Why We Are at War (2nd Edition, revised)

by University of Oxford. Faculty of Modern History

NOTE

Austro-Hungarian note to Servia, and Servia's reply.

On July 23rd the Austro-Hungarian Government presented an ultimatum to Servia, demanding unconditional acceptance within 48 hours, an ultimatum which the Temps next day described as 'unprecedented in its arrogance and in the extravagance of its demands'. Of it Sir Edward Grey said:—

'I had never before seen one State address to another independent State a document of so formidable a character. Demand No. 5 would be hardly consistent with the maintenance of Servia's independent sovereignty, if it were to mean, as it seemed that it might, that Austria-Hungary was to be invested with a right to appoint officials who would have authority within the frontiers of Servia.'[[170]]

It may be true, as the Austrian Ambassador explained,[[171]] that the Austro-Hungarian Government did not intend this step to be regarded as an ultimatum, but as a démarche with a time-limit.

In this extraordinary document[[172]] the Austro-Hungarian Government demanded:—

A. That Servia should publish on the front page of its 'Official Gazette', and in the 'Official Bulletin' of the Army, and should communicate to the Army as the order of the day a declaration

(1) condemning Serb propaganda against Austria-Hungary;

(2) regretting that Servian officers and functionaries participated in the propaganda;

(3) promising to proceed with the utmost rigour against persons who may be guilty of such machinations.

B. That Servia should undertake

(1) to suppress any publication inciting to hatred and contempt of Austria-Hungary;

(2) to dissolve the society styled Narodna Odbrana and similar societies and to confiscate their means of propaganda;

(3) to eliminate from public instruction in Servia all teachers and all methods of instruction responsible for fomenting opinion against Austria-Hungary;

(4) to remove from the military service and from the administration all officers and functionaries guilty of such propaganda, whose names and deeds the Austro-Hungarian Government reserved to itself the right of communicating;

(5) to accept the collaboration in Servia of representatives of Austria-Hungary in the suppression of the subversive anti-Austrian movement;

(6) to take judicial proceedings against accessories to the Serajevo plot, with the co-operation of Austro-Hungarian delegates;

(7) to proceed immediately to the arrest of Major Voija Tankositch and of Milan Ciganovitch, a Servian State employé, who have been compromised by the results of the inquiry at Serajevo;

(8) to stop co-operation of Servian authorities in illicit traffic in arms and explosives, and to dismiss and punish those officials who helped the perpetrators of the Serajevo crime;

(9) to explain the unjustifiable utterances of high Servian officials, at home and abroad, after the Serajevo crime.

On July 25th the Servian reply[[173]] was presented to the Austro-Hungarian Government. Even to a reader with Austrian sympathies this reply seems to go a long way towards meeting the demands. The Servian Government agreed

A. that Servia should, as demanded, publish a declaration

(1) condemning all propaganda which may be directed against Austria-Hungary;

(2) regretting that, according to the communication from the Imperial and Royal Government, Servian officers and officials participated in the propaganda;

(3) promising to proceed with the utmost rigour against all persons who are guilty of such acts.

B. That Servia would undertake

(1) to introduce a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt of Austria-Hungary and to introduce an amendment to the Constitution providing for the confiscation of such publications;

(2) to dissolve the Narodna Odbrana and similar societies;

(3) to remove at once from their public educational establishments all that serves or could serve to foment propaganda, whenever the Austro-Hungarian Government furnish them with facts and proofs of this propaganda;

(4) to remove from military service all such persons as the judicial inquiry may have proved to be guilty of acts directed against the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary;

(5) though they do not clearly grasp the meaning or the scope of the demand, to accept the collaboration of Austro-Hungarian officials so far as is consistent with the principle of international law, with criminal procedure and with good neighbourly relations;

(6) to take judicial proceedings against accessories to the Serajevo plot; but they cannot admit the co-operation of Austro-Hungarian officials, as it would be a violation of the Constitution and of the law of criminal procedure;

(7) On this they remark that Major Tankositch was arrested as soon as the note was presented, and that it has not been possible to arrest Ciganovitch, who is an Austro-Hungarian subject, but had been employed (on probation) by the directorate of railways;

(8) to reinforce and extend the measures for preventing illicit traffic of arms and explosives across the frontier;

(9) to give explanations of the remarks made by Servian officials, as soon as the Austro-Hungarian Government have communicated the passages and as soon as they have shown that the remarks were actually made by the said officials.

