INDEX
[Note—The numbers refer to pages.]
- Aachen, Charlemagne's capital, [108], [110];
- Abbeville, English and French armies at, [427].
- Abbo, account of siege of Paris, [165], [168]-[171].
- Abbot, character and duties of, defined in Benedictine Rule, [84]-[86].
- Abelard, at Paris, [340].
- Abu-Bekr, Mohammed's successor, [97].
- Acta Sanctorum, quoted, [256]-[258].
- Adalbero, archbishop of Rheims, [177];
- Adrianople, battle of, importance, [37]-[38];
- Ægidius, "king of the Romans," [50]-[51].
- Ælfthryth, daughter of Alfred the Great, [187].
- Agincourt, English victory at, [440].
- Agius, bishop of Orleans, [167].
- Agriculture, among the early Germans, [21], [29].
- Aids, nature of, [222];
- Ain Tulut, battle of, [317].
- Aix-la-Chapelle (see [Aachen]).
- Alaf [Alavivus], a Visigothic chieftain, [34].
- Alaric, king of the Visigoths, [51];
- Albar, [201].
- Alcuin, brought to Charlemagne's court, [113];
- in the Palace School, [144].
- Alemanni, defeated by Clovis at Strassburg, [53].
- Alessandria, founded, [399].
- Alexander II., approves William the Conqueror's project to invade England, [234].
- Alexander III., [399].
- Alexander V., elected pope, [390].
- Alexius Comnenus, appeals to Urban II., [283].
- Alfonso XI., of Castile, [421].
- Alfred the Great, biography by Asser, [181];
- becomes king of the English, [182];
- fights the Danes at Wilton, [182];
- constructs a navy, [183];
- defeats Danes at Swanwich, [183];
- in refuge at Athelney, [184];
- meets English people at Egbert's stone, [184];
- defeats Danes at Ethandune, [184];
- peace of Guthrum and, [185];
- negotiates treaty of Wedmore, [185];
- interest in education, [185];
- literary activity, [186], [193];
- care for his children, [187];
- varied pursuits, [187];
- piety, [188];
- regret at lack of education, [189];
- search for learned men, [190]-[191];
- letter to Bishop Werfrith, [191]-[194];
- laws, [194]-[195].
- Alith, mother of St. Bernard, [251]-[252].
- Alp Arslan, defeats Eastern emperor at Manzikert, [282].
- Amalric, king of the Visigoths, [56].
- Amboise, [55].
- Ammianus Marcellinus, author of a Roman History, [34];
- Amusements, of the early Germans, [30]-[31].
- Anagni, Boniface VIII. taken captive at, [385].
- Angelo, companion of St. Francis, [363].
- Angers, Northmen at, [167].
- Angilbert, a Carolingian poet, [151].
- Angoulême, captured by Clovis, [56]-[57].
- Annales Bertiniani, scope, [165];
- Annales Laureshamensis, quoted, [132]-[133].
- Annales Laurissenses Minores, quoted, [106]-[107].
- Annales Xantenses, quoted, [158]-[163].
- Annals, origin and character of, [157]-[158].
- Annates, defined, [389].
- Antioch, crusaders arrive at, [293];
- Apicius, Marcus Gavius, [471].
- Arabs, overrun Syria, [282].
- Arezzo, Petrarch born at, [461], [464], [471].
- Arianism, adopted by Germans, [50];
- Aristotle, Dante cites, [460].
- Arles, Council of, [72].
- Armagnacs, in later Hundred Years' War, [440].
- Armenia, crusaders in, [293].
- Arnold Atton, forfeiture of fief, [227]-[228].
- Arnold of Bonneval, [251].
- Arpent, a land measure, [129].
- Arras, treaty of, [439].
- Arteveld, James van, connection with Hundred Years' War, [422].
- Articles of the Barons, relation to the Great Charter, [304].
- Asnapium, inventory of, [127]-[129].
- Assam, conquered by the crusaders, [293].
- Assembly, the German, [26]-[27];
- the Saxon, [123].
- Asser, biography of Alfred the Great, [181], [186].
- Assisi, birth-place of St. Francis, [362]-[363].
- Athanaric, a Visigothic chieftain, [33]-[34].
- Athelney, Alfred in refuge at, [184].
- Augustine, sent to Britain by Pope Gregory, [72]-[73];
- Augustus, [32].
- Aurelian, cedes Dacia to the Visigoths, [33].
- Ausculta Fili, issued by Boniface VIII., [384].
- Auvillars, forfeited by Arnold Atton, [227].
- Avignon, popes resident at, [389].
- Aylesford, Horsa slain in battle at, [71].
- Babylon (Cairo), St. Louis advances on, [318].
- Babylonian Captivity, begins, [385], [389].
- Ban, of the emperor, [138].
- Basel, Council of, [391], [393].
- Battle Abbey, founded by William the Conqueror, [242].
- Baugulf, Charlemagne's letter to, [145]-[148].
- Bavaria, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, [115].
- Bayeux, Odo, bishop of, imprisoned, [243].
- Beatrice, Dante's love affair with, [446].
- Beauchamp, William de, [302].
- Beaumont, birth of Froissart at, [418].
- Bede, facts regarding life of, [68];
- Bedford, castle of, English barons at, [301]-[302].
- Bellona, Roman goddess of war, [39].
- Benedict XIII., deposed from papacy, [391].
- Benedictine Rule, nature and purpose, [84];
- Benefice, origin and development, [206];
- Beowulf, [188].
- Bernardone, Pietro, father of St. Francis, [363].
- Bernardus Clarævallensis (by William of St. Thierry), quoted, [251]-[256], [258]-[260].
- Berno, abbot of Cluny, [248].
- Bertha, queen of Kent, [72], [75].
- Bertha, daughter of Charlemagne, [151].
- Biography, character of, in Middle Ages, [108].
- Blanche of Castile, mother of St. Louis, [311], [313]-[314].
- Boccaccio, Petrarch's acquaintance with, [464].
- Boëthius, [186].
- Bohemia, king of, an elector of the Empire, [410].
- Bohemians, Louis the German makes expedition against, [160]-[161].
- Bohemond of Tarentum, [294]-[295].
- Bologna, University of, [340].
- Boniface, anoints Pepin the Short, [107].
- Boniface VIII., conflict with Philip the Fair, [383]-[384];
- Boulogne, count of, uncle of St. Louis, [314].
- Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, promulgated, [394];
- Bouvines, King John's defeat at, [297], [403].
- Brackley, English barons meet at, [300].
- Bretigny, treaty of, negotiated, [439];
- Britain, Saxon invasion of, [68]-[72];
- Britons, menaced by Picts and Scots, [68];
- Brittany, Northmen in, [166].
- Brussels, conference at, [422]-[423].
- Buchonian Forest, [57], [58].
- Burchard, bishop of Chartres, [167].
- Burgundians, faction in Hundred Years' War, [440].
- Cæsar, Julius, describes the Germans in his "Commentaries," [19]-[22];
- Calais, treaty of Bretigny revised at, [439]-[440].
- Calixtus II., concessions made by, in Concordat of Worms, [279]-[280].
- Camargue, Northmen establish themselves at, [168].
- Campus Martius, [52];
- Cannæ, battle of, [41].
- Canossa, Henry IV. arrives at, [274];
- Canterbury, capital of Kent, [76];
- Capellani, functions of, [190].
- Capitulare Missorum Generale, promulgated by Charlemagne, [135];
- Capitulary, Charlemagne's concerning the Saxon territory, [118]-[123];
- Capitulum Saxonicum, issued by Charlemagne, [119].
- Cappadocia, crusaders in, [293].
- Cardinals, college of, instituted, [269];
- Carloman, capitulary concerning the preservation of order, [174]-[176];
- Carmina Burana, source for mediæval students' songs, [352].
