Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary (part 4 of 4: S-Z and supplements)

by Unknown

SUFFIXES.

-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as portable, laughable; cf. also come-at-able, get-at-able. [L., according to the stem-ending, -abilis, -ebilis, -ibilis, -ubilis.]

-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegiac; also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L. -acus, Gr. -akos.]

-aceous, having the qualities of, as herbaceous. [L. -aceus.]

-acious, full of, as audacious. [L. -ax, -acis.]

-ade, noun suffix, the L. -ata, which in popular French words appears as -ée, becomes -ade in words borrowed from the Provençal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even Italian, as in accolade, gasconade. Also we have ambassade, ambuscade, balustrade, brigade, cascade, &c. from French, words in -ade. Examples of words formed in imitation of these in English itself are blockade, orangeade.

-age, ending of abstract nouns, as homage; marks place where, as vicarage;—of English formation, bondage, brewage, parsonage. [L. -aticum; Fr. -age.]

-ain, -an, -en, -on, noun suffixes, as villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L. -anus.]

-al, adj. suffix, as annual, legal, mortal, cardinal;—of English or French formation, circumstantial, cordial, national. Noun suffix, as approval, denial, removal, betrothal. Latin nouns in -alia (neut. pl.) which survived into Old French became -aille (fem. sing.), adopted in Middle English as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -al, as Latin sponsālia, O. Fr. espousailles, M. E. spousaille, spousal; L. battālia, O. Fr. bataille, M. E. bataille, batail, battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, became a formative of nouns of action on verbs of French or Latin, and even of Teutonic, origin. [L. -alis; Fr. -al, -el.]

-an, -ain, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, certain, humane;—of English formation, Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en], as publican, veteran. [L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.]

-ana, things belonging to, such as sayings, anecdotes, &c., as Johnsoniana, Burnsiana. [L. neut. pl. of adjs. in -anus. See -an.]

-ance, -ence (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. -ance), noun suffix, as in arrogance, repentance, experience, penitence.

-ancy, -ency, a modern English differentiated form of the earlier -ance, expressing more distinctly the sense of quality, state, or condition, often belonging to Latin substantives in -ntia, as in elegantia, 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense of action or process, regularly expressed by the French form -ance, as in aidance, guidance. The modern tendency is to confine -nce to action, and to express quality or state by -ncy; cf. compliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy.

-and, -end, noun suffix, as viand, legend. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suffix.]

-aneous, belonging to, as extraneous. [L. -aneus.]

-ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes denoting the agent, as instant, sergeant, student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr.p.]

-ar, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angular, popular. [L. -aris; Fr. -ier or -aire.]

-ar, -ard, -art. See under -er (marking the agent).

-ar, -er, -or, noun suffixes, marking place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. -arium];—denoting the agent, as vicar, treasurer, chancellor. [L. -arius.]

-ard, intensive, as drunkard, coward, sluggard, wizard. [O. Fr. -ard, -art; Ger. -hard, strong.]

-ary, noun suffix, marking place where, as seminary [L. -arium]; the agent, as secretary, antiquary [L. -arius]. Adjective suffix [L. -arius, Fr. -aire], as contrary, necessary, secondary.

-asm. See under -ism.

-ass, -ace, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, pinnace. [L. -aceus, -acius; It. -accio, Fr. -as.]

-aster, dim. and freq. (often implying contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. -artre (It. astro)—L. -as-ter.]

-ate, -ete, -ite, -ute, -t, forming adjectives—all adapted forms of the endings of past participles in Latin according to the conjugation of the verbs from which they are formed, as accurate, desolate; complete, replete; contrite, exquisite; absolute, minute; abject, elect.

-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, permeate. Adj., as above. Noun, as legate, advocate. [Norm. Fr. at—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-ble. See -able.

-ble, -ple, fold, as double, treble, quadruple. [L. -plus, lit. 'full.']

-bund and -cund, as moribund, rubicund. [L. -bundus and -cundus; Fr. -bond and -cond.]

-ce. See under -s, adverbial suffix.

-celli, -cello, dim., as vermicelli, violoncello. [It., from L. -culus.]

-ch, dim., as blotch. [See -ock.]

-cle, -cule, dim., as in particle, animalcule, from L. culus, which also gives (through It.) -celli, -cello, [See under -l.]

-craft, noun suffix, as in bookcraft, priestcraft. [A.S. cræft, skill.]

-cy, -sy, noun suffix, denoting being, or state of being, condition, rank, as clemency, bankruptcy, curacy, minstrelsy. [L. -tia, as in constantia, constancy, or -tio, as in conspiratio, conspiracy.]

-d, -t, or -ed, pa.t. suffix, as loved. The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, omitted when the verb ends in e. [A.S. -de, 'did,' from di-de, pa.t. of do.]

-d, pa.p. suffix of weak verbs, as loved; in nouns (with passive meaning), as deed, seed; in adjectives formed from nouns, as connoting the possession of the attribute or thing expressed by the substantive, as booted, feathered, wooded; in the form -th (or -t), in abstract nouns from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, as death, flight, swift, (with euphonic -s-) du-s-t, bla-s-t. [Orig. -th, as in uncouth, and from the root of the, that; seen also in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.]

-dom, noun suffix, denoting dominion, power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; act, as martyrdom. New words, as flunkeydom, can be coined. [A.S. dóm, judgment, Ger. -thum.]

-dor, -dore, noun suffix, as in corridor, matadore, stevedore, battledoor. [Sp. -dor, L. -tor.]

-ed. See -d.

-ee, noun suffix, one who or that which is (passive), as trustee, legatee. In such words as absentee, devotee, the old function of -ee is entirely lost; refugee is adopted from Fr. refugié, grandee from Sp. grande. [Fr. -é—L. -ātus, suffix of pa.p.]

-eer, -ier, one who, has frequentative meaning, as charioteer; also -er, -ar, as in carpenter, vicar. [Fr. -ier—-L. -arius.]

-el, dim., as damsel. [See under -l.]

-en, dim., as chicken, maiden. [A.S. -en.]

-en, fem. suffix, now found only in vixen. [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, L. -ina.]

-en, added to noun-stems to form adjectives chiefly indicating the material of which a thing is composed. From the 16th century onwards there has been a tendency to discard these adjectives for the attributive use of the substantive, as in 'a gold watch;' only a few words are still familiarly used in their literal sense—earthen, wheaten, wooden, woollen. [A.S. -en; Goth. -en, -an, Ger. -en, -ein, Sans. -um; a genitive suffix, as in mine.]

-en, pa.p., as woven, borne, sworn. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn. with -ant, -ent.]

-en, pl. suffix, as oxen, kine (for M. E. kyen—A.S. cý, pl. of cú, a cow). [A.S. -an.]

-en, to make, as darken, moisten, strengthen, whiten.

-en, -in, -ene, belonging to, as alien, vermin, terrene. [L. -enus, -ena, -enum.]

-ence, -ency. See -nce, -ncy.

-ent, belonging to, as different. [L. -ens, -entis. See -ant.]

-eous, in righteous, corr. of -wise (which see); in courteous, from O. Fr. -eis (from L. -ensis.)

-eous, same as in -ous, as ligneous. [L. -eus.]

-er, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flutter.

-er, infinitive suffix, as cover, encounter. [Fr, -re, -ir, from L. pres. infin. -āre, -ēre, -ĕre, -īre.]

-er marks the agent, designating persons according to their occupation, as writer, singer, hatter, leader, sometimes changed to -ar, as liar; with -i- or -y- prefixed, as cloth-i-er, law-y-er (where the A.S. primitive substantive ends in ȝ); with excrescent -t or -d, as bragg-ar-t. Note that in the words auger, heifer, shelter, what looks like the suffix -er is really an independent substantive. [A.S. -ere; Goth. -arja, Ger. -er.]

-er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as greater, more. [Aryan compar., suffix -ra.]

-er, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr. -iere—L. -eria.]

-erel, dim. suffix, as mackerel. [See under -l.]

-erie, place where, as menagerie. [Fr., from L. -arium. See -ery.]

-erly, direction to or from, as southerly. [From -ern and -ly.]

-ern, adj. suffix sig. direction, as southern [A.S. -er-n]; adj. suffix, sig. belonging to, as modern [L. -ernus]; noun suffix, as cistern [L. -erna].

-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, cutlery. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns in -er (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, -ory.]

-es or -s, pl. suffix, as foxes, hats. [A.S. -as. -s is a general pl. suffix, as L. and Gr. -es.]

-escent, adj. suffix, denoting growing, becoming, as convalescent. [L. -esco, -isco, -asco, Gr. -askō, suffix, implying becoming, beginning.]

-ese, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japanese. [L. -ensis; O. Fr. -eis, mod. Fr. -ois, -ais.]

-esque, adj. suffix, partaking of the quality of, as picturesque, grotesque, Turneresque. [Fr. -esqe (It. -esco)—L. -iscus, a by-form of -icus (see -ic), and conn. with -ish, adj. suffix.]

-ess, fem. suffix of nouns, as lioness, goddess. [Fr. -esse, L. -issa.]

-ess, -ice, -ise, as prowess, justice, merchandise. Note that riches was mistaken for a plural, being really M. E. richesse—Fr. richesse. [L. -itia, -ities, Late L. -icia, Fr. -esse.]

-est, as in harvest, earnest.

-est, suffix of 2d sing. in verbs, as bringest. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, -isti; Gr. -si, -sthon. -s or -st = 2d pers. pron., Gr. sy (su), L. tu, Eng. thou.]

-est, superl. suffix, formed from the compar. by adding -t, as smallest. [A.S. -est (in adjectives), -ost (in adverbs); L. -issimus, Gr. -istos, -stos, -tatos. Sans. -ishta.]

-et, -ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. -ēta, Gr. -ētēs.]

-et, -ette, -ot, dim., as cygnet, billet, etiquette, ballot. See also -let. [Norm. Fr. -et, -ot; Fr. -et, -ette.]

-eur. See under -or.

-ever, at any time, as whoever, every one who. [See Ever in Dict.]

-fare, way, as in welfare, chaffer. [See Fare in Dict.]

-fast, adj. suffix, as in steadfast, shamefaced (A.S. scamfæst). [A.S. fæst, firm, fast.]

-fold, adj. suffix, as fourfold, manifold. [A.S. -feald.]

-ful, full of, as delightful. [A.S. -full.]

-fy, a verbal suffix signifying to make, as purify. [Fr. -fier—L. -fic-āre, for fac-ĕre, to make.]

-head, -hood, noun suffix, denoting state, nature, as Godhead, manhood, likelihood, hardihood. Note that livelihood was in A.S. líflád=líf, life + lád, way; the second part ceased to be understood, and thus -lihood took its place. [From A.S. hád, Ger. -heit, state; changed into Hood.]

-i, pl. suffix of nouns in -us, as in literati [L. -i; conn. with Ger. -ai, -oi]; also pl. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., as banditti [It.—L.].

-ian, adj. suffix, as Arabian, Christian. See -an. [L. -ianus; Fr. -ien.]

-ible, adj. suffix, as possible, flexible. [From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. See -able.]

-ic, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as gigantic, public, voltaic. Also largely used as noun suffix, as fabric. [L. -icus, -ica, -icum, Gr. -ikos; Fr. -ic, -igne.]

-ical, adj. suffix, belonging to, as cubical, whimsical. [-ic and -al.]

-ice, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr.—L. -ex, -icis]; novice [Fr.—L. -icius]. [See another -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise.]

-icism. See -ism.

-ics, lit. things that belong to a science, as mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. -ika, neuter pl. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic.]

-id, noun suffix, as Nereid; also used in coining chemical words, as chloride, oxide, bromide [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide]. Also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid, morbid [L. -idus].

-ie, -y, dim., as lassie. [From -ick, a weakened form of -ock.]

-ier, noun suffix, one who, as cavalier, clothier, brazier, hosier. [Fr. -ier; usually appears in form -eer.]

-iff. See -ive.

-il, -ile, able, as civil, ductile. [L. -ĭlis, from verbal roots, -īlis, from noun-stems; to be distinguished from -ile (below). See -able.]

-ile, belonging to, as Gentile. [L. -ilis.]

-im, pl. suffix, as cherubim. [Heb. îm.]

-ina, fem. suffix, as czarina. [See -en, fem.]

-ine, fem. suffix, as heroine. [See -en, fem.]

-ine, -in, noun suffix, as ravine, medicine, cousin; much used in chemical compounds, as iodine, glycerine, bromine. Also adj. suffix, as adamantine, divine. [L. -inus, -ina; Fr. -in.]

-ing, suffix of present participles (often used as adjectives), as loving, charming. [Corr. of A.S. -ende, which, as also -ande, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ent.]

-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of action from verbs, as living, dwelling; these often acquire a concrete sense, as learning. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.]

-ing, representing Teut. ingoz (masc.), with several functions—(1) -ing (A.S. -ing), patronymic æðeling (the son of a noble), cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne = king), Elising (the son of Elisa). This suffix is preserved in proper names, as Harding, Manning; esp. in place-names, as Billingsgate, Reading. (2) -ing is also found in names of animals, as in herring, whiting. (3) -ing in names of coins has also a sense of diminution, as in farthing (the fourth part, viz., of a penny), shilling.