The Austro-Hungarian Government regarded this reply as unsatisfactory and inadequate; they withdrew their Minister from Belgrade the same evening, and on July 28th declared war on Servia. Meanwhile they published a long official explanation[[174]] of the grounds on which the Servian reply was considered inadequate; in it they criticized and found unsatisfactory every single article of the reply, except that to demand No. 8. It is not worth while to analyze the whole of this; one sample may be sufficient. Sir Edward Grey commented on demand No. 5 and pointed out[[175]] that it

'would be hardly consistent with the maintenance of Servia's independent sovereignty, if it were to mean, as it seemed that it might, that Austria-Hungary was to be invested with a right to appoint officials who would have authority within the frontiers of Servia.'

Obviously he was in doubt about the meaning and scope of this demand, and the next was equally vague. The Servian reply to these two demands was necessarily guarded: yet the Austro-Hungarian Government treated this as deliberate misrepresentation:—

'The international law, as well as the criminal law, has nothing to do with this question; it is purely a matter of the nature of state police which is to be solved by way of a special agreement. The reserved attitude of Servia is therefore incomprehensible, and on account of its vague general form it would lead to unbridgeable difficulties.

...

'If the Servian Government misunderstands us here, this is done deliberately, for it must be familiar with the difference between "enquête judiciaire" and simple police researches. As it desired to escape from every control of the investigation which would yield, if correctly carried out, highly undesirable results for it, and as it possesses no means to refuse in a plausible manner the co-operation of our officials (precedents for such police intervention exist in great number), it tries to justify its refusal by showing up our demands as impossible.'[[176]]

It would have been fairer to Servia to assume that there had been a genuine misunderstanding, and that the explanation here given by Austria might prove satisfactory to Servia, as the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs suggested.[[177]] The persistent refusal of Austria-Hungary to permit any discussion on the basis of the Servian reply goes far to justify Sir Maurice de Bunsen's impression

'that the Austro-Hungarian note was so drawn up as to make war inevitable, that their Government are fully resolved to have war with Servia, that they consider their position as a Great Power to be at stake, and that until punishment has been administered to Servia it is unlikely that they will listen to proposals of mediation'.[[178]]

Notes:

