunch medium, compact, usually shouldered; berries large, round, black, shatter badly; pulp firm, sweet, juicy, foxy; early.

Rhenish. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report, 1849-50, as being “an excellent variety”, grown in Illinois; supposed to be of European origin, though doubtful.

Richmond. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report, 1875, as being a very early southern grape.

Riehl’s Seedlings. Seedlings originated by E. H. Riehl, of Alton, Illinois. Those tested at this Station all show unmistakable traces of Concord blood and are presumably seedlings of that variety. The most promising of these is Eclipse, for a description of which see page 254. With the exception of Eclipse, none of his seedlings has been named or introduced.

Riesenblatt. (Aest.) Giant Leaf. A chance seedling found growing in the vineyard of M. Poeschel at Hermann, Missouri. Hardy, healthy, productive; with a very large leaf; bunch and berries small.

Roanoke Red. (Cord. Lab. Vin.) From Texas, previous to 1900. Very vigorous; stamens upright; bunch medium, moderately compact; berry medium, reddish-purple; fair to good; ripens with Pocklington.

Robert Wylie. Produced by Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, South Carolina. Described in Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, as a great bearer but not quite hardy; bunch large and long; berry large, blue; skin thin; rich and juicy; ripens as late as Catawba.

Robeson. From a Mr. Robeson, of South Texas. Resembles Devereaux; probably a seedling of that variety but inferior to it in every respect.

Robeson Seedling. According to the Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, identical with Louisiana. Probably the same as Robeson.

Robinson Unnamed Seedling. (Lab.) Given in Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, as an accidental seedling found by Mrs. E. Mason, Lamont, Michigan, in 1881. Moderate grower with Labrusca foliage; bunch medium, round, reddish-amber with thin whitish bloom; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, sprightly, a little foxy, “very good”; ripens with Delaware.

Robusta. (Long.) A variety of Vitis longii found in Motley County, Texas, and used by Munson. Cluster small; berry small; self-sterile; ripens early.

Rockingham. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from T. B. Miner, of New Jersey. Described by Mitzky, 1893, as “hardy, vigorous, productive; bunch and berry medium, black; quality like Concord.”

Rockland Favorite. (Lab.) A Concord seedling from Rockland, Massachusetts, introduced by Ellwanger & Barry as earlier, hardier and better than its parent. Bunch and berry large, black; sweet, juicy.

Roenbeck. (Vin.?) A chance seedling originated on the grounds of Jas. W. Trask, Bergen Point, New Jersey; first fruited in 1870. Fairly vigorous, hardy, very productive, with tendency to overbear; clusters medium, compact, shouldered; berries medium, roundish, slightly flattened; skin thin, tough, greenish with yellowish tinge, white bloom; pulp nearly transparent, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous; fair to good.

Rogers’ No. 5. (Lab. Vin.) One of Rogers’ unnamed hybrids; a seedling of Mammoth Globe crossed with Black Hamburg. Vigorous, not always hardy, moderately productive; tendrils continuous to intermittent; leaves large; stamens reflexed; self-sterile; cluster medium size, rather loose, frequently shouldered; berries large, roundish to oval; skin thin, tough, dark red to purplish-black; slightly foxy and vinous; good; ripens with Concord.

Rogers’ No. 13. (Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Mammoth Globe crossed with White Chasselas. Vigorous, not always hardy, uncertainly productive; tendrils continuous to intermittent; stamens upright; self-fertile or nearly so; clusters medium, rather loose; berries large, roundish to oblate; skin medium thick, rather tender, dark red to almost black; flesh tender, foxy, rather sweet, vinous; good; ripens with Concord; not a good keeper.

Rogers’ No. 24. (Lab. Vin.) Parents, Mammoth Globe crossed with Black Hamburg. Vigorous, productive, not always hardy; tendrils continuous to intermittent; stamens upright; flowers nearly self-fertile; clusters large, attractive, short, rather broad, variably compact; berries rather large, roundish to slightly oval, persistent; skin rather thin, rather tough, medium to light red; flesh somewhat tough, stringy, sweet, vinous; good; resembles Goethe and of about the same season.

Rogers’ No. 32. (Lab. Vin.) A cross of Mammoth Globe and Black Hamburg. Moderately vigorous, usually hardy; tendrils continuous, sometimes intermittent; stamens upright; flowers partly self-fertile; cluster medium size, usually shouldered; berries large to medium, roundish to slightly oblate; skin rather thick and tough, dark red; flesh slightly tough, sweet, vinous, musky; very good; ripens after Concord and sometimes unevenly.

Rombrill. (Lab. Rip. Vin. Bourq.) A cross of Rommel and Brilliant; from Munson in 1897. Cluster large; berry large, yellow; medium early; self-fertile.

Rosalie. (Lab.) One of E. W. Bull’s seedlings, exhibited by him before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1874. Bunch large; berry red; very foxy; shatters.

Roscoe. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware crossed with Martha; from Munson, about 1888. Vigorous, healthy, moderately productive; clusters resemble Delaware in size and shape; berries medium, nearly round, white or pale green with white bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tough, nearly sweet, sprightly; good; ripens with Delaware; self-sterile.

Rose. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delaware fertilized with Iona; from J. H. Ricketts, about 1873. “Bunch four inches long, compact; berries three-fourths of an inch in diameter, reddish purple; skin thick; pulp very tender, sprightly; very good; one of the earliest.”

Roslyn. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Diana crossed with Hartford; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York, about 1880. Bunch large, shouldered, very compact; berry large, round, sometimes compressed, purplish with thin bloom; skin thick; pulp firm, sweet with a strong musky flavor.

Roswither. (Lab. Bourq.) A seedling of Jewel; from L. Hencke, Collinsville, Illinois. Described by Mitzky, in 1893, as very productive and hardy; bunch and berry medium to large; dark purplish, nearly black; quality fine; ripens about ten days before Concord.

Ruby. (Lab.) A seedling from Geo. Haskell, Ipswich, Massachusetts. Hardy, variable in vigor; somewhat subject to rot; bunch medium, loose; berry above medium, round, dark ruby red; very good quality; ripens about with Hartford; stamens reflexed.

Ruby. (Lab. Vin. Rip.) A seedling of Elvira crossed with Brighton; from Munson, about 1890. Vigorous, healthy, not very hardy; bunches imperfectly filled, small, shouldered; berry medium, round, dull red with stripes, resembling Elvira in flavor and texture; ripens about with Concord.

Ruckland. (Lab. Vin.) Grown in Louisiana and said to have been brought from England. Munson pronounced it a Labrusca-Vinifera hybrid. Very late; red.

Rulander. (Bourq.) Amoreux; Red Elben; St. Genevieve. A southern grape, by some claimed to be a foreign seedling brought to this country by the early French settlers; probably native. Vigorous, short-jointed, healthy, not productive nor hardy; stamens upright; bunch medium, shouldered, very compact; berry small, roundish-oval, purplish-black; without pulp, juicy, sweet and rich; makes an excellent pale red wine closely resembling sherry; ripens last of July in the South.

Rupel. (Rup. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Rupestris pollinated by July Twenty-fifth; from Munson. Cluster small; berry small, black; ripens early; stamens upright.

Rupert. (Linc. Rup. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between America and Brilliant; from Munson. Vigorous, not very hardy, variable in productiveness; stamens upright; clusters medium, slender, usually shouldered, moderately compact; berries medium, nearly round, dark dull reddish-black with blue bloom; skin thin, tough; flesh pale green, tender, melting, somewhat musky, with Post-oak flavor; fair; ripens with Worden.

Rustler. (Lab. Vin.) From Munson, about 1888; a seedling of Lindley crossed with Martha. Vine vigorous, not always hardy, variable in productiveness; stamens reflexed; clusters medium, cylindrical, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries medium, roundish; skin medium thick, tough, dull light green with gray bloom, covered with scattering russet dots; pulp pale green, tough, stringy, foxy, sweet, somewhat musky; fair to good; ripens about with Concord.

Rusty Coat. Described by Mississippi Station Bulletin No. 56 as healthy, fair yielder; bunches long, loose and irregular; berries medium, black; good.

Rutland. (Lab. Vin. Aest.) From D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York, about thirty years ago; a seedling of Eumelan pollinated by Concord. Of medium vigor, not very hardy or productive; stamens upright; clusters medium, shouldered, usually compact; berries small, roundish, inclined to shatter; skin thin, somewhat tough, dark reddish-black with blue bloom; flesh tender and nearly melting, vinous, sweet; very good; ripens about with Worden.

Saginaw. Noted in Michigan Pomological Society Report, 1880, as a seedling from G. Wingworth, Saginaw City, Michigan. Vigorous, hardy, early.

St. Albans. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Ives crossed with Niagara; from Jacob P. Bossung, Jefferson County, Kentucky, about 1889. Fair grower, hardy, healthy; described as a “Black Niagara”.

St. Augustine. (Aest.?) Noted in American Pomological Society Report for 1877, as a native variety from Florida.

St. Catherine. (Lab.) From James W. Clark, Framingham, Massachusetts, about 1860. Vigorous, hardy, productive; bunches large, rather compact; berries large, round, red; pulpy, sweet, foxy.

St. Hilaire. (Rip.?) From Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, Quebec, before 1892. Hardy, vigorous; cluster small, rather loose; berry small, black; pulp tough with a marked acidity.

St. John. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Brighton pollinated by Delaware; from Henry B. Spencer, Rocky River, Ohio, about 1890. Vigorous, healthy, productive; foliage like Delaware; short-jointed; fruit resembles Brighton; pulp sweet, meaty, tender, vinous; ripens about with Delaware.

Salabra. Described by Georgia Experiment Station in 1901 as weak in vigor, unproductive; stamens reflexed; bunches irregular, very loose; berries small, black, of fair quality; ripens with Delaware; perhaps same as Salado.

Salado. (Champ. Lab. Vin.) Seedling of De Grasset crossed with Brilliant; from Munson. Resistant to drought, vigorous, prolific; pistillate; adapted to limy and black soils of the South.

Sally. (Bourq. Vin. Rip.) A cross between Delaware and Sherman; from D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York. Vigorous, healthy; bunch smaller than Delaware; berry same size, sweeter, white; very early.

Salt Creek. (Doan.) A variety of Vitis doaniana found by Munson in Greer County, Oklahoma; stamens reflexed; small bunch with medium-sized black berry; early; an excellent graft stock.

Saluda. Noted in United States Patent Office Report for 1860 as very vigorous; blue, large; juicy, somewhat pulpy.

Salzer Earliest. (Lab.) From John A. Salzer, La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1892. Very hardy, prolific; resembles Concord in type but of better quality; early.

Samuels. (Vin.?) A cross between a Vinifera and a native Texas species; exhibited by Bruni & Brother, Laredo, Texas, at the Columbian Exposition in 1893. Bunch large, compact, much compounded; berries medium, white; skin adherent; flavor not high.

Sanalba. (Rot. Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross of San Jacinto and Brilliant; from Munson, about 1906. Said to be very vigorous, prolific; cluster larger than Scuppernong; berry large, white, rich in sugar, tender, of good quality; skin thin.

Sanbornton. (Lab. Vin.) Sanborton. Purchased for an Isabella by Dr. Carr, of Sanbornton, New Hampshire, in 1826. Said to resemble Isabella except that it has rounder berries and ripens earlier.

San Jacinto. (Rot. Linc.) A seedling of Scuppernong crossed with a Lincecumii hybrid; from Munson, about 1898. Medium in vigor, prolific, healthy; stamens reflexed; bunch small, irregular, very loose; berry large, black, of fair quality; ripens two to three weeks after Scuppernong.

Sanmelaska. (Rot. Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A hybrid of San Jacinto and Brilliant; from Munson, about 1906. Said to be very vigorous, prolific; bunch three times as large as Scuppernong; berry about same size, sweeter, black.

Sanmonta. (Bourq. Rip. Linc.) A seedling of San Jacinto crossed with Herbemont; from Munson, about 1906. Vigorous, very prolific; bunch above medium; berry black; very juicy, melting, sprightly; skin thin; seeds small.

Sanrubra. (Rot. Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between San Jacinto and Brilliant; from Munson, about 1906. Very vigorous, productive; cluster medium; berry not quite as large as Scuppernong but more persistent; melting, sweet, of good quality; skin thin, tough.

Santa Clara. (Vin. Lab. Bourq.) A seedling of unknown parentage, probably Delaware; from J. B. Tuckerman, Cassville, New York, first fruited in 1900. Lacks vigor; strongly Vinifera in vine characters; tendrils intermittent; stamens upright; flowers sterile; clusters usually single-shouldered; berries small, roundish, light green with thin gray bloom, persistent, rather soft; fair in flavor and quality; skin nearly thin, tender.

Saxe White Seedling. Found in Catskill Mountains by W. H. Saxe, Palenville, New York, about 1900. Vigorous, hardy, productive; ripens a little before Early Ohio.

Schenck White. Noted in Grape Culturist, 1871, as “supposed to have come from Germany about 1790.”

Schiller. (Bourq.) A seedling of Louisiana; from Frederick Muench, Marthasville, Missouri. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, productive; bunch below medium; berries medium, purplish-blue.

Schmitz Seedling. (Lab. Vin.) Noted in Magazine of Horticulture for 1853 as a seedling grape from Gerhard Schmitz, Pennsylvania. Resembles Isabella closely but may be a little earlier.

Schoonemunk. (Lab.) Skunnymunk. A native seedling found by W. A. Woodward, Mortonville, Orange County, New York, about 1860, named after a neighboring mountain. Said to be hardy, productive; fruit equal in size and flavor to the Concord; earlier in ripening.

Scott. Noted by Prince in 1830 as a native North Carolina grape found by Gen. John Scott of the same state. Berries medium, round, white, amber when ripe; juicy, of good flavor; ripen late.

Secunda. (Linc. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Early Purple crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, about 1896. Stamens reflexed; bunch medium; berry large, red; early.

Seedlin. (Rot.) Noted in South Carolina Station Bulletin No. 132, 1907, as medium in vigor, very productive; flowers perfect; bunches contain three to six reddish-black berries; pulp tender, juicy, slightly acid, of good quality; skin thick.

Selma. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Elvira probably crossed with Concord; from G. Segessman, Amazonia, Missouri; first mentioned about 1890. Hardy, productive, healthy; bunches large, perfect, shouldered; berry medium, round, black, adherent; juicy, sprightly, pleasant flavored; skin thick; ripens a few days after Moore Early.

Seneca. (Lab.) A seedling of Hartford; first exhibited at Hammondsport, New York, in 1867 by R. Simpson, Geneva, New York. Similar to its parent.

Seneca. (Lab. Vin.) From John Burr, Leavenworth, Kansas; mentioned in Missouri Horticultural Society Report in 1892. Very vigorous, not quite hardy, healthy, productive; bunch large, compact; berry large, red, with slight bloom; tender, juicy, sprightly, sweet, of Catawba flavor; skin thin, tough; ripens after Concord.

Septimia. (Linc. Vin. Lab. Bourq.?) From Munson, in 1897; a cross between Early Purple and Carman. Stamens erect; bunch large with medium-sized, black berries; late.

Seward. A seedling from S. V. Smith, Syracuse, New York; exhibited as a new variety before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1880. Bunch medium, compact, frequently shouldered; berry large, round, color of Catawba; sweet, juicy, rich, not adherent; skin medium thick.

Shala. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) A seedling of America crossed with Beacon; from Munson, in 1899. Vigorous, prolific; stamens upright; clusters large; berry large, black, tender, juicy, delicious; skin thin, tough; ripens about with Concord.

Sharon. (Lab. Vin.?) A seedling of Adirondac; introduced by D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York. Resembles its parent but is sweeter, hardier, more reliable; ripens at the same time.

Sharp Beak. (Rup. Rip. Lab.) From Munson; parents, Vitis rupestris crossed with Elvira. Stamens reflexed; cluster and berry small, black; early.

Shelley Seedling. A seedling from Daniel Shelley, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, exhibited in 1879. Fruit medium in size, of Catawba color and of very good flavor.

Sheppard Delaware. (Lab. Vin.) Noted by Downing in 1869 as a seedling of Catawba from J. N. Sheppard, in 1853. The vine and fruit are similar in all respects to Delaware.

Shepperd. (Lab.) A seedling from E. W. Bull, Concord, Massachusetts; exhibited in 1874 before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Bunch and berry medium, black, not adherent.

Sherman. (Rip.) Resembles Lyman in most characters and by some considered synonymous. Poor bearer; stamens imperfect; ripens earlier than Hartford.

Sheruah. (Linc. Rup. Lab. Vin.) A seedling of America fertilized by R. W. Munson; from Munson, in 1899. Described by originator as “vigorous and prolific; cluster very large; berry large, black and handsome; skin thin and tough; pulp tender, juicy, delicious; medium late season.” Resembles Concord in type of cluster and general appearance but is superior in the texture and flavor of the pulp.

Shull No. 2. (Lab. Vin.) A chance seedling of unknown parentage; from J. Shull, Ilion, New York, about 1892. Very vigorous, healthy, productive; stamens long; clusters medium to large, compact, cylindrical; berry medium, roundish-oblong; skin thin, tender, pale green covered with thin bloom; pulp tender, releases seeds readily, sweet; good but not equal to Winchell; early.

Shurtleff Seedling. Lilac. A chance seedling, probably from a foreign grape, found in the garden of Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, of Pemberton Hill, near Boston, in 1822. Bunches large, shouldered; berries nearly large, oval; skin thick, light purple or lilac, with a spotted appearance, grayish bloom; pulp firm, sweet, rich; very good; ripens early in September.

Siglar. Mentioned in the Gardener’s Monthly, 1869, as a new variety resembling Delaware but with fruit twice as large. Comparatively hardy, productive; rich and sweet.

Silkyfine. (Lab. Rip. Vin.) A cross of One Seed with Rommel; from Munson, in 1898. Stamens erect; bunch medium; berry large, white; late.

Silvain. (Doan.) A wild staminate variety of Vitis doaniana found in Greer County, Oklahoma, by Munson. It furnishes an excellent graft stock.

Silver Dawn. (Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Israella fertilized with Muscat Hamburg, of the same lot of seed as Early Dawn; from Dr. Wm. A. M. Culbert, Newburgh, New York, about 1877. Vigorous, hardy; white; best.

Sinawissa. Noted in the Wisconsin Horticultural Society Report, 1876, as a grape of delicious flavor but not to be recommended for general cultivation.

Sloe. (Rot.) A variety of Vitis rotundifolia which, according to Prince, 1830, “is probably the original vine whence the improved varieties of its race have emanated, but inferior to all the others. The fruit is sour and scarcely eatable, and of a dark purple or black color.”

Small Leaf. (Rup.) A wild variety of Vitis rupestris found by Munson in Texas. Stamens reflexed; cluster very small; berry small, black; very early.

Smallwood. A native of North Carolina; from E. Smallwood. According to Prince, 1830, the fruit is about half the size of the Muscatel, and is much esteemed for making wine.

Snelter. Mentioned by Mitzky, 1893, as a seedling of Riparia crossed with Concord; from L. Snelter, Carver, Minnesota.

Snowflake. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, a seedling of Jewel, from Dr. J. K. Stayman. Vigorous, hardy and productive; bunch medium, compact; berry large, white; tender but firm, juicy, sprightly, vinous, sweet; of very good quality; ripens about with Concord.

Solander Large Purple. According to Prince, 1830, a variety highly esteemed in Missouri, from which place it was received by him.

Solrupo. (Long. Linc. Rup.) A cross between Vitis longii and a seedling of Lincecumii crossed with Rupestris; from Munson. Stamens reflexed; bunch and berry small, black; early.

Somerville. A large-berried variety, growing in the vineyard of Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina, in 1845.

Sophia. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Concord fertilized with Iona; from D. J. Piper, Forreston, Ogle County, Illinois, about 1880. Equal to Concord in hardiness, very productive; clusters compact; berries having the rich vinous nature of the Iona and the sweetness of the Concord; ripens with Concord and is a good keeper.

Souland. (Rip.) Mentioned in the Illinois Horticultural Society Report, 1868, as a good winter grape, resembling Clinton; exhibited by John H. Tice before the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers’ Association in that year.

South Carolina. According to Warder, 1867, from Ohio. Vigorous; bunch large; berry small, black; juicy, spicy; very promising.

Southern Champion. Exhibited by Stephen H. Shallcross of Louisville, Kentucky, at the fruit show of the Southern Exposition in Louisville.

Spencer. (Vin. Lab.) Wells; Wells White. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report, 1861, as an accidental cross between Sweetwater and Isabella.

Spinosa. (Lab.) A wild variety of Vitis labrusca from North Carolina; collected by Munson. Stamens reflexed; bunch very small; berries large, black; mid-season.

Spotted Globe. According to Fuller, 1867, a hybrid from Jacob Moore, Rochester, New York. Very feeble; flesh sweet, very tender; good.

Springfield. (Lab.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, a seedling of Northern Muscadine; from W. H. Lightfoot, Springfield, Illinois. Strong, healthy and hardy; bunch medium to large, very compact; berries large, reddish-brown becoming dark brown when fully ripe; pulpy yet juicy and very sweet; ripens about a week before Concord.

Stace White. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) An unnamed seedling from S. Stace, Barnard Crossing, Monroe County, New York. A cross between Delaware and Isabella; the vine closely resembles Rebecca in foliage, habit and fruit.

Stelton. (Lab. Vin.) From W. Thompson, of New Brunswick, about 1882. Bunch large, shouldered, rather loose; berries medium, greenish-white with white bloom; pulp juicy, sweet; ripens with Concord.

Sterling. (Lab. Vin.) From E. P. Fisher, Sterling, Kansas, about 1904. Moderate grower, healthy and hardy; bunch small to medium, irregular in shape; berry large, round; ripens with Concord; good keeper.

Stetson’s Seedlings. From Amos Stetson, of East Braintree, Massachusetts, about sixty years ago.

No. 1. See Cabot.

No. 2. (Lab. Vin.) A red native Labrusca crossed with Grizzly Frontignan. Berries nearly white, with a little tinge of blush.

No. 3. (Lab. Vin.) A native red Labrusca fertilized by Grizzly Frontignan. Resembles No. 2 but has larger berries.

No. 4. (Lab. Vin.) A red native Labrusca crossed with Black Hamburg. Ripens early in September, fourteen days sooner than Isabella.

No. 5. (Lab. Vin.) A cross between a native red Labrusca and Sweetwater. Resembles Sweetwater very closely; color dark blue.

Storm King. (Lab.) A sport of Concord; from E. P. Roe, Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York. Resembles its parent in all respects except that the berries are about twice as large and are less foxy.

Strawberry. According to Cole, 1849, from Col. L. Chase, Cornish, New Hampshire. Bunch and berry small; pleasant, sub-acid flavor.

Striped Ruby. Munson’s No. 13. One of Munson’s seedlings on trial at the Virginia Experiment Station in 1893.

Success. (Linc. Rup. Bourq.) Parentage, Post-oak, Rupestris and Bourquiniana; from Munson. Noted in the Rural New Yorker for 1901. Very vigorous and highly prolific; cluster size of Concord, compact; berries variable in size from small to above medium; skin thin, tough; very sweet and rich, of the best quality.

Sugar Grape. (Lab.) A wild variety of Vitis labrusca; grows in great abundance near Plymouth, Massachusetts. Growth moderate, short-jointed; healthy; bunches and berries of medium size, round and flat; very sweet.

Sugar Grape. (Rot.) A variety of the Scuppernong family, cultivated by L. Froelich, of Enfield, Halifax County, North Carolina. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report, 1871, as having a saccharine strength of 80°.

Summer White. (Lab.) Mentioned in the Magazine of Horticulture, 1854, as having been found wild; ripens the last of July and in August and September; decidedly superior to Isabella.

Sumner. Noted in the American Horticultural Annual for 1871 as a seedling raised by P. Stewart, of Mt. Lebanon, New York.

Sunrise. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) From Jos. Bachman, Altus, Arkansas, about 1897; seedling of Brilliant. Described by the originator as a strong grower; bunches rather open; berries red; skin tender; best; ten days to two weeks earlier than Delaware.

Superior. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Jewel; from John Burr of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1890. Vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; stamens upright; bunch medium, moderately compact; berry medium, black with heavy bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, rich, sweet, vinous, sprightly; very good; ripens a few days later than Jewel.

Supreme. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A Delaware seedling; from John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, about 1890. Variable in vigor and productiveness, hardy, healthy; stamens upright; cluster medium, usually compact; berry medium, black; tender, sweet, sprightly, vinous; quality better than Jewel and about a week earlier.

Swatara. From Pennsylvania; according to Horticulturist, 1858, this variety was discovered many years ago in a ravine through which the Swatara River flowed. Bunch and berry below medium size, compact; sweet; early.

Sweetey. (Linc. Bourq.) Munson’s No. 111. A seedling of Lincecumii fertilized with Herbemont; from Munson. Very vigorous, tender, a shy bearer; stamens upright; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry small, round, dark purple or black with heavy bloom; skin thin, tender; pulp large and tough; rather poor quality; a few days earlier than Concord.

Taft. Given by Prince in a list of worthless varieties in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863.

Talala. (Lab. Rip. Cand. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between Elvicand and Brilliant; from Munson. An attractive compact bunch with large red berries of rather tough pulp; not high quality.

Talequah. (Bourq. Rup. Linc.) A seedling of America crossed with Herbemont; from Munson, about 1895. Clusters large, conical; berries medium, dark red; skin thin, tough; without pulp, melting, juicy; nearly as good as Delaware; late.

Tamala. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Governor Ross; from Munson; first fruited in 1899. Moderately vigorous; stamens erect; bunch and berry medium, yellowish-white; good; ripens mid-season in Texas.

Tekoma. (Lab. Vin.) Noted in the American Horticultural Annual, 1870, as a Missouri seedling of Catawba, more healthy than that variety.

Tenderpulp. (Rot.) A Rotundifolia, originated about 1870. Vigorous, very productive; stamens reflexed; berries medium, black, in clusters of four to twelve; skin tough; pulp tender, juicy, sweet; poor; ripens about a month after Scuppernong.

Ten-Dollar-Prize. (Linc.) A wild Post-oak grape found by a Mr. Hopkins, of Texas, about 1883. Used by Munson as one of the parents in a number of his crosses.

Tennessee. Noted as on trial in the government experimental garden in 1860.

Tennessee Island. A wild grape growing in great abundance on the islands in the Tennessee River. Very similar to Scuppernong and Prince says “it is quite probable it may be the genuine Scuppernong.”

Texas. (Linc.) Diverse Leaved. A variety of grape received by Prince about 1830 from the border of Texas with leaves very variable in form; produces a great abundance of very good grapes.

Texas. (Linc.) According to Prince, 1830, “a large, slightly reddish fruit, very juicy, sweet, with little or no pulpy coherence.”

Texas. (Bourq.) Munson’s No. 181. A Herbemont seedling; from Munson of Texas. Variable in vigor; stamens upright; bunches small, compact; berries small, black; good; ripens with Herbemont.

Texas Highland. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) Munson’s No. 130. A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Agawam; from Munson, about 1885. Vigorous, not very productive; stamens erect; bunch medium, loose; berries medium to large, black; juicy, rich and pleasant; late.

Themis. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, a strong grower, hardy, productive; bunch medium, short, compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, Catawba-colored; meaty, firm; good; ripens with Worden. Considered by some same as Metis.

Theodosia. (Lab.? Rip.?) A chance seedling originating on the grounds of E. S. Salisbury, Adams, New York, in 1862. Hardy and productive; bunch medium, very compact, usually shouldered; berries medium, black; juicy, quite tart; very early.

Theophile. (Lab.) From Theophile Huber, Illinois City, Illinois. Bunch medium, compact, sometimes shouldered; berry large, yellowish-white; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; very good; ripens before Concord.

Thomas. (Rot.) A variety of Rotundifolia discovered in the woods near Marion, South Carolina, by Drury Thomas, about 1845. Vigorous, very productive; stamens erect; berries growing in clusters of from four to ten; very large; skin thin, varies in color from a reddish-purple to a deep black; pulp tender, sweet, vinous; good to very good; ripens about with Scuppernong or a little earlier. One of the best of this species for wine.

Thompson’s Seedlings. The following seedlings were originated about twenty years ago by Jos. T. Thompson of Oneida, New York:

No. 2. (Lab.) A seedling of Brighton, resembling it very closely, fully equal in quality and, so far as tested, earlier and a better keeper.

No. 3. A white grape of unknown parentage.

No. 4. A chance seedling; early, black and large.

No. 5. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Worden and fruit somewhat of the same type. Clusters medium, loose; berries nearly large, roundish, reddish-purple with thin bloom; skin thin, tough; pulp rather tough, juicy, sweet, not foxy; good; stamens reflexed; shows Vinifera; late.

No. 7. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Agawam. Vigorous, healthy; clusters nearly large, compact; berries medium to large, round; skin thick, tough, dull dark red with blue bloom; pulp sweet, rather tough, vinous; good; late.

Thompson’s Seedlings. A large number of seedlings were raised by David Thompson, of Green Island, in the Hudson River, near Troy, about forty years ago. Nearly all are of Vinifera parentage and consequently of little value for open vineyard culture. Among his named seedlings are: David Thompson, General Grant, L. H. Tupper, Nathan C. Ely, A. B. Crandall, Bonticue, Early August, William Tell, Lavina, Elenor, Jas. M. Ketchum.

Thompson Red Seedling. According to Grape Culturist, 1869, from a Mr. Thompson, originator of the Missouri Mammoth blackberry, said to be a Concord seedling but bears a strong resemblance to some of Rogers’ hybrids.

Thompson Wine. (Lab. Vin.?) Received by the Magazine of Horticulture in 1865 from Mr. R. O. Thompson, of Nebraska. Bunch and berry resembling Isabella in shape; black.

Tishomingo. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Governor Ireland; from Munson, about 1899. Stamens erect; bunch medium with large black berry; ripens mid-season.

Togni. (Aest.) A seedling of St. Augustine cultivated in Florida about thirty years ago.

Tonkawa. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, of Texas, about 1899. Vigorous, nearly hardy, productive; stamens upright; clusters medium, rather slender, shouldered, variable in compactness; berries not uniform in size, oval, dull dark red with lilac bloom; skin moderately thick and tough; pulp slightly tough, vinous, sweet; good; ripens with Concord.

Transparent. (Rip. Lab.) A Taylor seedling; from Jacob Rommel, of Missouri, about 1880. Vine vigorous, healthy, moderately productive; stamens upright; bunch small, compact, shouldered; berry very juicy, sweet; good; ripens a few days before Concord.

Trask. (Lab. Vin.) The Bushberg Catalogue says, “a chance seedling that first fruited in 1875. Introduced by Peter Henderson and Company. Healthy; leaves smooth; bunches large, long, often shouldered; berries medium to large, brown or bluish-black; tender, melting, very sweet, vinous; ripens before Concord.”

Triumphant. A failure at the Ontario Experimental Farm where it was tested in 1886.

Trollinger. Mentioned in United States Patent Office Report for 1859 as being on trial in the government experimental garden.

Trowbridge. (Lab. Vin.) According to American Horticultural Annual, 1870, a sport from the Isabella with much larger bunches and berries than those of its parent.

Troy. (Lab. Vin.) Purple Hamburgh of Troy; Troy Hamburg. Described by Prince in 1830 as hardy, vigorous, productive; berries large, oval, a little foxy, pleasant; very good; similar to Isabella.

Tryone. (Lab. Rip. Vin. Bourq.) From a cross by Munson between One Seed and Rommel, about 1897. Stamens erect; bunch and berry large, white; very late.

Tuckerman. From J. B. Tuckerman, Cassville, Oneida County, New York, about 1870. A white grape.

Tuskahoma. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A member of Munson’s Delago family, the male parent being Brilliant; first fruited in 1899. Stamens erect; bunch and berry large, translucent red; equal to Brighton in quality; early.

U. B. One of Marine’s seedlings; a black grape, of Labrusca type.

Uhland. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Taylor; from Wm. Weidmeyer, Hermann, Missouri. Vigorous, hardy, healthy, usually a shy bearer; stamens erect; bunch medium, nearly cylindrical, compact, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, slightly oblong, greenish-yellow with thin bloom; skin thin, tender, cracks; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant; good; ripens a few days later than Concord; subject to rot in some sections; makes a very good wine.

Uller Mammoth. Reported by the Tennessee Experiment Station in 1894 as an exceedingly large grape of inferior quality; a vigorous vine.

Ulrey. Mentioned by Warder in 1867. From Indiana; medium bunch with large white berry; sweet, rich.

Una. (Lab.) A White Concord seedling; from E. W. Bull, about 1867. Healthy and vigorous; bunch and berries medium; resembles Martha but not so sweet and more foxy; ripens a week before Concord.