-ion, -sion, -tion, -son, -som, being, state of being, as opinion, rebellion, religion, tension, poison, ransom, reason, season, creation. [L. -io, -tio, -sio; Fr. -ion, -sion, -tion.]

-ior, more, term. of comp. degree, as superior. [L. -ior. See -er, more.]

-ique, belonging to, as antique. [Fr.—L. -iquus; conn. with -ic, L. -icus. See -ac.]

-ise, -ize, verbal suffix, signifying to make; as equalise. [L. -izāre, from Gr. -izein; Fr. -iser.]

-ise, noun suffix. See -ice.

-ish, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signifying somewhat, as brownish, oldish; sometimes implying depreciation, as outlandish, childish. [A.S. -isc.]

-ish, verbal suffix, signifying to make, as establish. [From Fr. pr.p. suffix -iss-ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.]

-isk, dim., as asterisk. [Gr. -iskos; conn. with -ish, little. See -ock.]

-ism, -asm, -icism, forming abstract nouns sig. condition, system, as egoism, deism, Calvinism, laconism, pleonasm; Anglicism, witticism. [L. -ismus, -asmus—Gr. -ismos, -asmos.]

-ist, denoting the person who holds a doctrine or practises an art, as Calvinist, chemist, novelist, artist, royalist, nihilist. [L. -ista—Gr. -istēs.]

-ite, -it, noun suffix, born in, belonging to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L. -ita—Gr. -itēs.]

-itude, noun suffix, as fortitude, multitude. [L. -itudo.]

-ive (-iff), forming nouns, orig. an adjectival suffix, as bailiff, captive, native, plaintiff; forming adjectives (L. -ivus), as active, extensive, furtive.

-ix, fem. suffix, as testatrix. [L. -ix, -icis. Conn. with -ess, fem. suffix.]

-ize, to make, same as -ise.

-k, a verbal suffix, freq. or intens., as hark, lurk, talk, walk.

-kin, dim., as bumpkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin, napkin; also in proper names, as Jenkins (John), Perkins (Peterkin), Wilkins (William). [A.S. -cen—very rare, the currency of the suffix being due to words adopted from Dutch or Low German; Ger. -chen.]

-kind, noun suffix, kind, race, as mankind, womankind. [See -kin above.]

-l, -le, -el (after v, th, ch, n), represents A.S. -el, -ela, -ele, and serves to form agent-nouns, instrumental substantives, and diminutives, as nail, sail; beadle, fiddle, sickle, apple, bramble, bundle, icicle, nettle; runnel. -al is sometimes from A.S. -els from isli, as bridle, riddle, burial. -l, -le, as a verbal suffix, gives to the root the sense of frequency, repetition, diminution, as kneel, drizzle, nestle, sparkle.

-ledge. See -lock (1).

-lence, -lency, forming abstract nouns. [L. -l-entia, from -lens. See -lent.]

-lent, adj. suffix, full of, as violent, virulent. [L. -lentus.]

-less, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, as guiltless, godless. [A.S. -léas, Ger. -los, Goth. -laus.]

-let, dim., as bracelet, leaflet, streamlet. [From -l and -et, dim. in certain words formed with -et on substantives ending in -el.]

-like, like, as godlike. [See Like in Dict.]

-ling, dim., hence expressing affection, as darling (A.S. déorling), duckling, gosling; sometimes implying depreciation, as hireling, groundling, underling, worldling. [A.S. -ling.]

-ling, -long, adv. suffix, as darkling, sidelong. [A.S. -lunga, -linga.]

-lock, noun suffix, in wedlock and knowledge. It is the A.S. lác, the same as lác, sport.

-lock, -lick, noun suffix, being a weakened form of A.S. leác, a leek, as in hemlock, garlic, charlock.

-ly, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only, wickedly. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. líc, Eng. like; adv. is from líc-e, dat. of líc.]

-m, noun suffix, as blossom [A.S. blóstma]; fathom [A.S. -ma, -m]; as realm, regime [Fr.,—L. -men].

-ma, noun suffix, as diorama, enema. [Gr.]

-meal, adv. suffix, as inchmeal, piecemeal. [A.S. -mǽlum.]

-men, that which, state, as regimen, acumen. [Only in words borrowed from Latin. L. -men; Sans. -man. See -ment, -mony.]

-ment, noun suffix, as nourishment, establishment, detriment;—of Eng. formation, acknowledgment, employment. [L. -mentum, Fr. -ment. See -men.]

-mony, as testimony, parsimony. [L. -mon-iu-m, -mon-ia. See -men.]

-most, suffix of superl. deg., as endmost. See Most in Dict. [In most cases this suffix is not the word most, the m being part of the root, or an old superl. suffix, and -ost, the superl. suffix, as in inmost=in-m-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.]

-n, in participles, as broken, hewn; in substantives, as bairn, beacon, burden, chin, corn, heaven, maiden.

-nce, -ncy, forming abstract nouns, as distance, decency. [Fr. -nce—L. -nt-ia.]

-nd, as fiend (lit. 'hating'), friend (lit. 'loving'). [A.S. pr.p. suffix.]

-ness, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, as tenderness, sweetness. [A.S. -nis, -nes, cog. with Ger. -niss.]

-ock, dim., as hillock, bullock—also in proper names, as Pollock (from Paul), &c. In stirk we see the simple suffix -k, the word being the diminutive of steer, A.S. stéor, whence stýric, a stirk. [A.S. -uca—Aryan -ka. See -ie and -ing, dim.]

-om, old dative suffix, now used as objective, as whom; in adverbs of time, as seldom. [A.S. -um.]

-on, -eon, -ion, noun suffix, as capon, mason, truncheon, onion, clarion. [Fr.—L. -onem, ionem.]

-oon, noun suffix, often augmentative, as balloon, saloon. [Fr. -on, It. -one.]

-or, -our, -er, denoting the agent, sometimes directly from L. (see -tor), but mostly through O. Fr. -ŏr, -our (mod. Fr. eur), as emperor (old spelling emperour, Fr. empereur—L. imperatorem); in others, Eng. -er has supplanted -eur, -our, as preacher (Fr. prêcheur—L. prædicatorem), while -or is at times affixed to Eng. roots, as sailor. In certain abstract nouns from L. -or, Fr. -eur is still represented by -our, as colour, labour, honour, and in a few cases directly retained, as in grandeur. The words demeanour and behaviour are English formations with -our.

-ory, belonging to, as prefatory [L. -orius]; place where, as purgatory. [L. -orium.]

-ose, full of, as bellicose, morose, verbose. [L. -osous. See -ous.]

-ot, dim., as ballot. [See -et, dim.]

-our. See -or.

-ous, adj. suffix, as religious, delirious, curious [L. -osus]; dubious, anxious [L. -us].—In righteous the ous has replaced wís, A.S. rihtwís.

-ow, noun suffix, as shadow [from A.S. -u]; swallow [from A.S. -ewe]; marrow [from A.S. -h]. Also adj. suffix, as narrow [from A.S. -u].

-ple. See -ble, fold.

-r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, as stair, timber; adj. suffix, as bitter.

-re, place, as here. [A.S. -r, -ra, orig. a locative suffix.]

-red, noun suffix, denoting manner, state, as hatred, kindred (in A.S. cynren, a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M. E. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by -red). [A.S. -rǽden; cog. with Ger. -rath. See Read in Dict.]

-red, in hundred. This is cog. with Ice. hundrað, Ger. hundert, the suffix implying number, reckoning.

-ric, noun suffix, formerly an independent word denoting dominion, power, region, as bishopric. [A.S. ríce, power.]

-right, as upright, downright. [A.S. riht.]

-ry, noun suffix, originally with a collective meaning, as chevalerie, 'body of knights;' now expressing action or quality, as bigotry, pedantry, sorcery; condition, as outlawry, slavery; trade, as carpentry, heraldry; the place of action or occupation, as laundry, nursery; the result or product of action, as poetry, tapestry; forming collective nouns, as infantry, yeomanry. [Fr. rie = er + ie.]

-s, adverbial suffix, as needs, always, once, hence, thence, whil-s-t, betwi-x-t. [A.S. -es, gen. suffix.]

-'s, is the present genitive suffix. [Short for A.S. -es—Aryan -s or sya, orig. a demons. pron. The (') is prob. due to a false notion that this -s was a relic of his.]

-s, -se, verbal suffix, making transitive verbs from adjectives, as cleanse (A.S. clǽnsian), rinse (Ice. hreinsa—hreinn, pure). It also occurs in clasp, grasp, put for clap-s, grap-s.

-ship, -scape, noun suffix, as friendship, stewardship, worship, landscape (earlier landskip, the Dut. landschap). [A.S. scipe, shape, form—scapan; cog. with Ger. -schaft.]

-sis, action or state, as thesis. [Gr.]

-some, adj. suffix, full of, as gladsome, buxom (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A.S. búhsum, lissome, from búgan, to bow, bend). [A.S. -sum, Ger. -sam; a by-form of same.]

-son, son, as Johnson.

-son, in arson, reason, treason, the same as -tion (q.v.).

-st. See -est, suffix of 2d sing.

-ster marks the agent, as maltster, and in the personal names (orig. trade-names) Baxter, Brewster, Webster; often with depreciation, as gamester, punster. [A.S. -estre, a fem. suffix, which now keeps this sense only in spinster.]

-stress, fem. suffix, as songstress. [From -ster, orig. fem. suffix, with the addition of L. -ess.]

-sy, state, as pleurisy. [Same as -sis.]

-t. See -d.

-t, -te, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix; cog. with -d, pa.p. suffix.]

-teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A.S. -tyne. Cf. -ty, ten to be multiplied.]

-ter, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ter, L. -tor, Sans. -tri; perh. conn. with -ster.]

-ter, -ther, as in after, hither. [A.S. -der, -ther, old comp. suffix.]

-th, order, as sixth. [Becomes also -d; conn. with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quartus, fourth.]

-th, suffix of 3d pers. sing. of verbs, now for the most part softened to -s. [A.S. from root -ta, which appears in L. -t, Gr. -ti, -si, -tai, -to.]

-th, -t, noun suffix, as in strength, height; see under -d (pa.p. suffix).

-ther, denoting the agent, as father, mother. [Cf. -tor.]

-ther. See -ter, -ther.

-tor, the agent, as conductor. See -ther, and cf. -or, -our, -er.

-tor-y, -sor-y, noun suffix, denoting place, as dormitory.

-tude forms abstract nouns, as gratitude. [L. -tudo.]

-ty, being or state of being, as dignity; quality, as honesty. [L. -tas, -tatem; O. Fr. -té.]

-ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A.S. -tig; cog. with Ger. -zig. Cf. -teen.]

-ule, little, dim. [from L. -ulus, -ula, -ulum], as in globule, pustule; also -cule [L. -culus, -cula, -culum], as animalcule, or [through Fr.] -cle, as article. A different Latin suffix -culum, forming substantives from verbs, is represented in the form -cle in several words adopted through French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle.

-um, neuter term., as medium. [L. -um, Gr. -on.]

-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. -un-cu-lus, A.S. -incle; conn. with -en and -cule, diminutives.]

-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as capture; state of being, as verdure.—In leisure and pleasure, -ir has been replaced by -ure, O. Fr. leisir, plaisir. [L. -ura; Fr. -ure.]

-urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. -urn-us and -al; conn. with -ern (in modern).]

-ward, -wards, forming adjectives from substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions, as eastward, homeward, homewards; downward, forward, inward, toward. [A.S. -weard, gen. -weardes, cog. with Ger. -wärts; conn. with A.S. weorthan, to be, and L. versus—vertĕre, to turn.]

-way, -ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, direction, as alway, always, straightway. [Cf. -wise.]

-wise, way, manner, as likewise, also righteous. [A.S. -wíse, manner; Ger. -wiss.]

-worth, adj. suffix, as stalworth, stalwart. [A.S. weorð, wurð.]

-y, adj. suffix, as spongy [from L. -iosus]; as jolly [Norm. Fr. -if from L. -ivus; cf. -ive]; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. -ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goth. -ha, -ga, L. -cu-s, Gr. -ko-s].

-y, noun suffix, as story, family, Italy [Fr. -ie, L. -ia]; as augury, joy, remedy [from L. -ium]; as ally, clergy, deputy, treaty [from L. -ātus, Fr. -é]; as progeny [from L. -ies]; as army, country, entry [from L. -āta, Fr. ée]; as body [from A.S. -ig]; and perhaps the modern Eng. in forming diminutives or words of contempt, as puppy, baby, lassie, from pup, babe, lass; Billy from Bill; Betsy, Lizzie, &c.

-yer, as in lawyer. See -er, noun suffix.

---

ETYMOLOGY OF NAMES OF PLACES, &c.

---

The following are the more important significant syllables or words that enter into the composition of the names of rivers, mountains, towns, &c. See C. Blackie's Dictionary of Place-Names, Dr Joyce's Irish Names of Places, Isaac Taylor's Words and Places, and the Rev. James B. Johnston's Place-Names of Scotland (1892).

A (A.S. eá, Ice. -aa), 'a stream;' as Greta, Rotha, Thurso ('Thor's stream'), Laxay ('salmon stream').