- Carolingians, origin of, [105]-[106];
- Carthusians, [246].
- Castellanerie, defined, [216].
- Celestine III., [381].
- Cens, payment of, in Lorris, [328].
- Census, [209].
- Centenarius, functions of, [176].
- Chalcedon, Council of, [80].
- Châlons-sur-Saône, immunity of monastery at, confirmed by Charlemagne, [212]-[214].
- Champagne, county of, [215];
- Joinville's residence in, [312].
- Charibert, [75].
- Charlemagne, employs Einhard at court, [108];
- biography of, [109];
- personal appearance, [109]-[110];
- manner of dress, [111];
- fondness for St. Augustine's De Civitate Dei, [111];
- everyday life, [112];
- education, [112]-[113];
- interest in religion, [113];
- charities, [114];
- policy of Germanic consolidation, [115];
- conquers Lombardy, Bavaria, and the Spanish March, [115];
- war with the Saxons, [115]-[118];
- transplants Saxons into Gaul, [117]-[118];
- peace with Saxons, [118];
- issues capitularies concerning the Saxon territory, [119];
- capitulary concerning the royal domains, [124]-[127];
- revenues, [124];
- interest in agriculture, [124];
- inventory of a royal estate, [127]-[129];
- appealed to by Pope Leo III., [130];
- goes to Rome, [130];
- crowned emperor by Leo, [130], [132]-[134];
- significance of the coronation, [131]-[133];
- issues capitulary for the missi, [134];
- new oath to, as emperor, [137];
- provisions for administration of justice, [138]-[139];
- legislation for clergy, [139]-[140];
- letter to Abbot Fulrad, [142]-[144];
- builds up Palace School, [144]-[145];
- provides for elementary and intermediate education, [145];
- confirms immunity of monastery of Châlons-sur-Saône, [212]-[214].
- Charles Martel, victor at Tours, [105];
- Charles the Fat, Emperor, [168];
- Charles, son of Charlemagne, anointed by Leo, [134].
- Charles the Bald, of France, birth, [149];
- Charles the Simple, of France, yields Normandy to Rollo, [172].
- Charles of Lower Lorraine, claimant to French throne, [177];
- Charles IV., Emperor, founds University of Prague, [345];
- promulgates Golden Bull, [410].
- Charles IV. (the Fair), of France, [419].
- Charles VI. of France, [440];
- and the Great Schism, [390].
- Charles VII. of France, convenes council at Bourges, [394];
- Charles, count of Anjou, [321].
- Charles, of Luxemburg, slain at Crécy, [433].
- Charter, conditions of grant to towns, [326];
- of Laon, [327]-[328];
- of Lorris, [328]-[330].
- (See [Magna Charta].)
- Châtillon, St. Bernard educated at, [252];
- begins monastic career at, [254].
- Childebert, conquers Septimania, [57].
- Childeric I., father of Clovis, [50].
- Childeric III., last Merovingian king, [105];
- deposed, [107].
- Chippenham, Danes winter at, [184];
- Chronica Majora (by Roger of Wendover), scope of, [298];
- Chronica Majora (by Matthew Paris), value of, [404];
- Chroniques (by Froissart), character of, [418];
- Church, development of, [78]-[96];
- origin of papacy, [78]-[79];
- Pope Leo's sermon on the Petrine supremacy, [80]-[83];
- rise of monasticism, [83]-[84];
- the Benedictine Rule, [84]-[90];
- papacy of Gregory the Great, [90]-[91];
- Gregory's description of the functions of the secular clergy, [91]-[96];
- Charlemagne's zeal for promotion of, [113];
- Charlemagne's extension into Saxony, [118]-[123];
- influence on development of annalistic writings, [157];
- education intrusted to, by Charlemagne, [146];
- to aid in suppressing disorder, [175]-[176];
- illiteracy of English clergy in Alfred's day, [190]-[192];
- influence on use of ordeals, [197];
- use of precarium, [206]-[207];
- favored by grants of immunity, [210];
- efforts to discourage private warfare, [228]-[229];
- decrees the Peace of God, [229];
- decrees the Truce of God, [229];
- reform through Cluniac movement, [246];
- conditions in St. Bernard's day, [250];
- Gregory VII.'s conception of the papal authority, [262]-[264];
- Gregory VII. avows purpose to correct abuses in, [267];
- college of cardinals instituted, [269];
- issue of lay investiture, [265]-[278];
- Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
- liberties in England granted in Great Charter, [305];
- patronage of universities, [340];
- menaced by abuses, [360];
- rise of the mendicant orders, [360];
- St. Francis's attitude toward, [375], [377]-[378];
- use of excommunication and interdict, [380];
- Unam Sanctam, [383]-[388];
- Great Schism, [389]-[390];
- Council of Pisa, [390]-[391];
- Council of Constance, [391], [393];
- Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [393]-[397];
- decline in England in fourteenth century, [474];
- Wyclif's efforts to regenerate, [475]-[477].
- Cicero, Dante cites, [451];
- Petrarch's reading of, [466].
- Cimbri, [32].
- Cistercians, [246], [250].
- Cîteaux, [246];
- Cities (see [Towns]), Frederick Barbarossa and Lombard, [398]-[399];
- Clairvaux, St. Bernard founds monastery at, [256]-[257];
- Claudius Claudianus, at the court of Honorius, [42];
- description of the Huns, [43].
- Clement VII., elected pope, [389];
- dies, [390].
- Clergy (see [Church]), Charlemagne's general legislation for, [139]-[140];
- Pope Gregory I.'s exhortation to, [91]-[96];
- Charlemagne's provisions for, in Saxony, [120]-[123];
- temporal importance in Charlemagne's empire, [141]-[142];
- work of education committed to by Charlemagne, [146];
- illiteracy in Alfred's day, [186], [191]-[192];
- grants of immunity to, [210]-[214];
- protected by Peace of God, [230]-[231];
- worldliness of, in England before the Conquest, [239].
- Clericis Laicos, issued by Boniface VIII., [384].
- Clermont, Council of, confirms Peace and Truce of God, [229];
- Cloderic, receives deputation from Clovis, [57];
- Clotilde, wife of Clovis, [49];
- Clovis, conversion of, [49];
- becomes king of the Salian Franks, [50];
- advances against Syagrius, [51];
- defeats him at Soissons, [51];
- requests King Alaric to surrender the refugee, [51];
- has Syagrius put to death, [51];
- episode of the broken vase, [51]-[52];
- decides to become a Christian, [53];
- wins battle of Strassburg, [53];
- baptized with his warriors, [54];
- interview with Alaric, [54]-[55];
- resolves to conquer southern Gaul, [55];
- campaign against Alaric, [55]-[57];
- victory at Vouillé, [56];
- takes possession of southern Gaul, [56];
- captures Angoulême, [57];
- sends deputation to Cloderic, [57];
- takes Cloderic's kingdom, [58];
- slays Ragnachar and Richar, [58]-[59];
- death at Paris, [59].
- Cluny, establishment of monastery at, [245];
- Cologne, [57];
- university founded at, [345].
- Comitatus, among the early Germans, [27]-[28];
- a prototype of vassalage, [205].
- Commendation, defined, [205];
- Commerce, freedom guaranteed by
- Commune (see [Towns]), [326].
- Compiègne, [171].
- Compurgation, defined, [196].
- Conrad IV., [334].
- Constance, Council of, assembles, [391];
- declarations of, [393].
- Constance, Peace of, [398]-[402].
- Constantine, [78].
- Constantine VI., deposed at Constantinople, [131]-[132].
- Constantinople, threatened by Seljuk Turks, [282].
- Corbei, [191];
- French barons assemble at, [314].
- Corvée, provision for in charter of Lorris, [330].
- Councils, Church, powers of declared at Pisa and Constance, [392]-[393];
- Count, duties, [123], [134];
- restrictions on by grants of immunity, [211].