Underhill. (Lab.) Underhill’s Celestial; Underhill’s Seedling. A variety of the wild Fox grape; from Dr. A. K. Underhill, Charlton, Saratoga County, New York, about 1863. Of medium vigor, hardy, healthy and productive; stamens reflexed; bunches medium to large, cylindrical, frequently shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, usually roundish, dark dull red with lilac bloom, inclined to drop when ripe; skin thick, tough, very astringent; pulp tough, sweet, foxy, moderately juicy, fair; ripens about with Concord; of the Wyoming type but inferior to that variety.

Undine. (Lab. Rip.) From J. H. Ricketts; a seedling of Concord and Clinton; vigorous and healthy; bunch large, shouldered; berries large, yellowish-white when fully ripe; sprightly, very good.

Universal. (Linc. Lab. Rup.) A seedling of America crossed with Profusion; from Munson, about 1897. Stamens erect; bunch large with medium-sized black berry; equal to Concord in quality; very late.

Urbana. (Lab.) A seedling of Concord; from Indiana. Bunch medium, shouldered; berry large, white; juicy, vinous, not very sweet; ripens about with Isabella.

Ursula. (Lab.) According to Mitzky, 1893, “produced by T. Huber, Sr., Illinois. Bunch small, compact; berries small, white; flesh melting, juicy and sweet; fine quality; vigorous grower; ripens with Concord.”

Valencia. Grown by Munson from seed secured in South Spain, near Valencia. Described by the originator as vigorous, short-jointed; healthy, a light cropper; cluster small, shouldered, very compact; berry small, brownish-red; pulp melting, juicy, very sweet and fine. Munson gives the species as Bourquiniana.

Valentine. August Isabella. Mentioned by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

Valhallah. (Lab. Cand. Rip. Vin. Bourq.) From Munson, about 1902; a hybrid of Elvicand and Brilliant. Described by the originator as a very vigorous, drouth-enduring, prolific vine; cluster medium; berry large, bright clear red; skin thin, tough; pulp juicy, tender, nearly equaling Brilliant in quality; ripens about with Concord.

Valverde. (Champ. Lab. Vin. Bourq.) From Munson; a seedling of De Grasset fertilized with Brilliant. Stamens erect; bunch and berry large; ripens mid-season in Texas.

Van Deman. (Linc. Lab. Vin.) From Texas; a cross of Lincecumii and Triumph. Vigorous; stamens erect; bunch medium, compact; berry medium, black; poor to good; ripens about two weeks after Catawba.

Vanderburgh. Noted in Record of Horticulture for 1868 as a new and promising variety from Lansingburg, New York; not yet sent out.

Venango. (Lab.) Minor’s Seedling. According to Buchanan (Mss.), an old variety, said to have been cultivated by the French at Fort Venango, on Allegheny River, over a century ago. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy and usually productive; stamens erect; bunch medium, compact; sometimes shouldered; berries medium, round or sometimes flattened by compactness; skin thick and tough, pale red with white bloom; flesh sweet, aromatic; pulpy and foxy; ripens about with Concord.

Vermont. Listed by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly, 1863, as a worthless sort.

Vermont Giant. (Lab.) From C. G. Pringle of Charlotte, Vermont. Noted in the Western New York Horticultural Society Report, 1882, as a black, very pulpy grape with poor flavor.

Vermorel. (Champ.) A wild variety of Vitis champini from Williamson County, Texas; collected by Munson. Stamens reflexed; bunch small with medium-sized black berry; early.

Vesta. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Salem; from C. Engle, Paw Paw, Michigan. Vigorous, hardy, productive; stamens upright; bunches medium to large, long, shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, round, greenish-white; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, rich; very good; about a week later than Concord.

Viala. (Champ.) A wild variety of Vitis champini, from Coryell County, Texas; collected by Munson. Stamens reflexed; bunch small; berry medium, black; early.

Vialla. (Rip.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, “a Franco-American variety, recommended as a grafting stock; resembles the Franklin and is by some supposed to be the same variety; others contend that it is distinct from and superior to Franklin.”

Victoria. Origin unknown. Moderately vigorous, open, healthy; bunch very small, short and thick; berry large, round, dark purple, scarcely black, with thin bloom; skin tender; pulp tender but stringy, juicy, mild acid, without decided character; poor; about a week later than Concord.

Victoria. (Lab.) Ray’s Victoria. Introduced in 1872 by M. M. Samuels, of Clinton, Kentucky. Vigorous, healthy, and productive; bunch medium; berry medium, round, amber color; skin thin; pulp tender, sweet and of high flavor; very good; resembles Venango.

Vine Arbor. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report, 1845, as being grown at Brinkleyville, Halifax County, North Carolina, at that time. So called on account of its very large leaf and extended growth, consequently adapted for arbors.

Vinita. (Linc. Bourq.) A seedling of Post-oak crossed with Herbemont; from Munson, about 1885. Very vigorous, productive; stamens erect; bunch large, conical, shouldered, compact; berries small to medium, purple; skin thin, tough; pulp juicy, melting; “best”; very late.

Vinrouge. (Lab. Aest. Vin. Bourq. Rup. Linc.) From a cross between America and Laura; by Munson about 1894. Vigorous, healthy; stamens erect; bunch large; berry medium; black; early.

Virginia. Noted by Buchanan, 1852, as a grape raised and exhibited by N. Longworth in 1846.

Vivie Hybrid. Vivie’s Hartford. According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, “produced by M. Vivie in France, and by some called Vivie’s Hartford. Of very vigorous growth, very productive and its grape of good quality making a very good wine.”

Waddel. (Lab.) Noted in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1893. Found in the woods of Highland County, Ohio, about 1863, by John F. Waddel. Productive and hardy; cluster medium, heavily shouldered, moderately compact; berry oval, medium to large, persistent; skin thick, tender, dark purple or black with heavy blue bloom; pulp translucent, tender, melting, very juicy, mildly sweet, rich, pleasant with slightly musky aroma; good to very good; season September 20-30th in Ohio.

Waldo Seedling. (Lab.) A chance seedling found on the farm of J. B. Waldo, Johnsville, Dutchess County, New York, about 1881. Of medium vigor, healthy, hardy, productive; clusters as large or larger than Concord, often nearly double, somewhat loose; berries large, black with abundant blue bloom; skin variable in thickness, tender; pulp moderately sweet, juicy, slightly foxy with Concord flavor; good; ripens a little before Moore Early. Resembles Concord closely.

Wales. (Lab.) A seedling having a medium-sized bunch, exhibited by E. W. Bull at the meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1874.

Waneta. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Brilliant; from Munson, about 1896. Stamens erect; bunch medium with large red berry; equal to Brighton in flavor; late.

Warmita. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) From a cross between America and Beacon; by Munson, about 1896. Healthy and vigorous; stamens erect; bunch and berry large, black; ripens mid-season.

Warren. Supposed by some to be identical with Herbemont but claimed to be distinct by others. The original vine grew near Warrenton in Warren County, Georgia.

Washington. Noted by Warder in 1867. From New York. Early, black.

Washita. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Delago crossed with Governor Ireland; from Munson, about 1896. Stamens erect; bunch medium with large, black berry, equal to Concord in flavor; early.

Washita. A white grape from Arkansas; on trial in the government experimental gardens in 1859.

Waterloo. Rock House Indian. A native grape from Illinois, grown by F. Muench. Vigorous and a good bearer; cluster and berry small.

Watertown. From D. S. Marvin, Watertown, New York. According to Mitzky, 1893, a good grower; bunch medium, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, slightly oblong, white; sweet; fine quality.

Watova. (Lab. Rip. Vin. Aest.) A cross between Gold Coin and Rommel; from Munson, in 1899. Stamens erect; bunch and berry large, yellow; late.

Waubeck. (Linc. Lab. Aest.) A seedling of Jaeger No. 43 fertilized with Laussel; from Munson, about 1893. Stamens erect; bunch large; berry medium, black, equal to Concord in flavor; very late.

Waverly. (Vin. Rip. Lab.) A seedling of Clinton and one of the Muscats; from Jas. H. Ricketts, about 1870. Usually vigorous and productive, hardy, healthy; bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berry medium, round to oval, black with blue bloom; pulp tender, juicy, sweet, vinous; good; ripens with Brighton.

W. B. Munson. (Linc. Vin. Lab.) A seedling of Post-oak No. 3, crossed with Triumph; from Munson, about 1887. Vigorous, very productive, subject to mildew in the South; stamens erect; bunch medium or sometimes large, cylindrical, compact, sometimes shouldered; berry medium, round, black, persistent; pulp juicy, melting, sprightly; very good; late.

Webb Grape. Mentioned by Prince in 1830. Discovered by Samuel Webb, of Philadelphia, near Woodbury, Pennsylvania. Berries large, black.

Weeks Seedling. Mentioned in the American Horticultural Annual, 1871. Raised by Dr. Cyrus Weeks, of Bellville, New Jersey. Medium bunch and berry; very sweet; pleasant flavor.

Wells. (Lab.) Wells’ Seedling. Originated in Ohio where it was discovered by a Mr. Wells about 1882. Vigorous, healthy, very productive; clusters large, cylindrical, shouldered, moderately compact; berries large, bronze or wine-colored, oval; pulp tender, mild, very juicy with a peculiar musky flavor and foxy aroma; fair quality; ripens about two weeks after Concord.

Western Beauty. Grown from mixed seed by E. P. Fisher, Sterling, Kansas, about 1904. Described by the originator as a black or purple grape of superior quality, better than Concord, a stronger grower than that variety and perfectly hardy; ripens about with Catawba.

Wetumka. (Lab. Aest. Rip. Bourq.) From a cross by Munson between One Seed and Gold Coin, about 1893. Of medium vigor, healthy, productive; stamens erect; clusters medium, ovate, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries large, globular, yellowish-green; pulp juicy, tender; good; ripens after Concord.

Wewoka. (Linc. Rup. Lab.) Produced by Munson, about 1893, by crossing America with Beacon. Stamens reflexed; bunch very large; berry large, black; late.

Wheaton. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from John C. Wheaton, of Dansville, New York, in 1873. Rather weak grower, hardy, variable in productiveness; tendrils irregularly continuous; foliage not very healthy; stamens upright; flowers nearly fertile; clusters medium to small, much like Delaware, cylindrical, nearly compact, sometimes shouldered; berries small, roundish, light green with yellow tinge, with thin gray bloom; pulp tender, nearly sweet; good; ripens about with Delaware.

White Ann Arbor. (Lab.) Ann Arbor. A seedling of Concord; raised by Chas. H. Woodruff, of Ann Arbor, Michigan, in 1870. Of medium vigor, very hardy, moderately productive; bunch and berry large, white with white bloom; pulp tough, sweet; good; ripens about two weeks before Concord.

White Beauty. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Dutchess; from Stayman of Kansas. Very vigorous, hardy, healthy and very productive; bunch large, long, shouldered, compact; berries medium size, white; pulp tender, sprightly, rich, vinous, sweet; best; ripens with Concord and will hang until frost.

White Cape. (Lab. Vin.) According to Mitzky, 1893, similar to Alexander except that it is greenish-white in color.

White Catawba. (Lab. Vin.) A seedling of Catawba; raised by John E. Mottier, of Ohio, about 1849. Bunch medium, shouldered; berry large, round, greenish; pulpy, foxy.

White Clinton. White Delaware. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1864, as being a hardy and vigorous vine with a small white grape, insipid and worthless.

White Cloud. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A seedling of Dutchess; from Stayman, of Kansas. Vigorous, hardy, healthy and productive; clusters large, long, compact; berries large, white; skin thin, tough; pulp tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, vinous, sweet; best; ripens with Concord.

White Delaware. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) From Geo. W. Campbell, of Delaware, Ohio. Lacking in size and productiveness as compared with its parent; resembles Delaware in form of bunch and berry, compact and shouldered; greenish-white with thin white bloom; early.

White Delaware. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, from Hermann Jaeger, of Neosho, Missouri; bunch and berries closely resemble the Delaware in shape and size but it has some Labrusca characteristics.

White Delaware. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Produced by Jacob Rommel of Morrison, Missouri. Described by Mitzky, 1893, as healthy, moderate grower, very productive; bunch medium, compact, shouldered; berry medium, white with white bloom; skin tough; without pulp, very sweet, pure flavor, delicious; ripens with Concord.

White Delaware. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) From C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Described in Massachusetts Horticultural Society Report, 1880, as having a small bunch, exceedingly compact; berries very small, round, green with an amber tint in the sun, thin bloom; skin very thick; sweet with not much pulp but pretty hard.

White Delaware seedlings have also been produced by John Burr, J. Sacksteder, Dr. J. Stayman, D. B. Woodbury and others.

White Elizabeth. Hart’s White; White Isabella. Listed by Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863.

White English. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report for 1845 as being grown by Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina.

Whitehall. (Lab.) Supposed to be a chance seedling from Geo. Goodale, of Whitehall, Washington County, New York; first fruited in 1870. Of medium vigor, not very productive, comparatively healthy; stamens reflexed; clusters large, moderately compact, shouldered; berry medium, dark purple or nearly black with thin bloom; pulp tender, melting and sweet; ripens about with Hartford.

White Jewel. (Rip. Lab.) Burr’s No. 19. A seedling of Elvira; supposed to be from John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Vigorous, hardy and very productive; stamens upright; bunch medium, long, compact; berry medium, round, white with abundant bloom; skin thin, rather tender; pulp very juicy, tender, sweet, sprightly, very good; ripens about with Moore Early.

White Mountain. From Connecticut; very early.

White Muscadine. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report, 1862, in a list of grapes that do well as far north as Burlington, Vermont.

White Musk. (Lab. Vin.) According to Fuller, 1867, a hybrid from Jacob Moore, of Rochester, New York. Vine resembles Sweetwater but does not require protection; of medium size with insipid flavor.

White Northern Muscat. (Vin. Lab.) Culinary Grape; White’s Northern Muscadine. A seedling of Brighton fertilized with Muscat; from W. T. White, Troy, Ohio, about 1889. Vigorous, tender, moderately productive; stamens upright; bunch medium size, compact; berries large, nearly round, brownish-green or amber color; skin thick, tough; pulp large, tender, juicy, sweet; high flavor; about ten days earlier than Concord.

White Norton. (Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Norton; from F. Langendoerfer, Hermann, Missouri. Noted in Missouri Horticultural Society Report, 1883, as a slow grower, moderately productive, very hardy; smaller than its parent, of a golden yellow color and a few days earlier.

White Norton. (Aest. Lab.) White Virginia Seedling. Another Norton seedling, probably crossed with some Labrusca; produced by J. Balziger, Highland, Illinois. Strong, hardy; healthy and vigorous; fruit similar to Elvira but better in quality; very late; shows some Labrusca blood.

White Rose. Received at this Station for testing in 1906 from Miss R. R. Short, Clifton Springs, New York.

White Sugar. W. R. Prince in Gardener’s Monthly for 1863, mentions this variety as a worthless Labrusca.

White Tennessee. According to Grape Culturist, 1871, grown by W. Valiant, of Clarksville, Tennessee, and known by him for about fifty years. Hardy, productive and free from disease.

White Ulster. (Lab. Vin.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, an amateur variety, raised by A. J. Caywood from a seedling of Ulster crossed with White Concord.

Wilcox. Mentioned in the United States Patent Office Report, 1845, as being grown by Sidney Weller, Brinkleyville, North Carolina.

Wilding. (Rip. Lab.) A seedling found by Jacob Rommel, Morrison, Missouri. Vigorous, hardy and healthy, moderately productive; stamens reflexed; bunch medium, loose, shouldered; berry medium, round, pale green, almost transparent; skin very thin, and tender; no pulp, juicy, very sweet; very good; ripens with Concord.

Wilkins Seedling. (Lab.) From O. Fitzalwyn Wilkins, Bridgeburgh, Ontario, about 1895. Described in the Canadian Horticulturist, 1898, as follows: Bunch of good size and form; berries white, round, of medium size; skin thin and tender; pulp tender and separates readily from the seeds; flavor agreeable, somewhat foxy, but much sweeter and pleasanter than Concord; early.

Willard. (Lab.) From E. P. Fisher, Sterling, Kansas; received at this Station for testing in 1905. Described by originator as a vigorous, short-jointed grower, perfectly hardy, sometimes mildews; bunch a little smaller than Concord, compact; berry nearly large, round, red; sweet, without any foxiness; lacks vigor here; tendrils continuous or sometimes intermittent.

Williamson. (Cand.) A wild variety of Candicans from Williamson County, Texas; collected by T. V. Munson. Stamens reflexed; small bunch with very large, black berry; early.

Williamsport. Noted in the Magazine of Horticulture, 1860, as a new variety originated on the mountain near Williamsport, Pennsylvania. Perfectly hardy, and very prolific.

William Wine. (Lab. Aest.) Mentioned by S. J. Parker in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1864. Cluster small with long peduncle; berry large, round, having “the fox grape perfume mingled with that of a rose.”

Willie. (Lab.) Said to be a seedling of Northern Muscadine crossed with Concord; from L. C. Chisholm, Spring Hill, Tennessee. Vigorous, rampant grower, healthy and very productive; fruit larger than Concord, shouldered, very showy; black with white bloom; pulp vinous and sprightly, no foxiness; excellent wine grape; ripens with or a few days later than Concord.

Willis. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from Willis W. Jones, Camargo, Illinois, about 1865. Usually vigorous, as hardy as Concord, healthy, generally quite productive; bunch medium, compact, shouldered, in shape like the Delaware; berry medium, round, pale green or amber-yellow with a slight bloom; pulp tender, very juicy, slightly vinous, sweet, foxy; good; early.

Willis Fredonia. Guernsey Grape; Jersey Grape. Origin unknown; grown by John Willis, of Maryland. According to Prince, 1830, a vigorous rampant grower, healthy, very productive; fruit black and pleasant for the table.

Willis Large Black. Great Black Muscadine. An old variety mentioned by Prince in 1830, who says, “according to a traditional account of the Southern Indians, this vine and the White Scuppernong have been in bearing among them for more than five hundred years.” Very vigorous; berries very large; foxy.

Wilmington. (Lab. Vin.) Wilmington White. Originated with a Mr. Jeffries, near Wilmington, Delaware, about 1856. Very vigorous, hardy, productive; bunches large, loose, shouldered; berries large, roundish or inclining to oval, greenish-white; tender and not pulpy, sweet and pleasant when properly ripened but requires a long southern season; late.

Winchester. (Lab. Vin.) Brackett’s Seedling; Brackett’s Winchester. A seedling of Union Village; from E. A. Brackett, Winchester, Massachusetts, first fruited in 1858. Vigorous, hardy; bunch large; berry large, round, black, heavy bloom; juicy, sweet, vinous; resembles parent but ripens a week earlier.

Windsor. Noted by Prince in 1830. Found growing wild twelve miles north of Baltimore, at Windsor, on the plantation of George Fitzhugh. Very luxuriant and productive; clusters large and long; berries round, blue, juicy.

Winedrop. (Linc. Bourq.) A cross between Post-oak No. 1 and Herbemont by Munson, in 1884. Stamens reflexed; bunch large with small, dark red berry; late.

Wine House. Noted in United States Patent Office Report, 1854. Found growing spontaneously in the vineyard of Frederick Muench. Sweet and aromatic; not very juicy.

Wine King. (Aest. Linc. Rup. Lab.) A seedling of Winona crossed with America; from Munson, in 1898. Very vigorous, prolific, healthy; stamens erect; cluster large, compact; berry medium, black with blue bloom; very little pulp, tender, very juicy, vinous, rich and sprightly; good.

Winona. (Aest. Lab.) A seedling of Norton; from Munson, about 1895. Vigorous, productive; stamens upright; cluster large, loose, conical; berries small to medium, black; skin thin, tough; pulp juicy, tender, good; about a week earlier than Norton.

Winslow. (Rip.?) A seedling raised by Charles Winslow, of Cleveland, Ohio, about 1857. Hardy and productive; bunch medium, long, compact; berries small, round, black; pulp vinous and juicy; resembles Clinton but is less acid; very early.

Winter Wine. (Simp. Linc. Bourq.) A cross between Vitis simpsoni and Marguerite by Munson in 1898. Stamens reflexed; bunch large with medium-sized black berry; “extra late.”

Witt. (Lab.) A white seedling of Concord; from Michael Witt, of Columbus, Ohio, about 1880. Not very vigorous, hardy, moderately healthy, very productive; clusters medium to large, conical, moderately compact, sometimes shouldered; berries variable in size, usually large, roundish, greenish-white or pale yellow with thin whitish bloom; pulp tender, juicy, vinous, sweet; good; ripens with Concord or a little before.

Woodbury. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Woodbury White. A seedling of Delaware from D. B. Woodbury, Paris, Maine, about 1891. Described in Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, as resembling Delaware in growth and foliage; bunch medium, compact; berry larger than Delaware, slightly oblong, greenish-white with fine bloom; skin thin, yet tough, almost transparent; juicy, sweet, good; ripens two weeks before Concord; a very good keeper.

Woodbury. Mentioned in the United States Department of Agriculture Report for 1863, as being on trial in the government experimental garden.

Woodcock Seedling. Exhibited by H. Woodcock at the Western New York Horticultural Society meeting in 1887. A large red grape, of very good quality; ripens with Delaware.

Woodford. On trial in the United States Department of Agriculture experimental vineyard in 1860. Vigorous; purple; pulpy, juicy, sweet.

Woodriver. According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, originated near Woodriver, Washington County, Rhode Island, by a Mr. Brown. White, very early, fine quality.

Woodson. From Prince Edward County, Virginia, previous to 1830. Bunch medium, very compact; berry medium red; no pulp, rich; good for table and wine; later than Cunningham.

Wyman. (Lab. Vin.) Wyman’s Seedling. Exhibited by Joseph Breck in 1854 at a session of the fruit committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Said to be a seedling of Catawba; berries large, sweet and free of pulp; ripens with or before Isabella.

Wynant. (Lab. Vin.) According to Mitzky, 1893, a chance seedling grown by D. W. Babcock, Dansville, New York; almost identical with Dutchess.

Wyoming. Noted in the United States Patent Office Report, 1860. Vigorous; black; juicy, somewhat pulpy.

Wylie’s Seedlings. Unnamed seedlings of Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Chester, South Carolina:

No. 4. A cross between two hybrids. Described by originator in Bushberg Catalogue, 1883, as bunch somewhat larger than Lenoir; berry medium, of a clear transparent golden color; finest texture and flavor, resembles White Frontignan; ripens as early as Concord.

Concord and Foreign No. 8. (Vin. Lab.) Seedling of Concord and Bowood Muscat. Strong grower; foliage Labrusca; cluster very large, loose; berry very large, black, of foreign texture; skin thick; ripens with Catawba.

Delaware and Concord No. 1. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Very hardy with Labrusca foliage; a great bearer; bunch and berry medium; skin thick, dark red; juicy, rich and sweet, slightly musky.

Halifax and Delaware No. 30. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) The same color as Delaware with bunch of same size and berries one half larger; texture and flavor also much like Delaware; generally more healthy than that variety; a great bearer.

Halifax and Delaware No. 38. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Hardy and healthy with Labrusca foliage, not so strong a grower as No. 30; dark red in color with purple bloom and superior to No. 30 in flavor.

Halifax and Delaware No. 49. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A black grape of high vinous flavor.

Halifax and Delaware No. 55. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) Bunch medium, long, shouldered; berries large, dark blue or purple with a purple bloom; flesh tender, juicy, very sweet, sprightly, high flavored; best.

Halifax and Hamburg No. 11. (Vin. Lab.) Very productive and healthy; bunch medium; berry medium, black, with thick skin.

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 4. (Rot.) Exhibited at the American Pomological Society in 1877. Healthy, very productive; bunches medium, compact; berry round, greenish-white; pulp nearly melting, very juicy, sprightly, vinous, with a musky aroma; good.

Hybrid Scuppernong No. 5. (Rot. Vin.) Parentage, Bland Madeira and Foreign No. 1, crossed with a staminate hybrid Scuppernong produced by impregnating Black Hamburg with Scuppernong. Healthy and hardy; bunch medium; berries large, white, transparent with thin tough skin; almost pulpless, rich, sweet, with a peculiar flavor; as early as Concord.

Xenia. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) Parentage, Delaware, Goethe and Triumph; from Munson. Vigorous; cluster medium, compact; berry very large, white; skin thin and tough; pulp meaty, tender, sprightly, high flavor; best; very late, with Fern Munson or just before.

Xlnta. (Linc. Rup. Vin. Lab.). One of Munson’s seedlings; America fertilized with R. W. Munson. Vigorous, hardy in Southern States; stamens reflexed; cluster large, cylindrical, shouldered, fairly compact; berries medium to large, globular, black, with little bloom; skin thin; pulp meaty, tender, sprightly; season with or later than Concord.

Yoakum. (Bourq.) According to Bushberg Catalogue, 1894, “resembling the Herbemont, its juice is of deeper color, its foliage is more deeply lobed, but otherwise much inferior; ripening unevenly and being less productive.”

Yomago. (Lab. Vin. Bourq.) A cross between Delago and Brilliant, by Munson, about 1894. As grown at this Station, a weak grower, not hardy, variable in productiveness; flowers fertile, bloom late; stamens upright; clusters large, usually single-shouldered, compact; berries large, roundish, black, glossy, covered with heavy blue bloom; skin thin and tender; flesh pale green, tender, spicy, sweet with Post-oak flavor; fair to good; it is doubtful if it will ripen in this locality.

Yonkers. (Lab.) A Concord seedling; from J. W. Gray, Atwood, Illinois. Hardy, not a strong grower; bunch medium, shouldered, compact; berries large, round, light green; sweet; good; ripens a little before Concord.

York Claret. (Lab.) According to Prince, 1830, a native cultivated near York, Pennsylvania, where it is much esteemed for wine. Bunches and berries smaller than those of Alexander; without pulp, very juicy, sweet.

York Lisbon. (Lab. Vin.) Noted by Prince in 1830. Grown around York, Pennsylvania. Resembles Alexander but larger and a little elongated and the pulp is more acid; coarse, pulpy and foxy; some consider it identical with Alexander.

York Madeira. (Lab. Vin.?) Baldwin’s Early; Black German; Canby’s August; German Wine; Large German; Marion Port; Monteith; Shepherd’s Port Wine; Small German; Tryon; Wolfe. An old variety of Isabella type, originated at York, Pennsylvania. Vigorous, generally hardy, productive; cluster medium, compact, shouldered; berries medium, roundish, inclining to oval, black; pulp juicy, sweet, somewhat vinous, pleasant; ripens with Isabella or before. Some consider Marion (II) identical with this variety.

Young America. (Lab.) Raised by Samuel Miller, of Calmdale, Pennsylvania, about 1860. A seedling of Concord and resembling its parent in color and shape but three weeks later.

Zane. From a Mr. Zane, Wheeling, West Virginia; found by him growing wild on Wheeling Island. Berry medium, red.

Zelia. (Lab. Vin.) Parentage, Telegraph crossed with Black Hamburg; from C. J. Copley, Stapleton, New York. Medium in vigor, productive, quite hardy; leaves five-lobed, some indistinctly so, dull green; cluster large, compact; berry very large, black; skin thin, fine bloom; pulp tender, rich, sweet, aromatic; season earlier than Concord.

Zinnia. (Lab.) Origin unknown. Cluster large, loose, shouldered; berry medium, round, black with a rich bloom.

Zita. (Lab. Bourq. Vin.) A seedling of Delaware; from John Sacksteder, Leavenworth, Crawford County, Indiana. Vigorous, productive, healthy; cluster above medium; berry medium, round, yellow.

Zoe. Mentioned by Campbell in Garden and Forest, 1890, as a northern grape attaining its best quality in long seasons.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES WITH ABBREVIATIONS USED

In the standard works listed below, the date of copyright has been preferred to that of the title page although where there are several editions from the same copyright they are given, so far as our knowledge permits. This is thought to be more just to the writers as the copyright date is usually a better indication of the time when the book was written than the date of publication. An effort has been made to present a complete bibliography of grape literature in the United States including many books which, owing to their nature, have been of no use in the preparation of this work. In addition there are given all agricultural works and periodicals to which references will be found in the preceding pages. Reports and bulletins of experiment stations and reports of horticultural societies are not included as in each case the abbreviation used is standard and sufficiently full for ready recognition. Only such European works have been included as were found useful in preparing the volume.

Adlum——A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America and the Best Mode of Making Wine. By John Adlum. Washington: 1823. Second edition, 1828.

Allen——Practical Treatise on the Culture and Treatment of the Grape Vine, etc. By J. Fisk Allen. Second edition, Boston: 1848. Third edition, 1853.

Amer. Farmer——The American Farmer. Baltimore: 1819-1832.

Amer. Gard.——The American Garden. 1888-1891. American Gardening, New York: 1892-1904. (The American Garden and Popular Gardening were combined in 1892 to form American Gardening.)

Am. Hort.——An. American Horticultural Annual. A Year Book of Horticultural Progress, etc. New York: 1867-1871.

Am. Jour. Hort.——The American Journal of Horticulture and Florist’s Companion. Name changed in 1869 to Tilton’s Journal of Horticulture and Florist’s Companion. Boston: 1867-1871.

Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt.——American Pomological Society Report. Issued usually biennially from 1852 to date.

Andrae——A Guide to the Cultivation of the Grape Vine in Texas, and Instructions for Wine-Making. By E. H. Andrae. Dallas, Texas: 1890.

An. Hort.——Annals of Horticulture in North America. A Witness of Passing Events and a Record of Progress. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1889-1893. (Appearing annually.)

Antill——An Essay on the Cultivation of the Vine, etc. By Edward Antill. (Appearing in Transactions American Philosophical Society.) Philadelphia: 1771.

Bailey——American Grape Training; An Account of the Leading Forms Now in Use of Training the American Grapes. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1893.

Barry——The Fruit Garden; A Treatise, etc. By P. Barry. New York: 1851. Revised edition (Barry’s Fruit Garden), New York: 1872. Revised edition (Barry’s Fruit Garden), New York: 1883.

Bolling——Sketch of Vine Culture. By Robert Bolling. (Never printed but several manuscript copies were circulated during the latter half of the 18th century. Extracts were published in several periodicals.)

Bright Bright’s Single Stem Dwarf and Renewal System of Grape Culture, etc. By William Bright. New York: 1860. Second edition, New York: 1861. (Same copyright date as first edition.)

Buchanan——The Culture of the Grape and Wine-Making. By Robert Buchanan. Cincinnati: 1852-1860 or later. (Eight editions or more.)

Budd-Hansen——American Horticultural Manual, etc. By J. L. Budd and N. E. Hansen. New York and London: 1903.

Busby——Journal of a Recent Visit to the Principal Vineyards of Spain and France, etc. By James Busby, Esq. New York and Boston: 1835.

Bush. Cat.——Illustrated Descriptive Catalogue of American Grape Vines, etc. By Bush and Son and Meissner. Third edition, St. Louis: 1883. Fourth edition same, St. Louis: 1894.

Can. Hort.——Canadian Horticulturist. Toronto: 1878 to date.

Chorlton——The Cold Grapery, from Direct American Practice, etc. By Wm. Chorlton. New York: 1853.

Chorlton——The American Grape Growers’ Guide, etc. By Wm. Chorlton. Many editions. With the exception of a final chapter added to the later editions there are no revisions. New York: 1852-1883.

Cole——The American Fruit Book, etc. By S. W. Cole. Boston and New York: 1849.

Cope——Physiography in its Application to Grape Culture. An essay in Saunders’ “Both Sides of the Grape Question”.

De Berneaud——The Vine-Dresser’s Theoretical and Practical Manual, etc. By Thiebaut de Berneaud. (Translated from the French.) New York: 1829.

Denniston——Grape Culture in Steuben County, New York. By G. Denniston. Albany: 1865. (In New York Agricultural Society Report, and also as a separate.)

Dom. Enc.——The Domestic Encyclopedia; or a Dictionary of Facts, etc. By A. F. M. Willich. First American edition with additions by James Mease. In five volumes. (The fifth volume contains an article on grapes by William Bartram and James Mease.) Philadelphia: 1804.

Downing——The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. By A. J. Downing, 1845. Second edition, same text, with colored plates, 1847. First revision, by Charles Downing, 1857. Second revision, 1869. First appendix, 1872. Second appendix, 1876. Third appendix, 1881.

Du Breuil——The Thomery System of Grape Culture. (A translation from the French.) New York: No date.

Du Breuil——Vineyard Culture, etc. By A. Du Breuil. Translated (from the French) by E. & C. Parker, with notes and adaptations by John A. Warder. Cincinnati: 1867.