Abad (Pers. and Sans.), 'a dwelling;' as Hyderabad, Allahabad.

Aber (Celt.), 'a confluence,' 'an embouchure;' as Aberfeldy, Aberdeen, Aberystwith, Barmouth, Aberbrothwick or Arbroath, Fochabers, Lochaber, Applecross for Aber-Crossan. [Synonymous with Inver.]

Ain (Heb.), 'a fountain;' as Engedi.

Ak (Turk.), 'white;' as Ak-serai, 'white palace.'

All (Gael.), 'white;' Al-ian, 'white water,' so the rivers Allen, Ellen, Aln, Lune, Allwen, Elwin.

Alt (Gael.), 'a stream;' as Altrive, Altnaharra, Garvald.

Ar, Ara, found in many river-names; as Aire, Ayr, Aar, Aray, Irvine, Arno, Arve. [Perh. conn. with Sans. ara, 'swift,' 'flowing.']

Ard (Celt.), 'high;' as Ardoch, Airdrie, Ardrossan, Ardglass, Arden, Ardennes.

Ath (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as Athlone, Athtruim (now Trim), Athole. The Gael. abh, 'water,' appears in Aboyne, Awe.

Auch (Gael.), Agh (Ir.), 'a field;' as Auchinleck, Aghinver, Aghadoe.

Auchter (Gael.), 'summit;' as Auchterarder, Auchtermuchty.

Avon (Celt.), 'a river;' as Avon, Aven, Aisne, Inn, Ain, Vienne; also in Devon, Evan, Guadiana, Punjaub.

Ay. See Ea.

Bab (Ar.), 'a gate;' as Bab-el-mandeb, Bab-el.

Bad (Teut.), 'a bath;' as Bath, Baden, Karlsbad.

Bahr (Ar.), 'a sea,' 'lake,' 'river;' as in Bahrein, Bahar-el-azrak.

Bala (Turk.), 'high;' as Balla-hissar, Balkan.

Balloch (Gael.), 'a pass;' as Ballochmyle, Ballaghmore.

Bally (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as Ballymore, Balbriggan, Balmoral, Ballantrae, Balquhidder.

Ban (Celt.), 'white;' as Banna, Banon, Banchory; the rivers Ben, Bann, Bandon, Banney, &c.

Beck (Scand.), Bach (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Holbeck, Lauterbach. [See Beck in Dict.]

Bedd (W.), 'a grave;' as Beddgelert.

Beer (Heb.), 'a well;' as Beersheba, Beirout.

Beg, Bihan (Celt.), 'little;' as Ballybeg, Morbihan.

Ben (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' Pen (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond, The Twelve Pins, Bangor; Pen, Pennigant, Penzance, Pennine Alps, Apennines, Pindus.

Berg, Borough (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingleborough, Flamborough Head, Browberg Hill, Königsberg, Bergen. [From the same root as Burgh (below).]

Beth (Heb.), 'a house;' as Bethel (house of God).

Bettws (W.), 'a dwelling;' as Bettws-y-coed.

Blair (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as Blair-Athole, Blairgowrie.

Boca (Sp.), 'a mouth;' as Boca-grande.

Bor (Slav.), 'wood;' as Borovsk, Ratibor.

Bottle or Battle, Büttel (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as Newbattle, Buittle, Morebattle, Wolfenbüttel.

Broad (Eng.), as Braddon, Bradshaw, Bradford.

Brunn (Ger.), 'a spring;' as Salzbrunn, Paderborn.

Bryn (W.), 'a hill-ridge;' as Brown-Willy.

Buen (Sp.), 'good;' as Buenos-Ayres ('good breezes').

Burgh, Borough, Bury (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as Edinburgh, Peterborough, Shrewsbury, Hamburg, Cherbourg, Carisbrook, Burgos. [A.S. burg, burh (see Borough in Dict.), Ger. burg.]

Burn (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. burna), 'a brook.;' as Burnfoot, Blackburn, Tyburn, Eastbourne.

By (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Derby, Rugby, Whitby, Elbœuf. [Cf. Bylaw in Dict.]

Caer, Cader (W.), Caher (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as Caerleon, Caernarvon, Cardigan, Carlisle, Cader-Idris, Sanquhar, Carlingford.

Cam (Celt.), 'crooked;' as Cam, Cambeck, Cambuskenneth, Morecambe Bay, Cambrai.

Carrick (Gael. and Ir. carraig), Carreg (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as Carrickfergus, Carrick-on-Suir, Carrigafoyle, Cerrig-y-Druidion.

Caster, Chester, Cester (—L. castra), 'a camp,' as Doncaster, Chester, Winchester, Leicester.

Ceann (Gael.), 'a head,' 'promontory;' as Kintyre, Kinghorn, Kenmore.

Cefn (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as Cefncoed, Chevin, Keynton, Chevington, Cheviot, Cevennes.

Cheap and Chipping (A.S. ceap), 'price,' 'a market;' as Chipping-Norton, Chepstow, Cheapside, Copenhagen (Dan. Kjöben-havn, 'merchants' haven'). [See Cheap in Dict.]

Civita (It.), Ciudad (Sp.), 'a city;' as Civita Vecchia ('old city'); Ciudad Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. civitas.]

Clach, Cloch, Clough (Gael.), 'a stone;' as Clackmannan, Clogher, Auchnacloy, Clonakilty.

Clachan (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty clachans in Scotland.

Cluan, Cloon (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as Clunie, Clonmel, Clontarf, Clynder.

Clyd (Celt.), 'warm,' Clyth (Celt.), 'strong;' as Clwyd—most prob. not Clyde.

Cnoc (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as Knockmeledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell (Studies in the Topography of Galloway, 1885) gives 220 Knocks in Galloway alone.

Coed (Celt.), 'a wood;' Cotswold Hills, Chatmoss.

Coln (from L. colonia), 'a colony;' as Lincoln, Colne, Cologne (Köln). [See Colony in Dict.]

Combe (A.S.), Cwm or Cum (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wycombe, Compton, The Coombs, Como.

Craig, Crag (Celt.), 'a rock;' as Craigie, Crathie, Carrick, Crick, Cricklade, Croagh-Patrick. See Carrick (above).

Croft (A.S.), 'an enclosed field;' as Crofton, Thornycroft.

Dagh (Turk.), 'mountain;' as Karadagh.

Dal (Scand.), Thal (Ger.), Dail and Dol (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as Liddesdale, Rydal, Kendal, Arundel, Rheinthal; (in Celtic names prefixed) Dalry, Dalkeith, Dolgelly. [See Dale in Dict.]

Dar (Ar.), 'a dwelling,' 'district;' as Darfur, Diarbekr.

Den or Dean (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenterden, Southdean, Hazeldean, Denholm.

Dorf. See Thorpe.

Dour (Celt.), 'water;' as the Dour, Adour, Douro, Dore, Thur, Doro, Adder, Derwent, Darwin, Darent, Dart, Dorchester, Dordogne.

Drum and Drom (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as Dromore, Drummond, Aughrim, Leitrim.

Du (Celt.), 'black;' as Douglas; the rivers Dulas, Doulas; Dublin ('dark pool').

Dum, Dun (Gael.), Dinas, Din (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as Dunmore, Dunblane, Dunkeld, Dumbarton, Dumfries, Dunstable, Dunmow, Downpatrick, Donegal, Maldon, Verdun, Leyden, Dinas-fawr, Dinan, Denbigh. [See Down, a hill, in Dict.]

Dysart (Celt.—L. desertum), 'a hermitage;' as Dysart, Dysertmore.

Ea, Ey (A.S. íg, Ice. ey, Norw. and Dan. ö), 'an island;' as Swansea, Eton, Jersey, Romney, Sheppey, Rothesay, Staffa, Faroe. [See Island in Dict.]

Eccles, Egles (like Fr. église, through L., from Gr. ekklēsia), 'a church;' as Eccleston, Ecclefechan, Ecclesmachan, Ecclesiamagirdle, Eaglesham, Terregles.

Elf, Elv (Goth.), 'a river;' as Elbe.

Ermak (Turk.), 'a river;' as Kizil-ermak.

Esk (Gael. and Ir. easg [obs.] or uisge, W. wysg), 'water;' as the Esk, Usk, Ise, Oise, Easeburn, Ashbourne, Iz, Isis, Exe, Ux, Ouse, Wisbeach, Wis, Ischia, Isère, Aisne, Ausonne.

Eski (Turk.), 'old,' as Eski-djuma ('old ditch').

Fahr, Fuhr (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as Fahrenbach, Campvere, Queensferry, Connel-Ferry.

Feld, or Veld (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Huddersfield, Lichfield, Spitalfields.

Fell (Old Norse fjall, fell), 'a mountain;' as Carterfell, Goatfell, Snaefell.

Fin, Finn (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as Findon, Fintry, Fincastle, Knockfin.

Fiord, Fjord (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Laxfiord, Waterford, Wexford.

Fleet (Scand. fljót, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as Purfleet; found in Normandy as fleur, as Harfleur, Barfleur.

Folk (A.S.), 'people;' as Norfolk ('north people'), Suffolk ('south people').

Ford (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelmsford, Hereford, Stamford.

Fors, Foss (Scand.), 'a waterfall;' as High Force, Wilberforce, Foston.

Garth (Scand.), 'yard;' Gorod, Grod, Grade, Grätz (Slav.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' as Stuttgart, Novgorod (=Newton), Grodno, Belgrade (=Whitton), Königgrätz (=Kingston).

Garw (Celt.), 'rough;' hence Garonne, Garioch, Yarrow, Yair, possibly Garry.

Gate (Teut.), 'a passage' or 'road;' as Canongate, Harrowgate, Reigate (=Ridgegate), Cattegat.

Gebel, Jebel (Ar.), 'a mountain;' as Gibraltar, Jebel-Mukattam.

Gill (Scand.), 'a ravine;' as Buttergill, Ormsgill.

Glen (Gael.), Glyn (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as Glencoe, Glengarry, Glynneath, Glamorgan.

Gorm (Gael.), 'green' or 'blue;' as Cairngorm.

Guada, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Ar. wadī, 'a ravine;' as in Guadalquivir (Wadī-'l-kebīr, 'the great river'), Guadiana.

Gwen (Celt.), 'white;' as Derwent, Ventnor, Corwen; Gwent (Celt.), 'a plain;' Latinised into venta, as Venta Belgarum (now Winchester), formerly Caergwent.

Gwy. See Wy.

Hall (Teut.), 'a stone house;' as Eccleshall, Walsall; (in Germany) a salt-work, as Halle, Hallstadt. [See Hall in Dict.]

Ham (A.S., Ger. heim), 'a home;' as Buckingham, Clapham, Hexham, Trondhjem, Hildesheim, Hochheim, Ednam, Edrom, Hounam.

Har, Haer (Teut.), 'the army;' as Harwich, Herstall, Harbottle.

Haugh, Heugh, a particular Scotch form and use of Haw (A.S. haga), perhaps due to the Ice. form hagi, a pasture. The meaning is generally a low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream, and it is noticeable that in Scotch use How and Hope have frequently the same sense. A Hope, however, is properly a hollow, esp. the upper end of a narrow mountain valley, while a How is a low hill (Ice. haugr, 'a mound'). Cf. Hobkirk, Howwood, Hutton, Fox How.

Hay, Haigh (Teut.), a place surrounded by a 'hedge;' as Rothwell Haigh, Hague.

Hissar (Turk.), 'a castle;' as Kara-hissar.

Hithe (A.S.), 'haven;' as Hythe, Lambeth=Loamhithe (the 'clayey haven').

Ho (Chin.), 'river;' as Peiho.

Hoang, Whang (Chin.), 'yellow;' as Hoang-ho, Whang-Hai.

Holm (Scand., &c.), 'an island in a lake or river,' 'a plain near a river;' as Stockholm, Flatholm, Langholm.

Holt (Teut.), 'a wood;' as Bagshot, Aldershot, Holstein. [See Holt in Dict.]

Horn (Teut.), 'a peak;' as Schreckhorn, Matterhorn.

Hurst (A.S. hyrst), 'a wood;' as Lyndhurst.

Ing (A.S.), a suffix denoting son, in pl. 'a family' or 'tribe;' as Warrington ('the town of the Warrings'), Haddington. [See -ing in list of suffixes.]

Innis or Ennis (Celt.), Inch in Scotland, an island; as Inchcolm ('the island of St Columba'); Enniskillen, Ennismore, Innisfallen, in Ireland.

Inver (Gael.), 'the mouth of a river;' as Inverness, Inveraray, Innerleithen. This is supposed to be the Gaelic form (inbhir) corresponding to the Brythonic aber-; and it is at any rate certain that in Wales there are scores of abers-, but of invers- not a solitary one; while on the west coast of Scotland and north of Inverness aber- barely exists.

Kalat, Kalah (Ar.), 'a castle;' as Khelat, Calahorrah.

Kara (Turk.), 'black;' as Karakum ('black sand'), Kara Hissar ('black castle').