- Count of the Palace, [112].
- Crécy, English take position at, [427]-[428];
- Crime, in the Salic law, [62]-[65];
- Crusade, Gregory VII.'s plan for, [283];
- Cyprus, St. Louis in, [316];
- departs from, [317].
- Dacia, ceded to the Visigoths, [33].
- Danelaw, [185].
- Danes (see [Northmen]), earliest visits to England, [181];
- Dante, career of, [446];
- Danube, Visigoths cross, [34]-[37].
- Dauphiné, origin of, [395].
- De Bello Gallico (by Julius Cæsar), character of, [20];
- Debt, in the Salic law, [66];
- collection of among students, [342].
- Décime, defined, [389].
- De Civitate Dei (by St. Augustine), Charlemagne's regard for, [111].
- De Divortio Lotharii regis et Tetbergæ reginæ (by Hincmar), quoted, [200]-[201].
- De Domino Divino (by Wyclif), nature of, [474].
- De Gestis Regum Anglorum (by William of Malmesbury), scope, [235];
- Degrees, university, [340].
- De Litteris Colendis, addressed by Charlemagne to Abbot Baugulf, [145];
- Demesne, [125].
- De Monarchia (by Dante), nature of, [452]-[453]
- De odio et âtia, writ of, [307]-[308].
- De Partibus Saxoniæ, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, [119];
- De Rebus Familiaribus (by Petrarch), quoted, [465]-[473].
- De Rebus Gestis Ælfredi Magni (by Asser), quoted, [182]-[185], [186]-[191].
- De Temporibus (by Eusebius), preface to, cited by Petrarch, [468].
- De Villis, capitulary issued by Charlemagne, [124];
- De Vulgari Eloquentia (by Dante), [447]-[448].
- Deusdedit, [262].
- Dictatus Papæ, authorship of, [262];
- Diedenhofen, Louis, Lothair, and Charles meet at, [158].
- Divina Commedia (by Dante), [446].
- Domains, Charlemagne's capitulary concerning, [124]-[127];
- Domesday Survey, [243].
- Dominicans, founded, [360].
- Dordrecht, burned by the Northmen, [159];
- again taken, [161].
- Dorset, Danes land in, [181].
- Dorylæum, Turks defeated at, [293].
- Druids, among the Gauls, [20]-[21].
- Dudo, dean of St. Quentin, [165].
- Easter tables, origin of mediæval annals, [157].
- Eastern Empire, menaced by Seljuk Turks, [282]-[283], [285].
- Ebolus, abbot of St. Germain des Près, [169]-[170].
- Edington (see [Ethandune]).
- Education, decline among the Franks, [144]-[147];
- Charlemagne's provisions for, [145]-[148];
- the Palace School, [144];
- decline after Charlemagne, [145];
- entrusted by Charlemagne to the clergy, [146];
- Alfred's interest in, [185];
- of Alfred's children, [187];
- Alfred's labors in behalf of, [189]-[191];
- Alfred laments decline of, [192];
- universities in the Middle Ages, [339]-[359].
- Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, [187].
- Edward the Confessor, death of, [233].
- Edward III., claim to French throne, [421];
- Edward, the Black Prince, wins his spurs at Crécy, [434]-[435];
- Egbert's stone, Alfred meets English people at, [184].
- Einhard, describes weakness of later Merovingians, [106]-[107];
- Elbe, German boundary in Charlemagne's day, [330].
- Electors, of Holy Roman Empire, provisions of Golden Bull regarding, [409]-[416].
- Ely, bishop of, [300].
- Empire (see [Eastern Empire]; [Holy Roman Empire], and the names of emperors).
- England, ravaged by the Danes, [181];
- Alfred the Great becomes king, [182];
- Alfred's wars with the Danes, [182]-[185];
- navy founded by Alfred, [183];
- treaty of Wedmore, [185];
- decadence of learning, [186];
- Alfred brings learned men to, [190]-[191];
- Alfred writes to Bishop Werfrith on state of learning in, [191]-[194];
- William the Conqueror's claim to throne of, [234];
- Harold becomes king of, [234];
- William the Conqueror prepares to invade, [234];
- battle of Hastings, [235]-[238];
- Saxons and Normans, [238]-[241];
- William the Conqueror's government of, [241]-[244];
- reign of King John, [297]-[298];
- the winning of the Great Charter, [298]-[303];
- provisions of the Charter, [305]-[310];
- Edward III. claims French throne, [421]-[423];
- naval battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
- battle of Crécy, [427]-[436];
- the Black Prince sacks Limoges, [436]-[439];
- treaty of Bretigny, [439], [441]-[442];
- treaty of Troyes, [440], [443];
- religious decline in fourteenth century, [474];
- Wyclif's career, [474]-[475].
- Epistolæ de Rebus Senilibus (by Petrarch), [464].
- Epistolæ sine Titulo (by Petrarch), [464].
- Epistolæ Variæ (by Petrarch), [464].
- Erfurt, University of, founded, [345].
- Établissements de St. Louis, quoted, [217], [223]-[224].
- Ethandune, Alfred defeats Danes at, [184].
- Ethelbert, king of Kent, [72];
- Ethelred I., king of the English, [182].
- Ethelstan, of Mercia, [190].
- Ethelwerd, son of Alfred the Great, [186].
- Eugene IV., and Council of Basel, [393].
- Eurie, king of the Northmen, [166];
- defeated by Louis the German, [166].
- Eusebius, author of De Temporibus, [468].
- Excommunication, nature of, [380];
- Exeter, Danes winter at, [183].
- Fealty, ceremony of, [216]-[217];
- Feudalism, importance of, in mediæval history, [203];
- most perfectly developed in France, [203]-[204];
- essential elements, [204];
- origins of vassalage, [204]-[205];
- formula for commendation, [205]-[206];
- development of the benefice, [206]-[207];
- example of grant of a benefice, [207]-[210];
- origins and nature of the immunity, [210]-[211];
- formula for grant of immunity, [211]-[212];
- an immunity confirmed by Charlemagne, [212]-[214];
- nature of the fief, [214];
- specimen grants of fiefs, [215]-[216];
- complexity of the system, [216];
- ceremonies of homage and fealty, [216]-[217];
- homage defined, [217];
- fealty described, [218];
- homage and fealty illustrated, [218]-[219];
- ordinance of St. Louis on homage and fealty, [219];
- obligations of lords and vassals, [220]-[221];
- rights of the lord, [221]-[228];
- aids, [222]-[223];
- military service involved, [223]-[224];
- wardship and marriage, [224]-[225];
- reliefs, [225]-[226];
- forfeiture, [226]-[228];
- militant character of feudal period, [228]-[229];
- efforts to reduce private war, [229];
- the Peace and Truce of God, [229]-[232];
- provisions of Great Charter concerning, [306]-[307].
- Fief, relation to benefice, [207];
- Fitz-Walter, Robert, besieges castle of Northampton, [301].
- Flanders, influence on Hundred Years' War, [419];
- Flanders, William, count of, homage and fealty to, [218]-[219].
- Florence, Dante born at, [445].
- Fontaines, St. Bernard born at, [251].
- Fontenay, Charles and Louis defeat Lothair at, [150].
- Forfeiture, nature, [226]-[227];
- Formula, for commendation, [205]-[206];
- France, Hugh Capet becomes king, [177]-[180];
- geographical extent in 987, [180];
- feudalism most perfectly developed in, [203]-[204];
- over-population of described by Pope Urban, [286];
- in times of Louis IX., [311]-[324];
- treaty of Paris (1229), [322];
- rise of municipalities in, [325]-[326];
- interdict laid on by Innocent III., [380]-[383];
- Philip the Fair's contest with Boniface VIII., [383]-[388];
- States General meets, [385];
- responsibility for Great Schism, [389]-[390];
- Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [393]-[397];
- disputed succession in 1328, [419]-[420];
- Edward III. takes title of king, [421]-[423];
- naval battle of Sluys, [424]-[427];
- battle of Crécy, [427]-[436];
- siege and sack of Limoges, [436]-[439];
- treaty of Bretigny, [439], [441]-[442];
- treaty of Troyes, [440], [443].