Dufour——The American Vine-Dresser’s Guide, etc. By John James Dufour. Cincinnati: 1826.

Eisen——The Raisin Industry, etc. By Gustav Eisen. San Francisco: 1890.

Elliott——Elliott’s Fruit Book, or the American Fruit Growers’ Guide, etc. By F. R. Elliott. New York: 1854. Revised edition (same), 1859.

Ev. of Nat. Fruits——Sketch of the Evolution of our Native Fruits. By L. H. Bailey. New York: 1898.

Fisher——Observations on the Character and Culture of the European Vine, etc. By S. I. Fisher. Philadelphia: 1834.

Flagg——Three Seasons in European Vineyards, etc. By Wm. J. Flagg. New York: 1869.

Floy-Lind.——Guide to the Orchard and Fruit Garden, etc. By George Lindley; edited by John Lindley. American edition with notes and additions by Michael Floy. New York: 1833.

Fuller——The Grape Culturist; a Treatise, etc. By Andrew S. Fuller. New York: 1864. Same, new and enlarged edition, New York: 1867. Same, new revised and enlarged edition, New York: 1894.

Gard. Chron.——Gardener’s Chronicle, etc. London: 1841 to date.

Gar. Mon.——Gardener’s Monthly, etc. Thomas Meehan, editor. Philadelphia: 1859-1887.

Goessman——Contribution to the Chemistry of the American Grape Vine. By C. A. Goessman. In Proceedings American Chemical Society, volume 2, and also as separate.

Grape Cult.——The Grape Culturist, a Monthly Journal, etc. George Husmann, editor. St. Louis: 1869-1871.

Grant——Manual of the Vine. By C. W. Grant, Iona, N. Y.: 1864.

Haraszthy——Grape Culture, Wines and Wine-Making, etc. By A. Haraszthy. New York: 1862.

Haskell——An Account of Various Experiments for the Production of New and Desirable Grapes. Ipswich, Mass.: 1877.

Hoare——A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on Open Walls. By Clement Hoare. Boston: 1837. Same, Boston: 1840. Same, Boston: 1845. Same, New York: 1847.

Hofer——Grape Growing. A Simple Treatise on the Single Pole System, etc. By A. F. Hofer. New York: 1878.

Hooper——Hooper’s Western Fruit Book, etc. By E. J. Hooper. Cincinnati: 1857.

Horticola——The pseudonym of Dr. Charles Siedhof who translated and added notes to Mohr’s “The Grape Vine,” etc.

Horticulturist——The Horticulturist and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste. Albany, Philadelphia and New York: 1846-1875.

Husmann——The Cultivation of the Native Grape and Manufacture of American Wines. By George Husmann. New York: 1866.

Husmann——American Grape Growing and Wine Making. By George Husmann. Fourth edition, New York: 1895.

Hyatt——Hyatt’s Handbook of Grape Culture, etc. By T. Hart Hyatt. San Francisco: 1867.

Johnson——Rural Economy, etc. By S. W. Johnson. New York: 1806.

Keech——The Grape Growers’ Guide. By J. Keech. Waterloo, N. Y.: 1869.

Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat.——A Catalog of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticultural Society of London. First edition, London: 1826. Same, second edition, 1831.

Longworth——The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine. By N. Longworth. Cincinnati: 1846.

Loubat——The American Vine Dresser’s Guide. By Alphonse Loubat. New York: 1827. Same, 1872.

McMahon——The American Gardener’s Calendar, etc. By Bernard McMahon. Philadelphia: 1806.

McMinn——A Contribution to the Classification of the Species and Varieties of the Grape Vine. By J. M. McMinn. (An essay appearing in Saunders’ “Both Sides of the Grape Question.”)

McMurtrie——Report upon Statistics of Grape Culture and Wine Production in the United States for 1880. By Wm. McMurtrie, United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: 1881.

Mag. Hort.——Magazine of Horticulture. Published first two years under name American Gardener’s Magazine. C. M. Hovey, editor. Boston: 1835-1868.

Mead——An Elementary Treatise on American Grape Culture and Wine Making. By Peter B. Mead. New York: 1867.

Mitzky——Our Native Grape, etc. Published by C. Mitzky & Co. Rochester: 1893.

Mohr——The Grape Vine. A Practically Scientific Treatise on its Management, etc. By Frederick Mohr. Translated from the German by Horticola (Charles Siedhof). New York: 1867.

Muench——School for American Grape Culture, etc. By Frederick Muench. Translated from the German by Elizabeth H. Cutter. St. Louis: 1865.

Munson——Classification and Generic Synopsis of the Wild Grapes of North America. By T. V. Munson. United States Department of Agriculture, Division of Pomology, Bulletin 3. Washington: 1890.

My Vineyard——My Vineyard at Lakeview. By a western grape-grower (A. N. Prentiss). New York: 1866.

Persoz——New Process for the Culture of the Vine. By Persoz. Translated by J. O. C. Barclay. New York: 1856.

Phelps——The Vine: Its Culture in the United States, etc. By R. H. Phelps. Hartford: 1855.

Phin——Open Air Grape Culture, etc. By John Phin. New York: 1862. Same, 1876.

Prince——A Treatise on the Vine, etc. By William Robert Prince, aided by William Prince. New York: 1830.

Rafinesque——American Manual of the Grape Vines, etc. By C. S. Rafinesque. Philadelphia: 1830.

Rec. of Hort.——Woodward’s Record of Horticulture. Edited by A. S. Fuller. (An annual). New York: 1866-1868.

Reemelin——The Vine-Dresser’s Manual; An Illustrated Treatise, etc. By Charles Reemelin. New York: 1856.

Rural N. Y.——Rural New Yorker. Rochester and New York: 1850 to date.

Saunders——Both Sides of the Grape Question, etc.: Three essays on grape culture by Wm. Saunders, F. J. Cope and J. M. McMinn. Philadelphia: 1860.

Siedhof, Charles——(See Mohr.)

Sou. Agr.——Southern Agriculturist, Horticulturist, etc. Charleston: 1828-1846.

Speechly——A Treatise on the Culture of the Vine, etc. By William Speechly. Dublin: 1791.

Spooner——The Cultivation of American Grape Vines, etc. By Alden Spooner. Brooklyn: 1846.

Story of the Vine——The Story of the Vine. By Edward R. Emerson. New York and London: 1901.

Strong——Culture of the Grape. By W. C. Strong. Boston: 1866.

Thomas——The American Fruit Culturist. By J. J. Thomas. Published at various places. First edition, 1846; twenty-first edition, 1903.

Tomes——The Champagne Country. By Robert Tomes. New York: 1867.

Traité gen. de vit.——Traité general de viticulture, etc. Published under the direction of P. Viala and V. Vermorel assisted by many others. In six volumes. Paris: 1903.

Tryon——A Practical Treatise on Grape Culture, etc. By J. H. Tryon. Willoughby, Ohio: 1887. Same, second edition, Willoughby, Ohio: 1893.

U. S. D. A.——. Reports of the United States Department of Agriculture: 1862 to date.

U. S. Pat. Off.——Rpt. Reports of the Agricultural Section of the United States Patent Office: 1837 to 1861.

Vineyardist——The Vineyardist. Penn Yan, N. Y.

Wait——Wines and Vines of California, etc. By Frona Eunice Wait. San Francisco: 1889.

Warder——See Du Breuil.

West. Hort. Rev.——Western Horticultural Review. J. A. Warder, editor. Cincinnati: 1850-1853.

Woodward——Woodward’s Graperies and Horticultural Buildings. By Geo. E. & F. W. Woodward. New York: 1865.

INDEX.

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X], [Y], [Z]

(Names of varieties in this index, if accepted names, appear in roman type; if synonyms, in italics.)

Abby Clingotten, [433]
Ada, [433]
Adaptation, [68];
influence of air current, [71];
of altitude and latitude, [69];
of fertility, [70];
of insects and fungi, [72];
of moisture, [69], [70];
of soil, [71];
of temperature, 6[9]
Adelaide, [433]
Adelia, [433]
Adeline, [433]
Adirondac, [157]
Adlum, John, attempt to establish an experimental farm, [45], [46];
book by, [45];
life of, [45];
quoted, [45], [46], [161];
var. found by, [449]
Admirable, [433]
Admirable (syn. of Fern Munson), [271]
Admiral (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Adobe, [433]
Adobe Land grape (syn. of V. champini), [124]
Advance, [158]
Agawam, [158]
Aiken, [433]
Air currents, [71]
Alabama, grapes in, [20]
Alabama (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Alabama (syn. of Ohio (I)), [369]
Albaiis, [433]
Albania, [433]
Albert, [433]
Albino, [433]
Alderton, D., var. found by, [466]
Aledo, [433]
Aletha, [433]
Alexander, [17], [45], [50], [160]
Alexander (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Alexander, John, var. found by, [161]
Alexander, S. R., var. orig. by, [163]
Alexander Winter, [163]
Alexander’s (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Alexandria (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Alfarata, [434]
Alice (I), [164]
Alice (II), [164]
Alice Lee, [434]
Allair, [434]
Allen, John Fisk, var. orig. by, [166], [461]
Allen’s Hybrid [56], [57], [165]
Alma, [434]
Alphonse, [434]
Aluwe, [434]
Alvey, [434]
Alvey’s Lenori (syn. of Lenori), [479]
Alvey’s Logan (syn. of Logan), [481]
Amadas and Barlowe, quoted, [30], [31], [51]
Amalia, [434]
Amanda, [434]
Ambecon, [434]
Amber, [434]
Amber (syn. of Early Amber), [455]
Amber Queen, [166]
Ambrosia, [167]
Amelia (syn. of Amalia), [434]
Amerbonte, [434]
America, [168]
American grapes, characters of, [3], [4], [98], [103], [105];
distribution of, [26];
early history of, 26 et seq.;
resistance to disease, [6];
species of, [107]
American grape vine (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
American Hamburg, [434]
American Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Amersion, [434]
Amethyst, [169]
Aminia, [170]
Amonta, [435]
Amoreaux (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
Amoreux (syn. of Rulander), [508]
Amos, [435]
Amy, [435]
Andover, [435]
Anida, [435]
Anna, [435]
Ann Arbor (syn. of White Ann Arbor), [523]
Annie M., [435]
Anthracnose, [87]
Antill, Edward, essay by, [15], [40];
quoted, [41]
Antoinette, [171]
Anuta, [435]
Arbeka, [435]
Archer, [435]
Archer (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Archer, Ellis S., var. orig. by, [435]
Arcott (syn. of Cassady), [445]
Ariadne, [435]
Arizona grape (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Arizonensis (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Arkansas, grapes in, [54]
Arkansas (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Arkansas (syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Arkansas (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Arkansaw, [435]
Armalaga, [435]
Armbrilong, [435]
Armlong, [435]
Arnold, Charles, life of, [200];
var. orig. by, [174], [190], [200], [375], [450]
Arnold’s Hybrid No. 1 (syn. of Othello), [374]
Arnold’s No. 2 (syn. of Cornucopia), [450]
Arnold’s No. 5 (syn. of Autuchon), [173]
Arnold’s No. 8 (syn. of Brant), [190]
Arnold’s No. 16 (syn. of Canada), [199]
Arnott (syn. of Cassady), [445]
Aroma, [435]
Arrold, [436]
Arrott (syn. of Cassady), [445]
Arthur, J. S., var. found by, [500]
Ash (syn. of Ironclad), [306]
Ash-leaved grape (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
Ashy grape (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
Asiatic Wine grape (syn. of V. vinifera), [154]
Atavite, [436]
Atoka, [436]
Auburn Pearl, [436]
Aughwick, [436]
August Coral, [436]
August Giant, [172]
August Isabella (syn. of Valentine), [519]
August Pioneer, [436]
Augusta, [436]
Augustina, [436]
Australian (syn. of Huntingdon), [471]
Australis, [436]
Auteonello, [436]
Autuchon, [173]
Avery, John P., var. orig. by, [436]
Avery, Seth, var. orig. by, [462]
Avery Prolific, [436]
Avilla, [436]
Ayres, E. J., var. orig. by, [436]
Ayres Pride, [436]
Azure, [436]
Babcock, D. W., var. orig. by, [527]
Bacchus, [174]
Bachman, Joseph, var. orig. by, [177], [406], [515]
Badart, [437]
Bailey, [176]
Bailey, L. H., cited, [106], [121], [149];
life of, [142];
quoted, [4], [112], [133], [144];
work on Vitis by, [101];
writings of, [142]
Bailey Prolific, [437]
Bailie, [437]
Bailie, Samuel, var. orig. by, [437]
Baker, [437]
Baldwin Lenoir, [437]
Baldwin’s Early (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Baltimore Seedling, [437]
Balziger, [437]
Balziger, J., var. orig. by, [437]
Balziger’s Concord Seedling No. 2, [437]
Balziger’s No. 32, [437]
Banner, [177]
Barbara, [437]
Bark, taxonomic value of, [105]
Barnes, [437]
Barnes, Parker, var. orig. by, [437]
Baroness, [437]
Barry, [177]
Barry, Patrick, cited, [350]
Barry’s No. 19 (syn. of Rochester), [388]
Bartlett, [437]
Bartram, John, life of, [97]
Bartram, William, cited, [161], [162];
life of, [97];
quoted, [4], [67], [139];
species compared by, [98];
works of, [97]
Bashtite, H. T., var. found by, [211]
Bates, [437]
Bauchman Red Fox, [437]
Baxter, [437]
Bay State, [437]
Beach, [438]
Beach, Dr. Soloman, mentioned, [206]
Beach, S. A., quoted, [105]
Beach grape (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Beacon, [179]
Beaconsfield (syn. of Champion), [210]
Beagle, [438]
Beansville, [438]
Beaufort, [438]
Beauty, [180]
Beauty of Minnesota, [438]
Beaverdam, [438]
Beeby Black, [438]
Belinda, [438]
Bell, [181]
Bellomont, Earl of, cited, [13];
quoted, [12]
Belton, [438]
Belvidere, [438]
Belvin, [438]
Ben, [438]
Ben Hur, [438]
Benjamin, [438]
Bentham, George, life of, [135];
works of, [135]
Berckmans, [182]
Berckmans, P. J., mentioned, [182]
Berks, [439]
Berlandier, Jean Louis, life of, [131]
Berlaussel, [439]
Berlin, [439]
Bermuda vine (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Bertha, [439]
Bertrand, [183]
Bessey, C. E., cited, [106]
Beta, [439]
Bettina, [439]
Beverly, Robert, quoted, [8], [33], [38], [39]
Big B Con (syn. of Beacon), [179]
Big Berry, [439]
Big Black, [439]
Big Bunch (syn. of Big Berry), [439]
Big Cluster, [439]
Big Concord (syn. of Jumbo), [475]
Big Extra (syn. of Extra), [460]
Big Hope, [439]
Big Ozark, [439]
Big Red (syn. of Collier), [449]
Bird grape (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Bird’s Egg, [439]
Bird’s-eye rot (See Anthracnose)
Bishop, [440]
Bishop, D., var. orig. by, [440]
Bismarck, [440]
Bissell, J. W., cited, [214]
Black, Dr. R. B., var. found by, [478]
Black Bear, [440]
Black Cape (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Black Claret, [440]
Black Cluster, [440]
Black Delaware, [440]
Black Delaware (syn. of Nectar), [358]
Black Defiance, [184]
Black Eagle, [185]
Black El Paso (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Black Fox (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Black German (syn. of Marion (I)), [339]
Black German (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Black Gibraltar (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Black Grape (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Black Guignard (syn. of Guignard), [465]
Black Hamburg, [186]
Black Hawk, [188]
Black Heart, [440]
Black Herbemont, [440]
Black Imperial, [189]
Black July (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Black July (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Black King, [440]
Black Lenoir (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Black Madeira, [440]
Black Palestine (syn. of Orwigsburg), [497]
Black Pearl, [189]
Black Portugal (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Black Rose, [440]
Black-rot, [86]
Black September, [440]
Black Souvignon (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Black Spanish (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Black Spanish (syn. of Ohio (I)), [369]
Black Spanish Alabama (syn. of Ohio (I)), [369]
Blackstone, [441]
Black Taylor, [441]
Black Teneriffe (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Black Tennessee, [441]
Black Virginia, [441]
Blackwood, [441]
Blanco, [441]
Bland, [441]
Bland’s Fox (syn. of Bland), [441]
Bland’s grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Bland’s Madeira (syn. of Bland), [441]
Bland’s Pale Red (syn. of Bland), [441]
Bland’s Virginia (syn. of Bland), [441]
Blondin, [441]
Blood, [441]
Blood, Mr., var. originated by, [441]
Blood Black, [441]
Blood White, [441]
Bloom (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Bloomburg (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Blue Dyer, [441]
Blue Elsingburg (syn. of Elsingburgh), [257]
Blue Favorite, [442]
Blue French (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Blue French (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Blue grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Blue Grape (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Blue grape (syn. of V. bicolor), [144]
Blue Grape of the South (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Blue Imperial, [442]
Blue Seedling (syn. of Bertrand), [183]
Blue Tart (syn. of Oporto), [372]
Blue Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Blue Vine Grape (syn. of Oporto), [372]
Boadicea, [442]
Bocksaugen (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Bogue’s Eureka (syn. of Eureka (I)), [268]
Bokchito, [442]
Bolling, Col. Robert, book by, [15];
quoted, [40]
Bommerer (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Bonne Madame, [442]
Bossung, Jacob P., var. orig. by, [509]
Bostwick, Rev. William, mentioned, [54], [83]
Bottsi, [442]
Bottsi (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Boulevard, [442]
Bowker, Mr., var. orig. by, [492]
Bowman, [442]
Brackett’s Seedling (syn. of Winchester), [526]
Brackett’s Winchester (syn. of Winchester), [526]
Braddock, [442]
Bradley, [442]
Braendley, [442]
Brand White, [442]
Brant, [190]
Breck, [442]
Breece, J. S., var. orig. by, [436], [451]
Bridgewater, [442]
Brighton, [191]
Brilliant, [193]
Broderick, Mr., var. orig. by, [436]
Brown, [195]
Brown, Mr., var. orig. by, [527]
Brown, Jason, var. orig. by, [469]
Brown, Wm. B., quoted, [195];
var. found by, [195]
Brown French (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Brown Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Brown Seedling (syn. of Brown), [195]
Brown’s Early (syn. of Brown), [195]
Bruce, Philip Alexander, quoted, [32]
Brunk, [443]
Buck Grape (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Buckley, Samuel Botsford, cited, [128];
life of [116], [117]
Buist, [443]
Buist, H. B., var. orig. by, [443]
Bull (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Bull, Ephraim W., life of, [221];
var. orig. by, [221], [223], [264], [389], [479], [481], [488], [508], [519]
Bull grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
Bull’s Seedling (syn. of Concord), [219]
Bullace (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Bullace (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Bullet (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Bullet grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
Bullis (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Bullit (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Bullitt (syn. of Taylor), [408]
Bullitt, Cuthbert, mentioned, [409]
Bumper, [443]
Bunch grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Buncombe, [443]
Bundy, [443]
Bundy, David, var. orig. by, [217], [443]
Burbank, Luther, var. orig. by, [455]
Burgunder (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
Burgundy (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Burgundy (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Burgundy of Georgia (syn. of Pauline), [499]
Burlington, [443]
Burnet, [443]
Burr, John, life of, [251];
var. orig. by, [251], [256], [301], [322], [337], [405], [449], [460], [462], [472], [474], [486], [487], [496], [497], [498], [499], [500], [502], [503], [511], [515], [524]
Burr No. 1 (syn. of Jewel), [321]
Burr No. 9 (syn. of Ideal), [301]
Burr No. 47 (syn. of Leavenworth), [479]
Burr’s Early (syn. of Jewel), [321]
Burr’s No. 15 (syn. of Paragon), [499]
Burr’s No. 19 (syn. of White Jewel), [524]
Burroughs, [443]
Burrows, J. G., var. orig. by, [443]
Burrows No. 42C, [443]
Burton Early, [443]
Burton’s Early August (syn. of Early August), [455]

Bush, [443]
Bush, Isadore, cited, [119], [180], [208];
life of, [119];
quoted, [144]
Bush grape (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Bush grape of Texas (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
Bushberg, [443]
Bushberg Catalogue, quoted, [189], [236]
Bushy grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Cabot, [444]
Cairnano, [444]
California grape (syn. of V. californica), [135]
California grape (syn. of V. girdiana), [136]
California, grapes in, [25];
raisins in, [67]
California region, [61]
California Rosea, [444]
California White, [444]
Calkins, Mr., var. orig. by, [471]
Calloway, [444]
Caloosa (syn. of V. caribœa), [146]
Caloosa grape (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
Calypso, [444]
Camaks, [444]
Camaks, James, var. orig. by, [444]
Cambridge, [444]
Camden, [444]
Cameron, John D., var. orig. by, [494]
Campbell (syn. of Campbell Early), [196]
Campbell (syn. of Early Golden), [456]
Campbell, Geo. W., cited, [115];
life of, [198];
var. orig. by, [198], [413], [439], [475], [495], [500], [503], [523], [549], [550]
Campbell Early, [196]
Campbell’s Concord Hybrid No. 6 (syn. of Triumph), [411]
Campbell’s Seedling No. 6 (syn. of Triumph), [411]
Canaan, [444]
Canada, [199]
Canadian Hamburg (syn. of Othello), [374]
Canadian Hybrid (syn. of Othello), [374]
Canandaigua, [201]
Canby, [444]
Canby, W., var. orig. by, [444]
Canby’s August (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Canon grape (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Canonicus, [444]
Canyon grape (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Cape (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Cape (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Cape grape (syn. of Alexander), [50]
Cape May Prolific, [444]
Cape of Good Hope grape (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Capital, [444]
Captain, [201]
Captraube (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Carlotte, [444]
Carman, [202]
Carminet, [445]
Carolina (syn. of Caroline), [445]
Carolina Blue Muscadine, [445]
Carolina Powel (syn. of Bland), [441]
Caroline, [445]
Carpenter, Charles, var. orig. by, [448], [458], [483], [491]
Carpenter’s Seedling (syn. of Mottled), [491]
Carter, [445]
Carter (syn. of To-Kalon), [410]
Carver, [445]
Case, [445]
Case, S. D., var. found. by, [451]
Case Crystal, [445]
Caspar, [445]
Caspar, A., var. orig. by, [445]
Cassady, [445]
Cassady, H. P., var. orig., by, [445]
Cat Bird grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Cat grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Catarobe, [445]
Catawba, [50], [203]
Catawba Tokay (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Catawissa (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Catawissa Bloom (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Catherine, [445]
Catoosa, [445]
Cayuga, [208]
Caywood, Andrew Jackson, life of, [247];
var. orig. by, [247], [272], [358], [381], [414], [420], [445], [471], [480], [483], [487], [490], [524]
Caywood No. 1, [445]
Caywood No. 50, [445]
Centennial, [208]
Central lake district, [72];
acreage of, [85];
climate of, [82], [83];
first plantings in, [83];
first shipments from, [84];
fungi in, [86], [87];
geology of, [81];
insects in, [85], [86];
pruning and training in, [85];
season of, [84], [85];
soils of, [82];
topography of, [82];
wine in, [84]
Challenge, [209]
Challenge (syn. of Othello), [374]
Chambersburg White, [445]
Chambril, [445]
Champagne, [65];
production of in U. S., [65]
Champanel, [446]
Champania (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Champin grape (syn. of V. champini), [124]
Champion, [210]
Champova, [446]
Chandler, [446]
Chandler, N. M., var. orig. by, [446]
Chapin, [446]
Charles, [446]
Charles A. Green, [446]
Chas. Downing (syn. of Downing), [242]
Charlotte, [446]
Charlton, [446]
Charlton, John, var. orig. by, [446]
Charter Oak, [446]
Chase, Col. L., var. orig. by, [494], 575
Chautauqua, [211]
Chautauqua district, [61], [72];
acreage of, [78];
care of vineyards in, [79];
climate of, [75], [76];
first plantings in, [54], [76];
first shipments from, [77];
geology of, [73];
grape juice in, [66];
history of, 76 et seq.;
insects in, [79];
production of grapes in, [79];
rank of varieties in, [79];
soil of, [74], [75];
wine in, [77]
Chavoush, [446]
Cheowa, [446]
Cherokee, [446]
Cherokee (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Cherokee (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Chicago, [446]
Chicken-grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Chidester, C. P., var. orig. by, [446], [447], [483]
Chidester No. 1 (syn. of Lyon), [483]
Chidester’s Seedlings, [446], [447]
Childers, James, var. found by, [476]
Chillicothe, [447]
Chippewa, [447]
Chisholm, Dr. L. C., var. orig. by, [235], [334], [435], [443], [447], [463], [478], [525]
Chisholm’s Seedlings, [447]
Chlorosis, [87]
Chocolate, [447]
Choteau, [448]
Christian, Jacob, var. orig. by, [502]
Christie’s Improved Isabella (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Christine (syn. of Telegraph), [409]
Christine, Mr., var. found by, [410]
Church Seedling, [448]
Cigar Box (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Cigar Box Grape (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Cincinnati Horticultural Society Report, quoted, [370], [371]
Clarence (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Claret, [448]
Clarissa, [448]
Clark, [448]
Clark, B. W., var. orig. by, [361]
Clark, Dr., var. orig. by, [506]
Clark, J. T. C., var. orig. by, [449], [459]
Clark, James W., var. orig. by, [448], [509]
Clark Seedling, [448]
Clarkes, [448]
Classification of Vitis, [107]
Claude, [448]
Cleary, M. F., var. orig. by, [451]
Clement, Asa, var. orig. by, [244]
Cleopatra, [448]
Clevener, [212]
Clevener (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
Clifton, [448]
Clifton, William, mentioned, [161]
Clifton’s Constantia (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Climax, [448]
Clinton, [213]
Clinton-Vialia, [448]
Cloantha, [448]
Cloeta, [216]
Clough, James Milton, var. orig. by, [426]
Clover Street Black, [448]
Clover Street Red, [448]
Cluster, [448]
Clyde, [449]
Cobb, Mr., var. found by, [409]
Coble, H. C., var. orig. by, [452]
Cochee, [449]
Coe, [449]
Coffin, J. T., var. orig. by, [485]
Coleman’s White (syn. of Cuyahoga), [451]
Colerain, [217]
Colesvine, [449]
Collier, [449]
Collina, [449]
Colorado, [449]
Colp, [449]
Columbia, [449]
Columbia Bloom (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Columbia County (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Columbian, [449]
Columbian (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Columbian (syn. of Columbian Imperial), [218]
Columbian Imperial, [218]
Columbus, [449]
Common Blue grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Compacta, [449]
Conckling’s Wilding (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Concord, [55], [57], [66], [219]
Concord Chasselas, [449]
Concord Muscat, [450]
Concordia, [450]
Conelva, [450]
Connecticut, [450]
Connecticut Seedling, [450]
Conqueror, [450]
Constantia (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Constantia (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Continental (syn. of Centennial), [208]
Cooke, Dr. Thos. R., var. orig. by, [487]
Cooper, Joseph, var. orig. by, [450]
Cooper Wine, [450]
Copley, C. J., var. orig. by, [442], [444], [448], [450], [452], [453], [482], [488], [498], [508], [523], [529]
Copley’s Hybrids, [450]
Coppermine, [450]
Corby, [450]
Corby, C. C., var. orig. by, [450], [490]
Coriel, [450]
Cornelia, [450]
Cornucopia, [450]
Corporal, [451]
Corsican, [451]
Cortland, [451]
Cotoctin, [451]
Cottage, [222]
Courtland (syn. of Cortland), [451]
Covert, [451]
Covert, N. B., var. orig. by, [451]
Cowan, [451]
Cox, Mr., var. orig. by, [436]
Cozy, [451]
Craig, [451]
Crandall, P. B., var. orig. by, [480]
Crans, Peter, mentioned, [344]
Crehore, Mrs. Diana, var. orig. by, [240]
Creveling, [224]
Critic, [451]
Croton, [225]
Crown, [451]
Crystal, [451]
Culbert, Dr. W. A. M., var. orig. by, [249], [451], [452], [463], [493], [503], [513]
Culbert Seedling, [451]
Culbert’s No. 3 (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), [493]
Culbert No. 5 (syn. of Golden Berry), [463]
Culbert’s Seedling No. 6 (syn. of Purple Bloom), [503]
Culinary Grape (syn. of White Northern Muscat), [524]
Cunningham, [227]
Cunningham, Jacob, var. orig. by, [228]
Currant grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Curtis, [451]
Curtis, Dr., cited, [236]
Curtis, Geo., var. orig. by, [491]
Curtis, Mrs., var. orig. by, [464]
Cuyahoga, [451]
Cuyarano, [452]
Cyncon, [452]
Cynthiana, [228]
Daisy, [230]
Dale, Sir Thomas, mentioned, [32]
Dana, [452]
Dana, Francis, var. orig. by, [452], [494]
Danbury, [452]
Dankers, Jasper, quoted, [10]
Daphne, [452]
Dartmouth, [452]
Darwin, [452]
David Hall Grape (syn. of Logan), [481]
Davis, [452]
Davkina, [452]
Davy, General, mentioned, [206]
Dawson, J. H., var. orig. by, [497]
De Candolle, Augustin Pyramus, life of, [146];
writings of, [146]
De Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame, life of, [146];
writings of, [146];
cited, [155]
De Grasset, [452]
Delago, [452]
Delaware and Clinton No. 1 (syn. of Berckmans), [182]
Delaware, [231]
Delaware, grapes in, [34]
Delaware, Lord, mentioned, [32];
quoted, [6], [9]
Delaware Seedling, [452]
Delaware Seedling No. 2, [453]
Delaware Seedling No. 4 (syn. of Delaware Seedling), [452]
Delaware Seedling No. 9, [453]
Delaware Seedling No. 16, [453]
Delawba, [234]
D’Elboux, [453]
D’Elboux Seedling (syn. of D’Elboux), [453]
Delgoethe, [453]
Delicious, [453]
Delmar, [453]
Delmerlie, [453]
De Lyon, Abraham, mentioned, [9]
Dempsey, P. C., var. orig. by, [443], [453]
Dempsey’s Seedlings, [453]
Denison, [453]
Dennis, John, var. found by, [454]
Dennis Seedling, [454]
Denniston, [454]
Denniston, Isaac, var. found by, [454]
Department of Agriculture Report, quoted, [396]
Dery, Alexis, var. orig. by, [509]
Dery, Magloire, var. orig. by, [463]
De Soto, [454]
Detroit, [454]
Devereaux, [235]
Devereaux of “Gardening for the South” (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Devereaux (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Devereaux (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Devereaux, Samuel M., mentioned, [236]
Devereux (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Devereux (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Diamond, [236]
Diamond, Moore (syn. of Diamond), [236]
Diana, [238]
Diana Hamburg, [241]
Diaphragm, taxonomic value of, [102]
Dickens, Albert, cited, [271]
Diller, [454]
Dingwall White, [454]
Dinkel, [454]
Diogenes (syn. of Ironclad), [306]
Dissected vine (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [140]
Distribution, factors of, [69]
Diverse Leaved (syn. of Texas), [516]
Dixie, [454]
Dixon, Mr., var. orig. by, [475]
Doan’s grape (syn. of V. doaniana), [137]
Dr. Bain, [454]
Dr. Collier (syn. of Collier), [449]
Dr. Keller (syn. of Keller), [475]
Dr. Kemp, [454]
Dr. Robinson Seedling, [454]
Dr. Warder, [454]
Doder, [454]
Doder, Mr., var. orig. by, [454]
Dog Ridge, [454]
Dolle, [455]
Don Juan, [242]
Donnelly, R. J., mentioned, [210]
Dorchester (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Dorinda, [455]
Dorr Seedling, [455]
Downing, [242]
Downing, A. J., quoted, [56], [163]
Downing, Charles, quoted, [191], [195], [341]
Downy Canyon grape (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Downy grape (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
Downy mildew, [86]
Dracut Amber, [244]
Dry Hill Beauty, [455]
Duck-shot grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Dufour, [455]
Dufour, John James, cited, [163];
life of, [17];
quoted, [17], [18], [19], [20], [24], [47], [57], [162]
Dunlap, [455]
Dunlap (syn. of Lady Dunlap), [478]
Dunn, [455]
Dunn (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Duquett, [455]
Duquett’s Seedling (syn. of Duquett), [455]
Durfee, Dr., var. orig. by, [448]
Dutch, American grape culture by, [10]
Dutch Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Dutchess, [246]