Kenn (Gael.), Kin (Ir.), 'a head;' as Kenmore, Cantire, Kinnaird, Kinross, Kinsale, Kent. Kin or Cin, older cind, is really a survival of the old dative or locative of Gael. ceann (W. penn), 'head,' 'promontory,' as in Kinaldie, Kinbuck, Kinglassie, Kinloch, Kingussie, Kinnoul. See Ceann.

Kil (Gael. cill, really a survival of the old dative of ceall, a hermit's cell—L. cella, then a church, esp. a parish church—the proper form is seen in Lochnan-ceal, 'loch of the churches,' in Mull); as Kilbride, Kilchattan, Kildonan, Kilmarnock; Icolmkill, 'the island (I) of Columba of the church.'

Kil (Gael. coil), 'a wood,' 'a corner;' as in Kildrummy, Kilham.

Kirjath (Heb.), Gadr (Phœnician), 'an enclosure,' 'a fortified place;' as Kirjath-Arba, Carthage, Cades or Cadiz.

Kirk (North Eng. and Scand.), Kirche (Ger.); as Selkirk, Kirkwall, Kirkcudbright, Kirchheim, Fünfkirchen. [See Church in Dict.]

Kizil (Turk.), 'red.'

Knock. See Cnoc.

Lax (Scand.; Ger. lachs), 'a salmon'; as Loch Laxford in Sutherland; the Laxay in the Hebrides and in Man; Laxweir on the Shannon.

Leamhan (Ir. and Gael.; pron. lavawn), 'the elm-tree;' as in Leven, Lennox, Laune.

Lea, Lee, Ley (A.S. leáh), 'a meadow;' Hadleigh, Waterloo.

Linn (Celt.), 'a waterfall;' as Lynn Regis in Norfolk; Roslin, 'the promontory (ross) at the fall;' Linlithgow, Linton.

Lis (Celt.), 'an enclosure,' 'a fort,' 'a garden;' as Lismore ('the great enclosure' or 'garden').

Llan (W.), 'an enclosure,' 'a church;' as Llandaff ('the church on the Taff').

Llano (Sp.), 'a plain.'

Loch, Lough (Gael.), 'a lake.'

Low and Law (A.S. hláw, hlæw),'a rising ground;' as Hounslow, Ludlow, and numerous laws in Scotland. [Cog. with Goth. hlaiw, a mound, and perh. allied to L. clivus, a slope.]

Magh (Celt.), 'a plain;' as Armagh, Maynooth.

Mark (Teut.), 'a boundary;' Denmark, Mercia, Murcia.

Markt (Ger.), 'a market;' as Bibertmarkt.

Medina (Ar.), 'city;' as Medina, Medina-Sidonia.

Mere, Moor (A.S.), 'a lake' or 'marsh;' as Mersey, Blackmore.

Minster (A.S.), Münster (Ger.), 'a monastic foundation;' as Westminster, Neumünster.

Mor (Celt.), 'great;' Benmore ('great mountain').

Mor (Celt.), 'the sea;' as Moray, Armorica, Morlaix, Glamorgan, Morbihan.

Mull (Gael.), 'a headland;' as Mull of Galloway.

Nagy (Hungarian), 'great;' as Nagy-Koros, Nagy-Karoly.

Nant (Celt.), 'a brook,' 'valley;' as Nantwich, Nantglyn.

Ness or Naze (Scand.; see Dict.), 'a nose' or 'promontory;' as Caithness, Sheerness, Cape Grisnez; the Naze.

Ochter. See Auchter.

Oë. See Ea.

Old, Eld, Alt (Teut.), 'old;' as Althorp, Elton, Eltham, Aldbury, Abury. [See Old in Dict.]

Patam (Sans.), 'a city;' Seringapatam, Patna.

Peak, Pike (Celt., conn. with Ger. spitz, Fr. pic and puy) 'point;' as the Peak, the Pikes in Cumberland, Spitzbergen, Pic du Midi, Puy de Dôme.

Peel (Celt.), 'a stronghold;' as Peel in Man, and numerous peels on the Border of Scotland.

Pen. See Ben.

Polis (Gr.), 'a city;' as Grenoble, Nablous, Naples, Sebastopol.

Pont (L.), 'a bridge;' as Pontefract, Negropont.

Poor, Pore, Pur (Sans. pura), 'a town;' as Nagpur, Cawnpore, Singapore.

Port (L. portus), 'a harbour;' as Portpatrick, Southport.

Ras (Ar.), 'a cape;' as Ras-al-had.

Rath (Ir.), 'a round earthen fort;' as Rathmore, Rathbeg, Ratho, Rattray.

Rhe, Rea, Ri, a root found in many languages, as L. rivus, a stream, Sans. rīna, flowing, A.S. ríth, a stream, Sp. and Port. rio, a river, meaning 'to flow;' as Rhine, Rhone, Rha, Reno, Rye, Ray, Rhee, Wrey, Roe, Rae; Rio de Janeiro, Rio-Negro.

Ridge, in Scotland Rigg (A.S. hrycg, Ger. rücken), 'a back;' as Reigate, Rugeley, Longridge.

Rin (Celt.), 'a point of land;' Rhinns of Galloway; Penrhyn in Wales, Ringsend near Dublin.

Ros, Ross (Celt.), 'a promontory;' Kinross, Rosneath, Rosehearty, Rossdhu, Roslin; in S. Ireland, a wood, as Roscommon, Rosskeen. The -ros in Melrose is more probably the equivalent of Cornish ros, a moor; thus Melrose=the Celt. maol-ros, 'bare moor.'

Salz (Ger.), 'salt;' as Salzburg.

Scale (Scand.), 'a hut' (Scot. shieling; Ice. skali); Portinscale, and possibly Shields, Galashiels, Selkirk.

Scar (Scand.), 'a cliff;' Scarborough, the Skerries.

Schloss (Ger.), 'a castle;' as Marienschloss.

Serai (Turk.), 'a palace;' as Bosna-serai or Seraiëvo.

Set (A.S.), 'a seat,' 'a settlement;' Dorset, Somerset, Ambleside, Seidlitz.

Sex, 'Saxons;' as Essex ('East Saxons'), Sussex ('South Saxons').

Sierra (Sp.—L. serra), 'a saw;' or from Ar. sehrah, 'an uncultivated tract.'

Slievh (Ir.; allied to L. clivus, a slope), 'a mountain;' as Slievh Beg.

South, found in Suffolk, Sussex, Southampton, Sutherland, Sutton, Sudbury, Sudley.

Stadt. See Stead.

Stan (Per.), 'a land;' Hindustan. Afghanistan.

Staple (A.S.), 'a store;' Dunstable, Barnstaple.

Stead (A.S.), Stadt (Ger.), 'a town;' as Hampstead, Neustadt, Nysted.

Ster (Scand. stadhr), 'a place;' as Ulster.

Stoc, Stoke, and Stow (A.S.), 'a stockaded place;' as Bristow or Bristol, Tavistock, Stockholm, Stow.

Stone (A.S.), Stein (Ger.), 'a stone,' 'a rock;' as Stanton, Staines, Eddystone, Stennis, Frankenstein.

Strath (Gael.), 'a broad valley;' as Strathmore, Strathblane, Strathearn.

Street (L. stratum), 'a Roman road;' as Stratford, Stratton, Streatham. [See Street in Dict.]

Su (Turk.), 'water;' as Karasu.

Tain (Gael.), 'a river;' as the Tyne, prob. a form of Don.

Tam (Celt.), 'still,' 'smooth;' as the Thamesis ('smooth Isis'), the Tema, Tame, Tamar, Tay.

Thing (Scand.), 'a legislative assembly,' also 'the place where it is held;' as in Dingwall, Tinwald, Tynwald Hill, Tain.

Thorpe (Norse), Dorf (Ger.), Dorp (Dut.), 'a village;' as Burnham-Thorpe, Heythorpe, Düsseldorf, Middledorp.

Thwaite (Scand.), 'a clearing;' as Crossthwaite.

Tobar (Gael.), 'a fountain;' as Tobermory.

Toft (Dan.), 'an enclosure;' as Lowestoft, Ivetot.

Ton (A.S.), 'enclosure,' 'town;' the most common of English local suffixes.

Tor (Celt.), 'a tower-like rock;' as Torbay, Torphichen, Turriff, Torbolton, Kintore, Torridon. [From L. turris, 'a tower,' and its derivatives are Torres-Novas and Torres-Vedras in Portugal, Truxillo in Spain, Tourcoing in France.]

Tre (W.), 'a dwelling;' as Tretown, Coventry ('convent dwelling'), Oswestry, Uchiltre.

Uchel (W.), 'high;' Uachter (Gael.), 'a height;' as the Ochil Hills, Ochiltree, Auchterarder.

Var, Varad (Hungarian), 'a fortress;' as Nagyvarad.

Varos (Hungarian), 'a town;' as Ujvaros.

Ville (Fr.,—L. villa), Villa (It., Sp., Port.), Well (Eng.), 'an abode;' as Tankerville, Yeovil, Pottsville, Kettlewell, Bradwell, Maxwelltown.

Wady (Ar.), 'a river-course,' 'a river.' See Guad.

Wall, found in many names of places on the Roman wall from Newcastle to Carlisle; as Wallsend, Wallhead.

Weald, Wold (Ger. wald), 'a wood;' Waltham, Walden, the Cotswolds; Schwarzwald ('Black Forest').

Whang. See Hoang.

Wick, Wich (A.S. wíc), 'a village;' as in Berwick, Warwick, Greenwich, Sandwich.

Wick (Scand., Ice. vík, 'a creek'); as Wick in Caithness.

Worth (A.S.), 'a farm' or 'estate;' as Tamworth, Kenilworth, Bosworth, Worthing, Polwarth, Jedburgh=Jedward.

Wy or Gwy (W.), 'water;' as the Wye; used as affix to many streams, as Conway, Medway.

---

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS,
TOGETHER WITH SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED IN
MEDICINE AND MUSIC.

A. Amateur; Academician.

a. Accepted; acre; active; afternoon; annus, year; ante, before.

ā or āā, in prescriptions, of each a like quantity.

a. or ans. Answer.

A1. First-class (of ships).

A.A.C., anno ante Christum=In the year before Christ.

A.A.Q.M.G. Acting Assistant Quartermaster-general.

A.A.S., Americanæ Antiquarianæ Societatis Socius, Fellow of the American Academy.

A.B. Able-bodied seaman.

A.B., Artium Baccalaureus=Bachelor of Arts.

Abb. Abbess; Abbot; Abbey.

abbr. or abbrev. Abbreviated, or Abbreviation.

Abd. Abdicated.

A.B.F.M. American Board of Foreign Missions.

ab init., ab initio=From the beginning.

abl. Ablative.

Abp. Archbishop.

abr. Abridged; Abridgment.

A.B.S. American Bible Society.

abs., absol. Absolutely.

abs., abstr. Abstract.

abs re., absente reo, the defendant being absent.

A.C., ante Christum=Before Christ.

acc. Accusative.

Acc., Acct. Account (also a/c); Accountant.

A.C.P. Associate of the College of Preceptors.

A.D., anno Domini=In the year of our Lord.

a.d. After date; ante diem, before the day.

ad. Advertisement.

A.D.C. Aide-de-camp.

ad fin., ad finem=At or to the end.

ad h.l., ad hunc locum=At this place.

ad inf., ad infinitum=To infinity.

ad init., ad initium=At or to the beginning.

ad int., ad interim=In the meantime.

adj. Adjective.

Adjt. Adjutant;—Adjt.-gen., Adjutant-general.

ad lib., ad libitum=At pleasure.

ad loc., ad locum=At the place.

Adm. Admiral.

Adolph. Adolphus.

Adv. Advent; Advocate.

adv. Adverb; adversus=Against.

ad val., ad valorem=According to value.

advt. Advertisement.

æ., æt., ætatis=Aged (so many years).

A.F.A. Associate of the Faculty of Actuaries.

A.F.B.S. American and Foreign Bible Society.

Aff. Affectionate; Affirmative.

A.G. Adjutant-general.

Ag., argentum=Silver.

agr., agric. Agriculture.

Agt. Agent.

A.H., anno Hegiræ=In the year of Hegira—i.e. from the flight of Mohammed (622 A.D., 13th Sept.).

A.h.l., ad hunc locum=At this place.

a.h.v., ad hunc vocem=At this word.

A.H.S., Anno humanæ salutis=In the year of human salvation.

A.I.A. Associate of the Institute of Actuaries.

A.I.C.E. Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

A.K.C. Associate of King's College, London.

Al., Ala. Alabama.

Alban. Of St Albans.

Ald. Alderman.

Alex. Alexander.

Alf. Alfred.

alg. Algebra.

Algy. Algernon.

alt. Alternate; Altitude; Alto.

A.M., Artium Magister=Master of Arts; Ante meridiem=Before noon; Anno mundi=In the year of the world; Annus mirabilis=The wonderful year (1666); Ave Maria=Hail Mary.

Am., Amer. America or American.

A.M.A. American Missionary Association.

amt. Amount.

an., anno=In the year; anonymous; answer; ante=before.

anal. Analysis; Analogy.

anat. Anatomy or Anatomical.

anc. Ancient, Anciently.

And. Andrew.

Ang., Anglicé=In English.

Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon.

Anon. Anonymous.

ans. Answer.

ant., antiq. Antiquities.