- Francia Occidentalis, [155].
- Francia Orientalis, [155].
- Francia, territorial extent, [152], [155].
- Francis I., Concordat of, [394].
- Franciscans, founded, [360], [361];
- Frankfort, electors of Empire to assemble at, [412].
- Franks, conquer northern Gaul, [49];
- become Christians, [49], [54];
- character of conversion, [50];
- close relations with papacy, [50];
- Clovis becomes king of the Salians, [50];
- defeat Syagrius at Soissons, [51];
- defeat Alaric near Poitiers, [56];
- Salic law, [59]-[67];
- decadence of Merovingians, [105];
- rise of Mayor of the Palace, [105];
- early mayors, [105];
- Pepin the Short becomes king, [105]-[107];
- the age of Charlemagne, [108]-[148];
- the war with the Saxons, [114]-[118];
- Charlemagne's capitularies, [118]-[127], [134]-[141];
- Charlemagne crowned emperor, [130]-[134];
- decay of learning among, [144];
- Carolingian Renaissance, [144]-[148];
- disorder among in ninth century, [157]-[163];
- menaced by invasions of Northmen, [160]-[163];
- decline of monarchy in ninth century, [173];
- rise of feudalism among, [173]-[174].
- Freckenhorst, sacred relics brought to, [163].
- Frederick, bishop of Hamburg, issues charter for a colony, [332]-[333].
- Frederick Barbarossa, grants privileges to students and masters, [341]-[343];
- Frederick II., accession of, [402]-[403];
- Friars, conditions determining rise of, [360];
- Fridigern, leader of branch of Visigoths, [33]-[34], [38], [39].
- Friesland (see [Frisia]).
- Frisia, Northmen in, [159], [162], [166].
- Froissart, Sire de, "Chronicles" of, [417]-[418].
- Fulbert of Chartres, letter to William of Aquitaine, [220]-[221].
- Fulcher of Chartres, version of Pope Urban's speech, [286];
- Fulda, Einhard educated at, [108], [145].
- Fulrad, Charlemagne's letter to, [142]-[144];
- Gaiseric, [112].
- Galicia, Northmen visit, [166].
- Gâtinais, [329].
- Gau, [25].
- Gaul, conquered by Julius Cæsar, [19], [32];
- invaded by Cimbri and Teutons, [32];
- Syagrius's kingdom in, [51];
- the Franks take possession in the north, [51];
- Clovis overthrows Visigothic power in south, [55]-[57];
- monasteries established in, [83];
- Charlemagne transplants Saxons into, [117]-[118];
- Northmen devastate, [159];
- survival of Roman immunity in, [210].
- Geoffrey of Clairvaux, [251].
- Germania (by Tacitus), nature and purpose, [23];
- Germans, described by Cæsar, [19]-[22];
- religion, [21];
- system of land tenure, [21];
- magistrates and war leaders, [22];
- hospitality, [22];
- described by Tacitus, [23]-[31];
- location in Cæsar's day, [20];
- physical characteristics, [24];
- use of iron, [24];
- weapons, [24]-[25];
- mode of fighting, [25]-[26], [40];
- ideas of military honor, [25], [64];
- kingship, [26];
- tribal assemblies, [26]-[27];
- investment with arms, [27];
- the princeps and comitatus, [27], [28];
- love of war, [28]-[29];
- agriculture, [21], [29];
- life in times of peace, [29];
- absence of tax systems, [29];
- lack of cities and city life, [29];
- villages, [30];
- food and drink, [30];
- amusements, [30];
- slavery, [31];
- early contact with the Romans, [32]-[33];
- defeat Varus, [32];
- put Romans on the defensive, [32];
- filter into the Empire, [33];
- invasions begin, [33];
- generally Christianized before invasion of Empire, [48];
- character of their conversion, [49]-[50];
- ideas of law, [59]-[60];
- influenced by contact with Romans, [60];
- codification of law, [60];
- legal ideas and methods, [196];
- compurgation, [196];
- use of the ordeal, [196]-[197].
- Germany, Henry IV.'s position in, [264]-[265];
- Henry V.'s government of, [278];
- question of lay investiture in, [265]-[281];
- colonization toward the east, [331]-[332];
- colony chartered by bishop of Hamburg, [331]-[333];
- decline of imperial power, [334];
- chaotic conditions, [334];
- rise of municipal leagues, [334];
- the Rhine League, [335]-[338];
- rise of universities in, [345];
- in Frederick Barbarossa's period, [398]-[399];
- under Frederick II., [402]-[409];
- conditions after Frederick II., [409]-[410];
- Golden Bull of Charles IV., [410]-[41].
- Genghis Khan, empire of, [316].
- Ghent, Council at, [423]-[424].
- Gildas, story of Saxon invasion of Britain, [68].
- Gillencourt, granted to Jocelyn d'Avalon, [216].
- Gisela, [173].
- Gloucester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242].
- Godfrey of Bouillon, [289].
- Golden Bull, promulgated by Charles IV., [409];
- character of, [409].
- Gozlin, bishop of Paris, [168].
- Grâce expectative, nature of, [396].
- Gratian, [35], [38].
- Great Council, in William the Conqueror's time, [242];
- Greek fire, nature of, [319];
- Gregory of Nazianzus, cited by Pope Gregory, [93].
- Gregory of Tours, facts regarding career, [47];
- Gregory I. (the Great), plans conversion of Saxons, [72];
- sends Augustine to Britain, [72]-[73];
- becomes pope, [73], [90];
- letter of encouragement to Augustine's band, [74];
- early career, [90];
- qualifications, [90]-[91];
- author of the Pastoral Rule, [91];
- describes the functions of the secular clergy, [91]-[96];
- attitude toward worldly learning, [95];
- Pastoral Rule translated by Alfred, [186], [193].
- Gregory IV., [158].
- Gregory VI., [261].
- Gregory VII., early career, [261];
- becomes pope, [261], [269];
- conceptions of papal authority, [262]-[264];
- breach with Henry IV., [264];
- letter to Henry IV., [265]-[269];
- claim to authority over temporal princes, [266];
- avows purpose to correct abuses in the Church, [267];
- disposed to treat Henry IV. fairly, [268];
- letter to, from Henry IV., [269]-[272];
- charges against, by Henry IV., [272];
- deposes him, [272]-[273];
- meets Henry IV. at Canossa, [274], [275];
- absolves him, [276];
- project for a crusade, [283].
- Gregory IX., [403], [406].
- Gregory XI., removes to Rome, [389];
- bull concerning Lollards, [475].
- Gregory XII., abdicates papacy, [391].
- Grimbald, brought from Gaul by Alfred, [190].
- Guienne, English and French dispute possession of, [419].
- Guiscard, Roger, [341].
- Guthrum, peace of Alfred and, [185];
- becomes a Christian, [185].
- Hadrian, I., [111], [130].
- Hamburg, pillaged by the Slavs, [331];
- Hanseatic League, [334].
- Harold Hardrada, defeated at Stamford Bridge, [234].
- Harold, son of Godwin, chosen king of England, [234];
- Hastings, English take position at, [234];
- Heidelberg, University of, founded, [345];
- Hell, portrayed in the Koran, [103]-[104].
- Hengist, legendary leader of Saxons, [71];
- ancestry, [71].
- Henry of Champagne, grants fief to bishop of Beauvais, [215].
- Henry I. of England, charter of, [298], [304], [306].
- Henry III. of England, concludes treaty of Paris with St. Louis, [322].