[ [!-- Note Anchor 57 --][Footnote 57: Correspondence respecting the European Crisis, No. 2. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 22, 1914.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 58 --][Footnote 58: German White Book, p. 4.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 59 --][Footnote 59: Correspondence, No. 10. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 60 --][Footnote 60: Correspondence, No. 18. Sir H. Rumbold to Sir E. Grey, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 61 --][Footnote 61: Ibid. No. 32. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 26. See also German White Book, p. 5.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 62 --][Footnote 62: Ibid. No. 54. M. Sazonof to Count Benckendorff, July 15/28, 1914 (communicated by Count Benckendorff, July 28).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 63 --][Footnote 63: Correspondence, No. 139. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, August 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 64 --][Footnote 64: Ibid. No. 141. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, August 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 65 --][Footnote 65: Ibid. No. 71. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 28.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 66 --][Footnote 66: Correspondence, No. 94. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 67 --][Footnote 67: German White Book, p. 4 (see infra [Appendix I]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 68 --][Footnote 68: Ibid. No. 36. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, Sir H. Rumbold, and Sir R. Rodd, July 26.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 69 --][Footnote 69: Correspondence, No. 43. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 70 --][Footnote 70: Ibid. No. 60. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 28.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 71 --][Footnote 71: Ibid. No. 84. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 72 --][Footnote 72: p. 8 and Exhibit 12 (see infra [Appendix I]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 73 --][Footnote 73: Correspondence, No. 11. Sir E. Grey to Sir II. Rumbold, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 74 --][Footnote 74: Correspondence, No. 46. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 75 --][Footnote 75: Ibid. No. 80. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 76 --][Footnote 76: Ibid. No. 43. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 77 --][Footnote 77: Although the German White Book attempts to make out that Russia mobilized on July 26th, it produces no evidence more satisfactory than the information of the German Imperial attaché in Russia, whose account of the Russian military preparations supports only in part the allegations made at Berlin. See German White Book, Exhibits 6 and 7; also Correspondence, No. 78, Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 29. For the Austrian decree of general mobilization, see the Russian Orange Book No. 47 (infra in [Appendix VI]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 78 --][Footnote 78: Correspondence, No. 43. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 79 --][Footnote 79: Ibid. No. 76. The same to the same, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 80 --][Footnote 80: Correspondence, No. 78. Sir George Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 29, 1914.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 81 --][Footnote 81: German White Book, p. 38, and Exhibit No. 7, July 26.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 82 --][Footnote 82: Correspondence, No. 71. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 28. See also quotation in Times of July 29, p. 8, col. 2, from the Militär-Wochenblatt: 'The fighting power of Russia is usually over-estimated, and numbers are far less decisive than moral, the higher command, armaments.... All military preparations for war, of whatever sort, have been taken with that attention to detail and that order which marks Germany. It can therefore be said, without exaggeration, that Germany can face the advent of grave events with complete calm, trusting to God and her own might.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 83 --][Footnote 83: Correspondence, No. 80. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 84 --][Footnote 84: Ibid. No. 97. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 30. Cf. Russian Orange Book, Nos. 61, 62 (infra in [Appendix VI]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 85 --][Footnote 85: Ibid.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 86 --][Footnote 86: Correspondence, No. 97. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 87 --][Footnote 87: Ibid. No. 113. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 88 --][Footnote 88: Ibid.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 89 --][Footnote 89: Ibid. No. 112. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 90 --][Footnote 90: Ibid. No. 113, ut sup. On August 1 The Times published a semi-official telegram from Berlin, dated Eydtkuhnen, July 31, that 'the second and third Russian cavalry divisions are on the frontier between Wirballen, Augustof, and Allenstein'.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 91 --][Footnote 91: Ibid. No. 111. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 92 --][Footnote 92: Ibid. No. 121. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 93 --][Footnote 93: See German White Book, pp. 12 and 13, and Exhibits 20, 21, 22, 23, 23a (see infra [Appendix I]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 94 --][Footnote 94: Correspondence, No. 121. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 95 --][Footnote 95: Ibid. Nos. 131, 133, 135.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 96 --][Footnote 96: Russian Orange Book, No. 58 (infra Appendix VI).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 97 --][Footnote 97: Ibid. No. 133. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, August 1, encloses a telegram of July 31, to the effect that 'The Austro-Hungarian Ambassador declared the readiness of his Government to discuss the substance of the Austrian ultimatum to Servia. M. Sazonof replied by expressing his satisfaction, and said it was desirable that the discussions should take place in London with the participation of the Great Powers.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 98 --][Footnote 98: German White Book, p. 8.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 99 --][Footnote 99: Ibid. p. 9, Exhibit No. 17.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 100 --][Footnote 100: Correspondence, No. 76. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 29: 'His Excellency denied German Government had done this. Nevertheless it is true.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 101 --][Footnote 101: Ibid. No. 99. Sir F. Bertie to Sir E. Grey, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 102 --][Footnote 102: Correspondence. Enclosure 3 in No. 105. French Minister for Foreign Affairs to M. Cambon.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 103 --][Footnote 103: Ibid.