A.O.F. Ancient Order of Foresters.

aor. Aorist.

Ap., Apl., Apr. April.

A.P.D. Army Pay Department.

Apo. Apogee.

Apoc. Apocalypse; Apocrypha, Apocryphal.

app. Appendix; Apprentice.

A.P.R.C., Anno post Romam conditam=In the year after the building of Rome (753 B.C.).

aq., aqua=Water.

A.R., anno regni=In the year of the reign.

Ar., Arab. Arabic.

ar., arr. Arrive or Arrives, Arrival.

A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Academy.

arbor. Arboriculture.

Arch. Archibald.

arch. Archaic.

archæol. Archæology.

arch., archit. Architecture.

Archd. Archdeacon; Archibald.

arg., argentum=Silver.

A.R.H.A. Associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy.

arith. Arithmetic or Arithmetical.

Ark. Arkansas.

Arm. Armenian; Armoric.

A.R.R., anno regni regis or reginæ= In the year of the king's or queen's reign.

A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy; Associate of the Royal Society of Arts.

A.R.S.L. Associate of the Royal Society of Literature.

A.R.S.M. Associate of the Royal School of Mines.

A.R.S.S., Antiquariorum Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries.

art. Article; Artillery.

A.S. Anglo-Saxon; Anno salutis=In the year of salvation; Assistant Secretary.

Asaph. Of St Asaph.

A.S.E. Amalgamated Society of Engineers.

Ass., Assoc. Association.

Asst. Assistant.

astr., astron. Astronomer; Astronomy.

astrol. Astrology.

ats. At suit of.

Att., Atty. Attorney.

Att.-gen. Attorney-general.

at. wt. Atomic weight.

Au (L. aurum), gold.

A.U.C., anno urbis conditæ, or ab urbe conditâ=In the year from the building of the city—Rome (753 B.C.).

Aug. August.

aug. Augmentative.

Auth. Ver. Authorised Version.

A.V. Authorised Version; Artillery Volunteers; Annos vixit=Lived [so many] years.

Av. Avenue; Average.

Ave. Avenue.

Avoir., Avdp. Avoirdupois.

Ax. Axiom.

b. born.

b., bk. Book.

B., Brit. British.

B.A., Baccalaureus Artium=Bachelor of Arts; British America; British Association.

bach. Bachelor.

B. & F.B.S. British and Foreign Bible Society.

bal. Balance.

Bap., Bapt. Baptist.

bap., bapt. Baptised.

bar. Barometer; Barrel.

Bar. Barrister.

Bart., Bt. Baronet.

bat., batt. Battalion; Battery.

B.B.C. Baseball Club.

bbl. Barrel.

B.C. Before Christ; Board of Control; British Columbia.

B.C.L. Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.D. Bachelor of Divinity.

bd. Bound.

bds. Boards.

b.e. Bill of exchange.

Beds. Bedfordshire.

bef. Before.

Belg. Belgian, Belgic.

Ben., Benj. Benjamin.

Berks. Berkshire.

B. ès L., Bachelier ès Lettres (Fr.)=Bachelor of Letters.

bet. Between.

Bib. Bible.

bibl. Bibliotheca.

bibliog. Bibliographer, Bibliography.

biog. Biographer, Biography.

biol. Biology, Biological.

bis. Bissextile.

bk. Book; Bank; Bark.

bkg. Banking.

bkt. Basket.

B.L. Bachelor of Laws.

bl. Barrel; Bale.

b.l. Bill of lading.

bldg. Building.

B.M. Bachelor of Medicine; Beatæ Memoriæ=Of blessed memory; British Museum.

B.Mus. Bachelor of Music.

Bn. Baron.

bn. Battalion.

b.o. Branch Office; Buyer's Option.

B.O.A. British Optical Association.

B.O.A.F.G. British Order of Ancient Free Gardeners.

Boh. Bohemia, Bohemian.

Bol. Bolivia.

Bomb.C.S. Bombay Civil Service.

Bomb.S.C. Bombay Staff Corps.

bor. Borough.

bot. Botany, Botanical.

Boul. Boulevard.

Bp. Bishop.

b.p. Bill of parcels; Bills payable; Birthplace (also bpl.); Bonum publicum=The public good.

B.P. British Pharmacopœa.

B.Q., Bene quiescat—May he (or she) rest well.

bque. Barque.

Br. or Bro. Brother.

br. Brig.

Br. Am. British America.

Braz. Brazil; Brazilian.

b.rec. Bills receivable.

Bret. Breton.

brev. Brevet, Brevetted.

Brig. Brigade, Brigadier;—Brig.-gen., Brigadier-general.

Brit. Britain; Britannia; British; Briton.

Bro. Brother;—Bros., Brothers.

b.s. Bill of sale.

B.S.C. Bengal Staff Corps.

B.Sc. See Sc.B.

B.S.L. Botanical Society of London.

Bt. Baronet.

Bu., Bus. Bushel, Bushels.

Bucks. Buckinghamshire.

Bulg. Bulgaria; Bulgarian.

burl. Burlesque.

bush. Bushel.

B.V., Beata Virgo=Blessed Virgin; also Bene vale=Farewell.

B.V.M. The Blessed Virgin Mary.

B.W.T.A. British Women's Temperance Association.

b. & s. Brandy and soda-water.

C. Centigrade; Catholic; Consul; Court; Congress; Church; Chancellor; Conservative.

c., cap., caput=Chapter.

c. Centime.

c., ct., cent., centum=A hundred.

C.A. Chartered Accountant; Chief Accountant; Commercial Agent; Confederate Army.

Ca. Calcium.

ca. Cases; Centare; circa=About.

Ca., Cal. California.

Cam., Camb. Cambridge.

Can. Canon; Canto.

Cant. Canterbury; Canticles.

Cantab., Cantabrigiensis=Of Cambridge.

Cantuar., Cantuaria=Canterbury; Cantuariensis=Of Canterbury.

cap., caput=Capital; Chapter;—Capitulum=Head; Capiat=Let him (or her) take.

Cap., Capt. Captain.

caps. Capitals.

car. Carat.

Car., Carolus=Charles.

Card. Cardinal.

carp. Carpentry.

Cash. Cashier.

cat. Catechism; Catalogue.

Cath. Catherine; Catholic.

Cav. Cavalry.

C.B. Companion of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath; Confined to barracks.

C.B.S. Confraternity of the Blessed Sacrament.

C.C. Caius College; Circuit Court; County Council; County Clerk; Cricket Club; Catholic Clergyman.

cc. Chapters.

C.C.C. Corpus Christi College; Christ's College, Cambridge.

C.C.C.S. Colonial and Continental Church Society.

C.D. Acts. The Contagious Diseases Acts.

C.D.S.O. Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.

c.d.v. Carte-de-visite.

C.E. Civil Engineer; Canada East.

Cel. Celsius (scale of—i.e. Centigrade).

cel. Celebrated.

Celt. Celtic.

cen. Central; Century.

cent., centum=A hundred.

Centig. Centigrade.

cert., certif. Certificate; Certify.

Cestr., Cestrensis=Of Chester.

cet. par., ceteris paribus=Other things being equal.

cf., confer=Compare; Calf.

c. f. & i. Cost, freight, and insurance.

cg. Centigram.

C.G. Captain-general; Captain of the Guard; Coast-guard; Commissary-general; Consul-general.

C.G.H. Cape of Good Hope.

C.G.S. Centimetre, Gramme, Second—the units of length, mass, and time.

C.H. Custom-house; Court-house.

Ch. Charles; Chief; China; Church.

ch. Chaldron; Chapter; Child.

Chal. Chaldron.

Chal., Chald. Chaldee, Chaldaic.

Chamb. Chamberlain.

Chanc. Chancellor.

Chap. Chaplain; Chapter.

Chas. Charles.

Ch.C., Ch.Ch. Christ Church.

Ch. Clk. Chief Clerk.

Chem. Chemistry; Chemical.

Ch. Hist. Church History.

Chin. China, Chinese.

Ch.J. Chief-justice.

Chr. Christ; Christian; Christopher.

Chron. Chronicles; Chronology.

C.I. [Imperial Order of the] Crown of India (for ladies).

Cic. Cicero.

Cicestr., Cicestrensis=Of Chichester.

C.I.E. Companion of the [Most Eminent Order of the] Indian Empire.

cir., circ., circa, circiter, circum=About.

cit. Citation; Citizen.

Civ. Civil; Civilian.

C.J. Chief-justice.

Cl. Clergyman; Chlorine; Claudius.

class. Classical; Classification.

clk. Clerk.

C.L.S.C. Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle.

C.M. Certificated Master; Corresponding Member; Common Metre; Chirurgiæ Magister=Master in Surgery.

cm. Centimetres.

c.m., causa mortis=By reason of death.

C.M.G. Companion of the [Most Distinguished] Order of St Michael and St George.

C.M.S. Church Missionary Society.

C.O. Colonial Office; Commanding Officer; Crown Office; Criminal Office.

Co. Cobalt; Company; County.

C/o. Care of.

Coad. Coadjutor.

coch., cochl., cochlear=a spoon, spoonful;—coch. amp., cochlear amplum=a tablespoonful;—coch. mag., cochlear magnum=a large spoonful;—coch. med., cochlear medium=a dessert-spoonful;—coch. parv., cochlear parvum=a teaspoonful.

Cod. Codex.

c.o.d. Cash (or collect) on delivery.

cog. Cognate.

Col. Colonel; Column; Colossians.

coll. College; Colleague; Collector; Colloquial.

collat. Collateral.

collect. Collective.

colloq. Colloquially.

Com. Commander; Commodore; Committee; Commissioner; Commonwealth.

com. Common; Comedy; Commerce; Commune.

comm. Commentary; Commander.

Commissr. Commissioner;—Commy., Commissary.

commn. Commission.

comp. Comparative; Compositor; Compare; Compound or Compounded.

compar. Comparative; Comparison.

Com. Ver. Common Version.

Con. Consul.

Con., contra=Against; conjux=Consort: Conclusion; Conversation.

Cong. Congress; Congregation.

conj. Conjunction.

Conn. or Ct. Connecticut.

cons. Consonant.

con. sec. Conic Sections.

Consols. Consolidated Funds.

contr. Contracted; Contraction.

contr. bon. mor., contra bonos mores=Contrary to good manners.

Cop., Copt. Coptic.

Cor. Corinthians; Coroner.

Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member.

Corn. Cornish; Cornwall.

corr. Corrupted; Corruption.

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary.

C.O.S. Charity Organisation Society.

cos. Cosine.

cosmog. Cosmography.

Coss., consules=Consuls.

Cot. Cotangent.

cp. Compare.

C.P. Clerk of the Peace; Common Pleas: Carriage Paid.

C.P.C. Clerk of the Privy Council.

C.P.S., Custos Privati Sigilli=Keeper of the Privy Seal.

C.R., Carolus rex=King Charles; Civis Romanus=a Roman citizen; Custos Rotulorum=Keeper of the Rolls.

Cr. Credit; Creditor; Crown.

craniol. Craniology.

cres. Crescendo.

crim. con. Criminal conversation, or adultery.

C.S. Court of Session; Clerk to the Signet; Civil Service; Chemical Society.

C.S.A. Confederate States of America.

C.S.I. Companion of the [Most Exalted Order of the] Star of India.

C.T. Certificated Teacher; Commercial Traveller.

ct. Cent.

C.T.C. Cyclists' Touring Club.

Cu., cuprum=Copper.

cu., cub. Cubic.

cur., curt. Current—this month.

C.V. Common Version.

C.V.O. Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.

C.W. Canada West.

c.w.o. Cash with order.

cwt. A hundredweight—c for centum, a hundred, and wt for weight.

Cyc., Cyclo. Cyclopædia.

Cym. Cymric.

d., dele=Delete; Dead or Died; Deserted; Degree; Denarius or denarii=A penny or pence; Duke.

Dan. Daniel; Danish.

dat. Dative.

dau. Daughter.

Dav. David.

D.C., Da Capo (It.)=Repeat from the beginning; District of Columbia.

D.C.L. Doctor of Civil Law.

D.C.S. Deputy Clerk of Session.

D.D., Divinitatis Doctor=Doctor of Divinity.

D.d., Deo dedit=Gave to God.

D.D.D., dat, dicat, dedicat=He gives, devotes, and dedicates; Dono dedit dedicavit=He gave and dedicated as a gift.

Dea. Deacon.

Dec. December.

dec. Declaration; Declension.

decid. Deciduous.

decl. Declension.

def. Defendant; Definition.

deft. Defendant.

deg. Degree, Degrees.

Del. Delaware; Delegate.

del., delt., delineavit='He drew it,' put after the draftsman's name on an engraving.

demon. Demonstrative.

Dent. Dental, Dentist, Dentistry.

Dep. Department (also Dept.); Deputy.

dep. Deposed.

der. Derivation.

Deut. Deuteronomy.

D.F. Defender of the Faith; Dean of the Faculty.

dft. Defendant; Draft.

D.G., Dei gratiâ=By the grace of God.

d.h., das heisst (Ger.). That is.

dial. Dialect.

diam. Diameter.

Dict. Dictator; Dictionary.