- Henry V. of England, in Hundred Years' War, [440];
- Henry I. of Germany, movement against the Slavs, [331].
- Henry III. of Germany, [273].
- Henry IV. of Germany, controversy opens with Gregory VII., [264];
- wins battle on the Unstrutt, [265];
- letter of Gregory VII. to, [265]-[269];
- exhorted to confess and repent sins, [266], [268];
- reply to letter of Gregory VII., [269]-[272];
- rejects papal claim to temporal supremacy, [270];
- excommunicated by Gregory VII., [272];
- deposed by him, [272]-[273];
- penance at Canossa, [273]-[277];
- oath of, [277]-[278].
- Henry V. of Germany, succeeds Henry IV., [278];
- Henry VI. of Germany, [400], [402].
- Henry VII. of Germany, [433].
- Hermaneric, king of the Ostrogoths, [33].
- Hide, a land measure, [242].
- Hildebrand (see [Gregory VII].).
- Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, [165];
- Hippo, St. Augustine bishop of, [112].
- Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum (by the Venerable Bede), scope and character, [68];
- Historia Ecclesiastica Francorum (by Gregory of Tours), scope and character, [48]-[49];
- Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Jerusalem (by Raimond of Agiles), quoted, [201]-[202].
- Historia Iherosolimitana (by Robert the Monk), quoted, [284]-[288].
- Historia Iherosolimitana (by Fulcher of Chartres), quoted, [290]-[291].
- Historiarum Libri IV. (by Nithardus), scope, [151];
- Historiarum Libri IV. (by Richer), scope, [178];
- Histoire de Saint Louis (by Joinville), character, [312];
- Hollanders, receive charter from bishop of Hamburg, [332]-[333];
- Holy Roman Empire, coronation of Charlemagne, [130]-[134];
- character and significance, [131]-[132];
- difficulty of holding together, [149];
- disordered condition in ninth century, [157]-[163];
- Henry IV.'s position in, [264]-[265];
- question of lay investiture in, [265]-[281];
- Henry V., emperor, [278];
- Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
- weakening of central authority, [334];
- chaotic condition, [334];
- rise of municipal leagues, [334];
- the Rhine League, [335]-[338];
- in 12th, [13]th, and 14th centuries, [398]-[416];
- Frederick Barbarossa at head of, [398];
- Peace of Constance, [399]-[402];
- accession of Frederick II., [403];
- II., [403];
- Dante's attachment to, [446];
- Dante's defense of in De Monarchia, [452]-[462].
- Homage, ceremony of, [216]-[217];
- Homer, Dante's knowledge of, [449];
- Petrarch interested in, [467].
- Homicide, in the Salic law, [65].
- Honorius III., St. Francis promises allegiance to, [375].
- Horace, alluded to by Petrarch, [468].
- Horsa, legendary leader of Saxons, [71];
- Hôte, defined, [329].
- House of Commons, origin of, [307].
- House of Lords, origin of, [307].
- Hugh Capet, establishes Capetian dynasty, [177];
- Humanism, rise of, [445];
- Humber River, [71], [74], [191].
- Hundred Years' War, causes, [418]-[419];
- Huns, threaten the Goths, [33]-[34], [42];
- Iacinthus, [199].
- Il Convito (by Dante), character of, [447];
- Immunity, in Roman law, [210];
- Incendiarism, in the Salic law, [63];
- in the Burgundian law, [63].
- Ingeborg, wife of Philip Augustus, [380]-[381].
- Ingelheim, [108].
- Inghen, Marsilius, rector of University of Heidelberg, [345].
- Inheritance, in the Salic law, [66].
- Innocent III., King John's surrender to, [297];
- Innocent IV., [403], [454].
- In Rufinum (by Claudius Claudianus), quoted, [43].
- Interdict, nature of, [380];
- Interregnum, [334];
- Investiture, lay, [261];
- Ireland, Christianity in, [72].
- Irene, deposes Constantine VI., [132].
- Irmensaule, destroyed by Charlemagne, [122].
- Irnerius, teacher of law at Bologna, [340].
- Isabella, mother of Edward III., [418]-[419];
- excluded from French throne, [420].
- Islam (see [Koran], [Mohammed]).
- Italian (language), Dante's defense of, [446]-[452].
- Italy, Frederick Barbarossa and communes of, [398]-[399].
- Jerusalem, captured by Arabs, [282];
- by the Seljuk Turks, [282].
- Jeufosse, Northmen winter at, [167].
- Jocelyn d'Avalon, receives fief from Thiebault of Troyes, [216].
- John, bishop of Ravenna, [91].
- John the Old Saxon, brought from Gaul by Alfred, [191].
- John, of England, character of reign, [297];
- John XXIII., elected pope, [390];
- deposed, [391].
- John, king of Bohemia, [421].
- John II. of France, taken captive at Poitiers, [439];
- later career, [442].
- John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, [440].
- Joinville, Sire de, sketch of, [312];
- biographer of St. Louis, [312].
- Judith of Bavaria, [149].
- Julian the Apostate, [271].
- Jurats, in Laon, [328].
- Jury, not provided for in Great Charter, [308].
- Justice, among the early Germans, [22];
- Jutes, settle in Kent, [70].
- Karlmann, son of Charles Martel, [105].
- Kent, Saxons and Jutes settle in, [70];
- Kingship, among the early Germans, [26].
- Knut VI., king of Denmark, [380].
- Koran, origin of, [97];
- scope and character, [98];
- essential teachings, [98];
- translation, [99];
- quoted, [99]-[104];
- opening prayer, [99];
- unity of God, [99];
- the resurrection, [100];
- the coming judgment, [100];
- reward of the righteous, [101];
- fate of the wicked, [101];
- pleasures of paradise, [102]-[103];
- torments of hell, [103]-[104].
- Kutuz, defeats Tartars, [317].
- La Broyes, Philip VI. at castle of, [435].
- La Ferté-sur-Aube, [216];
- St. Bernard at, [256].
- L'Ancienne Coutume de Normandie, quoted, [217], [222]-[223], [224]-[225].
- Laon, [171];
- Law, character of among the early Germans, [27], [59]-[60];
- Learning, revival under Charlemagne, [144]-[148];
- Legend of the Three Companions, quoted, [363]-[368], [376]-[378].
- Legnano, Frederick Barbarossa defeated at, [399].
- Leo I. (the Great), elected pope, [78];
- Leo III., [111];
- Leo IV., [160].
- Leo IX., [261].
- Leo, author of the Mirror of Perfection, [363].
- Liberal Arts, place in Charlemagne's system of education, [145];
- Liber Regulæ Pastoralis (by Pope Gregory I.), nature and value, [91];
- Libri Miraculorum (by Gregory of Tours), quoted, [198]-[200].
- Liège, Henry IV. dies at, [278].
- Limoges, siege of by the Black Prince, [436]-[439].
- Limousin, [437].
- Lindisfarne, plundered by Danes, [181].
- Little Flowers of St. Francis, [363].
- Loire, Clovis and Alaric meet on, [55];
- Lollards, tenets of, [475].
- Lombard League, formation of, [399];
- Lombards, conquered by Charlemagne, [112], [115].
- London, sacked by Danes, [181];
- Lorris, model of franchise towns, [327];
- Lorsch, monastery at, [106];
- Lesser Annals of, [106].
- Lothair, Charles and Louis combine against, [150];
- Lotharingia, [155].
- Louis the Pious, capitulary on education, [145];
- divides the Empire, [149].
- Louis the German, combines with Charles the Bald against Lothair, [150]-[151];
- Louis the Stammerer, [174].
- Louis V., last direct Carolingian, [177].
- Louis VI. of France, ratifies charter of Laon, [327].
- Louis VII. of France, [215];
- grants charter to Lorris, [327].