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 104 --][Footnote 104: German White Book, p. 48 (see infra, [Appendix I]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 105 --][Footnote 105: Correspondence, No. 138. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, Aug. 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 106 --][Footnote 106: Correspondence, No. 24. Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 107 --][Footnote 107: Correspondence, No. 47. Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 108 --][Footnote 108: Ibid. No. 89. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 109 --][Footnote 109: Correspondence, No. 85. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 29 (received July 29).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 110 --][Footnote 110: Ibid. No. 101. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 111 --][Footnote 111: Correspondence, No. 109. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 112 --][Footnote 112: Ibid. No. 106. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 113 --][Footnote 113: Correspondence, No. 114. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie and Sir E. Goschen, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 114 --][Footnote 114: Ibid. No. 125. Sir F. Bertie to Sir E. Grey, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 115 --][Footnote 115: Ibid. No. 122. Sir E. Goschen to Sir E. Grey, July 31. It may be observed that by the Hague Convention of 1907, Belgium was bound to impose this embargo after the ultimatum of Germany to Russia (Art. 2).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 116 --][Footnote 116: Correspondence, No. 123. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, August 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 117 --][Footnote 117: The Times, August 28, 1914, p. 9, cols. 5 and 6.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 118 --][Footnote 118: See The Times, August 27, 1914. The Imperial Chancellor telegraphed to Prince Lichnowsky: 'Germany is ready to take up the English proposal if England guarantees with her forces the absolute neutrality of France in a Russo-German conflict.... We promise that the French frontier shall not be passed by our troops before 7 p.m. on Monday, August 3, if England's consent is given in the meantime.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 119 --][Footnote 119: Correspondence, No. 148. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, August 2.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 120 --][Footnote 120: Correspondence, No. 147. Minister of State, Luxemburg, to Sir E. Grey, August 2.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 121 --][Footnote 121: Ibid. No. 153. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, August 4.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 122 --][Footnote 122: Ibid.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 123 --][Footnote 123: Ibid. No. 155. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Villiers, August 4.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 124 --][Footnote 124: Correspondence, No. 157. German Foreign Secretary to Prince Lichnowsky, August 4.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 125 --][Footnote 125: Ibid. No. 159. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, August 4.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 126 --][Footnote 126: Correspondence, No. 116, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 127 --][Footnote 127: Ibid. Nos. 130, 143, 145.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 128 --][Footnote 128: Ibid. Nos. 149, 150, August 2 and 3.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 129 --][Footnote 129: The Times, August 11, p. 5, col. 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 130 --][Footnote 130: Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting (October, 1706).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 131 --][Footnote 131: p. 6.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 132 --][Footnote 132: Correspondence, No. 5. Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 133 --][Footnote 133: Ibid. No. 10. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 24. Cf. No. 24, Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 25: 'The sudden, brusque, and peremptory character of the Austrian démarche makes it almost inevitable that in a very short time both Russia and Austria will have mobilized against each other.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 134 --][Footnote 134: Ibid. No. 12. Sir E. Grey to Mr. Crackanthorpe, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 135 --][Footnote 135: Ibid. No. 6. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 24: 'I said ... direct British interests in Servia were nil, and a war on behalf of that country would never be sanctioned by British public opinion.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 136 --][Footnote 136: Correspondence, No. 24. Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 137 --][Footnote 137: See [note] at the end of this chapter.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 138 --][Footnote 138: Correspondence, No. 36. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 26.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 139 --][Footnote 139: Ibid. No. 87. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 140 --][Footnote 140: Ibid. No. 91. Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 141 --][Footnote 141: Ibid. No. 13. Note communicated to Sir E. Grey by the Russian Ambassador, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 142 --][Footnote 142: Correspondence, No. 6. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 143 --][Footnote 143: Ibid.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 144 --][Footnote 144: Ibid. No. 99. Sir F. Bertie to Sir E. Grey, July 30. Cf. No. 119, Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 145 --][Footnote 145: Correspondence, No. 80. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 146 --][Footnote 146: Ibid. No. 6. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 147 --][Footnote 147: Ibid. No. 44. Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 27: 'Their (sc. the German) attitude would merely be stiffened by such a menace, and we could only induce her (sc. Germany) to use her influence at Vienna to avert war by approaching her in the capacity of a friend who was anxious to preserve peace.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 148 --][Footnote 148: Ibid. No. 87. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 149 --][Footnote 149: Correspondence, No. 47. Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 150 --][Footnote 150: Ibid. No. 116. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 31.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 151 --][Footnote 151: Ibid. No. 89. Sir E. Grey to Sir E. Goschen, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 152 --][Footnote 152: Correspondence, No. 95. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 30: 'Although I am not able to verify it, I have private information that the German Ambassador knew the text of the Austrian ultimatum to Servia before it was despatched, and telegraphed it to the German Emperor. I know from the German Ambassador himself that he endorses every line of it.']