Dir. Director.

disc. Discount; Discoverer.

diss. Dissertation.

dist. Distance; Distinguish.

div. Divide; Divine.

D.L. Deputy Lieutenant.

D.Lit. or Litt. Doctor of Literature.

D.L.O. Dead-letter Office.

do., ditto=The same.

dols. Dollars.

D.O.M., Deo optimo maximo=To God, best and greatest.

Dom. Dominion.

dom. Domestic.

Dor. Doric.

doz. Dozen.

D.P.H. Department of Public Health.

D.P.O. Distributing Post-office.

Dpt. Department.

Dr. Debtor; Doctor.

dr. Dram; Drawer.

D.Sc. See Sc.D.

D.S.O. Distinguished Service Order; District Staff Officer.

d.s.p., decessit sine prole=Died without issue.

D.T. Doctor of Theology.

d.t. Delirium tremens.

Dunelm., Dunelmensis=Of Durham.

D.V., Deo volente=God willing, If God will.

d.v.p., decessit vita patris=Died in his father's life-time.

dwt. Pennyweight—d for denarius, penny, and wt for weight.

E. East; English.

ea. Each.

Eben. Ebenezer.

Ebor., Eboracum=York; Eboracensis=Of York.

E.C. Eastern Central; Established Church.

Eccl., Eccles. Ecclesiastes, Ecclesiastical;—Ecclesiol., Ecclesiology.

E.C.U. English Church Union.

Ed. Editor.

ed., edit. Edited; Edition.

Ed., Edw. Edward.

Edenburgen., Edenburgensis=Of Edinburgh.

Ed., Edin. Edinburgh.

E.D.S. English Dialect Society.

E.E. Errors excepted.

E.E.T.S. Early English Text Society.

e.g., ex. gr., exempli gratiâ=For example.

E.I. East Indies;—E.I.C.S., East India Company's Service.

ejusd., ejusdem=Of the same.

Elis., Eliz. Elizabeth.

Elz. Elzevir.

Emp. Emperor; Empress.

Ency., Encyc. Encyclopædia.

E.N.E. East-north-east.

eng. Engineer; Engraver; Engraving.

Ens. Ensign.

ent., entom. Entomology.

Ent. Sta. Hall Entered at Stationers' Hall.

Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary.

e.o.d. Every other day.

Ep. Epistle.

Eph. Ephesians.

Epiph. Epiphany.

Epis., Episc. Episcopal.

epit. Epitaph; Epitome.

eq. Equal; Equivalent.

E.S.E. East-south-east.

esp., espec. Especially.

Esq., Esqr. Esquire.

Est. Established.

et al., et alibi=And elsewhere; or et alii or alia=And others.

etc., &c., et ceteri or cetera=And others, and so forth.

et seq., sq., or sqq., et sequentes or sequentia=And the following.

ety., etym. Etymology.

E.U. Evangelical Union.

Euph. Euphemia.

Eur. Europe; European.

ex. Examined; Example; Exception; Excursus; Executive; Export.

Ex., Exod. Exodus.

Exc. Excellency.

exc. Except; Exception.

ex div., extra dividendum=Without dividend.

ex. g., ex. gr. exempli gratiâ=For the sake of example.

Exon., Exonia=Exeter; Exoniensis=Of Exeter.

exp. Export.

exr. Executor.

Ez. Ezra.

Ezek. Ezekiel.

E. & O.E. Errors and Omissions Excepted.

f. Following; Farthing; Feminine; Fathom; Foot; Forte.

F., Fahr. Fahrenheit.

fam. Familiar; Family.

F.A.M. Free and Accepted Masons.

F.A.S. Fellow of the Society of Arts; Fellow of the Antiquarian Society.

F.B. Fenian Brotherhood.

F.B.S. Fellow of the Botanical Society;—F.B.S.E., Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

F.C.I.S. Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Secretaries.

F.C.P. Fellow of the College of Preceptors.

fcp., fcap. Foolscap.

F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society.

F.D., Fidei Defensor=Defender of the Faith.

Feb. February.

fec., fecit=He did it.

F.E.I.S. Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland.

fem. Feminine.

F.E.S. Fellow of the Ethnological or of the Entomological Society.

feud. Feudal.

Ff. The Pandects, prob. by corr. of Greek Π.

ff., fecerunt=They did it or made it; Folios.

F.F.A. Fellow of the Faculty of Actuaries.

F.F.P.S. Fellow of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons (Glasgow).

F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological Society.

F.I.A. Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries.

fict. Fiction.

Fi. fa., fieri facias=That you cause to be made (a writ of execution).

fig. Figure, Figuratively.

fin., ad finem=At the end.

F.K.Q.C.P.I. Fellow of the King's and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland.

fl., floruit=Flourished; Florin.

Flor., Fla., Fa. Florida.

F.L.S. Fellow of the Linnæan Society.

F.M. Field-marshal.

fm. Fathom.

F.O. Field-officer; Foreign Office; Full Organ.

fo., fol. Folio.

f.o.b. Free on board.

F.P. Fire-plug.

F.P.S. Fellow of the Philological Society.

Fr. France, French; Friar; Friday.

fr. Fragment; Franc; Frequently;—frcs., Francs.

F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society; Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society.

F.R.C.P. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

F.R.C.P.E. Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

F.R.C.S.E. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.

F.R.C.S.I. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Ireland.

F.R.C.S.L. Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of London.

Fred. Frederick.

F.R.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society.

F.R.I.B.A. Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

F.R.Met.S. Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society.

F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society.

P.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh.

F.R.S.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.

F.R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

F.R.S.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Scottish Society of Arts.

F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Arts; Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

F.S.A.Scot. Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical Society.

ft. Foot, Feet; Fort.

F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin.

fth., fthm. Fathom.

fur. Furlong.

fut. Future.

F.W.B. Free-will Baptist.

fz. Forzando or Forzato.

F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological Society.

g. Genitive; Gramme.

G.A. General Assembly.

Ga., Geo. Georgia.

Gael. Gaelic.

Gal. Galatians.

gal. Gallon;—gall., gallons.

gam. Gamut.

gaz. Gazette.

G.B. Great Britain;—G.B. and I., Great Britain and Ireland.

G.C.B. [Knight] Grand Cross of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath.

G.C.H. [Knight] Grand Cross of Hanover.

G.C.I.E. [Knight] Grand Commander [of the Most Eminent Order] of the Indian Empire.

G.C.L.H. Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.

g.c.m. Greatest common measure.

G.C.M.G. [Knight] Grand Cross of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

G.C.S.I. [Knight] Grand Commander of the [Most Exalted Order of the] Star of India.

G.C.V.O. [Knight] Grand Cross of the [Royal] Victorian Order.

Gen. General; Genesis.

Gen., Genl. General.

gen. Gender; Genitive; Genus.

gent. Gentleman, Gentlemen.

Geo. George.

geog. Geography.

geol. Geology.

geom. Geometry.

ger. Gerund.

G.F.S. Girls' Friendly Society.

Gk. or Gr. Greek.

gm. Gramme.

G.M.T. Greenwich Mean Time.

G.O. General Order; Grand Organ.

G.O.M. Grand Old Man (W. E. Gladstone).

Gov. Government, Governor.

G.P. General Practitioner; Grateful Patient; Gloria patri=Glory to the Father.

G.P.O. General Post-office.

gr. Grain; Grammar; Gross.

gs. Guineas.

G.S.P. Good Service Pension.

Gu. Guinea; Gules.

guin. Guinea.

h., hr. Hour.

Hab. Habakkuk.

hab. Habitat.

Hag. Haggai.

Hants. Hampshire.

Har. Harold.

H.B.M. His (or Her) Britannic Majesty.

H.C. Heralds' College; House of Commons; Holy Communion.

H.C.M. His (or Her) Catholic Majesty.

h.e., hic est=This is; hoc est=That is.

Heb. Hebrews.

H.E.I.C.S. Honourable East India Company's Service.

her. Heraldry; Heres=Heir.

hf. Half;—hf.-bd., half-bound;—hf.-cf., half-calf.

H.G. Horse Guards; His Grace.

H.H. His (or Her) Highness.

hhd. Hogshead.

H.I.H. His (or Her) Imperial Highness.

hist. Historian, History.

H.J., hic jacet=Here lies;—H.J.S., hic jacet sepultus=Here lies buried.

H.K. House of Keys (Isle of Man).

H.M. His (or Her) Majesty.

H.M.C. His (or Her) Majesty's Customs.

H.M.I.S. His (or Her) Majesty's Inspector of Schools.

H.M.P., hoc monumentum posuit=Erected this monument.

H.M.S. His (or Her) Majesty's Ship or Service.

ho. House.

Hon. Honourable, Honorary.

hor. Horizon; Horology.

hort., hortic. Horticulture, Horticultural.

Hos. Hosea.

H.P. High-priest; Half-pay.

h.p. Horse-power.

H.R. House of Representatives; Home Rule.

hr. Hour.

H.R.E. Holy Roman Emperor or Empire.

H.R.H. His (or Her) Royal Highness.

H.R.I.P., hic requiescit in pace=Here rests in peace.

H.S., hic situs=Here lies;—H.S.E., hic sepultus (or situs) est=Here is buried (or laid).

H.S.H. His (or Her) Serene Highness.

H.S.S., Historiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Historical Society.

Hy. Henry.

Ia. Iowa.

Ia., Ind. Indiana.

ib., ibid., ibidem=In the same place.

I.C.E. Institute of Civil Engineers.

ich., ichth. Ichthyology.

Icon. Iconography, Iconographic.

I.C.S. Indian Civil Service.

id., idem=The same.

I.D.B. Illicit Diamond Buyer (in Cape Colony).

I.D.N., in Dei nomine=In the name of God.

i.e., id est=That is.

i.h.p. Indicated horse-power.

I.H.S., for the Greek capitals IHC, (the C a form of Greek Σ), the first three letters of the name Jesus, often misread as Jesus Hominum Salvator=Jesus Saviour of Men.

Ill. Illinois.

ill. Illustration, Illustrated.

I.L.P. Independent Labour Party.

Imp. Imperial; Imperator=Emperor.

imp. Imperfect; Imperative; Imprimatur=Let it be printed.

I.M.S. Indian Medical Service.

in. Inch, Inches.

inc., incorp. Incorporated.

incog., incognito (It.). Unknown, avoiding publicity.

Ind. Indiana.

I.N.D. Same as I.D.N. (q.v.).

ind., indic. Indicative.

indecl. Indeclinable.

indef. Indefinite.

Ind. Ter. Indian Territory.

inf., infra=Below; Infantry; Infinitive.

infra dig., infra dignitatem=Beneath one's dignity.

init., initio=In the beginning.

in lim., in limine=On the threshold, at the outset.

in loc., in loco=In its place;—in loc. cit., in loco citato =In the place cited.

in pr., in principio=In the beginning.

I.N.R.I., Jesus Nazarenus Rex Judæorum=Jesus of Nazareth< King of the Jews.

inst. Instant—the present month; Institute.

Inst. Act. Institute of Actuaries.

Inst.C.E. Institute of Civil Engineers.

int. Interest; Interior; Interpreter.

interrog. Interrogation, Interrogatively.

in trans., in transitu=On the passage.

intro., introd. Introduction.

inv., invenit=He designed it; Inventor, Invented; Invoice.

I.O.F. Independent Order of Foresters.

I.O.G.T. Independent Order of Good Templars.

I.O.U. I owe you.

I.P.D., in præsentiâ Dominorum=In presence of the Lords (of Session).

i.q., idem quod=The same as.

I.R.B. Irish Republican Brotherhood.

Is., Isa. Isaiah.

Is., Isab. Isabella.

I.S.C. Indian Staff Corps.

It. Italian.

I.T. Idaho Territory; Indian Territory.

Jan. January.

Jas. James.

J.C., Juris Consultus=Jurisconsult; Jesus Christ; Justice Clerk.

Jer. Jeremiah.

J.H.S. The same as I.H.S. (q.v.).

Jno. John.

Jo. Joel.

Jos. Josiah; Joseph.

Josh. Joshua.

jour. Journal.

J.P. Justice of the Peace.

Jr., Jun., Junr. Junior.

J.U.D., Juris Utriusque Doctor=Doctor both of Canon and of Civil Law.

Jud., Judg. Judges.

Jul. July.

Junc. Junction.

jurisp. Jurisprudence.

Kal., Kalendæ=Calends.

Kan., also Ks. Kansas.

K.B. Knight of the Bath; King's Bench.

K.C. King's Counsel; King's College.

K.C.B. Knight Commander of the [Most Honourable Order of the] Bath.

K.C.H. Knight Commander of [the Order of] Hanover.

K.C.I.E. Knight Commander of the [Most Eminent Order of the] Indian Empire.

K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of [the Most Distinguished Order of] St Michael and St George.

K.C.S.I. Knight Commander of the [Most Exalted Order of the] Star of India.

K.C.V.O. Knight Commander of the [Royal] Victorian Order.

kg. Kilogram.

K.G. Knight of the [Most Noble Order of the] Garter.

K.G.C. Knight of the Grand Cross.

K.G.C.B. Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath.

K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece.

K.H. Knight of Hanover.

kilo. Kilogramme.

Kit. Christopher.