Eames, Luther, var. orig. by, [455]
Eames Seedling, [455]
Early, [455]
Early Amber, [455]
Early Amber (syn. of Dracut Amber), [244]
Early August, [455]
Early Bird, [456]
Early Black, [456]
Early Black (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Early Black July, [456]
Early Black Summer Grape, [456]
Early Champion (syn. of Champion), [210]
Early Concord, [456]
Early Daisy, [248]
Early Dawn, [249]
Early Delmonico, [456]
Early Golden, [456]
Early Harvest, [456]
Early Hudson, [456]
Early June, [456]
Early Lebanon, [456]
Early Malvasia, [456]
Early Market, [457]
Early Northern Muscadine (syn. of Northern Muscadine), [365]
Early Ohio, [249]
Early Prolific, [457]
Early Purple, [457]
Early Vicks, [457]
Early Victor, [250]
Early Wine, [457]
Eastern region, [59], [61]
Eaton, [252]
Eaton, Calvin, var. orig. by, [253]
Eaton’s Seedling (syn. of Eaton), [252]
Ebony, [457]
Echland, [457]
Eclipse (I), [254]
Eclipse (II), [256]
Eden, [457]
Edmeston, [457]
Edmeston, D. G., var. orig. by, [457]
Edmeston No. 1 (syn. of Edmeston), [457]
Edward, [457]
Eggert, H., mentioned, [115]
Eggert’s grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Eichelberger, Thomas, mentioned, [44]
Elaine, [457]
Elbling, [457]
Eleala, [457]
Electra, [458]
Elizabeth, [458]
Elkton, [458]
Ellen, [458]
Ellwanger and Barry, var. orig. by, [350], [388]
El Paso (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
El Paso (syn. of Mission), [489]
El Paso (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Elpo, [458]
Elsenburgh (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Elsinboro (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Elsinborough (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Elsinburg (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Elsingburg (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Elsinburgh, [257]
Elsmere, [458]
Elvibach, [458]
Elvicand, [258]
Elvin, [458]
Elvira, [259]
Elvira Seedling No. 8 (syn. of Etta), [265]
Emerald, [458]
Emma, [458]
Empire State, [261]
Enfield, [458]
Englemann, George, life of, [131], [132];
cited, [106], [118], [123], [128], [132];
quoted, [104], [105], [143];
work on Vitis by, [100], [101]
Engle, C., var. orig. by, [457], [458], [465], [468], [469], [472], [487], [488], [503], [516], [520], 565
Engle’s Seedlings, [458]
English, American grape culture by, [6]
Ensenberger, G. A., var. orig. by, [293], [311], [459], [468], [472], [475], [486]
Ensenberger’s Seedlings, [459]
Eolia, [459]
Epurill, [459]
Erickson, [459]
Erskine, E. M., mentioned, [62];
quoted, [53]
Essex, [263]
Essex County (Mass.) Seedling, [459]
Estave, Andrew, mentioned, [8]
Estell, Mr., var. orig. by, [506]
Estella, [459]
Ester, [264]
Etawa, [459]
Etta, [265]
Eudora, [459]
Eufala, [459]
Eugenia, [459]
Eumedel, [459]
Eumelan, [266]
Eumorely, [460]
Eureka (I), [268]
Eureka (II), [268]
European grape (syn. V. vinifera), [154]
European grapes, American culture by French, [9];
characters of, [3], [4], [155];
culture in Virginia, [8];
first plantings in America, [6]
Eva, [460]
Evaline, [460]
Evenden, Mr., var. orig. by, [483]
Everbearing grape (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Everett, [460]
Ewing, [460]
Ewing’s Seedling (syn. of Ewing), [460]
Excelsior, [269]
Exquisite, [460]
Extra, [460]
Faith, [270]
Fall grape (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Fallwicke, [460]
Fallwicke, Joseph, var. orig. by, [460]
False Scuppernong (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Fancher, [460]
Fancher (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Fanny Hoke, [460]
Farmers Club, [460]
Farrell, [460]
Farrell, D., var. found by, [460]
Far West, [461]
Fay, Elijah, mentioned, [54];
life of, [76]
Fay, Lincoln, mentioned, [77]
Feemster, [461]
Feemster Favorite, [461]
Fena, [461]
Fern (syn. of Fern Munson), [271]
Fern Munson, [271]
Fidia, [79], [80]
Fidia viticida (See Fidia)
Fisher, E. P., var. orig. by, [514], [522], [525]
Fisk, [461]
Fitchburg, [461]
Flea-beetle, [80]
Fleish Traube (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Flickwir, [461]
Flora, [461]
Florence, [272]
Florence, [461]
Florida, grapes in, [30]
Florida Bird grape (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Florida grape (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Flower of Missouri, [461]
Flowers, [461]
Fluke, Newton K., var. orig. by, [461]
Fluke’s Hybrids, [461]
Folsom, S., var. orig. by, [268]
Foreign grape (syn. of V. vinifera), [154]
Foster, [461]
Fox, [461]
Fox (syn. of Fitchburg), [461]
Fox grape, [39], [41]
Fox grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Fox grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [149]
Fox grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
Fox grape of the Northern States (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Fox grape of the South (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Foxy, defined, [4]
Frakenthaler (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Fraker, William A., var. found by, [436]
Framboisier (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Framingham, [461]
Frances E. Willard, [462]
Franc’s Hybrid (syn. of Hybrid Franc), [300]
Frankendale (syn. Black Hamburg), [186]
Frankenthaler gros noir (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Franklin, [462]
Fredonia, [462]
Free Black (syn. of Fitchburg), [461]
French, American grape culture by, [9]
French Grape (syn. of Craig), [451]
French grape (syn. of Delaware), [231]
French Grape (syn. of Franklin), [462]
Fritz, [462]
Frost, [462]
Frost (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Frost grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Frost grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Frost-grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Fruit, taxonomic value of, [103]
Gaertner, [272]
Gallup Seedling, [462]
Gandy, R. W., var. orig. by, [500]
Garber, [462]
Garber, J. B., var. orig. by, [433], [462], [485], [494]
Garber Red Fox, [462]
Garber’s Albino (syn. of Albino), [433]
Garber’s Red-Fox (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Garber’s White (syn. of Albino), [433]
Gardner, Mr., var. orig. by, [466]
Garfield, [462]
Garnet, [462]
Garrigues, [462]
Gassman, [462]
Gauger, [462]
Gazelle, [462]
Gelbholziger Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
General Pope, [462]
Genesee, [463]
Geneva, [274]
Georgia, grapes in, [9], [54]
Gerbig, A. V., var. orig. by, [463]
Gerbig No. 2, [463]
Gerbig No. 10, [463]
German Grape (syn. of Marion (II)), [341]
German Seedling, [463]
German Wine (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Giant, [463]
Giant Leaf (syn. of Riesenblatt), [506]
Gibb, [463]
Gibbs, Mrs. Isabella, mentioned, [308]
Gibb’s grape (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Gibralter (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Gilbert, Garret, var. orig. by, [463]
Gilbert’s White Shonga, [463]
Gill Wylie, [463]
Gilt Edge, [463]
Glenfeld, [275]
Globe (syn. of Sage), [395]
Godard, Francis, var. orig. by, [479]
Goethe, [276]
Goff, [277]
Goff, E. S., var. orig. by, [278]
Gold Coin, [280]
Gold Dust, [463]
Golden Beauty, [463]
Golden Berry, [463]
Golden Clinton, [463]
Golden Concord, [464]
Golden Drop, [281], [464]
Golden Gem, [464]
Golden Grain, [464]
Golden Pocklington (syn. of Pocklington), [379]
Goldstein, [464]
Goldstein’s Early (syn. of Goldstein), [464]
Good Adle, [464]
Goodale, Geo., var. orig. by, [524]
Goodhue, C. H., var. orig. by, [498]
Goodman, [464]
Governor Ireland, [464]
Governor Ross, [464]
Graham, [464]
Graham, W., var. orig. by, [464]
Grant, Dr. C. W., life of, [304];
var. orig. by, [304], [312]
Grape districts of New York, [72]
Grape fruit worm, [80], [81]
Grape-growers, early, in United States, [48]
Grape-growing, development of, [58];
rank of, in states, [72];
specialization of, [59];
status of in 1830, [47], [48], [49];
status of in 1859, [53], [55];
status of in 1880, [59];
status of in 1890, [59], [61]
Grape juice, [66]
Grape leaf-hopper, [80]
Grape regions, [59], [60]
Grape-vine flea-beetle, [80]
Grape-vine fidia, [79]
Grapes, adaptation of, [68];
culture by Dutch, [10];
culture by English, [6], [7];
culture by Spaniards, [6];
culture by Swedes, [10];
early history of, [26];
evolution of, [36];
accounts of by early explorers, [29];
classification of, [107], [108];
improvement of, [28];
evolution of, [26];
first records of, [29];
habitat of, [27];
means of distribution of, [27];
native, [39];
value of, [36];
self-fertility of, [104];
self-sterility of, [104];
soil for, [71];
wild, as index to grape regions, [28];
wild, in North America, [26]
Gravel, [464]
Gravestock, John, var. orig. by, [449]
Gray, Asa, cited, [106]
Gray, J. W., var. orig. by, [528]
Gray, W. C., var. orig. by, [464]
Gray Delaware (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Gray’s Seedlings, [464]
Grayson, [464]
Great Black Muscadine (syn. of Willis Large Black), [525]
Great Cluster (syn. of Big Berry), [439]
Greeley, Horace, mentioned, [222];
quoted, [220]
Green Castle, [464]
Green Early, [281]
Greene, O. J., var. found by, [281]
Greene, William E., var. found by, [417]
Green, William E., var. orig. by, [456], [490]
Green Mountain (syn. of Winchell), [425]
Green Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Green Scuppernong (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Green Ulster, [465]
Greer, [465]
Grein Extra Early, [465]
Grein Golden, [282]
Grein, Nicholas, var. orig. by, [283], [349], [465]
Grein No. 7 (syn. of Grein Extra Early), [465]
Grein’s No. 1 (syn. of Missouri Riesling), [349]
Grein’s No. 2 (syn. of Grein Golden), [282]
Grein’s Seedlings, [465]
Grevaduly, [465]
Greverson, [465]
Grote, [465]
Grove, [465]
Guernsey Grape (syn. of Willis Fredonia), [525]
Guesta, [465]
Guignard, [465]
Guignardia bidwellii (See Black-rot)
Guinevra, [465]
Gula, [465]
Gulch, [465]
Gulch grape (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
Gulch grape (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Gunn, Ward D., var. found by, [164]
Hadden, Mr., var. orig. by, [465]
Hadden Seedling, [465]
Hagar, [466]
Hagar (syn. of Alvey), [434]
Halifax, [466]
Halifax Seedling, [466]
Hall, [466]
Hall, Mr., var. orig. by, [466]
Hall, David, var. orig. by, [466]
Haltica chalybea (See Grape-vine flea-beetle)
Hamill Seedling, [466]
Hamilton, [466]
Hampton Court Vine (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Hanover (southern) (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Hardy Chasselas, [466]
Hariot, Thomas, cited, [31]
Harmer, [466]
Harmer Seedling, [466]
Harmonists, grape culture by, [19], [20]
Harrell, [466]
Harrell, Obed, var. orig. by, [466], [495]
Harriet Beecher, [466]
Harris, [466]
Harris (syn. Lenoir), [328]
Harris, Mr., var. found by, [466]
Harrison, [466], [467]
Hart (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Hart (syn. of Lincoln), [480]
Hart, Joseph, var. orig. by, [435], [458]
Hartford, [284]
Hart’s White (syn. of White Elizabeth), [523]
Hartford Prolific (syn. of Hartford), [284]
Harvard Seedling, [467]
Harvey, Dr., var. orig. by, [434]
Harwood, [467]
Harwood, Major, var. orig. by, [467]
Hasbrouck, Eli, var. orig. by, [435]
Haskell, George, var. orig. by, [467], [508]
Haskell, N. R., var. orig. by, [467]
Haskell’s Seedlings, [467]
Haskew, [467]
Hattie, [467]
Hatton, [467]
Hattus, [467]
Hawkins, Captain John, cited, [30]
Hawkins, D. J., mentioned, [365]
Hawkins, William, var. orig. by, [467], [468]
Hawkins No. 3, [467]
Hawkins No. 10, [468]
Hayes, [286]
Headlight, [287]
Hearthenge, [468]
Heart-leaved vitis (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Heath (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Helen, [468]
Helen Keller, [468]
Helpfer, [468]
Hencke, Ludwig, var. orig. by, [461], [479], [487], [508]
Henderson, G., var. orig. by, [483]
Henrico, [468]
Henry, [468]
Hensell’s Long Island (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Henshaw, [468]
Herald, [468]
Herbemont, [288]
Herbemont, Nicholas, cited, [329];
mentioned, [290], [309]
Herbemont Madeira (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Herbemont Seedling, [468]

Herbert, [291]
Hercules, [293]
Heriulfusson, Biarni, mentioned, [29]
Hermann, [294]
Hermann Jaeger (syn. of Jaeger), [314]
Hero, [468]
Hertia, [468]
Hertlein, John, var. orig. by, [449]
Hettie, [468]
Heunis, [468]
Hewitt, Alexander, quoted, [9]
Hexamer, [469]
Hexamer, Dr., var. orig. by, [469]
Hiawasse, [469]
Hickman (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Hicks, [295]
Hidalgo, [296]
Higginson, Francis, quoted, [12]
Highland, [297]
Hilgarde (syn. of Fern Munson), [271]
Hill Grape of Ohio (syn. of Collina), [449]
Hine, [469]
Hine Seedling (syn. of Hine), [469]
History, of Old World grape, [1]
Hoag, C. L., var. orig. by, [361]
Hobbs, O. T., var. orig. by, [497]
Hock, [469]
Hofer, A. F., var. orig. by, [469]
Hofer Seedling No. 2, [469]
Holmes, [469]
Honey, [469]
Honey (syn. of Raabe), [504]
Honey Dew, [469]
Hooker, [469]
Hopeon, [469]
Hopherbe, [469]
Hopican, [470]
Hopkins, [470]
Hopkins, Mr., var. orig. by, [516]
Hopkins Early Red (syn. of Wyoming), [431]
Horner, [470]
Horner, Joe, var. orig. by, [470]
Hosford, [299]
Hosford, George, var. orig. by, [299], [439]
Hosford’s Mammoth Seedling (syn. of Hosford), [299]
Hosford’s Seedling (syn. of Hosford), [299]
Hoskins, A., var. orig. by, [470]
Hoskins Seedling, [470]
Houghton, Francis, var. orig. by, [444]
Howell, [470]
Hubbard Seedless, [470]
Huber, [470]
Huber, Theophile, var. orig. by, [339], [433], [434], [437], [439], [454], [457], [458], [468], [471], [472], [484], [516], [519]
Huber’s Seedlings, [470], [471]
Hudler (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Hudson, [471]
Hudson River district, [72], [88];
acreage of, [88];
climate of, [89];
diseases in, [92];
early plantings in, [89], [90];
early viticulturists in, [90];
first plantings in, [55];
geology of, [88];
packing and shipping in, [91], [92];
rain-fall in, [89];
training and pruning in, [91];
varieties in, [90], [91]
Hueber, Lewis, var. orig. by, [496]
Huguenots, [38]
Hulings, Dr., mentioned, [258]
Hulkerson’s Seedlings, [471]
Humboldt, [471]
Hunt (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Hunt, R. A., var. found by, [250]
Hunt, R. H., var. found by, [371]
Hunterville, [471]
Huntingdon, [471]
Husmann, [471]
Husmann, G., cited, [115], [221];
quoted, [114]
Husson (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Hutchinson, [471]
Hutporup, [471]
Hybride de Concord No. 6 (syn. of Triumph), [411]
Hybrid, first Labrusca-vinifera, [56]
Hybrid Franc, [300]
Hyde, Wilkes, var. orig. by, [471]
Hyde Black, [471]
Hyde Eliza, [471]
Icterida, [472]
Ida, [472]
Ideal, [301]
Iden, [472]
Iden (syn. of Lake), [478]
Illinois, grapes in, [53], [54]
Illinois City, [472]
Illinois Early, [472]
Illinois Prolific, [472]
Imitation Hamburg (syn. of Union Village), [415]
Imlay, Mr., mentioned, [326]
Imperial, [302]
Imperial (syn. of Columbian Imperial), [218]
Improved Purple Fox, [472]
Improved Warren (syn. of Harwood), [467]
Indiana, [472]
Indiana, grapes in, [20], [54]
Indian Field, [472]
Infloresence, taxonomic value of, [102]
International, [472]
Iola, [472]
Iona, [302]
Iowa, [472]
Iowa, grapes in, [61]
Iowa Excelsior, [472]
Iris, [472]
Ironclad, [306]
Irvin October, [472]
Irving, [473]
Isabella, [50], [307]
Isabella Regia (syn. of Pierce), [500]
Isabella Seedling, [310]
Isabelle d’Amerique (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Israella, [311]
Italian wine grape (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Ithaca, [473]
Ives, [312]
Ives, Henry, var. orig. by, [313]
Ives’ Maderia (syn. of Ives), [312]
Ives’ Maderia Seedling (syn. of Ives), [312]
Ives’ Seedling (syn. of Ives), [312]
Ives’ Seedling Maderia (syn. of Ives), [312]
Jac (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Jac (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Jacent, [473]
Jack (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Jack (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Jacques (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Jacques (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Jacquet (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Jacquet (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Jacquez (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Jacquez (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Jaeger, [314]
Jaeger, Hermann, cited, [115];
var. found by, [461];
var. orig. by, [455], [473], [474], [481], [492], [523]
Jaeger, Herman (syn. of Jaeger), [314]
Jaeger No. 50 (syn. of Longworth), [481]
Jaeger No. 56 (syn. of Dufour), [455]
Jaeger No. 70 (syn. of Munson), [492]
Jaeger’s Seedlings, [473]
James, [315]
James, J. H., var. orig. by, [474]
James Seedling, [474]
Janesville, [316]
Jane Wylie, [474]
Janie Wylie (syn. of Jane Wylie), [474]
Jaques, John, mentioned, [89]
Jefferson, [317]
Jefferson, Thomas, quoted, [45], [161]
Jeffries, Mr., var. orig. by, [526]
Jelly, [474]
Jemina, [474]
Jennie May, [474]
Jennings, [474]
Jersey Grape (syn. of Willis Fredonia), [525]
Jessica, [320]
Jessie, [474]
Jesuits, [17]
Jeter, [474]
Jewel, [321]
Jewell (syn. of Jewel), [321]
Joen, [474]
Joe’s Mariole (syn. of Mariole), [485]
John Burr, [474]
Johnson, [474]
Johnson, David, var. orig. by, [498]
Johnson, J., mentioned, [206]
Johnson, S. W., cited, [17];
quoted, [44]
Jolly, [474]
Joly, [474]
Jonathan, [474]
Jones, Calvin, quoted, [51], [400]
Jones, Judge J. B., var. found by, [184]
Jones, W. W., var. orig. by, [435], [468], [525]
Jones Perfumed (syn. of Carolina Blue Muscadine), [445]
Joplin, J., var. orig. by, [474]
Joplin’s Peaks of Otter, [474]
Jordan (syn. of Moyer), [354]
Jordan Large Blue, [475]
Jordan’s Blue (syn. of Jordan Large Blue), [475]
Joseph Henry, [475]
Josselyn, John, quoted, [35]
Judd, [475]
Judge, [475]
Judge Miller, [475]
July, [475]
July Sherry (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
July Twenty-fifth, [475]
Jumbo, [475]
Jumbo (syn. of Columbian Imperial), [218]
June Grape (syn. of V. riparia præcox), [121]
Juno, [475]
Juno’s Sister, [475]
Kalamazoo, [475]
Kalista, [475]
Kansas July, [475]
Kay Seedling, [475]
Kay’s Seedling (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Keller, [475]
Keller White, [475]
Keller’s White (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Kelley, Datus, var. orig. by, [485]
Kellog, [476]
Kelly, W. B., var. orig. by, [467]
Kemp, [476]
Kendall, [476]
Kenena, [476]
Kenrick’s Native, [476]
Kensington, [322]
Kentucky, [476]
Kentucky, grapes in, [17], [54]
Kentucky wine, [476]
Ketchum, [476]
Keuka (syn. of Neff), [492]
Keuka Lake, first plantings about, [54]
Key to species of Vitis, [107], [108]
Keystone, [476]
Kiamichi, [476]
Kilvington, [476]
King, [324]
King (syn. of Golden Clinton), [463]
King Philip, [476]
Kingsessing, [476]
Kingsessing, Edward G., var. orig. by, [462]
King William, [476]
Kinney, I., var. orig. by, [476], [477]
Kinney’s Seedlings, [476], [477]
Kiowa, [477]
Kitchen, [477]
Kittredge (syn. of Ives), [312]
Kniffin, William, mentioned, [91]
Kniffin system of training, [91]
Knob Mountain, [477]
Knox, Rev. J., var. orig. by, [504]
Koeth, A., var. orig. by, [442]
Kosomo, [477]
Kramer, J. C., var. orig. by, [438], [477]
Kramer Seedling, [477]
Krause, [477]
Kready, John, var. orig. by, [248], [456], [476]
Kruger, [477]
Labe, [477]
Labrusca, origin of the name, [149]
Lacon, [477]
Laconia, [477]
La Crissa, [477]
Ladies, [477]
Ladies Choice (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Lady, [325]
Lady Charlotte, [477]
Lady Dunlap, [478]
Lady Helene, [478]
Lady Washington, [327]
Lady Younglove, [478]
Lake, [478]
Lake (syn. of Iden), [472]
Lama (syn. of Laura), [478]
La Marie, [478]
Lane, Ralph, cited, [31]
Langendoerfer, F., var. orig. by, [295], [524]
Languedoc (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Langworthy, L. B., var. found by, [214]
La Reine, [478]
Large Berry, [478]
Large Blue English (syn. of Cape May Prolific), [444]
Large German (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Large Leaf, [478]
Larrowe, Hon. Jacob, mentioned, [83]
La Salle, [478]
Laughlin, [478]
Laughlin, W. R., var. orig. by, [478]
Laura, [478]
Laura Beverly (syn. of Creveling), [224]
Laussel, [478]
Lavega, [478]
Lawrence, [478]
Laws, John, var. orig. by, [474]
Lawson, [479]
Lawson, John, life of, [36];
quoted, [37]
Leader, [479]
Leaf-hopper (See Grape leaf-hopper)
Leather-Leaf grape (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
Leavenworth, [479]
Leaves, taxonomic value of, [105], [106]
Lebanon Seedling (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Le Conte, John Eaton, life of, [144];
work on Vitis by, [100];
writings of, [144]
Legaux, Peter, cited, [42];
life of, [16];
mentioned, [15], [18], [161], [162]
Lehigh (syn. of Berks), [439]
Lehman, [479]
Lehman, William, var. orig. by, [479]
Leif the Lucky, [29], [30]
Lemosy, Mr., cited, [367]
Lenoir, [328]
Lenoir (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Lenoir (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Lenori, [479]
Leon, [479]
Lespeyre (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Letovey, [479]
Lewis, [479]
Lexington, [479]
Lida, [479]
Lightfoot, [479]
Lightfoot, W. H., var. orig. by, [434], [435], [438], [444], [479], [489], [514]
Lightfoot Seedling No. 34, [479]
Lightfoot’s Seedlings, [479]
Lilac (syn. of Shurtleff Seedling), [512]
Limington White, [479]
Linceola, [479]
Lincoln, [480]
Lincoln (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Lincoln (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Lincoln County (syn. of Lincoln), [480]
Lincoln Downer, [480]
Lincrup, [480]
Lincy, [480]
Lindell, [480]
Linden, [480]
Lindley, [329]
Lindley, John, mentioned, [330]
Lindmar, [480]
Linelvi, [480]
Linherbe, [480]
Linley, [480]
Linn, [480]
Linn Queen, [480]
Linnaeus, Carolus, life of, [149], [150];
quoted, [118], [151], [155]
Linville, Robert, var. orig. by, [459]
Little Blue, [480]
Little Giant, [481]
Little grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Little Mountain grape (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Little Ozark, [481]
Livingston, [481]
Lizzie, [481]
Lobata, [481]
Logan, [481]
London Company, [6], [7]
Long, [481]
Long (syn. of Cunningham), [227]
Long (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Long, Col. James, var. found by, [481]
Long John, [481]
Long No. 2 (syn. of Cunningham), [227]
Longfellow, quoted, [204]
Long’s (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Long’s Arkansas (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Longworth, [481]
Longworth Monster, [481]
Longworth, Nicholas, books by, [23];
grapes imported by, [23];
life of, [22], [23];
mentioned, [206], [236], [340], [416];
var. found by, [370];
var. orig. by, [481]
Longworth No. 20 (syn. of Longworth), [481]
Longworth’s Ohio (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Longworth’s Ohio (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Loomis’ Honey, [481]
Looney, C. S., var. orig. by, [482]
Looney Seedling, [482]
Lorain, [482]
Loretto, [482]
Loubat, Alphonse, mentioned, [24]
Loudon, F. W., var. orig. by, [281], [316], [446], [474], [482]
Loudon Seedling, [482]
Louisa, [482]
Louise, [482]
Louisiana, [331]
Louisiana, grapes in, [13]
Louisville, [482]
Louisville Seedling (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Lowell Globe, [482]
Lucile, [332]
Lucky, [482]
Luckyne, [482]
Lucy Winton, [482]
Luders, [482]
Luffborough, [482]
Lugawana, [482]
Lugiana nera (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Lukfata, [482]
Lulie, [482]
Lum, H. B., var. orig. by, [478]
Luna, [482]
Lutie, [334]
Lycoming, [483]
Lydia, [483]
Lyman, [483]
Lyon,

[483]
Lyon (syn. of Presly), [502]
Mabel, [483]
MacCandless (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
MacCandless (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
McCowan (syn. of Cowan), [451]
McDonald’s Ann Arbor, [483]
McGowan (syn. of Cowan), [451]
Macedonia, [483]
McKay, E. A., mentioned, [83]
McKee (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
McKinley, [483]
McKinley, J. S., var. orig. by, [218]
McLean (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
McLean (syn. of Lincoln), [480]
McLean, Dr. Wm., var. orig. by, [480]
McLure (syn. of Mrs. McLure), [491]
McMahon, Bernard, cited, [44]
McMurtrie, Dr. William, mentioned, [59]
McNeil, [483]
McOwen (syn. of Cowan), [451]
McPike, [335]
McPike, H. G., var. orig. by, [336]
Madeira, [483]
Madeira (syn. of Black Madeira), [440]
Madeira of York, Pa. (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Madeline, [483]
Madison County (syn. of Long), [481]
Magee, [484]
Magee, George J., cited, [275];
var. found by, [275]
Magnate, [336]
Magnificent, [484]
Maguel, Francis, cited, [32]
Maguire, [484]
Mahogany (syn. of Mahogany Colored), [484]
Mahogany Colored, [484]
Main, [484]
Main, Mr., var. orig. by, [484]
Maine, grapes in, [13]
Malinda, [484]
Malvasier (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Malvin, [484]
Mammoth (syn. of Sage), [395]
Mammoth Catawba (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Mammoth Globe (syn. of Carter), [445]
Mammoth Sage (syn. of Sage), [395]
Manhattan, [484]
Manito, [337]
Manockanock, [484]
Mansfield, [484]
Manson, [484]
Marguerite, [484]
Marie Louise, [338]
Marine’s Seedlings, [485]
Marine, William M., var. orig. by, [461], [466], [476], [479], [482], [484], [485], [487], [489], [493], [496], [505]
Mariole, [485]
Marion (I), [339]
Marion (II), [341]
Marion Port (syn. of Marion (I)), [33]
Marion Port (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Marique, [485]
Marker, [485]
Marsala, [485]
Marshall, Humphrey, life of, [96];
quoted, [151];
writings of, [96]
Martha, [341]
Marvin, D. S., var. orig. by, [208], [209], [405], [444], [451], [464], [470], [474], [478], [485], [509], [510], [521]
Marvina, [485]
Marvin’s Seedlings, [485]
Mary, [485]
Mary Ann, [485]
Mary Favorite, [485]
Mary Mark, [486]
Maryland, grapes in, [9], [10], [18]
Maryland Purple, [486]
Mary Wylie, [486]
Mason, [486]
Mason, Mrs. E., var. orig. by, [486], [507]
Mason, B., var. orig. by, [486]
Mason Renting, [486]
Mason’s Seedling (syn. of Mason), [486]
Massachusetts, grapes in, [12]
Massachusetts White, [486]
Massasoit, [343]
Matchless, [486]
Mathews, Professor, var. orig. by, [472]
Mathilde, [486]
Matlock (syn. of Miles), [488]
Mauston, [486]
Maxatawney, [344]
May Red, [486]
Mead, John, mentioned, [84]
Mead, John, var. orig. by, [486]
Mead Seedling, [486]
Mead’s Seedling (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Meanko, [487]
Mease, Dr. James, life of, [42], [43];
mentioned, [45];
paper by, [43]
Medora, [487]
Meisch (syn. of Mish), [489]
Melasko, [487]
Memory, [487]
Mendota, [487]
Meno, [487]
Merceron, [487]
Merceron (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Merceron, F. E., var. orig. by, [487], [499]
Mericadel, [487]
Merrimac, [345]
Meta, [487]
Metis, [487]
Metternich, [487]
Mianna or Mienna, [487]
Michaux, André, cited, [126];
life of, [108];
quoted, [118];
works of, [108]
Michaux, F. André, life of, [108];
works of, [108]
Michigan, [488]
Michigan (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Michigan, grapes in, [61]
Middle region, [59], [60], [61]
Middlesex, [488]
Mignonette vine (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Miland, [488]
Mildew (See Downy and Powdery mildew)
Miles, [488]
Millardet, [488]
Millardet, cited, [102], [233], [368]
Miller, [488]
Miller, J. B., var. orig. by, [463]
Miller, Samuel, var. orig. by, [188], [342], [460], [482], [483], [488], [529]
Miller No. 1 (syn. of Martha), [341]
Miller’s No. 2 (syn. of Eva), [460]
Miller’s No. 3 (syn. of Macedonia), [483]
Miller’s No. 4 (syn. of Black Hawk), [188]
Miller’s Seedlings, [488]
Millington, [488]
Millington, Dr., var. found by, [488]
Millington, Mrs., var. orig. by, [498]
Millington White, [488]
Mills, [347]
Mills, W. H., var. orig. by, [348], [478]
Mineola, [488]
Miner, T. B., var. orig. by, [172], [418], [433], [436], [438], [442], [444], [459], [472], [479], [480], [489], [507]
Miner’s Seedlings, [489]
Mingo, [489]
Minnehaha, [489]
Minnesota, [489]
Minnesota Mammoth, [489]
Minnie, [489]
Minor’s Seedling (syn. of Venango), [520]
Miriam, [489]
Mish, [489]
Mission, [489]
Missouri, [489]
Missouri, grapes in, [52]
Missouri Bird Eye, [490]
Missouri Bird’s Eye (syn. of Elsinburgh), [257]
Missouri grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Missouri Muscadine, [490]
Missouri Riesling, [349]
Missouri Seedling (syn. of Missouri), [489]
Modena, [490]
Moffats, [490]
Mohrendutte (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Moltke, [490]
Monarch, [490]
Monard, [490]
Monlintawba, [490]
Monroe, [350]
Montclair, [490]
Montefiore, [351]
Monteith (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Montisella, [490]
Montour, [490]
Montreal, [490]
Moore, Captain John B., var. orig. by, [286], [353], [456], [465]
Moore, Jacob, life of, [192];
var. orig. by, [192], [237], [241], [274], [448], [466], [514], [524]
Moore, Rev. Archer, var. orig. by, [209], [450]
Moore Early, [353]
Moore’s Diamond (syn. of Diamond), [236]
Moore’s No. 31 (syn. of Hayes), [286]
Morin, [490]
Morneberg, J. G., var. orig. by, [461]
Morrell, Mr., var. orig. by, [490]
Morrell Seedling, [490]
Morse, [491]
Morton, Thomas, quoted, [35]
Mosher, S., mentioned, [206]
Mottier, John E., var. orig. by, [523]
Mottier (syn. of Purple Marion), [504]
Mottled, [491]
Mountain, [491]
Mountain grape (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Mountain grape (syn. of V. monticola), [116]
Mountain grape of Texas (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
Mount Lebanon, [491]
Moyer, [354]
Moyer’s Early Red (syn. of Moyer), [354]
Mrs. McLure, [491]
Mrs. Munson, [491]
Mrs. Stayman, [491]
Muench, [491]
Muench, F., var. orig. by, [376], [471], [511], [521]
Multiple, [491]
Muncie, [491]
Muncy (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Muncy Black, [491]
Muncy Pale Red (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Munier, [491]
Munson, [492]
Munson, Thomas Volney, cited, [105], [106], [114], [118], [124], [128], [134], [143], [149], [233], [267], [271], [287], [290], [331];
life of, [122];
quoted, [122], [126], [216];
var. orig. by, [122], [169], [170], [176], [179], [181], [194], [202], [216], [259], [271], [280], [287], [296], [315], [337], [385], [393], [394], [421], [433], [434], [435], [436], [437], [438], [439], [440], [441], [442], [443], [445], [448], [449], [450], [451], [452], [453], [454], [456], [457], [458], [459], [460], [463], [464], [465], [470], [471], [474], [475], [476], [477], [478], [479], [480], [481], [482], [484], [485], [486], [487], [488], [489], [490], [491], [492], [493], [494], [495], [496], [497], [498], [500], [501], [502], [503], [504], [505], [508], [509], [510], [511], [512], [513], [514], [515], [516], [517], [518], [519], [520], [521], [522], [525], [526], [528];
work on Vitis by, [101]
Munson, W. K., var. found by, [324]
Munson’s No. 13 (syn. of Striped Ruby), [515]
Munson’s No. 21 (syn. of Bell), [181]
Munson No. 22 (syn. of Gold Dust), [463]
Munson’s No. 29 (syn. of Old Gold), [495]
Munson’s No. 33 (syn. of Red Bird), [505]
Munson No. 45 (syn. of Linelvi), [480]
Munson No. 47 (syn. of Red Eagle), [385]
Munson’s No. 76 (syn. of Fern Munson), [271]
Munson No. 81 (syn. of Jaeger), [314]
Munson’s No. 107 (syn. of Multiple), [491]
Munson’s No. 111 (syn. of Sweetey), [515]
Munson’s No. 130 (syn. of Texas Highland), [516]
Munson’s No. 181 (syn. of Texas), [516]
Munson’s Riparia (syn. of V. longii microsperma), [123]
Munson’s Riparia (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Murdock, [492]
Murdock, Judge, var. orig. by, [492]
Murry, William, mentioned, [206]
Muscadine Superior, [492]
Muscadine (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Muscadine grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
Muscat, [492]
Muscat Catawba, [492]
Muscat Hamburg, [356]
Musky, defined, [4]
Mustang (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Mustang grape (syn. of V. candicans), [147]
Mustang grape of Chapman (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Mylitta, [492]
Nahab, [492]
Naomi, [357]
Nashua, [492]
Native grape, [39], [41], [42], [43];
described by Prince, [49];
evolution of, [36];
habitat of, [27];
means of distribution of, [27];
value of, [36]
Naumkeag, [492]
Nazro, [492]
Nazro, Henry, var. orig. by, [492]
Neal grape (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Nebraska, [492]
Nectar, [358]
Neff, [492]
Neff, Mr., var. orig. by, [492]
Neil grape (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Nell, [492]
Nelson, [492]
Nelson, Roger, var. orig. by, [492]
Neosho, [492]
Neponset, [493]
Nerluton, [493]
Neva (syn. of Neva Munson), [493]
Neva Munson, [493]
Neverfail, [493]
Newark, [493]
New Buda, [493]
Newburgh, [493]
Newburgh Muscat, [493]
New England, grapes in, [12], [13], [34], [35];
wine in, [13]
New Hanover (syn. of Isabella), [307]
New Haven, [493]
New Haven Red (syn. of New Haven), [493]
New Jersey, grapes in, [53]
Newman, [493]
Newman, C. C., cited, [111], [400]
New Mary, [493]
New Netherland, grapes in, [11]
Newport, [493]
Newton, [493]
Newtonia, [494]
New York, champagne in, [65];
grapes in, [10], [11], [12], [23], [24], [53], [54];
grape districts of, 72 et seq.;
viticulture in, [68];
wine in, [11], [12]
Niagara, [359]
Niagara district, [72];
acreage of, [92];
climate of, [93];
diseases in, [94];
geology of, [92];
markets of, [93];
soil of, [93]
Nicholson, James, var. orig. by, [468]
Nicolls, mentioned, [11]
Nimalba, [494]
Nina, [494]
Ninekah, [494]
Nizola, [494]
No. 93 A (syn. of Imperial), [302]
Noah, [362]
Nonantum, [494]
Nonpareil, [494]
Nora, [494]
Norfolk, [364]
Norfolk Muscat (syn. of Norfolk), [364]
Norseman, account of grapes by, [29]
North America, [494]
North California grape (syn. of V. californica), [135]
North Carolina, [494]
North Carolina, grapes in, [38], [54]
North Carolina Muscadine (syn. of Mary Ann), [485]
North Carolina Seedling (syn. North Carolina), [494]
North Carolina White, [494]
North Star, [495]