- Louis IX. of France, early career, [311], [313]-[314];
- character, [311]-[312];
- difficulties at beginning of reign, [314];
- takes the cross, [314]-[315];
- emulated by prominent nobles, [315];
- in Cyprus, [316];
- receives deputation from Khan of Tartary, [316]-[317];
- arrival in Egypt, [318];
- advances on Babylon (Cairo), [318];
- operations on the lower Nile, [318]-[322];
- negotiates treaty of Paris, [322];
- personal traits, [323];
- methods of dispensing justice, [323]-[324].
- Louis X. of France, [419].
- Louis XI. of France, seeks to revoke Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, [394].
- Louis IV., Emperor, allied with Edward III., [421].
- Luidhard, [75].
- Luitbert, brings sacred relics to the Freckenhorst, [163].
- Lyons, Council of, Frederick II. excommunicated at, [407].
- Mâcon, [248].
- Magdeburg, established, [331].
- Magna Charta, the winning of, [298]-[303];
- agreed to at Runnymede, [303];
- importance and character, [303]-[304];
- translations, [305];
- quoted, [305]-[310];
- liberties of the English church, [305];
- rate of reliefs, [306];
- aids, [306];
- the Great Council, [307];
- writ de odio et âtia, [307]-[308];
- personal liberties and prerogatives, [308];
- freedom of commercial intercourse, [308]-[309];
- means of enforcement, [309].
- Magna Moralia, written by Pope Gregory, [91].
- Mainz, a capital of Rhine League, [337];
- archbishop of, to summon electors of the Empire, [412].
- Mallus, character, [61];
- Manichæus, [388].
- Manzikert, Eastern emperor defeated at, [282].
- Mapes, Walter, Latin Poems attributed to, a source for mediæval students' songs, [352].
- Marcomanni, [32], [35].
- Marriage, of heiresses, right of lord to control, [224]-[225].
- Marseilles, St. Louis's companions embark at, [315].
- Marshall, William, surety for King John, [300]-[301].
- Martian, [69].
- Martin V., elected pope, [391];
- and Council of Siena, [395].
- Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror, [234].
- Matilda, Countess, ally of Gregory VII., [274].
- Matthew Paris, [292];
- Maurice, [73].
- May-field, character of in Charlemagne's time, [142].
- Mayor of the Palace, rise of, [105];
- Merovingians, decadence of, [105]-[106];
- end with Childeric III., [105].
- Merovius, ancestor of Clovis, [50].
- Metz, [154];
- Milan, Frederick Barbarossa destroys, [398]-[399].
- Ministeriales, functions of, [188].
- Missaticæ, [135].
- Missi dominici, [123];
- Mœsia, Visigoths settle in, [34].
- Mohammed, sayings comprised in Koran, [97];
- principal teachings, [98].
- Monastery, formula for grant of precarium by, [209]-[210];
- Monasticism, rise of, [83]-[84];
- character of in the East and West, [83];
- abbey of St. Martin established, [83];
- Monte Cassino established by St. Benedict, [84];
- the Benedictine rule, [84]-[90];
- character and functions of the abbot, [84]-[86];
- prohibition of individual property-holding, [87];
- manual labor, [88];
- reading and study, [89];
- hospitality, [89];
- decadence in eighth and ninth centuries, [245];
- the Cluniac reform, [245]-[246];
- St. Bernard's reformation of, [250];
- founding of Clairvaux, [256]-[258].
- Monotheism, set forth in the Koran, [99].
- Monte Cassino, monastery founded at, [84];
- Karlmann withdraws to, [105].
- Montlhéri, St. Louis at, [314];
- English army at, [439].
- Mortmain, prohibited by charter of Laon, [328].
- Murder, Charlemagne's legislation on, [141].
- Nantes, pillaged by Northmen, [165].
- Nazianzus, Gregory, bishop of, [93].
- Nerva, [34].
- New Forest, of William the Conqueror, [244].
- Nicæa, Council of, [198];
- Nice, Visigoths advance toward, [38].
- Nicholas II., [269].
- Nile, St. Louis's operations on, [318].
- Nithardus, author of Historiarum Libri IV., [151];
- career, [151].
- Nogaret, William of, captures Boniface VIII., [385].
- Noménoé, conflicts with Charles the Bald, [167].
- Normans, rapid civilization of, [233];
- Normandy, ceded by Charles the Simple to Rollo, [172];
- Northampton, castle of, besieged by the English barons, [301].
- Northmen, in Frisia and Gaul, [159]-[160];
- in Frisia and Saxony, [162];
- burn church of St. Martin at Tours, [162], [167];
- motives of the Norse invasions, [163];
- pillage, Nantes, [165];
- winter at Rhé, [165];
- ascend Garonne, [166];
- in Spain, [166];
- at Paris, [166];
- in Frisia and Brittany, [166];
- threaten Orleans, [167];
- at Angers, [167];
- pillage Orleans, [167];
- plunder Pisa, [168];
- besiege Paris, [168]-[171];
- bought off by Charles the Fat, [171];
- receive Normandy from Charles the Simple, [172];
- become Christians, [173]. (See [Danes].)
- Notre Dame, cathedral school of, [340].
- Noyon, Hugh Capet crowned at, [180].
- Nuremberg, diet of, [410].
- Odo, becomes king of France, [168], [177];
- Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned by William the Conqueror, [243].
- Oppenheim, convention of, [274].
- Ordeal, nature of, [197];
- Origen, [387].
- Orleans, threatened by the Northmen, [167];
- pillaged by them, [167].
- Orosius, [186].
- Ostrogoths, fall before the Huns, [33].
- Otger, archbishop of Mainz, [152], [160].
- Otto I. of Germany, [331].
- Otto II. of Germany, loses ground to the Slavs, [331].
- Otto III. of Germany, [403].
- Otto IV. of Germany, [401];
- Oxford, Wyclif educated at, [474];
- banishes Lollards, [475].
- Paderborn, Frankish assembly at, [119];
- Pope Leo III. meets Charlemagne at, [130].
- Pagus, [25].
- Paradise, portrayed in the Koran, [102]-[103].
- Palace School, origin of, [144];
- Papacy, views on origin of, [78]-[79];
- reasons for growth, [78]-[79];
- theory of Petrine supremacy, [79];
- Pope Leo's sermon, [80]-[83];
- Gregory becomes pope, [73], [90];
- his literary efforts, [91];
- describes functions of secular clergy, [91]-[96];
- Pope Zacharias sanctions deposition of Merovingian line, [107];
- Pope Leo III. crowns Charlemagne emperor, [130]-[134];
- Cluny's relations with, [249];
- Gregory VII.'s conception of, [262]-[264];
- Gregory VII.'s claim to authority over temporal princes, [266];
- Henry IV.'s rejection of claim of, [270];
- Calixtus II. agrees to Concordat of Worms, [278]-[281];
- relations of friars with, [361];
- St. Francis's attitude towards, [375], [377]-[378];
- and temporal powers in later Middle Ages, [380]-[397];
- contest of Innocent III. and Philip Augustus, [380]-[383];
- Boniface VIII.'s bull Unam Sanctam, [383]-[388];
- Babylonian Captivity, [383], [389];
- Great Schism, [389]-[390];
- declarations of Councils of Pisa and Constance, [390]-[393];
- provisions of Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges regarding powers of, [395]-[397];
- conflicts with Frederick II., [405]-[409];
- Dante enumerates theories in defense of, [453]-[455];
- defines true position of, [456]-[462];
- Wyclif's ideas concerning, [475]-[477].
- Paris, Clovis's capital, [57];
- Paris, University of, origin, [340];
- Paschal II., accession to papacy, [278];
- Patrocinium, a prototype of vassalage, [204].
- Paul the Deacon, in Charlemagne's Palace School, [144].
- Paulinus of Aquileia, in Charlemagne's Palace School, [144].