K.K., Kaiserlich, Königleich=Imperial, Royal.

K.K.K. Ku Klux Khan.

K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honour.

K.M. Knight of Malta.

Km. Kingdom,

km. Kilometre.

Knt., Kt. Knight.

K. of L. Knight of Labour.

K.P. Knight of [the Most Illustrious Order of St] Patrick.

kr. Kreutzer.

K.S.I. Knight of the Star of India.

K.T. Knight of [the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of] the Thistle.

Kt. Bach. Knight Bachelor.

K.t.l., kai ta leipomena (Gr.)=And the rest, And so forth.

Ky. or Ken. Kentucky.

L. Lake; Latin; Liberal; Libra (pound).

l. Latitude; League; Long.

L.A. Law Agent; Literate in Arts.

L.A.C. Licentiate of the Apothecaries' Company.

Lam. Lamentations.

lang. Language.

lat. Latitude; Latin.

Lb., libra=A pound.

l.c. Lower-case (in printing); Loco citato=In the place cited; Left centre; Letter of credit.

L.C. Lower Canada; Lord Chancellor; Lord Chamberlain.

L.C.B. Lord Chief-baron.

L.C.C. London County Council.

L.C.J. Lord Chief-justice.

L.C.P. Licentiate of the College of Preceptors.

Ld. Lord;—Ldp., Lp., Lordship.

L.D. Lady Day; Light Dragoons.

L.D.S. Licentiate in Dental Surgery.

Lect. Lecture.

Leg. Legal; Legate; Legislature.

Leip. Leipzig.

Lev., Levit. Leviticus.

Lex. Lexicon.

Leyd. Leyden.

l.h. Left hand.

L.I. Long Island; Light Infantry.

lib., liber=Book;—lib. cat., Library catalogue.

Lieut., Lt. Lieutenant.

Linn. Linnæan, Linnæus.

liq. Liquid.

lit. Literally; Literature.

litt. Littérateur.

L.L.A. Lady Literate in Arts.

LL.B., Legum Baccalaureus=Bachelor of Laws.

LL.D., Legum Doctor=Doctor of Laws.

L.M. Long Metre.

L.M.S. London Missionary Society.

loc. cit., loco citato=At the place quoted.

log. Logarithm.

lon., long. Longitude.

Lond. London.

loq., loquitur=Speaks.

Lou., La. Louisiana.

L.P. Lord Provost.

L.R.C.P. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.

L.R.C.P.E. Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh.

L.R.C.S. Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons.

L.S. Linnæan Society; Loco sigilli=In the place of the Seal.

l.s. Left side.

L.S.A. Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.

L.S.D., libræ, solidi, denarii=Pounds, shillings, pence.

Lt. Lieutenant.

LXX. Septuagint Version.

M., mille=A thousand.

m. Married; Masculine; Meridiem=Noon; Metre.

M., Mons., Monsieur (Fr.). Mr or Sir;—MM., Messieurs, Gentlemen or Sirs.

M.A. Master of Arts. See A.M.

M.A.B.Y.S. Metropolitan Association for Befriending Young Servants.

Mac., Macc. Maccabees.

mach. Machinery.

Mad. Madam.

Mag. Magazine.

Maj. Major.

Mal. Malachi.

Mar. March.

marg. Margin, Marginal.

Marg., Mrgt. Margaret.

Marq. Marquis.

mas., masc. Masculine.

Mass. Massachusetts.

Math. Mathematics.

Matt. Matthew.

M.B. Mark of the Beast, as in 'M.B. waistcoat.'

M.B., Medicinæ Baccalaureus=Bachelor of Medicine.

M.B., Musicæ Baccalaureus=Bachelor of Music.

M.C. Member of Congress; Master of Ceremonies; Member of Council.

M.C.C. Member of the County Council; Marylebone Cricket Club.

M.C.P. Member of the College of Preceptors.

M.C.S. Madras Civil Service.

Md. Maryland.

M.D., Medicinæ Doctor=Doctor of Medicine.

Mdlle., Mlle., Mademoiselle (Fr.). Miss.

Mdm. Madam.

M.E. Most Excellent; Methodist Episcopal; Middle English; Mining Engineer.

Me. Maine.

M.E.C. Member of the Executive Council.

med. Medical, Medicine; Mediæval.

Mem. Memorandum; Memento=Remember.

Messrs, Messieurs (Fr.). Sirs, Gentlemen.

met., metaph. Metaphysics.

metal., metall. Metallurgy.

meteor. Meteorology.

mfd. Manufactured;—mfrs., Manufacturers.

M.F.H. Master of Foxhounds.

M. ft., mistura fiat=Let a mixture be made.

Mgr. Monseigneur.

M.H.G. Middle High German.

M.H.R. Member of the House of Representatives.

M.I.C.E. or M.Inst.C.E. Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers.

Mic. Micah.

Mich. Michigan.

min. Mineralogy.

Minn. Minnesota.

Mis. Missouri.

misc. Miscellaneous, Miscellany.

mil., milit. Military.

Miss., Mis. Mississippi.

M.L.A. Member of Legislative Assembly.

M.L.C. Member of Legislative Council.

Mlle. Mademoiselle.

M.M. (Their) Majesties; Martyrs.

Mme., Madame (Fr.). Madam:—pl. Mmes.

M.N.S. Member of the Numismatical Society.

Mo. Missouri.

mo. Month.

mod. Modern.

mol. wt. Molecular weight.

Mons. Monsieur.

Monsig. Monsignor.

morn. Morning.

mos. Months.

M.P. Member of Parliament.

M.P.S. Member of the Philological Society.

M.P.S. Member of the Pharmaceutical Society.

M.R. Master of the Rolls.

Mr. Master or Mister.

M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal Asiatic Society.

M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences.

M.R.C.C. Member of the Royal College of Chemistry.

M.R.C.P. Member of the Royal College of Preceptors.

M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

M.R.C.V.S. Member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.

M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal Geographical Society.

M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institution.

M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal Irish Academy.

Mrs. Mistress.

MS. Manuscript;—MSS., Manuscripts.

M.S. Master in Surgery; Memoriæ Sacrum=Sacred to the Memory.

m.s. Months (after) sight.

M.S.C. Madras Staff Corps.

m.s.l. Mean sea-level.

M.S.S. Member of the Statistical Society.

mt. Mount;—mts., Mountains.

mth. Month.

Mus. Music; Museum.

Mus.B. Bachelor of Music.

Mus.D., Doc., Doct. Doctor of Music.

M.V.O. Member of the Royal Victorian Order.

Myst. Mysteries.

myth. Mythology.

N. North, Northern; Nitrogen.

n. Name; Natus=Born; Neuter; Noon.

N.A. North America.

Na. Nebraska.

Nah. Nahum.

Nap. Napoleon.

Nat. National.

Nat. hist. Natural History.

nat. ord. Natural order.

naut. Nautical.

nav. Naval; Navigation.

N.B. North Britain, North British; New Brunswick.

N.B., nota bene=Note well, or take notice.

N.C. North Carolina; New Church.

n.d. No date, Not dated.

N.Dak. North Dakota.

N.E. North-east; New England.

Neb., Nebr. Nebraska.

neg. Negative.

Neh. Nehemiah.

n.e.i., non est inventus=Is not found.

nem. con., nemime contradicente=No one contradicting.

nem. diss., nemine dissentiente=No one dissenting.

Nep. Neptune.

Neth. Netherlands.

Neut. Neuter.

Nev. Nevada.

New M. New Mexico.

N.F. Newfoundland; Norman French.

N.H. New Hampshire.

Ni. pri., nisi prius. See Nisi in Dict.

N.J. New Jersey.

n.l., non licet=It is not permitted; non liquet=It is not clear; non longe=Not far.

N.M. New Mexico.

N.N.E. North-north-east.

N.N.W. North-north-west.

N.O. New Orleans; Natural Order.

No., numero=Number;—Nos., Numbers.

non-con. Non-content.

non obst., non obstante=Notwithstanding.

non pros., non prosequitur=He does not prosecute.

non seq., non sequitur=It does not follow.

n.o.p. Not otherwise provided.

Northmb. Northumberland.

Norvic., Norvicensis=Of Norwich.

Nos. Numbers.

Notts. Nottinghamshire.

Nov. November.

N.P. Notary Public; New Providence.

N.S. New Style.

N.S. Nova Scotia.

n.s. Not specified.

N.S.W. New South Wales.

N.T. New Testament.

n.u. Name unknown.

Num., Numb. Numbers.

numis., numism. Numismatics.

N.V. New Version.

N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary.

N.W. North-west.

N.W.P. North-west Provinces (India).

N.W.T. North-west Territories.

N.Y. New York.

N.Z. New Zealand.

N. & Q. Notes and Queries.

O. Ohio; Oxygen.

o/a. On account of.

ob., obiit=Died.

Ob., Obad. Obadiah.

obdt. Obedient.

obj. Object, Objective.

obl. Oblique; Oblong.

obs. Observation; Obsolete.

obstet. Obstetrics.

oc. Ocean.

O.C.R. Order of Corporate Reunion.

Oct. October.

O.D. Ordnance Data.

O.E. Old English.

O.F. Odd Fellow; Old French.

off. Official.

O.H.G. Old High German.

O.H.M.S. On His (or Her) Majesty's Service.

O.K. All correct (prob. a humorous spelling of this).

Old Test. Old Testament.

O.M. Old Measurement.

omn. hor., omni hora=Every year.

onomat. Onomatopœia.

o/o. Percent.

O.P. Old Price; Ordinis Prædicatorum=Of the Order of Preachers (or Dominicans).

o.p. Out of Print.

Op. Opera.

op. Opposite; Opus=Work.

op. cit., opere citato=In the work cited.

ord. Ordained; Order; Ordinary; Ordnance.

Or. Oregon.

O.S. Old Style.

O.S.A., Ordinis Sancti Augustini=Of the Order of St Augustine.

O.S.B., Ordinis Sancti Benedicti=Of the Order of St Benedict.

O.S.F., Ordinis Sancti Francisci=Of the Order of St Francis.

O.T. Old Testament.

Oxf. Oxford.

Oxon., Oxonia=Oxford;—Oxoniensis=Of Oxford.

oz. Ounce.

p. Page; Participle;—p.a., Participial adjective.

Pa., also Penn. Pennsylvania.

Pac. Oc. Pacific Ocean.

paint. Painting.

Pal. Palestine; Palæontology.

pam. Pamphlet.

Pan. Panama.

par. Paragraph; Parallel; Parish.

Pat., Pk. Patrick.

Pat. Off. Patent Office.

P.C., Patres Conscripti=Conscript Fathers; Privy Councillor; Police Constable; Post Commander.

p.c. Postal-card.

P.C.S. Principal Clerk of Session.

pd. Paid.

P.E. Protestant Episcopal.

P.E.I. Prince Edward Island.

Pen. Peninsula.

Penn. Pennsylvania.

Pent. Pentecost.

per. Period; Person.

per an., per annum=Per year, By the year.

per cent., per ct., per centum=By the hundred.

pers. Person.

Petriburg., Petriburgensis=Of Peterborough.

Pg. Portugal.

Phar., Pharm. Pharmaceutical; Pharmacopœia; Pharmacy.

Ph.B., Philosophiæ Baccalaureus=Bachelor of Philosophy.

Ph.D., Philosophiæ Doctor=Doctor of Philosophy.

Phil. Philippians; Philemon; Philadelphia; Philip.

Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions.

phon., phonet. Phonetics.

phonog. Phonography.

phot. Photography.

phr. Phrase.

phys. Physiology; Physics; Physician.

pinx., pxt., pinxit=He (or she) painted it.

P.M. Past Master; Post meridiem=Afternoon; Post-master; Post mortem.

pm. Premium.

P.M.G. Postmaster-general.

p.n. Promissory note.

P.O. Post-office; Postal Order.

po. Pole.

P.O.C. Peninsular and Oriental Company.

p.o.d. Pay on delivery.

P.O.O. Post-office Order.

pop. Population.

pos., posit. Positive.

P.P. Parish Priest.

pp. Pages.

P.P.C., pour prendre congé (Fr.)=To take leave.

P.P.S. Postscript additional.

P.R. Prize-ring; Porto Rico.

P.R., Populus Romanus=The Roman people.

pr. Pair; Per; Present; Price; Pronoun; Prince; Priest; Provençal.

P.R.A. President of the Royal Academy.

P.R.B. Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.

Preb. Prebend, Prebendary.

pref. Preface.

Pres., Preses. President.

P.R.I.B.A. President of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

p.r.n., pro re nata=For special business arising.

Pro. Professional.

Prof. Professor.

Prot. Protestant.

pro tem., pro tempore=For the time being.

Prov. Proverbs.

prox., proximo=Next.

P.R.S. President of the Royal Society.

P.R.S.A. President of the Royal Scottish Academy.

P.R.S.E. President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

P.S., post scriptum=Postscript, written after.

Ps., Psa. Psalms.

pseud. Pseudonym.

P.T. Pupil Teacher.

p.t. Post-town.

P.T.O. Please turn over.

Pub. Doc. Public Document.

P.W.D. Public Works Department.

pwt. Pennyweight.