Northern aestivalis (syn. of V. bicolor), [145]
Northern Fox Grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Northern Light, [494]
Northern Muscadine, [365]
Northern Muscat, [495]
Northern Summer grape (syn. of V. bicolor), [145]
Norton, [366]
Norton (syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Norton, Dr. D. N., mentioned, [367]
Norton, E. Q., quoted, [27]
Norton’s Seedling (syn. of Norton), [366]
Norton Virginia (syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Norton’s Virginia (syn. of Norton), [366]
Norton’s Virginia Seedling (syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Norton’s Virginia Seedling (syn. of Norton), [366]
Norwood, [369]
Noyes, Dr., mentioned, [215]
Nuttall, Thomas, quoted, [56], [57];
life of [98];
writings of, [98]
Obed, [495]
Oberon, [495]
Occidental, [495]
Octavia, [495]
Odart, Count, quoted, [144]
Offer, [495]
Ohio (I), [369]
Ohio (II), [371]
Ohio (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Ohio, grapes in, [22], [52], [53], [54]
Ohio Cigar Box (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Ohio Claret, [495]
Oklahoma, grapes in, [61]
Oktaha, [495]
Old Ford, [495]
Old Gold, [495]
Oldhouse (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Old House Grape (syn. of Harris), [466]
Old Hundred, [495]
Old World grape, [19], [24];
failure in America, [29];
habitat of, [1]
history of, [1], et seq.
Olita, [495]
Olitatoo, [496]
Olmstead, [496]
Olympia, [496]
Omega, [496]
Omega (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Onderdonk, [496]
Onderdonk, G., var. orig. by, [455]
Oneida, [371]
Oneovem, [496]
One Seed, [496]
Onondaga, [496]
Ontario, [496]
Ontario (syn. of Union Village), [415]
Onyx, [496]
Opal, [496]
Oporto, [372]
Oriental, [373]
Oriole, [497]
Orphan Boy, [497]
Orwigsburg, [497]
Osage, [497]
Osceola, [497]
Osee, [497]
Oskaloosa, [497]
Osmond, [497]
Oswego, [497]
Othello, [374]
Otoe, [497]
Ouachita, [498]
Owego, [498]
Owens White, [498]
Owens, Wm., var. orig. by, [498]
Owosso, [498]
Ozark, [376]
Ozark Seedling, [498]
Pacific region, [59];
development of, [60], [61]
Pagan, [498]
Paign’s Isabella (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Pale, Tennis, mentioned, [34]
Pale Wooded Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Palermo, [498]
Palmate grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Palmate-leaved grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Palmate-leaved vine (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Palmated leaves (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Palmer, [498]
Palmetto, [498]
Palmetto-leaved grape (syn. of V. simpsoni), [149]
Pamlico, [498]
Paradox, [498]
Paragon, [498], [499]
Parker (syn. of Ithaca), [473]
Parker, Dr. S. J., cited, [431]
Parker Rocky Mountain Seedling, [499]
Parmentier, M., mentioned, [23], [24]
Parry, cited, [134]
Pattison, [499]
Pauline, [499]
Paultne, [499]
Pawnee, [499]
Paxton, [499]
Payne’s Early (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Peabody, [377]
Peake, E. M., var. found by, [384]
Pearl, [499]
Pearson, A. W., cited, [306]
Pearson’s Ironclad (syn. of Ironclad), [306]
Pedee, [499]
Peerless, [500]
Peggy, [500]
Pell, G. T., var. orig. by, [500]
Pell’s Illinois, [500]
Penn, William, mentioned, [10]
Pennsylvania, grapes in, [19], [44], [53], [54]
Peola, [500]
Perfection, [377]
Perfume, [500]
Perkins, [378]
Perkins, Jacob, var. orig. by, [378]
Perry, [500]
Peter Wylie, [500]
Peter Wylie No. 1 (syn. of Peter Wylie), [500]
Petit Noir (syn. of Adelia), [433]
Phelps, J. S., var. orig. by, [448]
Phinney, Elias, var. found by, [437]
Phylloxera, [5]
Phylloxera vastatrix (See Phylloxera)
Pierce, [500]
Pigeon grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Pine-wood grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [140]
Pioneer, [500]
Piper, D. J., var. orig. by, [475], [513]
Piqua, [500]
Pittsburg Seedling, [500]
Pizarro, [500]
Planchette, [501]
Planchon, Jules Emile, cited, [106], [124], [126], [131];
life of, [124]
Planet, [501]
Plant lice (See Phylloxera)
Plantagenet, Beauchamp, quoted, [34]
Plasmopara viticola (See Downy mildew)
Pliny, cited, [2]
Plum grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Plymouth, [501]
Plymouth White (syn. of Plymouth), [501]
Pocklington, [379]
Pocklington, John, var. orig. by, [380], [455]
Pocohontas Red, [501]
Poeschel Mammoth, [501]
Poeschel, William, var. orig. by, [461], [501]
Pollock, [501]
Pollock, Mr., var. orig. by, [501]
Polychrosis viteana (See Grape fruit worm)
Pond, Samuel, var. orig. by, [501]
Pond’s Seedling, [501]
Ponroy, [501]
Pontotoc, [501]
Porup, [501]
Possum grape (syn. of V. baileyana), [129]
Possum grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Post-oak grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [52], [140]
Post-oak No. [1], [501]
Post-oak No. [2], [501]
Post-oak No. [3], [501]
Potter, [501]
Potter’s Early (syn. of Potter), [501]
Potter’s Seedling (syn. of Potter), [501]
Potter’s Sweet (syn. of Potter), [501]
Poughkeepsie, [381]
Poughkeepsie Red (syn. of Poughkeepsie), [381]
Powdery mildew, [86]
Powell (syn. of Bland), [441]
Prairie State, [502]
Prentiss, [382]
Prentiss, J. W., mentioned, [83];
var. orig. by, [383]
President, [502]
President Lyon (syn. of Presly), [502]
Presly, [502]
Pres. Lyon (syn. of Lyon), [483]
Primate, [502]
Prince Edward (syn. of Cunningham), [227]
Prince Nurseries, [48]
Prince, William Robert, cited, [121];
life of, [21], [22];
quoted, [57], [161];
writings of, [22]
Pringle, C. G., var. orig. by, [281], [464], [477], [484], [520]
Professor Brunk, [502]
Prof. Curtis’ grape (syn. of V. caribæa), [146]
Professor Gulley, [502]
Professor Hillgard, [502]
Profitable, [502]
Profusion, [502]
Progress, [502]
Prolific, [503]
Prolific Chicken Grape, [503]
Provost, Paul H., mentioned, [233]
Provost White, [503]
Prunella, [503]
Pukwana, [503]
Pulaski, [503]
Pulliat, [503]
Pulliat, M., var. orig. by, [503]
Pulpless, [503]
Pungo of N. C. (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Purity, [503]
Purple Bloom, [503]
Purple Favorite, [503]
Purple Favorite (syn. of Blue Favorite), [442]
Purple Fox (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Purple Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Purple Hamburgh of Troy (syn. of Troy), [518]
Purple Marion, [504]
Purple Urbana (syn. of Logan), [481]
Pursh, cited, [128]
Putnam, [504]
Putnam, J. A., var. orig. by [164], [333], [467]
Quassaic, [504]
Queen Loretto (syn. of Loretto), [482]
Queen of Sheba, [504]
Quinnebang, [504]
Quintina, [504]
Raabe, [504]
Raabe, Peter, var. orig. by, [504]
Raabe’s Honey (syn. of Raabe), [504]
Raabe’s No. 3 (syn. of Raabe), [504]
Raabe’s seedlings, [504]
Raccoon grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Rachel, [504]
Racine, [504]
Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel, book by, [47];
life of, [99];
quoted, [42], [47], [113];
works of, [99]
Ragan, [504]
Raisin, [504]
Raisin de cassis (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Raisin de Cote, [505]
Raisin du Cap (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Raisin Fraise (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Raisin Framboise (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Raisins, how made, [67]
Ramsey, [505]
Randall, [505]
Randall (syn. of Agawam), [159]
Randall, Mr., var. orig. by, [505]
Raritan, [505]
Rautenberg, F. E. L., var. orig. by, [434], [440], [446], [448], [467], [490], [505], [506]
Rautenberg’s Seedlings, [505]
Ravenel, H. W., cited, [114];
mentioned, [206]
Ravesies, Frederick, quoted, [21]
Ray’s Victoria (syn. of Victoria), [520]
Read, M. A., var. orig. by, [505]
Read, William H., var. orig. by, [320], [355], [416], [480]
Read Seedling, [505]
Read’s Hybrid (syn. of Lincoln), [480]
Reagan (syn. of Ragan), [504]
Rebecca, [383]
Red Bird, [505]
Red Bland (syn. of Bland), [441]
Red Eagle, [385]
Red Elben (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
Red Elben (syn. of Rulander), [508]
Red Fox (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Red Giant, [505]
Red grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Red Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Red Jacket, [505]
Red Juice, [505]
Red Leaf, [505]
Red Lenoir (syn. of Pauline), [499]
Red Muncy (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Red Riesling, [505]
Red Riesling (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Red River (syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Red Rover, [505]
Red Scuppernong (syn. of Bland), [441]
Red Sheperd, [506]
Red Sweet Water, [506]
Regal, [386]
Regina, [506]
Regions of grape growing, [59]
Reichenbach, John, var. orig. by, [461], [462]
Reinecke, [506]
Reinike, [506]
Reisinger, Andrew, mentioned, [54], [83];
var. orig. by, [448]
Reliance, [506]
Rentz, [506]
Rentz, Sebastian, var. orig. by, [506]
Rentz Seedling (syn. of Rentz), [506]
Requa, [387]
Rhenish, [506]
Rhode Island, grapes in, [13]
Riatz (syn. of Rentz), [506]
Rice, A. F., var. orig. by [407], [484], [502]
Richards, Paul, mentioned, [11], [12]
Richmond, [506]
Richmond Villa Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Ricketts, James H., life of, [318], [319];
quoted, [269];
var. orig. by, [158], [169], [175], [242], [243], [257], [262], [269], [298], [302], [318], [319], [327], [357], [377], [402], [433], [434], [435], [455], [462], [464], [478], [493], [500], [501], [504], [505], [508], [519], 522
Ricketts’ Delaware Seedling No. 1 (syn. of Raritan), [505]
Ricketts’ Delaware Seedling No. 2 (syn. of Putnam), [504]
Ricketts’ No. 1 (syn. of Downing), [242]
Ricketts’ No. 37 (syn. of Highland), [297]
Riehl, E. A., var. orig. by, [255], [506]
Riehl’s New Early Grape (syn. of Eclipse), [254]
Riehl’s No. 10 (syn. of Eclipse), [254]
Riehl’s Seedlings, [506]
Riesenblatt, [506]
Riesling (syn. of Missouri Riesling), [349]
Riverbank (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
River grape (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Riverside grape (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Roanoke (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Roanoke Red, [506]
Robert Wylie, [506]
Robeson, [507]
Robeson, Mr., var. orig. by, [507]
Robeson Seedling, [507]
Robinson Unnamed Seedling, [507]
Robusta, [507]
Rochester, [388]
Rock grape (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
Rock House Indian (syn. of Waterloo), [521]
Rockingham, [507]
Rockland Favorite, [507]
Rockwood, [389]
Roe, E. P., var. orig. by, [514]
Roenbeck, [507]
Roenbeck, Fred, var. orig. by, [439], [440], [462], [478]
Rogers, A. D., quoted, [392]
Rogers, Edward Staniford, life of, [390];
var. orig. by, [158], [170], [178], [263], [273], [276], [292], [330], [343], [346], [387], [390], [397], [424], [507], [508]
Rogers’ Hybrids discussed, [390]
Rogers’ No. 1 (syn. of Goethe), [276]
Rogers’ No. 3 (syn. of Massasoit), [343]
Rogers’ No. 4 (syn. of Wilder), [423]
Rogers’ No. 5, [507]
Rogers’ No. 9 (syn. of Lindley), [329]
Rogers’ No. 13, [507]
Rogers’ No. 14 (syn. of Gaertner), [272]
Rogers’ No. 15 (syn. of Agawam), [159]
Rogers’ No. 19 (syn. of Merrimac), [345]
Rogers’ No. 22 (syn. of Salem), [397]
Rogers’ No. 24, [507]
Rogers’ No. 28 (syn. of Requa), [387]
Rogers’ No. 32, [508]
Rogers’ No. 39 (syn. of Aminia), [170]
Rogers’ No. 41 (syn. of Essex), [263]
Rogers’ No. 43 (syn. of Barry), [178]
Rogers’ No. 44 (syn. of Herbert), [291]
Rogers’ No. 53 (syn. of Salem), [397]
Rombrill, [508]
Rommel, [393]
Rommel, Jacob, life of, [352];
var. orig. by, [180], [260], [265], [270], [352], [434], [440], [441], [453], [456], [470], [475], [499], [518], [523], [525]
Rommel’s Amber (syn. of Amber), [434]
Rommel’s Etta (syn. of Etta), [265]
Rommel’s No. 3 (syn. of Etta), [265]
Rommel’s No. 19 (syn. of Black Taylor), [441]
Rommel’s Taylor Seedling No. 10 (syn. of Pearl), [499]
Rommel’s Taylor Seedling No. 14 (syn. of Montefiore), [351]
Root worm (See Fidia)
Rosalie,

[508]
Roscoe, [508]
Rose, [508]
Rose, Alfred, var. orig. by, [167]
Rose, Henry, mentioned, [84]
Rose, Reuben, var. orig. by, [475]
Rose Colored Delaware (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Rose Grape (syn. of Bland), [441]
Rose of Tennessee (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Roslyn, [508]
Roswither, [508]
Rot (See Black-rot)
Rothrock of Prince (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Royal Isabella (syn. of Pierce), [500]
Ruby, [508]
Ruckland, [508]
Ruff (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Rulander, [508]
Rulander (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
Rupel, [509]
Rupert, [509]
Rustler, [509]
Rusty Coat, [509]
Rutland, [509]
R. W. Munson, [394]
Ryckman, G. E., cited, [78]
Saccharissa (syn. of La Crissa), [477]
Sacks of Wine (syn. of Harwood), [467]
Sacksteder, J., var. orig. by, [475], [477], [478]
Sacrissa (syn. of La Crissa), [477]
Sage, [395]
Sage, Henry E., var. found by, [395]
Saginaw, [509]
St. Albans, [509]
St. Augustine, [509]
St. Catherine, [509]
St. Genevieve (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
St. Genevieve (syn. of Louisiana), [331]
St. Genevieve (syn. of Rulander), [508]
St. Hilaire, [509]
St. John, [509]
St. Louis, [396]
Sainte-Helene (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Salabra, [510]
Salado, [510]
Salem, [397]
Salisbury, E. S., var. orig. by, [516]
Salisbury Violet (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Sally, [510]
Salt Creek, [510]
Saluda, [510]
Saluda (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Salzer Earliest, [510]
Salzer, John A., var. orig. by, [510]
Samuels, [510]
Samuels, M. M., var. orig. by, [520]
Sanalba, [510]
Sanborn, Jos. N., var. orig. by, [477]
Sanbornton, [510]
Sanbornton (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Sanborton (syn. of Sanbornton), [510]
Sand-beach grape (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
Sand grape (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Sand grape (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
San Jacinto, [510]
Sanmelaska, [510]
Sanmonta, [510]
Sanrubra, [510]
Santa Clara, [511]
Saratoga (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Saratoga (syn. of Fancher), [460]
Saunders, Dr. William, var. orig. by, [323], [458]
Saxe White Seedling, [511]
Saxe, W. H., var. orig. by, [511]
Schenck White, [511]
Schiller, [511]
Schmitz Seedling, [511]
Scholl, Mrs., mentioned, [205]
Schoonemunk, [511]
Schraidt, Casper, var. orig. by, [190]
Schraidt’s Seedling (syn. of Black Pearl), [189]
Schroeder, Dr. H., var. orig. by, [437]
Schuylkill (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Schuylkill (syn. of Orwigsburg), [497]
Schuylkill Muscadel (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Schuylkill Muscadell (syn. of Alexander), [50]
Schuylkill Muscadine (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Schwarzeblauer Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Schwarzer Gutedel (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Schwarzwelscher (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Scott, [511]
Scott (syn. of Ironclad), [306]
Scott, Colonel, mentioned, [306]
Scott, Gen. John, var. orig. by, [511]
Scuppernong, [399]
Scuppernong (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Scuppernong, origin of the word, [51]
Secretary, [402]
Secunda, [511]
Seedlin, [511]
Seedling No. 502 (syn. of Paradox), [498]
Seeds, taxonomic value of, [103]
Seelye, C. W., var. orig. by, [505]
Segar Box (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Segar Box (syn. of Ohio (I)), [370]
Segessman, G., var. orig. by, [511]
Self-fertility, [104], [105]
Self-sterility, [104], [105]
Selma, [511]
Senasqua, [403]
Seneca, [511]
Septimia, [512]
Seward, [512]
Sex, taxonomic value of, [104]
Shaker (syn. of Union Village), [415]
Shala, [512]
Sharon, [512]
Sharon (syn. of Cayuga), [208]
Sharp Beak, [512]
Shelby, [404]
Shelley, Daniel, var. orig. by, [512]
Shelley Seedling, [512]
Shephard, Orlando, mentioned, [83]
Shepherd, Mr., mentioned, [340]
Shepherd’s Port Wine (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Sheppard, J, N., var. orig. by, [512]
Sheppard Delaware, [512]
Sheppard, [512]
Sherman, [512]
Sherry (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Sherry of the South (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Sheruah, [512]
Shirland, W. W., mentioned, [83]
Short, Miss R. R., var. orig. by, [524]
Shull, J., var. orig. by, [512]
Shull No. 2, [512]
Shurtleff, Dr. S. A., var. orig. by, [512]
Shurtleff Seedling, [512]
Shuttleworth, mentioned, [148]
Siglar, [513]
Silkyfine, [513]
Silvain, [513]
Silver Dawn, [513]
Simpson, J. H., mentioned, [113]
Simpson, R., var. orig. by, [511]
Simpson’s grape (syn. of V. simpsoni), [148]
Sinawissa, [513]
Singleton (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Skunk grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Skunnymunk (syn. of Schoonemunk), [511]
Skuppernong (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Sloe, [513]
Sluyter, Peter, quoted, [10]
Small German (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Small grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Small Leaf, [513]
Smart’s Elsingborough (syn. of Elsingburgh), [257]
Smart’s Elsingburgh (syn. of Elsingburgh), [257]
Smallwood, [513]
Smallwood, E., var. orig. by, [513]
Smith, Captain John, quoted, [31], [32]
Smith, S. V., var. orig. by, [512]
Smooth Canyon Grape (syn. of V. treleasei), [122]
Snelter, [513]
Snelter, L., var. orig. by, [439], [513]
Snow, Seward, var. orig. by, [356]
Snowflake, [513]
Solander Large Purple, [513]
Solrupo, [513]
Somerville, [513]
Sophia, [513]
Souland, [514]
Sour grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Sour or Pungent Winter grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Sour Winter grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
South California grape (syn. of V. girdiana), [136]
South Carolina, [514]
South Carolina, grapes in, [54]
Southern Aestivalis (syn. of V. aestivalis bourquiniana), [142]
Southern Champion, [514]
Southern Fox grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Southern region, [59], [60], [61]
Spangler, A. M., var. orig. by, [461]
Spaniards, American grape culture by, [6]
Spanish grape (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Species, blooming order of, [103];
botanical key to, [107], [108];
compared by Bartram, [98];
conspectus of, [107], [108];
resistance to Phylloxera, [5];
seed characters of, [103]
Spencer, [514]
Spencer, Henry B., var. orig. by, [434], [458], [509]
Sphaceloma ampelinum (See Anthracnose)
Spinosa, [514]
Spofford, Dr., var. orig. by, [411]
Spofford Seedling (syn. of To-Kalon), [410]
Spotswood, Alexander, mentioned, [8]
Spotted Globe, [514]
Springfield, [514]
Spring Mill Constantia (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Springstein (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Stayman, Dr. J., life of, [422];
quoted, [155], [422];
var. orig. by, [189], [230], [268], [337], [376], [378], [422], [423], [446], [450], [452], [460], [486], [491], [497], [499], [503], [513], [523]
Stace, S., var. orig. by, [514]
Stace White, [514]
Standard, [405]
Staples, Isaac, var. orig. by, [466]
Stark-Star, [406]
Steele, Paphro, var. found by, [285]
Steele’s Seedling (syn. of Hartford), [284]
Stelton, [514]
Sterling, [514]
Stetson, Amos W., var. orig. by, [444], [514]
Stetson, Nahum, var. orig. by, [451]
Stetson No. 1 (syn. of Cabot), [444]
Stetson’s Seedling No. 4 (syn. of Curtis), [451]
Stetson’s Seedlings, [514]
Stewart, Philemon, mentioned, [365]
Stewart, P., var. orig. by, [475], [515]
Stinger, B. F., var. orig. by, [433]
Stock, [112], [114], [121], [148]
Stone, J. I., mentioned, [210]
Storm King, [514]
Strachey, William, quoted, [32]
Stratton, Benjamin, var. orig. by, [467]
Strawberry, [515]
Striped Ruby, [515]
Success, [515]
Sugar Grape, [515]
Sugar grape (syn. of V. rupestris), [113]
Summer grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Summer grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
Summer White, [515]
Sumner, [515]
Sumpter (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Sumpter (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Sunrise, [515]
Superb, [407]
Superior, [515]
Supreme, [515]
Swamp grape (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Swatara, [515]
Swedes, American grape culture by, [10]
Sweet Mountain grape (syn. of V. monticola), [116]
Sweet scented (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Sweet scented grape (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Sweet Winter grape (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
Sweetey, [515]
Taft, [515]
Talala, [516]
Talequah, [516]
Tallman (syn. of Champion), [210]
Tallman’s Seedling (syn. of Champion), [210]
Tamala, [516]
Tasker, Mr., mentioned, [50], [161]
Tasker’s grape (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Tatnall, Edward, var. orig. by, [470]
Taylor, [408]
Taylor, A., var. orig. by, [443]
Taylor, Judge John, mentioned, [409]
Taylor Bullit (syn. of Taylor), [408]
Taylor’s Seedling No. 14 (syn of Montefiore), [351]
Tekoma, [516]
Tekomah (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Telegraph, [409]
Tenderpulp, [516]
Ten-Dollar-Prize, [516]
Tendrils, continuous, [102];
intermittent, [102];
taxonomic value of, [102]
Tennessee, [516]
Tennessee, grapes in, [54]
Tennessee Island, [516]
Texas, [516]
Texas Highland, [516]
Texas Panhandle Large Grape (syn. of V. doaniana), [137]
Texas Post-oak grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
Thacher, H., var. orig. by, [372]
The Beautiful (syn. of To-Kalon), [410]
The Black (syn. of Ohio (I)), [369]
Themis, [516]
Theodosia, [516]
Theophile, [517]
Thomas, [517]
Thomas, Drury, var. found by, [517]
Thompson, Abram, mentioned, [232]
Thompson, David, var. orig. by, [460], [517]
Thompson, Mr., var. orig. by, [517]
Thompson, R. O., var. orig. by, [517]
Thompson, W., var. orig. by, [514]
Thompson Red Seedling, [517]
Thompson’s Seedlings, [517]
Thompson Wine, [517]
Thorne, Mr., var. orig. by, [267]
Thurmond (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Thurmond (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Thurlow, Thomas C., var. orig. by, [459]
Tinker, Dr. G. L., var. orig. by, [494]
Tishomingo, [517]
Togni, [517]
To-Kalon, [410]
Tokay (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Tolman (syn. of Champion), [210]
Tolman’s Seedling (syn. of Champion), [210]
Tonkawa, [518]
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de, life of, [95];
mentioned, [118]
Traminer (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Transparent, [518]
Trask, [518]
Trask (syn. of Brighton), [191]
Trask, Jas. W., var. orig. by, [507]
Triumph, [411]
Triumphant, [518]
Troller (syn. Black Hamburg), [186]
Trollinger, [518]
Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Trowbridge, [518]
Troy, [518]
Troy Hamburg (syn. of Troy), [518]
True Frost grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Tryon (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Tryone, [518]
Tucker, Mr., var. orig. by, [473]
Tucker’s Parker (syn. of Ithaca), [473]
Tuckerman, [518]
Tuckerman, J. B., var. orig. by, [442], [511], [518]
Tuley (syn. of Devereaux), [235]
Turkey grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
Tuskahoma, [518]
Two-colored-leaved vine (syn. of V. bicolor), [144]
Typhlocyba comes (See Grape leaf-hopper)
Tyrker, mentioned, [30]
U. B., [518]
Uhland, [518]
Uller Mammoth, [518]
Ulrey, [519]
Ulster, [414]
Ulster Prolific (syn. of Ulster), [414]
Una, [519]
Uncinula necator (See Powdery mildew)
Underhill, [519]
Underhill, Dr. A. K., var. orig. by, [519]
Underhill, Robert, life of, [226];
mentioned, [23], [24]
Underhill, R. T., life of, [226];
mentioned, [24]
Underhill, Stephen W., life of, [26];
var. orig. by, [184], [185], [226], [404], [473]
Underhill, William A., life of, [226];
mentioned, [24]
Underhill’s Celestial (syn. of Underhill), [519]
Underhill’s seedling (syn. of Underhill), [519]
Underhill’s 8-8 Hybrid (syn. of Black Defiance), [184]
Underhill’s 8-12 (syn. of Black Eagle), [185]
Undine, [519]
Union village, [415]
Universal, [519]
Uno (syn. of Juno), [475]
Urbana, [519]
Urbana (syn. of Logan), [481]
Ursula, [519]
Uva Fragola (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Vahl, Martin, cited, [126];
life of, [125]
Valencia, [519]
Valentine, [519]
Valentines (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Valhallah, [519]
Valiant, W., var. orig. by, [524]
Valk, Dr. William W., mentioned, [56];
var. orig. by, 433
Valk’s Seedling (syn. of Ada), [433]
Valle, John, var. orig. by, [464], [493]
Valle’s White Concord (syn. of Golden Concord), [464]
Valley grape (syn. of V. girdiana), [136]
Valverde, [519]
VanDeman, [519]
Van Deman, H. E., quoted, [371]
Vanderburgh, [519]
Van Lindley, J., var. orig. by, [315]
Van Wormer, E. L., var. found by, [201]
Variable grape (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Venango, [520]
Vergennes, [416]
Vergil, quoted, [2], [3], [303]
Vermont, [520]
Vermont Giant, [520]
Vermorel, [520]
Vernet (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Vesta, [520]
Vevay (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Viala, [520]
Viala, P., cited, [229]
Vialla, [520]
Vibert, M., var. orig. by, [503]
Victoria, [418], [520]
Victoria (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Villars, Charles, cited, [20]
Vine and Olive Colony, [20], [21]
Vine Arbor,