- Pavia, taken by Charlemagne, [112].
- Peace of God, decreed by Church councils, [229];
- Pelagius II., sends Gregory to Constantinople, [90].
- Penalties, in the Salic law, [62]-[65];
- Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, [105];
- Pepin, grandson of Louis the Pious, [152], [158].
- Peter Bartholomew, subjected to ordeal by fire, [198], [201]-[202].
- Peter of Catana, minister-general of Franciscans, [370].
- Peter of Pisa, brought to Charlemagne's court, [112];
- in the Palace School, [144].
- Petrarch, career of, [462]-[463];
- Petrine Supremacy, theory of, [79];
- Pfahlburgers, provision of Rhine League concerning, [337].
- Philip II. (Augustus) of France, privileges granted to students by, [343]-[345];
- Philip IV. (the Fair) of France, contest with Boniface VIII., [383]-[385];
- Philip V. of France, [419].
- Philip VI. of France, acquires the Dauphiné, [395];
- Philip of Hohenstaufen, [402]-[403].
- Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, [440].
- Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, [440].
- Philippa, wife of Edward III., [425].
- Piacenza, Council of, [283].
- Picts, menace the Britons, [68];
- Pilgrimages, to Jerusalem, [282]-[283].
- Pisa, Council of, convened, [390];
- Plato, Petrarch loans a volume of, [469].
- Plegmund, archbishop of Canterbury, [190].
- Pliny the Elder, probably used by Tacitus, [23].
- Poitiers, [55], [56];
- battle of, [418].
- Pontus, [35].
- Posidonius of Rhodes, probably used by Tacitus, [23].
- Prague, University of founded, [345].
- Precarium, nature of, [206];
- Principes, among the early Germans, [27]-[28];
- conduct in battle, [28].
- Prudence, bishop of Troyes, [165].
- Quadi, [35].
- Quadrivium, [145], [339].
- Ragnachar, kinsman of Clovis, [51];
- Raymond of Agiles, account of ordeal by fire, [201]-[202].
- Raymond, count of Toulouse, letter to Arnold Atton, [227]-[228].
- Raymond of St. Gilles, [294]-[295].
- Ravenna, Dante's death at, [446].
- Reformation, foreshadowings of, [474]-[477].
- Regalia, in Concordat of Worms, [279]-[280];
- Relief, defined, [223], [225];
- Religion, of the early Germans, [21];
- Remigius, bishop of Rheims, [54].
- Renaissance (Carolingian), conditions preceding, [144];
- Renaissance (Italian), nature of, [444]-[445];
- Rerum Gestarum Libri qui Supersunt (by Ammianus Marcellinus), quoted, [34]-[37], [38]-[41], [43]-[46].
- Reserve, nature of, [396].
- Resurrection, portrayed in the Koran, [100].
- Rhé, Northmen winter at, [165].
- Rhine, the Roman frontier, [19]-[20];
- Rhine League, conditions influencing formation, [334];
- Richar, slain by Clovis, [59].
- Richer, author of Four Books of Histories, [178].
- Rivo Torto, St. Francis at, [369].
- Robert I., [169], [177].
- Robert the Strong, [168], [177].
- Robert the Monk, version of Pope Urban's speech, [283]-[288].
- Robert of Artois, connection with Hundred Years' War, [423].
- Robertians, [168];
- rivalry with Carolingians, [177].
- Roger de Hoveden, [292].
- Roger of Wendover, account of the winning of the Great Charter, [298]-[303], [404].
- Roland, Song of, [236].
- Rollo, receives Normandy from Charles the Simple, [172];
- Romans, conquest of Gaul by, [19];
- Roman Empire, filtration of Germans into, [33];
- Romanus Diogenes, defeated at Manzikert, [282].
- Rome, development of papacy at, [78]-[79];
- Romulus Augustulus, [131].
- Roncesvalles, Count Roland slain at, [236].
- Rorik, leader of Northmen, [161].
- Rouen, Odo, bishop of Bayeux, imprisoned at, [243].
- Rudolph I., of Hapsburg, elected emperor, [409].
- Rudolfi Fuldensis Annales, quoted, [156].
- Rufinus, companion of St. Francis, [363].
- Rule, of St. Francis, drawn up, [373]-[374];
- Runnymede, Great Charter promulgated at, [303].
- Rupert I., founds University of Heidelberg, [345].
- Sacrosancta, decree of, [391].
- St. Albans, [298].
- St. Andrew, monastery of, established, [90].
- St. Augustine, author of De Civitate Dei, [111].
- St. Benedict, career of, [84];
- St. Bernard, times of, [250];
- founds Clairvaux, [250];
- biography of, [251];
- birth and parentage, [251];
- early traits, [252];
- decides to become a monk, [252]-[253];
- at Châtillon, [254];
- enters Cîteaux,254
- obtains ability to reap, [255];
- piety and knowledge of Scriptures, [255]-[256];
- goes forth from Cîteaux, [256];
- founds monastery at Clairvaux, [256]-[257].
- St. Bonaventura, author of official life of St. Francis, [363].
- Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of, [172].
- St. David, [181].
- St. Dionysius, [387].
- St. Dominic, founder of Dominican order, [360].
- St. Edmund's, magnates of England assemble at, [298].
- St. Francis, early career, [362];
- sources of information on, [362];
- youthful follies, [364];
- redeeming qualities, [364];
- change in manner of life, [365]-[366];
- zeal in charity, [366]-[367];
- begs alms at Rome, [367];
- overcomes aversion to lepers, [368];
- refuses to dwell in an adorned cell, [369];
- humiliates himself publicly, [370]-[371];
- love for the larks, [371]-[372];
- regard for all created things, [372]-[373];
- draws up his Rule, [373]-[374];
- the Rule quoted, [375];
- the will of, [376]-[378];
- attitude toward the existing Church, [375], [377]-[378];
- enjoins poverty and labor, [377]-[379].
- St. Germain des Prés, [165], [169].
- St. Hilary, bishop of Poitiers, [56].
- St. Jerome, translation of Scriptures, [193];
- cited by Petrarch, [468].
- St. Louis (see [Louis IX].).
- St. Marcellus, Church of, [212].
- St. Martin (of Tours), career of, [48];
- St. Peter, Christ's commission to, [79], [81].
- St. Peter, Church of, Charlemagne's gifts to, [114];
- St. Quentin, Fulrad abbot of, [142];
- Dudo, dean of, [165].
- Savigny, granted as fief to bishop of Beauvais, [215].
- Saisset, Bernard, offends Philip the Fair, [384].
- Salerno, University of, [341].
- Salic law, cited, [25];
- date, [60];
- character, [60];
- editions and translation, [61];
- monetary system in, [61];
- summonses to meetings of the local courts, [61];
- theft, [62];
- robbery with assault, [63];
- incendiarism, [63];
- deeds of violence, [63];
- use of poison or witchcraft, [64];
- slander, [64];
- trespass, [65];
- homicide, [65];
- right of migration, [66];
- debt, [66];
- inheritance, [66]-[67];
- wergeld, [67].
- Saracens, plunder Rome, [160];
- Saxon Chronicle, quoted, [241]-[244].
- Saxons, conquer Britain while yet pagans, [49];
- infest British coasts, [68];
- appear at Thanet, [69];
- called in by Britons, [69];
- settlement in Britain, [70];
- ally with Picts, [71];
- conquest of Britain, [71]-[72];
- pagan character, [72];
- Christianization begun, [73]-[77];
- in Charlemagne's day, [115]-[117];
- problem of conquest, [115]-[116];
- lack of natural frontier, [117];
- faithlessness, [117];
- transplanted in part to Gaul, [117];
- Charlemagne's peace with, [118];
- massacre at Verden, [117];
- formula for acceptance of Christianity, [118];
- Charlemagne's capitularies concerning, [118]-[123];
- provisions for establishment of Christianity among, [120]-[122];
- penalties for persistence in paganism, [122];
- fugitive criminals, [123];
- public assemblies, [123].