[ [!-- Note Anchor 153 --][Footnote 153: But see [Appendix IV].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 154 --][Footnote 154: Correspondence, No. 4, p. 8.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 155 --][Footnote 155: Ibid. No. 48. Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 156 --][Footnote 156: pp. 3 to 5 and Exhibits 1 and 2 (see infra [Appendix I]).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 157 --][Footnote 157: Correspondence, No. 61, Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 28; No. 78, Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 29; No. 96, Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 158 --][Footnote 158: Correspondence, No. 110, Sir E. Grey to Sir G. Buchanan, July 31; No. 137, Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, August 1.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 159 --][Footnote 159: The Times, September 3, p. 7. For Italy's ignorance of the contents of the Austrian note, see [App. V].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 160 --][Footnote 160: Correspondence, No. 29. Sir E. Grey to Sir R. Rodd, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 161 --][Footnote 161: Ibid. No. 49. Sir E. Grey to Sir R. Rodd, July 27.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 162 --][Footnote 162: Ibid. No. 57. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 27. Cf. No. 78, Sir G. Buchanan to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 163 --][Footnote 163: Correspondence, No. 64. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 28. Cf. supra, p. 99.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 164 --][Footnote 164: Ibid. No. 80. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 29. Cf. No. 92, Sir E. Grey to Sir R. Rodd, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 165 --][Footnote 165: Ibid. No. 106. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 30.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 166 --][Footnote 166: Ibid. No. 79. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 29.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 167 --][Footnote 167: Ibid. No. 152. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, August 3.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 168 --][Footnote 168: p. 15 (see [Appendix I] infra).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 169 --][Footnote 169: p. 16 (ibid.).]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 170 --][Footnote 170: Correspondence, No. 5. Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, July 24. The text is also given in the German White Book (pp. 18-23), which will be found in [Appendix I].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 171 --][Footnote 171: Ibid. No. 14. Sir E. Grey to Sir F. Bertie, July 25.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 172 --][Footnote 172: Ibid. No. 4. Communicated by Count Mensdorff, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 173 --][Footnote 173: Correspondence, No. 39. Communicated by the Servian Minister, July 27. See also German White Book (pp. 23-32), infra in [Appendix I].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 174 --][Footnote 174: German White Book, pp. 24 et sqq.; see infra [Appendix I].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 175 --][Footnote 175: Correspondence, No. 5. Sir E. Grey to Sir M. de Bunsen, July 24.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 176 --][Footnote 176: German White Book, pp. 29 et sqq.; see infra [Appendix I].]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 177 --][Footnote 177: Correspondence, No. 64. Sir R. Rodd to Sir E. Grey, July 28.]

[ [!-- Note Anchor 178 --][Footnote 178: Ibid. No. 41. Sir M. de Bunsen to Sir E. Grey, July 27.]

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