[520]
Vine Wood grape (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
Vinita, [520]
Vinland, [29]
Vinrouge, [520]
Virginia, [521]
Virginia, grapes in, [8], [14], [31], [32], [33], [38];
wine in, [8], [40]
Virginia Amber (syn. of Catawba), [204]
Virginia grape (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Virginia Muscadell (syn. of Bland), [441]
Virginia Seedling (syn. of Norton), [366]
Viticulture of New York, [68]
Vitis, characters of, [28]
classification of, [107], [108]
classified by Rafinesque, [100]
described by Linnaeus, [95], [96];
by Marshall, [96];
by Michaux, [97];
by Nuttall, [98], [99];
by Tournefort, [95];
by Walter, [96], [97]
distribution of, [26]
genus of, [95]
number of species of, [106]
sexual status of, [104]
Vitis acerifolia (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
aestivalis, [108], [138];
(syn. of V. bicolor), [144];
(syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Vitis aestivalis bourquiniana, [142]
lincecumii, [140]
var. bicolor (syn. of V. bicolor), [145]
canescens (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
canescens (syn. of V. cinerea canescens), [133]
cinerea (syn. of V. cinerea), [131]
Lincecumii (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
monticola (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Americana (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
angulata (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
araneosus (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Argentifolia (syn. of V. bicolor), [144]
Arizonensis (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
arizonica, [107], [133]
arizonica glabra, [134]
Arizonica var. glabra (syn. of V. arizonica glabra), [134]
baileyana, [107], [129]
berlandieri, [107], [130]
bicolor, [108], [144]
blanda (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
blandi (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Bourquina (syn. of V. aestivalis bourquiniana), [142]
Bourquiniana (syn. of V. aestivalis bourquiniana), [142]
bracteata (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
californica, [107], [135]
Californica (syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
var. Girdiana (syn. of V. girdiana), [136]
callosa (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Canadensis aceris folio (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
candicans, [108], [147];
as stock, [148]
coriacea, [148]
Florida form (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
canina (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
caribæa, [108], [146]
Caribea (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
caribea var. coriacea (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
champini, [107], [124]
cinerea, [107], [131]
canescens, [133]
floridana, [133]
var. canescens (syn. of V. cinerea canescens), [133]
Floridana (syn. of V. cinerea floridana), [133]
cordifolia [107], [127]; (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
coriacea (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
foetida, [128]
helleri, [129]
sempervirens, 129
cordifolia var. (syn. of V. cordifolia helleri), [129]
foetida (syn. of V. cordifolia foetida), [128]
Helleri (syn. of V. cordifolia helleri), [129]
riparia (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
sempervirens (syn. of V. cordifolia sempervirens), [129]
coriacea (syn. of V. candicans coriacea), [148]
dimidiata (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
diversifolia (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [140]
doaniana, [108], [137]
ferruginea (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Floridana (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112]
Floridana (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
girdiana, [108], [136]
hyemalis (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Illinoensis (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
incisa (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127];
(syn. of V. riparia), [117];
(syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
incisifolia (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [141]
intermedia (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of V. riparia), [117]
labrusca, [4], [102], [108], [149]
Labrusca (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
labrusca var. aestivalis (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
Labrusca var. alba (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
nigra (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
rosea (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
labruscoides (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
latifolia (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
linsecomii (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [140]
longii, [107], [123]
longii microsperma, [123]
luteola (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Missouriensis (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
monosperma (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
monticola, [107], [116];
(syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
multiloba (syn. of V. aestivalis lincecumii), [140]
munsoniana, [107], [112]
muscadina (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
Mustangensis (syn. of V. candicans), [147]
Nortoni (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of Cynthiana), [228]
Novo Mexicana (syn. of V. longii), [123];
var. (syn. of V. longii microsperma), [123]
Nuevo Mexicana (syn. of V. longii), [123]
obovata (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
occidentalis (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
odoratissima (syn. of V. riparia), [117];
(syn. of V. riparia præcox), [121]
Palmata (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
peltata (syn. of V. munsoniana), [112];
(syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
prolifera (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
pullaria (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
riparia, [107], [117];
(syn. of V. arizonica), [133]
var. palmata (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
præcox, [121]
rotundifolia, [50], [51], [107], [108]
rubra, [107], [125]
rugosa (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
rupestris, [70], [71], [107], [113], [114]
dissecta, [115]
var. dissecta (syn. of V. rupestris dissecta), [115]
serotina (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127];
(syn. of V. riparia), [117]
simpsoni, [108], [148]
Solonis (syn. of V. longii), [123]
var. microsperma (syn. of V. longii microsperma), [123]
sylvestris (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
Virginiana (syn. of V. labrusca), [149]
taurina (syn. of V. labrusca), [149];
(syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
tenuifolia (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Texana (syn. of V. monticola), [116]
treleasei, [107], [122]
verrucosa (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
vinifera, [3], [4], [25], [108], [154]
americana (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138]
sylvestris americana (syn. of V. labrusca), [149]
Virginiana (syn. of V. baileyana), [129];
(syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]; (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
virginiana (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
Virginiensis (syn. of V. rubra), [125]
vulpina (syn. of V. aestivalis), [138];
(syn. of V. cordifolia), [127];
(syn. of V. labrusca), [149];
(syn. of V. riparia), [117];
(syn. of V. rotundifolia), [108]
var. cordifolia (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
præcox (syn. of V. riparia præcox), [121]
Vivie, M., var. orig. by, [521]
Vivie Hybrid, [521]
Vivie’s Hartford (syn. of Vivie Hybrid), [521]
Waddel, [521]
Waddel, John F., var. orig. by, [521]
Waldo, J. B., var. orig. by, [521]
Waldo Seedling, [521]
Wales, [521]
Wallis, Henry, cited, [396];
mentioned, [295]
Walter, [419]
Walter, Thomas, life of, [96]
Waneta, [521]
Wapanuka, [421]
Ward, Edmund, var. orig. by, [446]
Warder, J. A., mentioned, [311];
var. orig. by, [452]
Warmita, [521]
Warner’s (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Warner’s Black Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Warner’s Hamburgh (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Warren, [521]
Warren (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Warren (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Warrenden (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Warrenton (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
Warty grape (syn. of V. rotundifolia), [109]
Washington, [521]
Washington (syn. of Doder), [454]
Washington (syn. of Eumelan), [266]
Washita, [521]
Wasserzieher, Otto, var. orig. by, [363]
Waterloo, [521]
Waterman, N. M., var. orig. by, [445]
Watertown, [521]
Watertown (syn. of Laura), [478]
Watova, [522]
Waubeck, [522]
Waverly, [522]
W. B. Munson, [522]
Webb Grape, [522]
Webb, Samuel, var. orig. by, [522]
Weeks, Dr. Cyrus, var. orig. by, [522]
Weeks Seedling, [522]
Weidmeyer, Wm., var. orig. by, [518]
Weissholziger Trollinger (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Weller, Sidney, var. orig. by, [466]
Weller’s Halifax (syn. of Halifax), [466]
Wells, [522]
Wells (syn. of Spencer), [514]
Wells, Mr., var. orig. by, [522]
Wells Seedling (syn. of Arkansaw), [435]
Wells’ Seedling (syn. of Wells), [522]
Wells White (syn. of Spencer), [514]
Welscher (syn. of Black Hamburg), [186]
Wemple (syn. of Cuyahoga), [451]
Wemple, Mr., var. found by, [451]
Wemple’s Seedling (syn. of Cuyahoga), [451]
Western Beauty, [522]
Western region, [59], [60], [61]
Wetumka, [522]
Wewoka, [522]
Wheaton, [522]
Wheaton, John C., var. orig. by, [481], [522]
White, Nelson Bonney, life of, [364];
var. orig. by, [166], [172], [364], [369], [374], [437], [440], [472], [476], [495]
White, Hugh, mentioned, [215]
White Ann Arbor, [523]
White Beauty, [523]
White Cape, [523]
White Catawba (syn. of Catawba), [204]
White Clinton, [523]
White Cloud, [523]
White Delaware, [523]
White Delaware (syn. of White Clinton), [523]
White Elizabeth, [523]
White English, [524]
White Fox (syn. of V. labrusca), [150]
White grape (syn. of V. monticola), [116]
Whitehall, [524]
White Herbemont (syn. of Herbemont), [288]
White Imperial, [422]
White Isabella (syn. of White Elizabeth), [523]
White Jewel, [524]
White Moline (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), [493]
White Mountain, [524]
White Muscadine, [524]
White Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
White Muscat of Newburgh (syn. of Newburgh Muscat), [493]
White Musk, [524]
White’s Northern Muscadine (syn. of White Northern Muscat), [524]
White Northern Muscat, [524]
White Norton, [524]
White Rose, [524]
White Scuppernong (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
White Sugar, [524]
White Tennessee, [524]
White Ulster, [524]
White Virginia Seedling (syn. of White Norton), [524]
Wier, D. H., var. orig. by, [477]
Wilcox, [525]
Wilder, [423]
Wilder, Marshall P., quoted, [391];
var. orig. by, [489]
Wild Grape (syn. of V. californica), [135]
Wild green Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Wilding, [525]
Wilkins, O. Fitzalwyn, var. orig. by, [525]
Wilkins Seedling, [525]
Willard, [525]
Williamson, [525]
Williamsport, [525]
William Wine, [525]
Willie, [525]
Willie Bell (syn. of Bell), [181]
Willis, [525]
Willis Fredonia, [525]
Willis Large Black, [525]
Wilmington, [526]
Wilmington Red (syn. of Wyoming), [431]
Wilmington White (syn. of Wilmington), [526]
Winchell, [425]
Winchell, C. E., mentioned, [426]
Winchester, [526]
Windsor, [526]
Wine, [53], [62];
color of, [62], [63];
how made, [62], [63];
kinds of, [63];
production of in U. S., [63], [64]
Winedrop, [526]
Wine Grape (syn. of Delaware), [231]
Wine grape (syn. of V. vinifera), [154]
Wine House, [526]
Wine King, [526]
Wineland, [30]
Wine-making, [55];
premiums for, [7]
Wingworth, G., var. orig. by, [509]
Winne (syn. of Alexander), [160]
Winona, [526]
Winslow, [526]
Winslow, Charles, var. orig. by, [526]
Winslow, Governor Edward, quoted, [35]
Winter grape (syn. of V. berlandieri), [130]
Winter grape (syn. of V. bicolor), [145]
Winter grape (syn. of V. cordifolia), [127]
Winter grape (syn. of V. riparia), [117]
Winter Wine, [526]
Winthrop, John, mentioned, [13]
Witherbee, J. G., var. found by, [157]
Witt, [526]
Witt, Michael, var. orig. by, [526]
Wolfe (syn. of York Madeira), [529]
Wood, William, quoted, [35]
Woodbury, [526], [527]
Woodbury, D. B., var. orig. by, [526]
Woodbury White (syn. of Woodbury), [526]
Woodcock Seedling, [527]
Woodford, [527]
Woodriver, [527]
Woodruff, [427]
Woodruff, C. H., var. orig. by, [428], [494], [523]
Woodruff, W. W., var. orig. by, [459]
Woodruff’s No. 1 (syn. of Etawa), [459]
Woodruff Red (syn. of Woodruff), [427]
Woodson, [527]
Woodward (syn. of Isabella), [307]
Woodward, A. W., var. orig. by, [386]
Woodward, W. A., var. found by, [511]
Wooly Riparia (syn. of V. longii), [123]
Worden, [429]
Worden, Schuyler, var. orig. by, [430]
Worden’s Seedling (syn. of Worden), [429]
Worthington (syn. of Clinton), [213]
Wylie (syn. of Lenoir), [328]
Wylie, Dr. A. P., life of, [182], [183];
var. orig. by, [182], [462], [463], [474], [486], [491], [500], [506], [527], [528]
Wylie’s Seedlings, [527], [528]
Wyman, [527]
Wyman (syn. of To-Kalon), [410]
Wyman’s Seedling (syn. of Wyman), [527]
Wynant, [527]
Wyoming, [431], [527]
Wyoming Red (syn. of Wyoming), [431]
Xenia, [528]
Xlnta, [528]
Yellow-leaf (See Chlorosis)
Yellow Muscadine (syn. of Scuppernong), [399]
Yoakum, [528]
Yomago, [528]
Yonkers, [528]
Yonkers Honey Dew (syn. of Honey Dew), [469]
York Claret,

[528]
York Lisbon, [529]
York Lisbon (syn. of Alexander), [160]
York Madeira, [529]
Young, Frank L., var. orig. by, [483]
Young America, [529]
Youngken’s Honey Dew (syn. of Honey Dew), [469]
Yunker’s Honey Dew (syn. of Honey Dew), [469]
Zane, [529]
Zane, Mr., var. orig. by, [529]
Zelia, [529]
Zinnia, [529]
Zita, [529]
Zoe, [529]

FOOTNOTES:

[1] De Candolle, Alphonse. Origin of Cultivated Plants: 191. 1882.

[2] Translation of Dryden.

[3] Perhaps the most marked distinguishing feature between ancient and modern grape-growing is the training of vines to trees as indicated in the above verse. Pliny says of this practice: “In Campania they attach the vine to the poplar; embracing the tree to which it is thus wedded, the vine grasps the branches with its amorous arms, and as it climbs, holds on with its knotted trunk till it has reached the very summit; the height being sometimes so stupendous that the vintager when hired, is wont to stipulate for his funeral pile and grave at the owner’s expense.”

[4] Bailey gives the following interpretation of the word “fox” and its derivatives as applied to grapes: “The term fox-grape was evidently applied to various kinds of native grapes in the early days, although it is now restricted to the Vitis labrusca of the Atlantic slope. Several explanations have been given of the origin of the name fox-grape, some supposing that it came from a belief that foxes eat the grapes, others that the odor of the grape suggests that of the fox—an opinion to which Beverly subscribed nearly two centuries ago—and still others thinking that it was suggested by some resemblance of the leaves to a fox’s track. William Bartram, writing at the beginning of this century, in the Medical Repository, is pronounced in his convictions: ‘The strong, rancid smell of its ripe fruit, very like the effluvia arising from the body of the fox, gave rise to the specific name of this vine, and not, as many have imagined, from its being the favourite food of the animal; for the fox (at least the American species) seldom eats grapes or other fruit if he can get animal food.’ I am inclined to suggest, however, that the name may have originated from the lively foxing or intoxicating qualities of the poor wine which was made from the wild grapes. At the present day we speak of ‘foxiness’ when we wish to recall the musk-like flavor of the wild Vitis labrusca; but this use of the term is of later origin, and was suggested by the name of the grape.” Bailey, L. H. Evolution of Our Native Fruits: 5. 1898.

[5] The phylloxera (Phylloxera vastatrix Planch.) has four forms: the leaf-gall form, the root form, the winged form, and the sexual form. Individual leaf insects produce from 500 to 600 eggs, the root insect about 100, the winged insect from 3 to 8, and the sexual insect but 1. The last is laid in the fall on old wood; the following spring a louse hatches from it and at once goes to the upper surface of a leaf and inserts its beak. The irritation thus produced causes a gall to form on the lower side of the leaf. In fifteen days the louse becomes a full-grown wingless female and proceeds to fill the gall with eggs after which it dies. In about a week females hatch from the eggs and migrate to form new colonies. Several generations of females occur in a summer. At the approach of winter the lice go into the ground where they remain dormant until spring when they attack the roots forming galls analogous to those on the leaves and passing through a series of generations similar to those above ground. In the fall of the second year some of the root forms give rise to winged females which fly to neighboring vines. These lay eggs in groups of two or four on the wood of the grape. The eggs are of two sizes; from the smaller size, males hatch in nine or ten days; from the larger, females. In the sexual stage no food is taken and the insects quickly pair. The female produces an egg which fills its entire body and after three or four days lays it, this being the winter egg, the beginning of the cycle.

There are no remedies worthy the name and the only efficient preventive is to graft susceptible varieties on resistant stocks. Species are resistant about in the order named: V. rotundifolia, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. cordifolia, V. berlandieri, V. cinerea, V. aestivalis, V. candicans, V. labrusca, V. vinifera.

[6] Delaware wrote as follows: “In every boske and hedge, and not farr from our pallisade gates we have thousands of goodly vines running along and leaving to every tree, which yealds a plentiful grape in their kinde. Let me appeale, then, to knowledge if these naturall vines were planted, dressed and ordered by skilfull vinearoons, whether we might not make a perfect grape and fruitfull vintage in short time?” Delaware’s Relation. Brown’s Genesis of the United States. 1611.

[7] Discourse of the Old Company, British State Papers, Vol. III:40 See Virginia Magazine of History, Vol. I:159.

[8] Laws and Orders of Assembly, Feb. 16, 1623. McDonald Papers, Vol. I:97. Va. State Library.

[9] The clause in this act reads: “That all workers upon corne and tobacco shall this spring plant five vyne plants per pol, and the next year, before the first day of March, 20 per pol, upon penaltie to forfeite one barrell of corne for every one that shall make default.”

[10] Roger Beverly, writing a century later, describes the early grape-growing in Virginia as follows: “The Year before the Massacre, Anno 1622, which destroyed so many good projects for Virginia; some French vignerons were sent thither to make an experiment of their vines. These people were so in love with the country, that the character they then gave of it in their letters to the company in England, was very much to its advantage, namely: ‘That it far excelled their own country of Languedoc, The vines growing in great abundance and variety all over the land; that some of the grapes were of that unusual bigness, that they did not believe them to be grapes, until by opening them they had seen their kernels; that they had planted the cuttings of their vines at Michaelmas, and had grapes from those very cuttings, the spring following. Adding in the conclusion, that they had not heard of the like in any other country.’ Neither was this out of the way, for I have made the same experiment, both of their natural vine, and of the plants sent thither from England.” Beverly’s Virginia, Second Edition: 107. 1722.

[11] Fiske, John. Old Virginia and Her Neighbors. Vol. II:372, 385.

[12] American Farmer, Baltimore, 11:35. 1829-30. Ib., 12:396. 1830-31.

[13] Dankers, Jasper, and Sluyter, Peter. Journal of a Voyage to New York in 1679-80: 130.

[14] Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York, Holland Documents, 1603-1656. Vol. I:277.

[15] The grant of the bounty is recorded in Volume II, Deeds of New York, page 87, on file in the office of the Secretary of State at Albany. It runs as follows:—

“Whereas Paul Richards an inhabitant of this Citty of New York hath made knowne to mee his intent to plant vines at a certaine Plantation that hee hath upon Long Island, called the little ffiefe, which if it succeed, may redound very much to the future benefitt and advantage of the inhabitants within this Government; and in regard, it will require much labour and a considerable charge to provide vines and to p’pare the ground and make it fitt for production of wines; ffor an Encouragemt to the said Paul Richards in his proceedings therein, I have thought fitt to grant unto him these following privileges (viz.)

“That all wines of the growth of such vines as the said Paul Richards shall plant, or cause to bee planted at the place aforesaid, shall be free from any kind of impositions for ever if sold in grosse, and not by retaile:

“That the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes shall have the privilege to have such wines sold by retaile in any one house in New York for the term of thirty years to come, from the time of the first selling of his wines, free from all imposts or excise:

“That every person who shall hereafter for thirty years to come, plant vines within any place in this Government, shall upon the first yeares improvement pay unto the said Paul Richards, his heirs, executors, or assignes, five shillings for every acre so planted as an acknowledgement of his being the first undertaker and planter of vines in these parts. For the confirmacon of the privileges above specified, I have hereunto put my hand and seale.

“Given at ffort James in New York this 10th day of January, 1664. RIC. NICOLLS.”

[16] Bellomont’s letter is as follows: “As to propagating vines in these plantations to supply all of the dominions of the Crown, I can easily make that appear. In the first place Nature has given us an index in these Plantations that points to us what may be done in that by the help of art. There grows wild grapes in all of the woods here in very great abundance; I have observed them in many places but especially above Albany on the side of the Hudson river where the vines all along twine around great trees and fair clusters of grapes appear sometimes above 30 foot from the ground. I have eaten of the wild grapes which I thought tastefull enough, only somewhat harsh as an effect of their wildness.” Then follows an account of how the French had previously made wine in Canada but that the Court of France had forbade its being made fearing that it might be prejudicial to the wine trade of the French. Earl of Bellomont to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 28, 1700. Documents Relating to Colonial History of the State of New York, 4:787.

[17] Francis Higginson wrote in 1630: “excellent Vines are here up and downe in the Woods. Our Governour hath already planted a Vineyard with great hope of encrease.”

[18] Bellomont records that a company of French immigrants had made good wine in Rhode Island toward the close of the 17th century but they were driven out of the Colony by the English and the industry ceased. N. Y. Col. Doc., 4:787.

[19] American Farmer, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29.

[20] American Farmer, Baltimore, 10:387. 1828-29. Ib., 11:172. 1829-30.

[21] Vol. I:117-198. 1769-71.

[22] All that is known of the life of Edward Antill is found in Johnson’s Rural Economy where he is spoken of as “Mr. Antill, late of Middlesex County, New-Jersey, a gentleman who cultivated the grape with sedulous attention.” Johnson’s Rural Economy: 164. 1806.

[23] Legaux’s paper is found as a treatise on the cultivation of the vine in The True American of March 24, 1800. The article contains about 2000 words, the main part of it being “A Statement of the Expense and Income of a Vineyard, Made on Four Acres of Land, situated in Pennsylvania, in the 40th Degree of Latitude.”

Of Legaux’s life, little is known, other than that he was a French vine-grower with an experimental vineyard, as he says in the above article, at “Spring Mill, 13 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia.” Johnson speaks of Legaux as a philanthropist; McMahon calls him a “gentleman of Worth and Science”; while Rafinesque accuses him of fraud and deception in the matter of calling the native grapes Bland and Alexander, Madeira and Cape.

Judging the man from his article in The True American and from the words of his contemporaries, he was a capable, enthusiastic and intelligent grape-grower. His philanthropy is more doubtful. It is true that he distributed many grape plants but as he himself says to “fellow citizens possessing pecuniary means.” That he practiced deceit in the matter of the introduction of the Alexander as the Cape is probable. However, his deceit, if such it were, may be forgotten and he should be remembered as the chief disseminator of the Alexander, the first distinctive American variety of commercial value.

[24] The True American, March 24, 1800.

[25] Johnson, S. W., Rural Economy: 156. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.

[26] John James Dufour, born in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, in 1763, came to America in 1796 to engage in grape-growing and wine-making. An account of his work is given in the text. In 1826 Dufour published the Vine Dresser’s Guide, which became the authority on the culture of this fruit at that time. Dufour must be remembered for this book, for the dissemination of the Cape or Alexander grape, and as one of the pioneer vineyardists and wine-makers of the New World.

[27] Dufour, John James. Vine Dresser’s Guide: 307. 1826.

[28] U. S. Statutes at Large, 3:374.

[29] American State Papers, Public Lands, 3:396.

[30] For fuller accounts of this dramatic episode in French and American history, and in American agriculture, see: The Napoleonic Exiles in America, J. S. Reeves, Johns Hopkins University Studies, 23 Series, pp. 530-656; The Bonapartists in Alabama, A. B. Lyon, Gulf State Historical Magazine, March, 1903; The French Grant in Alabama, G. Whitfield Jr., Ala. Hist. Soc., Vol. IV; The Vine and Olive Colony, T. C. McCorvey, Alabama Historical Reports, April, 1885.

[31] The last official account of this colony in the records of the United States Government is found in American State Papers, Vol. III. “In a letter of Frederick Ravesies to the treasury department dated January 18, 1828, is the following: ‘We have suffered severely from the unparalleled drought of the last summer; many of our largest and finest looking vines, which had just commenced bearing luxuriantly, were totally killed by the dry hot weather. Yet, notwithstanding this misfortune, the grantees, with increased diligence, are using every exertion to procure others which are thought to be more congenial to the soil and climate, and are now generally engaged in replanting.’” Quoted from Studies in Southern and Alabama History, 1904:131.

[32] William Robert Prince, fourth proprietor of the Prince Nursery and Linnæan Botanic Garden, Flushing, Long Island, was born in 1795 and died in 1869. Prince was without question the most capable horticulturist of his time and an economic botanist of note. His love of horticulture and botany was a heritage from at least three paternal ancestors, all noted in these branches of science, and all of whom he apparently surpassed in mental capacity, intellectual training and energy. He was a prolific writer, being the author of three horticultural works which will always take high rank among those of Prince’s time. These were: A Treatise on the Vine, Pomological Manual, in two volumes, and the Manual of Roses, beside which he was a lifelong contributor to the horticultural press. All of Prince’s writings are characterized by a clear, vigorous style and by accuracy in statement. His works are almost wholly lacking the ornate and pretentious furbelows of most of his contemporaries though it must be confessed that he fell into the then common fault of following European writers somewhat slavishly. During the lifetime of Wm. R. Prince, and that of his father Wm. Prince, who died in 1842, the Prince Nursery at Flushing was the center of the horticultural nursery interests of the country; it was the clearing-house for foreign and American horticultural plants, for new varieties and for information regarding plants of all kinds.

[33] Prince, Wm. R. A Treatise on the Vine: 337. 1830.

[34] Nicholas Longworth, known as the “father of American grape culture”, was born in 1783, in Newark, New Jersey. At an early age he went West making his home in Cincinnati where he became a lawyer, banker, and a man of large business affairs in what was then the far frontier. From his boyhood Longworth was interested in horticulture and as a young man became greatly interested in native grapes. He was one of the men to whom John Adlum sent the Catawba and he became its disseminator and a promoter for the region in which he lived, making this grape the first great American grape and Cincinnati the center of the foremost grape-growing region of the Continent. He was the first vineyardist to make wine on a large scale and perfected methods of making wine from the native grapes so that the product was comparable to that from the best wine cellars of Europe. Longworth introduced the first cultivated variety of the wild black raspberry, Rubus occidentalis, under the name of the Ohio Everbearing. His interest in the strawberry was second only to that in the grape and he not only did much to encourage its cultivation in America but also, after a long controversy with horticulturists and botanists, fully established the fact that many varieties of this fruit are infertile with themselves and that under cultivation infertile varieties must have sorts planted near them capable of cross-pollinating them. Longworth took a deep interest in horticulture generally and gathered about him a group of pioneer horticulturists who did much for American fruit-growing in the middle of the nineteenth century, in many respects molding and guiding the horticulture of that time in this country. Longworth wrote much for the contemporary horticultural magazines and published two small books, “The Cultivation of the Grape and Manufacture of Wine” and “Character and Habits of the Strawberry Plant.” He died in 1863, aged 80, at Cincinnati, one of the most distinguished, enterprising and wealthy citizens of his State. For further discussion of his life see Bailey’s Evolution of Our Native Fruits: 61-65. 1898.

[35] Probably the northern part of the vine region of France; the Jura mountains are in the east central part.

[36] Transactions New York State Agricultural Society, 6:689. 1846.

[37] Fuller, Andrew S. Record of Horticulture: 21. 1866.

[38] There is a wild grape vine (probably Vitis aestivalis) near Daphne, Alabama, on the shores of Mobile Bay, known as the “General Jackson vine” because of General Jackson having camped under it during the war with the Seminole Indians in 1817-18, which for age and size is truly remarkable. Mr. E. Q. Norton of Daphne writes of this vine as follows: “There is little known regarding the Jackson grape vine beyond the fact that the oldest man living here when I came here—20 years ago—told me that the Indians told him when he came here as a boy—90 years ago—that the vine was at that time an old one, which had been growing longer than any of them could remember. It was 27 inches through the trunk, four feet above the ground, when I measured it ten years since, and the vines were running over the surrounding trees for many rods. The grapes were very small, quite hard and not very juicy.”

[39] The following is an account of the discovery of grapes in Vinland translated from the Icelandic manuscript by Reeves:

“When they had completed their house Leif said to his companions, ‘I propose now to divide our company into two groups, and to set about an exploration of the country; one half of our party shall remain at home at the house, while the other half shall investigate the land, and they must not go beyond a point from which they can return home the same evening, and are not to separate. Thus they did for a time; Leif himself, by turns, joined the exploring party or remained behind at the house. * * *

“It was discovered one evening that one of their party was missing, and this proved to be Tyrker the German. Leif was sorely troubled by this, for Tyrker had lived with Leif and his father for a long time, and had been very devoted to Leif, when the latter was a child. Leif severely reprimanded his companions, and prepared to go in search of him, taking twelve men with him. They had proceeded but a short distance from the house, when they were met by Tyrker, whom they received most cordially. Leif observed at once that his foster-father was in lively spirits. * * * Leif addressed him, and asked: ‘Wherefore art thou so belated, foster-father mine, and astray from the others’. In the beginning Tyrker spoke for some time in German, rolling his eyes, and grinning, and they could not understand him; but after a time he addressed them in the Northern tongue: ‘I did not go much further [than you], and yet I have something of novelty to relate. I have found vines and grapes.’ ‘Is this indeed true, foster-father?’ said Leif. ‘Of a certainty it is true’, quoth he, ‘for I was born where there is not lack of either grapes or vines.’ They slept the night through, and on the morrow Leif said to his shipmates: ‘We will now divide our labours, and each day will either gather grapes or cut vines and fell trees, so as to obtain a cargo of these for my ship.’ They acted upon this advice, and it is said, that their after-boat was filled with grapes. A cargo sufficient for the ship was cut, and when the spring came, they made their ship ready, and sailed away; and from its products Leif gave the land a name, and called it Wineland.” Finding of Wineland the Good: 66. Oxford University Press, London, 1890.

[40] Winsor, Justin. Narrative and Critical History of America, Vol. III:61.

[41] First Voyage to Virginia, Hakluyt’s Voyages, 3:301-306.

[42] Hakluyt’s Voyages, 3:311.

[43] Discourse of Thomas Hariot, Hakluyt’s Voyages, 3:326.

[44] Smith’s History of Virginia, 1:122 (1629) Reprint 1819.

[45] Works of Capt. John Smith, p. 502.

[46] Bruce, Philip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century, Vol. 1:219. 1896.

[47] Report of Francis Maguel, Spanish Archives, Brown’s Genesis of the United States: 395. 1610.

[48] The History of Travaile into Virginia: 120. 1610, printed 1849.

[49] Anonymous. A Perfect Description of Virginia. 1649, Peter Force’s Tracts, Vol. II, 1838.

[50] “Grape vines of the English stock, as well as those of their own production, bear most abundantly, if they are suffered to run near the ground, and increase very kindly by slipping; yet very few have them at all in their gardens, much less endeavor to improve them by cutting or laying. But since the first impression of this book, some vineyards have been attempted, and one is brought to perfection, of seven hundred and fifty gallons a year. The wine drinks at present greenish, but the owner doubts not of good wine, in a year or two more, and takes great delight that way.

“When a single tree happens in clearing the ground, to be left standing, with a vine upon it, open to the sun and air, that vine generally produces as much as four or five others, that remain in the woods. I have seen in this case, more grapes upon one single vine, than would load a London cart. And for all this, the people till of late never removed any of them into their gardens, but contented themselves throughout the whole country with the grapes they found thus wild.” Beverly, Robert. The History of Virginia: 260. 1722, Reprint, 1855.

[51] “Will fox,” i. e. intoxicate. See footnote on [page 4].

[52] New English Canaan, 1632. Reprinted in Force’s Tracts, 1838.

[53] Vine, much differing in the fruit, all of them very fleshy, some reasonably pleasant; others have a taste of Gun Powder, and these grow in swamps, and low wet Grounds. Josselyn, John, Gent. New England’s Rarities: 66. London, 1672.

[54] Speaking of the Horne-bound tree (probably hornbeam from his description) he says: “This Tree growing with broad spread Armes, the vines winde their curling branches about them; which vines affoard great store of grapes, which are very big both for the grape and Cluster, sweet and good: these be of two sorts, red and white, there is likewise a smaller kind of grape which groweth in the Islands which is sooner ripe and more delectable; so that there is no knowne reason why as good wine may not be made in those parts, as well as in Burdeuax in France; being under the same degree. It is a great pittie no man sets upon such a venture, whereby he might in small time inrich himselfe, and benefit the Countrie, I know nothing which doth hinder but want of skilfull men to manage such an employment; For the countrey is hot enough, the ground good enough, and many convenient hills lye towards the south Sunne, as if they were there placed for the purpose.” Wood, William. New England’s Prospect: 20. London, 1634.

[55] Lawson, John. History of North Carolina: 169-171. 1714, Reprint 1860.

[56] Lawson, John. History of North Carolina: 141. 1714, Reprint 1860.

[57] Ib.: 184-189.

[58] Beverly, Robert. History of Virginia: 105-107. 1722, Reprint 1855.

[59] Transactions American Philosophical Society, 1:191-193. 1769-71.

[60] The True American, Philadelphia, March 24, 1800.

[61] But little is known of Dr. James Mease other than that he was one of the editors of The Domestic Encyclopedia, a Fellow of the American Philosophical Society and Vice-President of the Philadelphia Agricultural Society. That he was a student of American grapes is shown in his letter of transmissal of Bartram’s paper to the Medical Repository in which he says: “It is my present intention to publish the description of one species of vine every year in Latin and English, with a coloured plate, and I had made arrangements for the publication of the first fascicle last year; but the very unfavourable season, which had prevented the ripening of the species (Bland’s Grape) I had resolved first to describe, obliging me to defer the task until the present year, when I hope the weather will prove more favourable. Medical gentlemen, and others fond of natural history, and anxious to have the description of American vines and their classification completed, will have it much in their power to assist my undertaking. I have taken measures to have the Bull or Bullet grape of Carolina and Georgia sent me; but I shall nevertheless be much indebted for any specimens of the plant that may be transmitted.”

[62] The same year, 1804, Mease published Bartram’s paper, with some omissions, in the Medical Repository (Second Hexade, 1:19) under the heading, “Account of the Species, Hybrids, and other Varieties of the Vine of North-America. By Mr. William Bartram, of Pennsylvania.” The same paper was again published in 1830 in Prince’s A Treatise on the Vine, pp. 216-220.