- Scheldt River, [58].
- Schism, Great, origin, [389]-[390];
- Schools (see [Education]).
- Scots, menace the Britons, [68];
- Saxons called in against, [69].
- Scutage, increased by King John, [297];
- method of raising specified in Great Charter, [306].
- Scythia, [43].
- Seine, Northmen on, [166], [168].
- Seligenstadt, Einhard at, [109].
- Selwood, Alfred at, [184].
- Senlis, meeting of Frankish magnates at, [178].
- Sens, given over to Northmen to plunder, [171].
- Septimania, conquered by Childebert, [57].
- Septuagint, [192].
- Serfs, fugitive, [138].
- Sergius II., [158].
- Senlac (see Hastings).
- Siegfred, leads siege of Paris, [168].
- Siena, Council of, [395].
- Sigibert the Lame, slain by son's agents, [57].
- Sigismund, appealed to by John XXIII., [391].
- Simony, [261];
- Henry IV.'s councilors condemned for, [264].
- Slander, in the Salic law, [64].
- Slavery, among the early Germans, [31].
- Slavs, location in Charlemagne's day, [330];
- German encroachment upon, [331].
- Sluys, naval battle of, [424]-[427].
- Soana, Hildebrand born at, [261].
- Soissons, capital of Syagrius's kingdom, [51];
- Solidus, value, [61].
- Spain, invaded by Northmen, [166].
- Spanish March, annexed to Charlemagne's kingdom, [115].
- Speculum Perfectionis (by Brother Leo), quoted, [368]-[373].
- Speyer, Henry IV. flees from, [274].
- Stamford, English barons meet at, [300].
- Stamford Bridge, Harold Hardrada defeated at, [234].
- Stephen, abbot of Cîteaux, [254].
- Stephen III., crowns Pepin the Short, [106].
- Stephen IX., [261].
- Stephen of Blois, sketch of, [292];
- Stephen Langton, archbishop of Canterbury, [298], [299].
- Strassburg, battle of won by Clovis, [49], [50], [53];
- Strassfurt, Frankish assembly at, [142].
- Students, privileges granted to by Frederick I., [341]-[343];
- Subasio, Mount, St. Francis seeks seclusion at, [370].
- Suetonius, [34];
- as model for Einhard, [109].
- Suevi, described by Cæsar, [21].
- Swanwich, Danes defeated at, [183].
- Syagrius, "king of the Romans," [50]-[51];
- Sylvester II. (Gerbert), [283].
- Syria, overrun by Arabs, [282];
- Tacitus, describes the Germans in his Germania, [23]-[31];
- Tartary, Khan of, sends deputation to St. Louis, [316]-[317].
- Taxation, not developed among the early Germans, [29].
- Templars, in England, [299];
- Turks attack, [319].
- Tertullian, [72].
- Tescelin, father of St. Bernard, [251].
- Teutoberg Forest, Varus defeated at, [32].
- Teutones, [32].
- Thames, Danes appear on, [181].
- Thanet, Saxons appear at, [69];
- Theft, in the Salic law, [62];
- Charlemagne's legislation on, [141].
- Thiebault, count palatine of Troyes, grants fief to Jocelyn d'Avalon, [216].
- Thrace, selected as a haven by the Visigoths, [35];
- conceded to them by Valens, [36].
- Toulouges, Council of, decrees Peace and Truce of God, [229]-[232].
- Toulouse, Visigothic capital, [51];
- Syagrius takes refuge at, [51].
- Tours, Gregory, bishop of, [47]-[48];
- Towns, lack of among the early Germans, [29];
- Trajan, wars in the Rhine country, [23].
- Trespass, in the Salic law, [65].
- Tribur, conference of German nobles at, [274]-[275].
- Trivium, [145], [339].
- Troyes, county of, [215].
- Troyes, treaty of, negotiated, [440]-[441];
- provisions of, [443].
- Truce of God, decreed by church councils, [229];
- Turks, Seljuk, invasions of, [282];
- Unam Sanctam, issued by Boniface VIII., [383]-[385];
- Universities, origins of in Middle Ages, [339];
- Unstrutt, Henry IV.'s victory at, [265].
- Urban II., appealed to by Alexius Comnenus, [283];
- Urban VI., approves foundation of University of Heidelberg, [346];
- Valens, Visigoths send embassy to, [35];
- Valentinian I., [35].
- Valentinian III., [69].
- Varus, defeated at the Teutoberg Forest, [32].
- Vassalage, origins, [204]-[205];
- Vecta, [71].
- Venice, treaty of, [399].
- Verden, massacre of Saxons at, [117].
- Verdun, treaty of, [154]-[156];
- territorial division by, [155].
- Vicarius, functions, [176].
- Victgilsus, [71].
- Vienna, University of, founded, [345].
- Villages, among the early Germans, [30].
- Villes franches, nature of, [326]-[327].
- Villes libres, nature of, [326];
- Vincennes, [323].
- Viscount, functions, [176].
- Visigoths, invasion of the Roman Empire described by Ammianus Marcellinus, [32]-[41];
- receive Dacia from Aurelian, [33];
- threatened by the Huns, [33];
- select Thrace as a haven, [35];
- send embassy to Valens, [35];
- receive the desired permission, [36];
- cross the Danube, [36]-[37];
- terms of the settlement, [37];
- mistreated by the Romans, [37];
- rise in revolt, [37];
- Valens resolves to attack, [38];
- advance toward Nice, [38];
- defeat the Romans at Adrianople, [39]-[41];
- Alaric, king of, [51], [54]-[55];
- defeated by Clovis, [56];
- Amalaric, king of, retreats to Spain, [56];
- new capital at Toledo, [56].
- Vita Caroli Magni (by Einhard), purpose, [109];
- Vitæ Pontificorum Romanorum, quoted, [133]-[134].
- Vortigern, king of the Britons, [68];
- invites Saxons into Britain, [69].
- Vortimer, [71].
- Vulcan, worshipped by the Germans, [21], [26].
- Vouillé, Clovis defeats Alaric at, [56].
- Vulgate, [193];
- origin of, [468].
- Wager of battle, discouraged by the Church, [197].
- Wales, Christianity in, [72].
- Wardship, nature of, [224];
- Warfare, of the early Germans, [22], [25]-[26], [28]-[29];
- Weapons, of the early Germans, [24];
- of the Huns, [45].
- Wedmore, treaty of, [185].
- Wends, [158], [159], [160].
- Werfrith, bishop of Worcester, [189];
- Wergeld, [65];
- Werwulf, of Mercia, [190].
- Westminster, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242].
- Widukind, account of Saxon conquest, [116].
- William of Aquitaine, letter of Fulbert of Chartres to, [220]-[221].
- William the Conqueror, power as duke of Normandy, [233];
- William, count of Flanders, homage and fealty to, [218]-[219].
- William of Holland, claimant to imperial title, [334].
- William of Jumièges, [165].
- William of Malmesbury, sketch of, [235];
- William the Pious, issues charter for monastery at Cluny, [245];
- William of St. Thierry, biographer of St. Bernard, [251], [258].
- Wilton, Alfred fights the Danes at, [182].
- Winchester, William the Conqueror wears crown at, [242];
- King John holds court at, [299].
- Witan, [194].
- Witchcraft, in the Salic law, [64].
- Woden, [26], [49], [50], [71], [72], [119], [197].
- Worcester, Werfrith, bishop of, [189].
- Worms, [154];
- Wyclif, career of, [474]-[475].
- Zacharias, consulted by Pepin the Short, [106];
- advises him to take title of king, [107].
- Zaid, collects sayings of Mohammed, [97].
ESSENTIALS IN MEDIAEVAL
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