[63] Bartram states that “bull” is an abbreviation of bullet; the grapes being so called because they were of the size of a bullet. He held that the name “taurina” applied to the species was not proper.

[64] Johnson’s Rural Economy: 155-197. New Brunswick, N. J., 1806.

[65] McMahon’s Gardening: 226-241. Philadelphia, Pa., 1806.

[66] American Farmer, 8:116. Baltimore, 1826.

[67] Adlum, John. Cultivation of the Vine: 149. Second Edition, Washington, 1828.

[68] John Adlum, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in 1759 and died at Georgetown, D. C., in 1836. Adlum was one of the first men to see clearly the possibility of improving the wild grapes of America and of bringing them under cultivation. He published accounts of this fruit in his Cultivation of the Vine and in the agricultural papers of his time, thereby aiding in bringing it into public notice as a cultivated plant. At “The Vineyard”, near Georgetown, he established an experimental plantation of grapes from which he distributed many vines, chief of which were those of the Catawba, a variety for whose dissemination he is largely responsible. Adlum tried without avail to have the national government found an experimental farm for the culture of grapes and his effort was one of the first to secure governmental aid in agricultural experimentation. Beside his work with the grape, Adlum was deeply interested in other phases of agriculture and in the scientific movements of his time. He was a soldier of the Revolution, a brigadier-general in the militia of Pennsylvania, a county judge, and a civil engineer and surveyor. In spite of his work in the early part of the last century for agriculture and for his State and country, Adlum was practically unknown to the present generation until a sketch of his life and work appeared in Bailey’s The Evolution of Our Native Fruits from which this sketch is written. Adlum’s memory is perpetuated in the name of the beautiful climbing fumitory of one of the Northern Atlantic States, Adlumnia cirhosa, bestowed upon him by his contemporary, Rafinesque. (For a more complete account of Adlum’s life, see Bailey’s Evolution of Our Native Fruits, pp. 50-61.)

[69] Adlum, John. Cultivation of the Vine. Preface. 1823.

[70] For a full account of Dufour’s attempts to grow European grapes see Bailey’s Evolution of Our Native Fruits, pp. 21-42.

[71] Rafinesque has also preserved for us the names of many of the vine-growers of his time. The following is his list: “Wishing to preserve the names of the public benefactors who had in 1825 established our first vineyards, I herewith insert their names. They are independent of the vineyards of York, Vevay, and Vincennes.

“In New York, George Gibbs, Swift, Prince, Lansing, Loubat, etc.

“In Pennsylvania, Carr, James, Potter, J. Webb, Legaux, Echelberger, E. Bonsall, Stoys, Lemoine, Rapp.

“In Delaware, Broome, J. Gibbs, etc.

“In Maryland, Adlum, W. Bernie, C. Varle, R. Sinclair, W. Miles, etc.

“In Virginia, Lockhart, Zane, R. Weir, Noel, J. Browne, J. Duling, etc.

“In Carolina, Habersham, Noisette, etc.

“In Georgia, Maurick, James Gardiner, S. Grimes, Checteau, M’Call.

“In New Jersey, Cooper at Camden. Another at Mount Holly.

“In Ohio, Gen. Harrison, Longworth, Dufour, etc.

“In Indiana, Rapp of Harmony, the French of Vincennes.

“In Alabama, Dr. S. Brown, at Eagleville.”

Continuing, he gives an idea of grape production in 1830:—“The average crop of wine with us is 300 gallons per acre. At York, where 2700 vines are put on one acre, each vine has often produced a quart of wine, and thus 675 gallons per acre, value $675 in 1823, besides $200 for 5000 cuttings. One acre of vineyard did then let for $200 or 300, thus value of the acre about $5000: This was in poor soil unfit for wheat, and for mere Claret.

“Now in 1830, that common French Claret often sells only at 50 cents the gallon, the income must be less. I hope our claret may in time be sold for 25 cents the gallon, and the table grapes at one cent the lb. and even then an acre of vineyard will give an income of $75, and be worth $1000 the acre.

“The greatest check to this cultivation is the time required for grapes to bear well, from 3 to 6 years: our farmers wishing to have quick yearly crops; but then when a vineyard is set and in bearing, it will last forever, the vines themselves lasting from 60 to 100 years, and are easily re-placed as they decay.

“The next check is the precarious crops if badly managed. Every year is not equally plentiful and sometimes there is a total failure when rains drown the blossoms; but an extra good crop of 500 or 600 gallons commonly follows and covers their loss.” Rafinesque, C. S. American Manual of the Grape Vines., Philadelphia. 1830. pp. 43-45.

[72] Tradition relates that the first Scuppernong vine known by civilized man was found on the coast of North Carolina by Amadas and Barlowe in 1584 and was transplanted by them to Roanoke Island. An old vine of great diameter of stem and spread of vine, gnarled in trunk and branch, evidently of great age, is known as the “Mother Scuppernong” and is supposed to be the vine transplanted in 1584.

[73] Calvin Jones writing June 17, 1817, in the American Farmer, 3:332, from Raleigh, North Carolina, gives the following account of the name Scuppernong: “This grape & wine, had the name of Scuppernong, given to them by Henderson & myself, in compliment to Jas. Blount, of Scuppernong, who first diffused a general knowledge of it in several well written communications in our paper—and it is cultivated with more success on that river, than in any other part of the state, perhaps, except the Island of Roanoke.” It is worthy of note that Scuppernong is largely a sea-board name for Vitis rotundifolia and is not commonly applied to it outside of the Atlantic States.

[74] There is some evidence to show that the Clinton contains Labrusca blood.

[75] Buchanan, Robert. Grape Culture: 61. 1850.

[76] British Parliamentary Papers (Library of Congress), Vol. 30. 1859.

[77] American Pomological Society Report for 1852:45.

[78] Horticulturist, 6:445. 1851.

[79] Horticulturist, 6:444. 1851.

[80] American Pomological Society Report for 1852:45.

[81] Magazine of Horticulture, 11:134. 1845.

[82] Nuttall says: “It is probable that hybrids betwixt the European Vine (Vitis vinifera) and those of the United States would better answer the variable climates of North America, than the unacclimated vine of Europe. When a portion of the same industry shall have been bestowed upon the cultivation of the native vines of America, which has for so many ages and by so many nations, been devoted to the amelioration of Vitis vinifera, we cannot imagine that the citizens of the United States will be longer indebted to Europe for the luxury of wine. It is not however in the wilds of uncultivated nature that we are to obtain vines worthy of cultivation. Were this the case, Europe would to the present have known no other Malus than the worthless austere crab, in place of the finest apple; no other Pyrus than the acerb and inedible Pyraster or stone Pear, from which cultivation has obtained all the other varieties. It is from seed that new and valuable varieties are invariably to be obtained. There is however at the present time, a variety of one of the native species cultivated under the name of ‘Bland’s grape’, a hybrid no way in my opinion inferior to some of the best European grapes.”

[83] “People who have a good deal of leisure time, ought to make those experiments which take many years to know the result. If any where in the United States a public Botanic garden should be established, there would be the proper place, to have a corner of it appropriated solely for the purpose of trying the raising of new species of grapes, either by seeds or grafts; and if there was a green or hot house, several species of the best grapes, and even a male plant of the most vigorous indigenous ought to be introduced in it, and trained so that the crossing of the breed may be easily done, by bringing two different sorts of grapes together in time of blossoming, and sow the seeds. I think we may anticipate some very good results from such an arrangement.” Vine Dresser’s Guide: 228. 1826.

[84] Of hybridization he says: “In all attempts at artificial fecundation, I would recommend that one of the varieties selected be of native origin, as there exists no want of hybrids between European varieties alone; a large proportion of those now in cultivation having been doubtless produced by natural admixture of the pollen, in the vineyards where they originated. For the purpose of hybridizing, the varieties of Vitis aestivalis should be selected in preference to those of Vitis labrusca, on account of the much higher vinous properties of the former; and there cannot exist a doubt but that we may readily produce well acclimated hybrids between the native and foreign varieties, without the trouble of continuing the course of reproduction for many generations, although such reproduction from species so dissimilar may continue to present additional modifications of character.” A Treatise on the Vine: 253-254. 1830.

[85] U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Special Report, No. 36. 1880.

[86] Wine is the fermented juice of the grape. When the juice or must of the grape is exposed to temperatures ranging from 55° to 65°F. the micro-organisms which accompany the fruit, the yeast of the wine-maker, are transformed from a comparatively dormant state to one of great activity. The action of the organisms on grape must is called fermentation and through it certain physical and chemical changes take place whereby the must is changed in taste and in color, and a part or all of its sugar is changed into alcohol. The methods of making wine differ in different countries and in different localities depending upon the climate, kind of grapes grown, condition of growth, and the kind of wine produced, yet the principles and chief processes are much the same and may be briefly described as follows:

In general grapes are not picked for wine-making until they have reached full maturity thus insuring a higher sugar content, richness of flavor and perfect color. It is customary to determine the composition of the must as to sugar and acid content by various instruments devised for the purpose and if it lack sugar this ingredient is added; if it be too acid water is added; or the composition may be otherwise changed depending upon a number of circumstances though manifestly reputable wine-makers change the natural grape juice as little as possible. Soon after harvesting the grapes are crushed. The ancient method, which still prevails in many parts of Europe, was to tramp the grapes with bare feet or wooden shoes. Tramping is for most part superseded by mechanical crushers which break the skins but do not crush the seeds. For some wines the stems of the grapes are removed; for others it is essential that the grapes be not stemmed. Stemming may be done by hand, by a rake over a screen, or by specially devised machines. If white wine is to be made the juice is separated from skins and pulp at once; if red wine is desired fermentation takes place in the crushed grapes or marc.

Fermentation is carried on in large tanks or vats varying in capacity from 1000 gallons to 10,000 gallons or more. Some wine-makers prefer open vats, others keep them closed. The duration of fermentation depends upon many conditions and varies from two or three to fifteen or twenty days, depending upon the amount of sugar in the must, the temperature, activity of ferments, etc., etc. Wine-makers observe several distinct stages of fermentation which must be closely watched and controlled. A most important influence is exerted on fermentation by temperature. The limits below which and above which fermentation does not take place are 55° and 90°F. In general it is desirable that fermentation take place at temperatures ranging about 70°. When it is found that the sugar is practically all converted into alcohol, or that such conversion has proceeded far enough, the new wine is drawn or pumped from the fermenting vats into casks or barrels where it ages though it may require special treatment for clearing. Before bottling it is usually necessary to rack the wine into new barrels twice or three times to stop secondary fermentations which invariably take place.

Special treatments result in several distinct classes of wine. Thus we can divide wine into red and white as to color. Red wines are produced from colored grapes the color being extracted in the process of fermentation. White wines are made from light colored grapes or if from colored fruit the must is not allowed to ferment on the marc and so extract the color. We may again divide wines into dry and sweet. Dry wines are those in which the sugar is practically all converted into alcohol. Sweet wines are those which retain more or less sugar. These are often fortified by the addition of alcohol. A third division is that of still and sparkling wines. Still wines are those in which the carbonic acid gas formed by fermentation has wholly escaped. Sparkling wines retain a greater or less amount of this carbonic acid gas.

All of the above classes are further divided into well marked types according to their color and taste, their alcoholic content, and the countries in which they are produced. The following are the leading wines made from native grapes: Catawba, Delaware, Concord, Norton’s Virginia, Ives, Scuppernong, Iona, Claret, Port and Champagne. Of these Claret, Norton’s Virginia and Ives are red dry wines. Catawba, Delaware, Iona and Scuppernong may be either dry or sweet white wines. Port is a red sweet wine.

[87] Vol. 22: No. 3:22.

[88] Champagne obtains its name from the fact that it is chiefly produced in the Province of Champagne in France. Its special characteristic is that during fermentation, which is usually brought about in the bottle, the carbonic acid gas generated is absorbed by the wine. When the bottle is opened the gas is disengaged and the wine effervesces or “sparkles”. Good champagne requires grapes of high quality and of special adaptability; the fruit must be well ripened, free from decayed berries, and clean. The first fermentation takes place during a period of several months in the regular receptacles for this purpose after which the wine from several varieties of grapes is blended. Good champagne usually contains some old wine. After bottling, the wine is held at slightly different temperatures for varying lengths of time to secure proper fermentation in the bottle until at the end of several months it is held at a comparatively low temperature in which the bottles remain from three to four years. The bottles must then receive some treatment which will remove the sediment which has been formed by fermentation. This is usually done by placing them in racks cork down at about an angle of 45 degrees or a little more. By dexterously shaking and jarring the bottles the sediment is loosened and deposited in the neck of the bottle. Lastly the sediment is disgorged by skillfully withdrawing the cork, a small portion of the wine being wasted in the operation. The bottles are then filled with a dosage of rock-candy dissolved in an old dry wine, the amount used determining the sweetness of the champagne. The bottles are then corked, wired, capped, labelled and cased, after which the champagne is ready for the market.

[89] Champagne: Decrease in Imports and Increase in Domestic Production, April 25, 1907, p. 427.

[90] Grape juice is made from clean, sound but not over-ripe grapes. The juice is pressed out by machinery in commercial practice but in the home manufacture of the product, the grapes may be pressed by the hands. If a light-colored juice is desired the liquid is extracted without heating the grapes; for a red juice the pulp is heated before pressing and the grapes must be dark in color. In either case the heating is done in a double boiler so that the juice does not come in direct contact with the fire. The proper temperature ranges from 180° F. to 200° F. and must never exceed the 200° mark if the flavor of uncooked grapes is desired. After heating, the juice is allowed to settle for twenty-four hours in a glass, crockery or enameled vessel after which it is carefully drained from the sediment and strained through some sterilized filter. In home practice several thicknesses of flannel, previously boiled, will do for a filter. The liquid is then filled into clean bottles leaving room for expansion in the second heating. The bottled juice is now heated a second time after which it is immediately corked and sealed. The principles involved in making grape juice are the same as those observed in canning fruit and the operation may be varied in the former as it is in the latter if only certain fundamental processes are followed.

[91] A raisin is a dried and cured grape. Raisin-making is a simple process. The grapes are arranged on shallow trays, and placed in the sun to dry, being turned now and then by placing an empty tray on a full one and turning both over after which the top tray is removed. When the grapes are properly dried they are put in bins to sweat preparatory to packing and shipping. The finishing touch in the drying is sometimes given in curing-houses, however, to avoid injury from rain or dust. Seeding, grading, packing and selling are now separate industries from growing and curing. At present all raisins are made from varieties of the Old World grape, no American sort having been found suitable for raisin-making. A variety adapted for making a raisin, something better than simply a “dried grape”, must have a large percentage of sugar and solids, a thin skin, and a high flavor. American grapes lack in sugar content and have a skin so thick and tough that the fruit does not cure properly for a good raisin. The raisin industry in the United States is carried on only in California, the great bulk of the crop coming from the San Joaquin Valley and a few of the southern counties of that State. Formerly the raisins used in this country were wholly imported; now this product of the grape is exported and in increasing quantities. The annual production of raisins is in the neighborhood of 100,000,000 pounds.

[92] According to Bartram, the aborigines of eastern America made raisins from the wild grapes. He describes the process they used as follows: “The Indians gather great quantities of wild grapes which they prepare for keeping, by first sweating them on hurdles over a gentle fire, and afterwards dry them on their bunches in the sun and air, and store them up for provisions.”

[93] Tarr, R. S., Cornell (N. Y.) Exp. Sta. Bul., 109. 1896.

[94] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901.

[95] Tarr, R. S., Cornell (N. Y.) Exp. Sta. Bul., 109. 1896.

[96] Burke, R. T. Avon, and Marean, Herbert, Field Operations, Bureau of Soils, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 1901.

[97] Elijah Fay was born in Southborough, Massachusetts, in 1781. He moved to Brocton, Chautauqua County, New York, in the fall of 1811. The early history of not only the viticulture but of the horticulture of the Chautauqua region is interwritten with that of the Fay family. Elijah Fay’s children and grandchildren inherited a love of horticulture from their ancestor and several of them, as mentioned in the text, have been noted for their horticultural work in this region. Lincoln Fay, a nephew of Elijah Fay, one of the first men to grow and sell grape vines in the region, originated the Fay currant which was afterwards introduced by him and his son Elijah H. Fay. Of the Fay family, noted in the annals of grape-growing in this region, only G. E. Ryckman and L. R. Ryckman, grandchild and great-grandchild of Elijah Fay, are now living. Elijah Fay lived to the ripe age of eighty, dying in 1860. His memory should be long cherished as one of the founders of the viticulture of New York.

[98] The writer is indebted to Mr. G. E. Ryckman of this firm, for the information given here.

[99] The Grape Belt, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907.

[100] The Grape Belt, 16: No. 20, Feb. 26, 1907.

[101] The grape-vine fidia (Fidia viticida Walsh) is a robust beetle, a quarter of an inch in length, brown in color but whitened by a thick covering of yellowish-white hairs. The beetle lays its eggs in the cracks and crevices of the bark of the grape vines well above ground. The eggs are produced in large numbers, often as many as several hundred to the vine. Upon hatching, the larvae quickly worm their way into the ground and begin to feed upon the fibrous roots of the vine, passing from these to the larger roots. Possibly the chief damage is done on the larger roots which are often entirely stripped of bark for a length of several feet. The larvae attain their full size, a half inch in length, by the middle of August, and then hibernate until the following June. The winter is spent in earthen cells. After about two weeks as pupae in June, the full grown beetles emerge from the ground and begin to feed upon the upper surface of the leaves, eating out the cellular tissue, thus skeletonizing the foliage. The adults disappear the succeeding August. The most efficient means of checking the fidia so far found is an application of an arsenical spray applied during the time the beetles are feeding on the foliage.

[102] Grape-vine flea-beetle (Haltica chalybea Ill.).—The adult insects are shining steel-blue flea-beetles measuring about one-fifth of an inch in length. They live during the winter under the bark of the old vines or in rubbish in the fields. They emerge from their winter quarters during the first warm days of spring, and feed upon the opening buds and young leaves. Egg-laying begins late in April or early in May. The eggs are placed singly near the buds or upon the leaves and hatch in about ten days. The young larvae are dark brown in color but soon become prominently marked with black dots and patches. They are full grown in from three to four weeks at which time they measure about a quarter of an inch in length. They feed on the leaves devouring only the soft parts at first, but finally eating irregular holes through the leaves. When ready to pupate they go a short distance into the ground. The adults emerge during the latter part of June or early in July. They probably feed during all of the summer, finally seeking shelter for the winter as above indicated.

The vines should be sprayed with paris green, one pound to fifty gallons of water, just before the buds begin to swell or with some other arsenite. Much pains should be taken to make this application thorough. Later when the worms appear on the leaves, paris green may be applied at the usual strength, one pound to 150 gallons of lime and water, or combined with bordeaux mixture. Both upper and under surfaces of the leaves should be covered. Applications of arsenicals for the grape-vine fidia will help greatly to keep this insect in check.

[103] Grape leaf-hopper (Typhlocyba comes Say).—There are several species of leaf-hoppers which attack the grape but this species is probably the most common in this State. These little leaf-hoppers are often erroneously called thrips. The adult insects measure about one-eighth of an inch in length. They vary greatly in color but the prevailing color is usually light yellowish-green. The back and wings are ornamented with bright red, yellow and brown. They are found upon the vines from spring until fall. They feed together, sucking the sap from the leaves, principally from the under surface, causing them to turn brown in patches. The eggs are deposited singly in the tissue of the under surface of the leaves. The young resemble the adults in form but are not provided with wings and are green or yellowish-green in color. There are several broods during the season. Some of the adults of the last brood hibernate in any convenient rubbish about the vineyard. Treatment for young hoppers should be made early in July. To obtain the best results use whale-oil soap at the rate of one pound to ten gallons of water, directing the spraying with the hand. Vineyards and adjacent land should be kept as free as possible from grass and weeds as they afford shelter to the insect.

[104] Grape berry moth (Polychrosis viteana Clem.).—The young caterpillars feed within the grapes finally causing them to turn dark colored and to wither. This injury is sometimes mistaken for the black-rot. After devouring the soft parts of one grape the caterpillar goes to another, fastening the two together by a silken thread. This may be continued until several in a bunch have been destroyed by one caterpillar. The young caterpillars are very light green in color with a brown head. When full grown they measure about one-fourth of an inch in length and are dark olive green in color tinged slightly with red. The cocoon is formed on a leaf and is partially composed of two small pieces cut out of the leaf. The adults of the spring brood emerge in from twelve to fourteen days. The fore-wings have a bluish tinge and are marked with brown, while the posterior wings are dull brown. The moths are small measuring nearly half an inch from tip to tip when the wings are spread. The eggs are probably laid late in June or early in July. There are two broods annually in this State. As the caterpillars spend most of their lives within the grape berries, spraying does not entirely control the pest. Yet the arsenicals applied for the grape-vine fidia will help much in keeping it in check. Picking and destroying the infested fruit and the leaves containing the cocoons helps much.

[105] For a full account of the geology of these lakes and the valleys in which they lie, see the Physical Geography of New York State by Ralph S. Tarr. New York. 1902.

[106] Black-rot (Guignardia bidwellii (Ell.) V. & R.) usually appears first on the leaves where it forms circular, reddish-brown spots on which black pimples, or spore cases, develop. Within these spore cases, at maturity, are the summer spores. These are distributed by the elements to the growing parts of the plant and form new centers of infection. The diseased berries show analogous circular spots bearing spores and as the disease progresses the grapes wither, turn black, and become hard and shrivelled, sometimes clinging to the vine until the following spring. Growing shoots are attacked as well as leaves and fruit. During the winter and spring the resting spores are formed, usually upon the shrivelled berries.

Treatment consists of destroying as far as possible all diseased fruit, old leaves and prunings and in spraying thoroughly with bordeaux mixture as follows:—

1. Just as the pink tips of the first leaves appear.

2. From ten days to two weeks after the first spraying.

3. Just after the blossoming.

4. From ten to fourteen days after the third spraying.

5. After an interval of from ten to fourteen days from the fourth spraying.

[107] Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola (B. & C.) Berl. & De Toni) is a troublesome fungus attacking all of the tender growing parts of the grape. It does most damage to the leaves, upon the upper surface of which it produces greenish-yellow spots of irregular outline. At the same time a loose white downy growth appears on the under side of the leaves. This growth consists of short filaments bearing spores, the summer spores, which are carried by the elements to other growing parts of the plant, thus spreading the disease. Affected berries, if young, first show a brown spot, and become covered with the gray down which distinguishes the fungus. On older berries the fungus causes a brown-purple spot which spreads until it takes in the whole berry, which then becomes soft and often falls, or they may become hard and persist. At this stage the disease is commonly known as “brown rot”. The winter, or resting, spores are produced in the tissue of fruit and leaves and with a thick protective covering. The winter spores are dark, almost black, in color. Downy mildew spreads and does most damage in hot wet weather. Spraying with bordeaux mixture as indicated for black-rot will keep downy mildew in check.

[108] Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.) is caused by a fungus which lives on the surface of the leaves. It subsists by means of sucker-like organs which penetrate the walls of the surface layer of cells. The vegetative portion of the parasite consists of fine white filaments which spread over the surface of the leaves, shoots and fruit. In the summer these filaments send up short, irregular stalks upon which large numbers of barrel-shaped spores are produced in chain-like arrangement. These are the summer spores of the fungus. They are borne in greatest quantity on the upper surfaces of the leaves and give the leaf a gray, powdery appearance—hence the name, powdery mildew. Affected leaves finally become light brown and often fall. Diseased fruits are gray in color, scurfy, become specked with brown, fail to develop and often burst on one side thereby showing the seeds. The winter or resting spores are borne in sacs, in the latter part of the season. The spore sacs, in their turn, are borne in small, black, spherical spore cases, each furnished with a number of slender appendages having curled tips. The powdery mildew, unlike most other fungus troubles of the grape, is most prevalent in hot dry weather. The disease is combatted by dusting with flowers of sulphur or by spraying with bordeaux mixture as for black-rot.

[109] Anthracnose (Sphaceloma ampelinum De By.).—This disease attacks any of the tender portions of the growing vine. When the leaves are affected dark spots are first formed on their surface. As the disease advances these spots enlarge, and irregular cracks are often formed through the dead tissue. Frequently many of these small cracks run together, forming a long irregular slit through the leaf. Similar marks are formed on the tender shoots, though they are not so noticeable. When the fruit is attacked the disease is sometimes called bird’s-eye rot. Circular spots are formed on the surface of the berry. The spots may be of different colors and usually have a dark border; as the spots enlarge and eat in, a seed is often exposed in the center. In rotting the tissue becomes hard and wrinkled. Sometimes the disease girdles the stem of a fruit cluster, cutting off the supply of sap from the grapes beyond the diseased line and causing them to shrivel and die.

Anthracnose does not spread as rapidly as some other vineyard diseases, neither does it yield as readily to treatment. When a vineyard is badly infested with anthracnose, it requires prompt attention and a careful treatment to control the disease. It is not satisfactorily controlled by bordeaux mixture alone. It is suggested that in addition to such treatment with this mixture as is given for black-rot the plan be followed which is advocated by certain European authorities, of applying a warm saturated solution of copperas (iron sulphate) in spring when the buds are swelling but before they begin to open. One per ct. or more of sulphuric acid may be added to the solution before it is applied. This solution must be handled with care as it is very caustic. It is applied with swabs or if the acid is not used it may be sprayed. It is essential that the work be done thoroughly, covering all the surface of the canes.

[110] Chlorosis or yellow leaf.—The name is applied to a grape disease in which the foliage turns yellow, later becoming brown. It is common in several parts of the State but more particularly in the Central Lakes district. Chlorosis is more likely to appear in wet seasons. Some varieties, as the Diamond, are much more susceptible than others. In some seasons portions of the leaves may become yellow but eventually regain their normal color so that at the close of the season the vine appears to be in a healthy condition. In other instances the yellow color extends over the entire leaf; brown, dead patches appear; the leaf curls and eventually drops from the vine. If the vine loses its leaves two or three seasons in succession it is likely to die. One striking peculiarity of the disease is the fact that a badly diseased vine may appear by the side of a perfectly healthy vine of the same variety.

The cause of chlorosis, as given by foreign investigators, is the presence of a large amount of lime in the soil which prevents the roots from taking up an amount of iron sufficient for satisfactory growth. Their experiments seem to show that the difficulty may be overcome by applying a small amount of sulphate of iron around affected plants. But since there are a number of good American varieties that are not subject to chlorosis, perhaps the better method to pursue is to plant only such varieties as are known to be free from this trouble.

The standard varieties given in the following list are, so far as we know, practically exempt from chlorosis: Moore Early, Concord, Winchell, Delaware, Worden, Niagara, Catawba, Vergennes and Agawam.

[111] Tarr, R. S., The Physical Geography of New York State: 4. 1902.

[112] See Story of the Vine, E. R. Emerson: 198. 1902.

[113] Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, a French botanist of considerable reputation in his day, was born at Aix, Provence, in 1656 and died in 1708. He was educated by the Jesuits for a priest but following a natural inclination he later became a botanist. In 1683 he became professor of botany at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. While occupying this position he made trips through western Europe, Greece and Asia Minor. His principal work, and the one quoted here, is Institutiones Rei Herbariae in three volumes, published in Paris in 1700. He was one of the most prominent systematic botanists who preceded Linnaeus.

[114] Humphrey Marshall was born in the town of West Bradford, Pennsylvania, in 1722, of Quaker parents. He was a cousin of John Bartram, their mothers being sisters. Like Bartram, he had few opportunities for education, not going to school after he was twelve years of age. He was a stone-mason by trade, studying botany in his leisure moments. In 1773 he started a botanic garden at Marshallton. In 1785 he published Arbustrum Americanum, The American Grove, or An Alphabetical Catalog of Forest Trees and Shrubs, Natives of the American United States. This work had been in preparation about five years previous to its publication. It is said to be the first botanical work of a native American. Marshall died in 1801.

[115] But little is known of the life of Thomas Walter. He was a native of Hampshire, England, and migrated to St. John’s Parish, South Carolina, where he had a plantation on the Santee River. Here he died in 1788 at about the age of forty-eight years. His only publication of note is the Flora Caroliniana, published in the year of his death. He must have been in correspondence with European botanists of that time as his herbarium is preserved in the British Museum.

[116] Grapes are not to-day considered dioecious but polygamo-dioecious, a distinction which will be defined later.

[117] John Bartram was born near the village of Darby in Delaware (then Chester) County, Pennsylvania, in 1699. Bartram is generally credited with having established the first botanical garden in America. This garden was founded about 1728, some four miles south of what was the town of Philadelphia and is now a part of the Park System of that city. He was bred a Quaker but owing to his liberal opinions was excluded from that Society in 1758. During his life he was in correspondence with many of the leading scientific men of Europe to whom he sent many specimens of plants and other things of scientific interest. He made many trips into various parts of the colonies, to Ontario, Lake George, the Carolinas, Florida and Georgia, in search of information. The last of these journeys, that to the southern states, was made after he was seventy years of age. Bartram is blamed by all of his contemporaries for not having published more than he did. His death occurred in 1777.

William Bartram, son of John Bartram, was born in 1739 and died in 1823. Much of his work was done in connection with his father under whom he received his botanical training. His best known work is his Travels in the Carolinas, Georgia and Florida (1791), in which he gives an interesting account of that region, including descriptions of a number of new southern plants. His article on grapes which is here quoted was published in the Domestic Encyclopedia, 1804, and also in the Medical Repository of the same year.

[118] Thomas Nuttall was born in Settle in Yorkshire, England, in 1786. He migrated to the United States in 1807, making his home in Philadelphia where he became acquainted with William Bartram and Dr. Barton. It was largely owing to the influence of these men that he turned his attention to botany. Nuttall was an extensive traveler and made botanical expeditions into many parts of the country. He explored the Middle West up to the Rocky Mountains and made a trip around the Horn to California. From 1825 to 1834 he was connected with Harvard College. In 1842 he was called to England by a bequest from an uncle left to him conditional on his residing for nine months of each year in England; compliance with this request caused a cessation of his botanical work in America. He died at Nutgrove, Lancashire, in 1859. Nuttall’s first and probably greatest work was his Genera of North American Plants and Catalogue of the Species, published in 1818. Besides various accounts of his expeditions he made an addition of three volumes to Michaux’s Sylva bringing that work up to six volumes.

[119] Constantine Samuel Rafinesque was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople in European Turkey, in 1783. He was of French-German descent, his father being a French merchant of Marseilles, and his mother of Saxon parentage. In 1802 he came to Philadelphia. While here he was busied with mercantile pursuits, occupying a position as clerk, but studied botany out of office hours for amusement. In 1805 he went to Sicily where he spent the next ten years. Here he commenced the extensive series of publications which have made his name so well known to scientists. In 1815 he returned to the United States, traveling about from place to place for some time and finally settling in Lexington, Kentucky, where he became a professor in Transylvania University. He left Lexington in 1825, removing to Philadelphia, where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in poverty in 1840. Rafinesque’s biographer gives 420 differently titled articles on nearly all scientific subjects as the product of his pen. His monograph on grapes, entitled American Manual of the Grape Vine and The Art of Making Wines, etc., was published in Philadelphia in 1830.

[120] Mo. Ent. Rpt., 1874:71.

[121] Bush. Cat., 1883:9.

[122] N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 17:518. 1898. N. Y. Sta. Bul. 157. 1898.

[123] Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:239. 1900.

[124] Gar. and For., 8:47. 1895.

[125] W. Brennan, Gilgandra, N. S. W.

[126] André Michaux was a French botanist, born at Satory, Versailles, in 1746. He took up the study of botany and made many trips to foreign lands in behalf of the French Government. One of these was an expedition to North America where he remained from 1785 to 1796 exploring the country and gathering many botanical specimens through Canada, Nova Scotia and the United States as far west as the Mississippi. His chief works are Histoire des chenes de l’Amerique Septentrionale (History of the Oaks of North America), 1801; and Flora Boreali Americana, 1803. He described and named Vitis rotundifolia, V. aestivalis, V. cordifolia, V. riparia, and V. rubra, as well as giving much information on other species. Michaux died on the Island of Madagascar in 1802.

F. André Michaux was born at Versailles in 1770 and died at Vaureal in 1855. He was a son of André Michaux and also a botanist, and like his father employed by the French Government to explore North America with a view of introducing valuable plants into France. He published in 1810-13 a Histoire des Arbres Forestieres de l’Amerique Septentrionale which was later translated into English under the name North American Sylva. He also published A Voyage a l-ouest des Monts Alleghanys, 1804.

[127] For discussion of Vitis vulpina see foot-note under Vitis riparia.

[128] All grapes, other than the Rotundifolia, are in the South known as “bunch grapes” because they are sold on the market in clusters, the Rotundifolia being sold off the stems.

[129] S. C. Sta. Bul. 132. 1907.

[130] Bush. Cat., 1894:22.

[131] Husmann, 1895:188.

[132] Husmann, G. C., California Fruit Grower, Mar. 14, 1908.

[133] Samuel Botsford Buckley was born in 1809, in Yates County, New York, and was educated at Wesleyan University, where he graduated in 1836. In 1866 he was appointed State Geologist of Texas where he resided until he died in 1884. Buckley traveled extensively in connection with his work, explored the southwestern region of the Appalachian Mountains, as well as the southwestern portion of the United States. He was at great disadvantage in his publications in that they were prepared without the benefit of a library. His articles on grapes were published in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for 1861, and in the United States Patent Office Report for the same year.

[134] The description of Vitis vulpina by Linnaeus is so meager, including the leaves only, that for many years botanists were in doubt as to the species intended. Muhlenberg was the single exception when he gave Linnaeus’ Vulpina and Michaux’s Cordifolia as synonymous. Whether he did this from knowledge, or whether it was by chance, it is impossible to say. He states no reasons and consequently received no following among other botanists. Elliott supposed that Linnaeus intended to describe the southern Rotundifolia and this view seems to have been generally accepted.

In the late eighties or early nineties, Planchon first, and later Britton, by referring to Linnaeus’ specimens, determined that the latter’s Vulpina was the same as Riparia, and in accordance with botanical rules, presented the name Vulpina as the correct name for this species. Bailey, however, states (Ev. Nat. Fr., 1898:102) that he found two specimens in the Linnaeus collection labeled Vulpina, one of which was the true Riparia and the other Cordifolia. Since a change of the name would bring confusion to more than ninety years of botanical and horticultural literature, it seems inadvisable to make one on such contradictory evidence.

[135] Planchon is our authority for calling this Riparia.

[136] Translation from the Latin.

[137] Isadore Bush was born at Prague, Bohemia, in 1822. Bush was one of those Germans who, taking part in the troubles of the Fatherland in 1848, found it necessary to seek a home in the New World. He went to Missouri upon his arrival in the country and there spent the remainder of his life. During the Civil War he was secretary to General Frémont and at various times occupied many other positions of trust. He established the Bushberg nursery which for many years was the leading grape nursery of this country. With the aid of Engelmann and others he wrote the Bushberg Catalogue and Grape Manual, a work which has passed through many editions and has probably been more popular and useful than any other book on American grapes published in the English language. Bush died in St. Louis in 1898, having been a citizen of that place for forty-nine years.

[138] Thomas Volney Munson, the well-known nurseryman, viticulturist, and plant-breeder, was born near Astoria, Illinois, September 26, 1843. He graduated from Kentucky University, Lexington, Kentucky, in 1870. His nursery has for thirty-one years been located at Denison, Texas. Munson has introduced more hybrid grapes than any other man in America and probably in the world. He has paid great attention to grape botany, particularly to the southwestern species. Monographs on grapes, from his hand, have appeared in the proceedings of various horticultural societies and in horticultural journals. Bulletins written by him have been issued by the United States Department of Agriculture and the Texas Experiment Station. He has at present a book ready for publication entitled Foundations of American Grape Culture. The varieties produced by Munson are particularly successful in the Southwest where conditions are such that most of our northern varieties fail. The most valuable of those that have been thoroughly tested are Brilliant, America, Carman, Gold Coin and Rommel.

[139] See [page 21].

[140] Jules Emile Planchon, a French systematic and horticultural botanist, was born in Ganges (Herault) in 1823, and died at Montpellier in 1888. Planchon was a writer of many valuable monographs on botanical subjects and in combination with F. Sahut and J. Bazille discovered that the cause of a mysterious and serious malady which had been affecting the French vineyards for some years, was due to an insect on the roots, the phylloxera. Later, he and C. V. Riley determined that this insect was a native of America. Planchon was one of the first to suggest, and always urged, the reconstitution of French vineyards by the use of American stocks. During the later years of his life he was professor of botany in the School at Montpellier. His most noted contribution to grape literature is his monograph of the grape vine and other plants of the Ampelopsis family which appeared as the second half of the fifth volume of the continuation of De Candolle’s Prodromus Systematis Naturalis.

[141] Martin Vahl, a Norwegian, was born in 1749, and died in 1804. As a pupil of the great Linnaeus, Vahl became a prominent worker in botany and natural history in Denmark and was an author and writer of note on these subjects, publishing much on botany. He traveled extensively, but it does not appear that he visited North America, though he wrote three large volumes on the flora of tropical America. It is probable that he named and described Vitis palmata from herbarium specimens.

[142] Jean Louis Berlandier was a Belgian pupil of the great De Candolle, but left Europe about 1828 for America and became a druggist in Matamoras, Mexico. He was one of the first botanists to explore northern Mexico and Texas. In attempting to cross one of the small streams south of the Rio Grande in 1851, he was drowned. Many of his papers, plants and some paintings are preserved in the herbarium of Harvard University and his services to botany are commemorated by the genus Berlandiera, dedicated to him by De Candolle, and the species Vitis berlandieri here described.

[143] George Engelmann was born at Frankfurt-on-the-Main in 1809. He was educated at the Universities of Heidelberg, Berlin and Wurzburg, receiving a doctor’s degree in medicine from the latter institution. In 1832 Dr. Engelmann sailed for America and spent some months in exploring the forests of the Mississippi Valley studying the plants of the region, having become deeply absorbed in botany. He soon after began the practice of medicine in St. Louis where he spent the remainder of his life, dying in 1884. Engelmann was one of the most patient and devoted students of natural history of his time. He mastered several difficult genera of plants, doing his work so well that his monographs will long remain, not only authorities on the plants described, but models for the systematic botanist. Among the genera to which he devoted his time was Vitis, upon which he published several monographs. These appeared in various publications, particularly the Proceedings of the Academy of Science of St. Louis in 1860, the American Naturalist for 1868, Riley’s reports as entomologist of Missouri for 1872 and 1874, and the third and all later editions of the Bushberg Catalogue.

[144] George Bentham was born near Plymouth, England, in 1800. His father was a man of considerable wealth and the son was privately educated. Early in life he showed an inclination toward botany, writing a book on The Plants of the Pyrenees and Lower Languedoc which was published when he was only twenty-six years old. For a time he studied law in which he showed considerable talent and where his original views attracted some attention. Later, however, he gave his attention to botany almost exclusively, joined the London Horticultural Society and the Linnaean Society, and was more or less closely connected with the workers at Kew. In connection with J. D. Hooker he wrote the Genera Plantarum. Others of his well-known works are Flora Australiensis and Handbook of the British Flora. Bentham died in 1884.

[145] This name has been spelled “Lincecumii” and “Linsecomii.” Buckley tells us (U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1861:486) that this grape was named in honor of “Dr. Gideon Linsecom” of Long Point, Washington County, Texas. Engelmann changed the spelling to Lincecum without giving any reason for the change. Munson states that a daughter of Dr. Lincecum says that her father always spelled his name Lincecum. It is inconceivable that Buckley did not know how to spell his friend’s name. There is other corroborative evidence that Buckley was either a poor penman, or did not read proof, or both. In his Latin description of this species nearly every other word is misspelled, and the mistakes are those of a printer rather than of one whose Latin is weak, such as “totis” for “lobis,” etc. Munson says that on the different herbarium specimens of this species collected by Buckley, the name is spelled both ways but he is not able to tell which are in Buckley’s hand. As the original error seems to be one by the printer or amanuensis it does not seem desirable to perpetuate it. We have consequently adopted the spelling of Engelmann and Munson.

[146] Liberty Hyde Bailey was born in 1858 in South Haven, Michigan. He graduated from the Michigan Agricultural College in 1882 and then studied botany for two years with Asa Gray at Harvard University. He became professor of horticulture at his Alma Mater in 1885 and resigned in 1888 to accept the Chair of Horticulture in Cornell University, a position which he filled until 1904 when he became Director of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station and Dean of the New York State College of Agriculture. In 1907 he was given the degree of Doctor of Laws by the University of Wisconsin. Dr. Bailey is known as a teacher and experimenter but is better known for his horticultural and botanical writings. He has published many popular books on agricultural subjects. The best known of these are: The Nursery Book; The Rule Book; Principles of Vegetable Gardening; Garden Making; The Pruning Book; The Survival of the Unlike; The Evolution of Our Native Fruits. Besides these popular, or semi-popular works he has published two cyclopedias: The Cyclopedia of American Horticulture and The Cyclopedia of American Agriculture. Dr. Bailey’s position in American horticultural literature is unique in that he represents the botanical side of horticulture. He has written monographs on several of our cultivated fruits, notably grapes and plums, both appearing in The Evolution of Our Native Fruits.

[147] Am. Gard., 12:584. 1891.

[148] John Eaton Le Conte was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, in 1784 and died at Philadelphia in 1860. In 1817 he entered the army as a topographical engineer, and in 1831 was retired with the grade of major. Le Conte early became interested in natural history and his military expeditions gave him ample opportunity for studying the flora and fauna of eastern America. He published a number of important botanical papers, one of which was The Vines of North America published in 1854-55. His contributions to the genus Vitis will be found under that head.

[149] Augustin Pyramus De Candolle was born at Geneva, Switzerland, 1778, and died at Turin, Italy, in 1841. He came of an ancient French family which had been driven out of Provence in the middle of the sixteenth century owing to their religion. He began his scientific studies at the College of Geneva, but later removed to Paris where he attended courses of lectures on natural science under the greatest scientists of that day. His best known works are: Historia plantarum Succulentarum; Synopsis plantarum in flora Gallica descriptarum; and Prodromus Systematis regni vegetabilis (1824-), this last being only about two-thirds completed at the time of his death.

Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyrame De Candolle was born in Paris, France, in 1806. Like his father, whose life is sketched above, he became a noted botanist. His most important works have been translated into English and are as follows: Geographical Botany, 1855; Origin of Cultivated Plants, 1883; and the Memoirs of his father, 1862. He died in Geneva, Switzerland, in 1893.

[150] The name Labrusca is an old one originally applied to a grape growing wild in Italy. Engelmann states that this grape is still known to the Italians by the name Brusca. It was probably applied to the American species by Linnaeus under the mistaken supposition that our northern Fox grape was the same as the wild Italian species.

[151] Carl von Linne, better known in the Latin form of Carolus Linnaeus, was born in 1707 at Rashult in the province of Smäland, Sweden. His father, a minister, endeavored to educate his son to follow the same profession. In this he failed, as Linnaeus from his earliest years took no interest in the classical studies then taught. His father was finally induced to educate young Linnaeus as a physician. Linnaeus was the greatest systematist in the history of botany. His general system, though much modified, is still in use. Although he named many species of plants, it was not as a traveler and explorer but as a recipient of the results of travels of others that the specimens were secured from which the descriptions were made. Linnaeus died at Upsala, Sweden, in 1778. His herbarium after his death was sold and finally became the property of the Linnaean Society of London, where the specimens are frequently used by botanists from various parts of the world for purposes of comparison.

[152] Husmann, 1895:189.

[153] Grape Cult., 1:4. 1869.

[154] U. S. D. A. Rpt., 1862:198.

[155] Gar. and For., 2:584. 1889.

[156] Numbers in parentheses designate authors or publications cited in the list of references.

[157] Adlum, John. Cultivation of the Vine: 149. 1828.

[158] Downing, 1872:119 app.

[159] Traité gen. de vit., 5:201. 1903.

[160] Bush. Cat., 1883:71.

[161] Bush. Cat., 1894:89.

[162] Dr. A. P. Wylie was a southern hybridizer. His life was one of exceptionally varied usefulness. Besides being a physician he worked with many different plants, producing new varieties of cotton, peach, nectarine, magnolia and other species. His hybrids were produced chiefly during the sixties and early seventies. His method of testing hybrid grapes was unique; as soon as the fruit from the cross-fertilized blossoms ripened, the seeds were planted and the seedlings forced the first winter in a hothouse. In the spring it was planted by the side of a mature vine outside and the seedling grafted by inarching on the established vine. In this manner, his son writes us, he frequently secured fruit the second summer. In 1873 he suffered the irreparable misfortune of losing his residence by fire. This destroyed all of his seeds and also his seedlings, which were in an adjacent hothouse. The number of Dr. Wylie’s grape seedlings cannot be accurately told as many of them were never disseminated. Of his better known sorts there are Berckmans, Dr. Wylie, Mrs. McClure, and Peter Wylie, the best known of which is the first. Dr. Wylie was the first man to hybridize the Vitis rotundifolia with other species of grapes. Unfortunately these hybrids appear to have been lost to cultivation. He died at his home in Chester, South Carolina, in 1877.

[163] Tex. Sta. Bul., 48:1153. 1898.

[164] Mag. Hort., 1863:67.

[165] Fuller, 1867:237.

[166] Bush. Cat., 1883:75.

[167] Downing, 1869:532.

[168] Jacob Moore was born in Brighton, New York, in 1835. He early engaged in the nursery business and about 1860 began to experiment in hybridizing grapes, his first production of note being Diana Hamburg which proved too tender to be of value in New York. In 1873 he sold the Brighton to its introducer, the grape having come from a union of Diana Hamburg and Concord. In 1882 Moore’s third grape of note, the Diamond, was introduced, its parents being Concord, fertilized by Iona. One other grape completes his list of varieties of this fruit—the Geneva, a Vinifera-Labrusca hybrid from seed planted in the spring of 1874. Beside these grapes, Moore was the originator of the Ruby, Red Cross and Diploma currants and the Bar-seckel pear. Jacob Moore died in January, 1908, having devoted a life to the improvement of fruits and having spent a patrimony of no small amount and all of his earnings in carrying on experiments in horticulture. It saddens one to know that after having devoted a half century to the enrichment of agriculture, poor Moore should have passed his last years in comparative poverty, and that they were embittered with the thought that, unlike the inventor, the producer of new fruits can in no way protect the products of his originality, even though they added millions to the wealth of the country as have his fruits.

[169] Advertising circular sent out by Wm. B. Brown in 1899.

[170] George W. Campbell was born in Cortlandville, New York, in 1817. The family moved to Ohio in 1821. In early life Campbell was a printer and editor, as his father had been before him. In 1849 he moved from Sandusky, Ohio, to Delaware in the same State and it was in the latter place that his attention was first turned to horticulture as a livelihood, although he had been interested in it as an amateur much earlier. He was a continuous member of the American Pomological Society from the time of its organization in 1850 until his death. He raised thousands of seedling grapes, of which the following were given names: Campbell Early, Concord Chasselas, Concord Muscat, Juno, Lady, Purity, Triumph, White Delaware. All of these are practically obsolete in the North except Campbell Early and Lady.

Campbell died at his home in Delaware, Ohio, in 1898. For many years before his death he had been the leading writer and speaker in the North on the culture of the grape and on grape-breeding, and his work had a marked influence on the improvement of viticulture.

[171] Charles Arnold was born in Bedfordshire, England, in 1818. In 1833 he removed to Paris, Ontario. He was an enthusiastic hybridizer in many lines, producing a white wheat, the Ontario apple, and the American Wonder pea. In 1853 he established the Paris Nurseries. Of his numerous seedling grapes he gave names to Autuchon, Brant, Canada, Cornucopia and Othello. He was for many years prominent in the agricultural and scientific associations of his adopted country. His object in crossing grapes was to secure varieties sufficiently hardy and early for the Canadian climate. In this he was in a measure successful but his crosses are so susceptible to mildew and rot that their culture has been generally abandoned in both Canada and the United States. He died at his home in Paris, Canada, in 1883.

[172] Cat., 1908:18.

[173] Ephraim W. Bull was born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1805 and died in 1895. He will long be remembered by grape-growers as the originator and introducer of the Concord grape, the history of which is given in the above account of that variety. Bull grew many other seedlings, none of which attained a reputation among growers unless it be Cottage. Ephraim Bull’s ninety years were spent in the quiet of his Concord home and he would have remained unknown by others than his neighbors, who honored and loved him, had it not been for his fortunate discovery of the Concord grape, which must always give him a place in the history of American grape culture. The grape which has added immensely to the wealth of a nation, brought its originator scarcely a year’s competence. As a partial recompense for his great service to horticulture and to the nation, the memory of Ephraim W. Bull should live long.

[174] No one family has furnished so many members who have been prominent in American grape-growing as the Underhills. The first of this remarkable family, Robert Underhill, was born in Yorktown, Westchester County, New York, in 1761. During his early life he appears to have been engaged in various enterprises. At one time he was part owner and conductor of a flouring mill at the head of navigation on the Croton River; later he sold his interest in this business and in 1804 removed to Croton Point, which he had previously bought. Here, during the War of 1812, the supply of watermelons from the South being cut off, he planted eighty acres of melons, and it is said that as many as six vessels were lying off Croton Point at one time waiting for the melons to mature. Among other of his ventures was the growing of castor beans, and toward the end of his life he became interested in viticulture. An account of his operations cultivating grapes is given in the first part of this work. Robert Underhill died at Croton Point in 1829. After his death his two sons, William Alexander Underhill and Robert T. Underhill, bought from their father’s estate the two hundred and fifty acres comprising Croton Point. Their holdings were not in common, William A. Underhill having about one hundred and sixty-five acres and his brother the balance.

R. T. Underhill was born on the Croton River in 1802 and died in 1871 at Croton Point. William A. Underhill was born at the same place as his brother in 1804, and died suddenly while on a trip to New York City in 1873. The first three Underhills were pioneer vineyardists in this State, and were men of great enterprise and initiative, contributing much to American viticulture by precept and example; but none of them was an originator of new varieties.

Stephen W. Underhill, son of William A. Underhill, was born at Croton Point in 1837. In his boyhood he became familiar with the grape-growing operations of his father and uncle, and about 1860 became interested in hybridizing as a means of originating new varieties. Most of his work was done between 1860 and 1870. He originated Black Defiance, Black Eagle, Croton, Irving, Senasqua and many other named and unnamed sorts. Of his varieties it may be said that they generally show too many Vinifera weaknesses for profitable commercial sorts. S. W. Underhill is still living at Croton-on-Hudson, a short distance from Croton Point, the scene of the labors of three generations of the Underhill family. Since the death of his father, in 1873, he has devoted himself almost exclusively to brick-making, an occupation in which his father had been interested.

[175] Bush. Cat., 1883:89.

[176] Traité gen. de vit., 6:278. 1903.

[177] Ib., p. 279.

[178] The grape vine in the vineyard is not ornamental, but only because its beauty is marred by the formal shapes in which it must be trained to meet the purposes of the cultivator. But as a festoon for an arbor, or for hiding a neglected building, for the porch of the farmhouse, or for any place where a bold or picturesque effect is wanted, or for giving an expression of strength, no vine surpasses some of the varieties of our native grapes. Properly planted they are not only beautiful in themselves but attractive through their suggestiveness. To sit under one’s own vine and fig tree is the ancient idea of a life of peace, contentment and security; and this association with the patriarchal use of the vine is one of the charms of the grape.

[179] Often incorrectly spelled Devereux.

[180] Horticulturist, 12:458. 1857.

[181] Gar. Mon., 2:265. 1860.

[182] Bush. Cat., 1894:116.

[183] After the above was in type we received a communication from Ricketts stating that Downing came from seed of Concord fertilized by Muscat Hamburg. If this is true it is difficult to account for the apparent Aestivalis characters.

[184] This variety was named after Dutchess County, New York, and the spelling is as given in this text and not “Duchess” as usually spelled.

[185] Andrew Jackson Caywood was born near Modena, Ulster County, New York, in 1819. During his early life he was a mason and contractor and engaged in building operations in Orange and Ulster counties. When about twenty-five years of age he became interested in fruit culture and was soon one of the leading fruit-growers in his section. Caywood’s grape-breeding work appears to have started about 1850, while he still lived at Modena. In 1861 he removed to Poughkeepsie, and about 1865, what was probably his first grape, the Walter, was brought to the attention of the public. In 1877 he removed to Marlboro, where for many years he conducted a nursery business in connection with fruit raising, first under the firm name of Ferries & Caywood, and later as Caywood & Son, his son Walter having entered the business. Caywood’s last years were clouded with financial troubles and failing health. In 1889 he died at his home in Marlboro. No record is available of Caywood’s productions nor his manner of work. He appears to have differed from the grape-breeders of his day in that he produced second rather than first generation hybrids. Of these his most important productions are: Dutchess, Metternich, Nectar, Poughkeepsie, Ulster and Walter, though he raised many others, most of which were never named nor disseminated. Caywood’s years of unremitting labor in improving grapes will long make his name prominent in American viticulture.

[186] John Burr was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, in 1800. In early life he removed to Ohio, where, although he was engaged in mercantile pursuits, he passed his leisure time in experimenting with strawberries. In this work he was quite successful, producing Burr’s Pine and Burr’s Seedling, once popular sorts. In 1858 Burr moved to Kansas and soon after began breeding grapes. For this work he was a believer in natural pollination and planted the varieties which he desired to use as parents in close proximity that they might pollinate each other. Burr at first used Concord, Hartford, Isabella, and other grapes of this class as parents, but later he destroyed all of the seedlings of these and used Delaware, Goethe, Salem, Catawba, and other Vinifera hybrids. He did not take trouble to note from which variety the seed came but mixed and planted all together. The records of the parentage of his productions are consequently usually unsatisfactory. Most of his grape productions were introduced to the public by Stayman & Black, a nearby nursery firm. Of Burr’s many seedlings he gave names to the following: Cochee, Early Victor, Eclipse, Evaline, Ideal, Iola, Jewel, Magnate, Matchless, Mendota, Omega, Osage, Osee, Paragon, Peola, Primate, Pulasky, Seneca, Superior, Standard, Supreme, and White Jewel. Burr died at his home in Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1892.

[187] Traité gen. de vit., 6:192. 1903.

[188] Cat., 1907-8:18.

[189] This variety was named Glenfeld by Mr. Magee, its originator, not Glenfield as it is frequently spelled.

[190] Tex. Sta. Bul., 56:267. 1900.

[191] Munson regards them as identical.

[192] Dr. C. W. Grant was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, in 1810. Early in life he became a Doctor of Medicine but soon became dissatisfied with that profession as it was then practiced, and entered dentistry. He settled in Newburgh, New York, where he built up a very large dental practice. Dr. Grant was an enthusiastic amateur horticulturist and numbered among his friends such men of national note as A. J. and Charles Downing, Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, W. C. Bryant, Donald G. Mitchell and others like these who were interested in rural pursuits. He bought Iona Island in the Hudson River and planted thereon a commercial vineyard. On the death of his wife in 1856 he gave up his dental practice and took up his residence on Iona Island. Here for twelve years he grew grapes and conducted a grape nursery. Unfortunately Dr. Grant’s business experience was not such as to enable him to make a success of a commercial nursery. In 1868 he retired from active pursuits and returned to his old home at Litchfield, where he died in 1881. Dr. Grant’s chief interest to grape-growers lies in the fact that he was the originator of Iona and Israella and the introducer of Anna and Eumelan. He was one of the first and a most ardent grape-breeder, working especially toward improving the quality of commercial varieties of grapes.

[193] On account of criticisms of the justice of the award, Grant returned the prize to be competed for a second time. At the second trial it went to Concord on vine characters.

[194] Sou. Agr., 2:552. 1829.

[195] In 1889 Munson sent out a grape under the name Jaeger and in 1890 he introduced the variety here described under the name Hermann Jaeger, at the same time withdrawing the former variety from further dissemination. As the first named Jaeger is apparently obsolete there seems to be no objection to shortening the name so as to conform in nomenclature with the recommendations of the American Pomological Society.

[196] James H. Ricketts was born in Oldbridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in 1830, the family moving to Indiana while Ricketts was still a child. When a young man Ricketts learned the trade of bookbinding in Cincinnati and later practiced this art in New York City. In 1857 he established a bookbinding business at Newburgh, New York; here he became interested in raising fruit, devoting to it such time as could be be spared from his business. In 1861 he started his work in grape improvement, reading all the books then published on this subject in order to prepare himself to carry on the work intelligently. His first production was Raritan which he says he thought not much improvement. In 1862, he built a glass house in order that he might have Vinifera vines for crossing with natives outside. His first production of foreign cross-breeds was the Charles Downing, now known as Downing.

Ricketts produced many hundred seedlings, and for ten or twelve years exhibited them at various fairs, horticultural society meetings and other places, where their magnificent appearance and fine flavor attracted universal and favorable attention and made him the recipient of many medals and prizes. Unfortunately Ricketts, like many other American grape-breeders, fell into financial difficulties, and in 1877 lost his vineyard and home by foreclosure. In 1888, he moved to Washington, D. C., to work at his trade but has again started to improve grapes and is now growing a number of new varieties which will probably be shown to the public in the near future.

Ricketts’ seedlings are characterized by a large size of bunch and berry, and by high quality. Unfortunately it has been the experience of growers in nearly all grape regions that the vine characters of his varieties are not equal to those of the fruit, the vines being subject to mildew and other Vinifera weaknesses. However, Ricketts produced magnificent specimens of his grapes, year after year, under conditions which every one admits were less favorable than those of the average grape-grower. The secret of his success seems never to have been discovered. This anomaly is so striking that Campbell did not hesitate to suggest that the fault was with the American grape-grower rather than with Ricketts’ grapes or the location of the vineyard. The best known of his varieties are: Advance, Bacchus, Don Juan, Downing, Eldorado, Empire State, Highland, Jefferson, Lady Washington and Secretary. Besides these he produced many others, some of which were named but many of which were known only under numbers.

[197] Amer. Farmer, 11:237, 412. 1829-30.

[198] The illustrations in The Grapes of New York, unless otherwise mentioned, are life-size; but it must be remembered that when objects having three dimensions are reproduced on a flat surface there is seemingly a considerable reduction in size. Allowance should be made for this illusion in comparing fruit with illustration.

[199] Bush. Cat., 1883:120.

[200] Downing, 1857:341.

[201] Pronounced Reezling.

[202] Jacob Rommel was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1837. The family moved to Hermann, Missouri, in 1838 where his father, Jacob Rommel, Sr., engaged in the nursery business and became interested in grape-growing and wine-making. In 1860 the younger Rommel removed to Morrison where he entered into partnership with H. Sobbe to grow nursery stock and cultivate grapes. At this time much dissatisfaction was felt among the grape-growers of the Middle West with the standard varieties then grown, most of which were table grapes secured from the East, and were poorly adapted to wine-making and to Missouri conditions. To remedy this defect Rommel originated many new varieties, using Taylor chiefly as a parent. Among others he produced Amber, Beauty, Black Delaware, Elvira, Etta, Faith, Montefiore, Pearl, Transparent and Wilding. Rommel’s seedlings are characterized by extreme vigor and productiveness. They were not designed for table grapes and they lack the qualities to recommend them as such. In 1900 Rommel retired from business and removed to Chamois, Missouri, where he still lives.

[203] Nelson Bonney White was born in the town of Putney, Windham County, Vermont, in 1824. During his younger years he lived for a time in Ohio and in New York but finally settled in Norwood, Massachusetts. White was a cabinet maker by trade, but coming under the influence of E. S. Rogers at the time when Rogers’ hybrids were causing a stir in New England, he took up grape-breeding as a pastime. He is probably the oldest grape-breeder of note now alive, as he has been engaged in this occupation over fifty years. His best known productions are August Giant, Amber Queen, and Norfolk. Two other of his varieties, International and King Philip, are very highly spoken of but have not yet been distributed.

[204] Horticulturist, 16:286. 1861.

[205] Mag. Hort., 9:430. 1843.

[206] Traité gen. de vit., 6:166. 1903.

[207] U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt., 1855:308.

[208] A. J. Caywood, of Marlboro, New York, published the claim that this variety was originated by him, that he had named it Hudson but had delayed sending it out on the advice of several grape experts till it had been further tested. For this purpose Caywood says he sent the variety to about sixty men, among them J. W. Prentiss. Those who examined fruit from the two original vines said they were certainly very similar if not identical.

[209] Edward Staniford Rogers was born in the old family mansion on Essex Street, Salem, Massachusetts, June 28, 1826, and died in Peabody, Massachusetts, March 29, 1899. He was the son of Nathaniel Leverett Rogers, an old-time Salem merchant, who, with his brothers John and Richard, was engaged in the maritime trade. Edward Rogers was educated in Master Ira Cheever’s school, a famous Salem school of the day, and, later, he made several voyages in his father’s ships as clerk and supercargo and, finally, passed a number of years in the counting-room of the firm in Salem. After his father’s death, Mr. Rogers lived in the old family home with his brother and their mother, and in the garden back of the house, quite large for a city lot, he indulged his natural taste for horticulture and conducted his experiments in grape hybridization.

By temperament Mr. Rogers was quiet and retiring and so generous that he gained practically no profit from his horticultural productions, for he freely gave cuttings and rooted plants of the hybrids he raised to friends and visitors before his own stock was by any means large. Mr. Rogers possessed literary ability and was an extensive reader, but could rarely be drawn into conversation excepting among his most intimate friends who were wont to “drop in” at his long, low greenhouse in the garden or at his office, extemporized in the old colonial barn at the rear of the house. After the death of his mother the old house was sold and the brothers removed to another house in Salem and some years later, after the death of his brother, Mr. Rogers bought the place, his last home, in Peabody, Massachusetts, where he cultivated trees and flowers for pleasure and experiment. An accident which resulted in a permanent lameness prevented much physical labor during his last years and probably in a measure hastened his death.

[210] In the eastern portion of the Southern States, the section where this variety originated and where it is still most largely grown, Scuppernong is applied only to a white variety of Vitis rotundifolia. Unfortunately in many portions of the South and in the North, the word Scuppernong is apparently taken as meaning a grape of the southern Fox or Rotundifolia class; thus we find some writers using such contradictory expressions as White Scuppernong, Green Scuppernong, and Black Scuppernong. In the South, at least, this use of the term appears to have arisen in the last fifty years, usage previous to that time being practically unanimous in recognizing that the Scuppernong was the white Rotundifolia which had been selected at an early day for cultivation on account of certain superior cultural characters distinguishing it from the rest of the species.

[211] Amer. Farmer, 3:332. 1822.

[212] S. C. Sta. Bul., 132:17, 18. 1907.

[213] Dr. Joseph Stayman was born in Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, in 1817. The family was of German descent and had long been identified with the Mennonites of the region of his birthplace. Stayman’s father was a farmer and miller and during early life the son was engaged in these occupations. In 1839 he accompanied his parents to Ohio, where he was engaged in the milling business with his father for a time and later entered the lecture field and studied medicine. In 1849 he married and established his home in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, removing two years later to Abingdon, Illinois. For several years he practiced medicine but in 1858 purchased a nursery which was the beginning of his connection with the fruit business. In 1860 he removed to Leavenworth, Kansas, where he lived the remainder of his life, dying at his home in that city in 1903.

Dr. Stayman was a man of great originality and had varied interests. In plant-breeding he worked with strawberries, apples, raspberries and grapes, producing among others the Clyde strawberry, the Stayman apple and a host of varieties of grapes. Of his named sorts of grapes there are: Black Imperial, Cherokee, Concordia, Daisy, Darwin, Exquisite, Marsala, Mary Mark, Mrs. Stayman, Osceola, Oscaloosa, Oswego, Ozark, Pawnee, Perfection, Prolific, Snowflake, White Beauty, White Cloud and White Imperial.

Stayman and John Burr were neighbors and friends, and held similar opinions as to the best methods of procedure in originating new varieties. Neither believed in artificial pollination but grew the several varieties from which crosses were desired in close proximity and then planted seed from the best developed fruits. Their methods certainly gave them varieties with a high standard of excellence. Stayman may be regarded as one of the leading viticulturists of the Great Plains region. He was, too, one of the pioneers of America in breeding fruits. His many contributions to our lists of fruits make his name memorable to fruit-growers and lovers of fine fruits.

Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
suspectible=> susceptible {pg 136}
while the the chalaza=> while the chalaza {pg 119}
suceptible=> sucseptible {pg 228}
Must 888=> Must 88° {pg 261}
Must 808=> Must 80° {pg 314}
1889 and it still retained=> 1889 and is still retained {pg 329}
possiby=> possibly {pg 346}
apperance=> appearance {pg 469}
goverment=> government {pg 521}
Munson’ scrosses=> Munson’s crosses {pg 493}
enlongated=> elongated {pg 500}
Brillant, 193=> Brilliant, 193 {pg 540 index}
selfsterility of, 104;=> self-sterility of, 104; {pg 546 index}
means of dstribution of, 27;=> means of distribution of, 27; {pg 553}

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