P. & O. Peninsular and Oriental Company.

q., quadrans=Farthing; Query; Quintal.

Q., Qu. Query; Question.

Q.A.B. Queen Anne's Bounty.

Q.B. Queen's Bench.

Q.C. Queen's Counsel; Queen's College.

q.d., quasi dicat=As if he should say.

q.e., quod est=Which is.

q.e.d., quod erat demonstrandum=Which was to be demonstrated.

q.e.f., quod erat faciendum=Which was to be done.

q.e.i, quod erat inveniendum=Which was to be found out.

q.l., quantum libet=As much as you please.

Q.M. Quartermaster.

qm., quomodo=In what manner; How.

Q.M.G. Quartermaster-general.

qr. Quarter.

Q.S. Quarter-Sessions.

q.s., Quantum suff., quantum sufficit=A sufficient quantity.

qt. Quantity; Quart;—qts., Quarts.

Qu. Queen; Question,

qu., quar. Quart, Quarter, Quarterly,

q.v., quod vide=Which see; quantum vis=As much as you will.

R., rex, regina=King, Queen.

R., recipe=Take.

R., Reau. Réaumur's thermometric scale.

R.A. Royal Academy or Academician; Royal Artillery.

Rabb. Rabbinical.

R.A.C. Royal Arch Chapter.

Rad. Radical.

rad., radix=Root.

R.A.M. Royal Academy of Music.

R.A.S. Royal Asiatic Society.

r.c. Right centre.

R.C. Roman Catholic; Red Cross.

R.C.M. Royal College of Music.

R.C.P. Royal College of Preceptors.

R.C.S. Royal College of Surgeons.

R.D. Rural Dean; Royal Dragoons.

R.E. Royal Engineers.

Rec. Recipe.

recd. Received.

recpt. Receipt.

Rect. Rector; Rectory.

Ref. Ch. Reformed Church.

Reg. Prof. Regius Professor.

Regt. Regiment.

Rep. Representative; Republic; Report, Reporter.

rept. Receipt.

retd. Returned.

Rev. Revise, Revision; Revelation.

Rev., Revd. Reverend;—Revs., Reverends.

Rev. Ver. Revised Version.

R.G.G. Royal Grenadier Guards.

R.G.S. Royal Geographical Society.

r.h. Right hand.

R.H. Royal Highness; Royal Highlanders.

R.H.A. Royal Horse Artillery; Royal Hibernian Academy.

rhet. Rhetoric.

R.H.G. Royal Horse Guards.

R.H.S. Royal Humane Society; Royal Horticultural Society; Royal Historical Society.

R.I. Rhode Island.

R.I.B.A. Royal Institute of British Architects.

R.I.P., requiescat in pace=May he (or she) rest in peace.

R.M. Royal Mail; Royal Marines.

R.M.A. Royal Military Asylum; Royal Marine Artillery.

R.M.L.I. Royal Marine Light Infantry.

R.M.S. Royal Mail Steamer; Royal Microscopical Society.

R.N. Royal Navy.

R.N.R. Royal Naval Reserve.

Rob., Robt. Robert.

Roffen. Of Rochester.

Rom. Romans.

Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic.

R.P. Reformed Presbyterian; Regius Professor.

R.R. Right Reverend.

R.R.C. Royal Red Cross (for ladies).

R.S. Royal Society.

R.S.A. Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scottish Academy or Academician.

R.S.D. Royal Society of Dublin.

R.S.E. Royal Society of Edinburgh.

R.S.L. Royal Society of London.

R.S.M. Royal School of Mines.

R.S.O. Railway Sub-office; Railway Sorting Office.

R.S.S., also S.R.S., Regiæ Societatis Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society.

R.S.V.P., Répondez, s'il vous plait (Fr.)=Reply, if you please.

Rt. Hon. Right Honourable.

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend.

R.T.S. Religious Tract Society.

Rt. W., Rt. Wpful. Right Worshipful.

R.V. Rifle Volunteers; Revised Version.

R.W.D.G.M. Right Worshipful Deputy Grand Master.

R.W.G.M. Right Worshipful Grand Master.

R.W.G.R. Right Worthy Grand Representative.

R.W.G.S. Right Worthy Grand Secretary.

R.W.G.T. Right Worthy Grand Templar; Right Worthy Grand Treasurer.

R.W.G.W. Right Worshipful Grand Warden.

R.W.S. Royal Society of Painters in Water Colours.

R.W.S.G.W. Right Worshipful Senior Grand Warden.

Rx. Tens of rupees.

Ry. Railway.

S. South; Sabbath; Saint; Seconds; Society; Sun.

S.A. South Africa; South America; South Australia.

Sa. Saturday.

s.a., secundum artem=According to art; sine anno=Without date.

S.A.I., Son Altesse Imperiale (Fr.). His Royal Highness.

Sam. Samuel.

Sarum. Of Salisbury.

S.A.S., Societatis Antiquariorum Socius=Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries.

Sat. Saturday.

S.C. South Carolina; Senatus Consuetum=A decree of the Roman Senate.

s.c., s. caps., sm. caps. Small capitals.

sc., scil., scilicet=To wit, Namely, Being understood.

sc., sculp., sculpt., sculpsit=He (or she) engraved it.

Sc.B., Scientiæ Baccalaureus= Bachelor of Science.

Sc.D., Scientiæ Doctor=Doctor of Science.

sch., schr. Schooner.

sci. fa., scire facias=That you cause to know.

S.C.L. Student of the Civil Law.

Scot. Scotland, Scotch.

Script. Scripture.

S.D. South Dakota; Senior Deacon.

S.D., salutem dicit=Sends greeting.

s.d., sine die=Without day.

S.D.U.K. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.

S.E. South-east.

sec. Second; Section.

Sec., Secy. Secretary.

sec. leg., secundum legem= According to law.

sec. reg., secundum regulam= According to rule.

sect. Section.

Sem. Seminary; Semitic.

Sen. Senator; Senior.

Sep., Sept. September; Septuagint.

seq., sequentes or sequentia=The following.

ser. Series; Sermon.

Serg., Sergt. Sergeant;—Serj., Serjt., Serjeant.

Sess. Session.

sfz. Sforzando.

S.G. Solicitor-general.

s.g. Specific gravity.

S.H. School-house.

sh. Shilling.

s.h.v., sub hoc verbo or sub hac voce=Under this word.

S.J. Society of Jesus.

S.L. Solicitor at Law.

s.l., s. lat. South latitude.

sld. Sailed.

s.l.p., sine legitima prole=Without lawful issue.

S.M. Short Metre.

S.M., Sa Majesté. His (or Her) Majesty.

Smith. Inst. Smithsonian Institution.

S.M. Lond. Soc., Societatis Medicæ Londiniensis Socius=Member of the London Medical Society.

S.M.M., Sancta Mater Maria=Holy Mother Mary.

s.m.p., sine mascula prole=Without male issue.

s.n., secundum naturam=According to nature.

S.O. Sub-office.

s.o. Seller's option.

Soc. Society.

sol. Solution.

Sol., Solr. Solicitor.

Sol.-gen. Solicitor-general.

Sop. Soprano.

sp. Spelling.

s.p., sine prole=Without issue.

S.P.C.A. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

S.P.C.C. Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.

S.P.C.K. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.

S.P.G. Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.

sport. Sporting.

S.P.Q.R., Senatus Populusque Romanus=The Senate and People of Rome.

s.p.s., sine prole superstite=Without surviving issue.

spt. Seaport.

sq. Square.

sq., sequens=The following.

Sr. Senior; Sir.

S.R.I., Sacrum Romanum Imperium=Holy Roman Empire.

S.R.S., Societatis Regiæ Socius=Fellow of the Royal Society.

S.S. Sabbath School.

Ss. Saints.

s.s. Steamship; Screw steamer.

S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme Court (Scotland); Societas Sancti Crucis=Society of the Holy Cross.

SS.D., Sanctissimus Dominus=Most holy Lord (the Pope).

S.S.E. South-south-east.

S.S.W. South-south-west.

St. Saint; Strait; Street.

Stdy. Saturday.

Ste., Sainte (Fr.). Fem. of Saint.

ster., stereo. Stereotype.

ster., stg. Sterling.

S.T.P., Sanctæ Theologiæ Professor=Professor of Theology.

str. Steamer.

Su. Sunday.

sub. Subject; Suburb.

subj. Subject; Subjunctive.

subst. Substitute.

suf., suff. Suffix.

sup. Superfine; Superior; Superlative; Supreme.

Sup. Ct. Superior Court; Supreme Court.

supp. Supplement.

Supr. Supreme.

Supt. Superintendent.

Surg. Surgeon, Surgery.

Surv.-gen. Surveyor-general.

S.V., Sancta Virgo=Holy Virgin; Sanctitas Vestra=Your Holiness.

s.v., sub voce=Under the word or title.

S.W. South-west; Senior Warden.

sym. Symbol.

syn. Synonym.

synop. Synopsis.

syst. System.

tal. qual., talis qualis=Just as they come, Average quantity.

Tam. Tamil.

tan. Tangent.

tc. Tierce.

T.C.D. Trinity College, Dublin.

Te. Tellurium.

tech. Technically; Technology.

tel., teleg. Telegram, Telegraph.

temp. Temporal; tempore=In the time of.

ten. Tenor.

Ten., Tenn. Tennessee.

Ter., Terr. Territory.

term. Termination.

Test. Testament.

Teut. Teutonic.

Tex. Texas.

Text. Rec., Textus receptus=The Received Text.

t.f. Till forbidden.

theat. Theatrical.

theol. Theology, theologian.

theor. Theorem.

theos. Theosophy.

therap. Therapeutics.

Thess. Thessalonians.

Tho., Thos. Thomas.

T.H.W.M. Trinity High-water Mark.

Tim. Timothy.

Tit. Titus.

T.O. Turn Over; Telegraph-office.

tom. Tome or Volume.

tp. Township.

Tr. Transactions; Translator; Trustee.

trans. Transitive.

transf. Transferred.

Treas. Treasurer.

T.R.H. Their Royal Highnesses.

trig. Trigonometry.

Trin. Trinity.

trop. Tropic.

Truron., Truronensis=Of Truro.

T.S.O. Town Sub-office.

T.T.L. To take leave.

Tu., Tues. Tuesday.

typ., typo. Typographer, Typography.

U.C. Upper Canada.

U.F.C. United Free Church [of Scotland].

U.K. United Kingdom.

U.K.A. United Kingdom Alliance.

ult., ultimo=Last.

Unit. Unitarian.

Univ. University; Universalist.

U.P. United Presbyterian.

up. Upper.

U.S. United States; United Service.

u.s., ut supra=As above.

U.S.A. United States of America; United States Army.

U.S.C. United States of Colombia.

U.S.N. United States Navy.

U.S.S. United States Ship or Steamer.

usu. Usually.

u.s.w., und so weiter (Ger.)= And so forth.

ut dict., ut dictum=As said.

ut sup., ut supra=As above.

ux., uxor=Wife.

v., versus=Against; vide=See; Verb; Verse; Volume; Viscount.

V.A. Royal Order of Victoria and Albert (for ladies).

V.A. Vicar Apostolic.

Va. Virginia.

val. Value.

var. Variant.

var. lect., varia lectio= Varying reading.

Vat. Vatican.

vb. Verb.

V.C. Vice-chancellor; Vice-consul; Victoria Cross.

V.D. Volunteer [Officers'] Decoration.

v.d. Various dates.

V.D.M., Verbi Dei Minister=Preacher of God's Word.

Ven. Venerable.

Venet. Venetian.

Vert. Vertebrata.

Ves. Vessel.

Vet., Veter. Veterinary;—Vet. Surg., Veterinary Surgeon.

V.G. Vicar-general.

v.g., verbi gratiâ=For example.

Vic. Vicar; Vicarage.

vid., vide=See.

vil. Village.

v.imp. Verb impersonal.

v.irr. Verb irregular.

Vis., Visc. Viscount.

viz., videlicet=Namely.

v.n. Verb neuter.

voc. Vocative.

vocab. Vocabulary.

Vol. Volunteer.

vol. Volume;—vols., volumes.

Volc. Volcano.

V.P. Vice-president.

V.R., Victoria Regina=Queen Victoria.

v.r. Verb reflexive.

V.R.I., Victoria Regina et Imperatrix=Victoria, Queen and Empress.

V.S. Veterinary Surgeon.

Vt. Vermont.

v.t. verb transitive.

vul. Vulgar.

Vul., Vulg. Vulgate.

vv.ll., variæ lectiones=Various readings.

v.y. Various years.

W. West; Warden; Week; Welsh.

W.A. West Africa; West Australia.

Wal. Walloon.

Wash. Washington.

W.B. Water Board; Way-bill.

W.C. Water-closet; Western Central; Wesleyan Chapel.

W.C.T.U. Women's Christian Temperance Union.

We., Wed. Wednesday.

w.f. Wrong font.

W.I. West Indies.

Winton., Wintoniensis=Of Winchester.

Wis. Wisconsin.

wk. Week.

Wm. William.

W.M.S. Wesleyan Missionary Society.

W.N.W. West-north-west.

Wp., Wpfl. Worshipful.

W.R. West Riding.

Wr., Wlr. Walter.

W.S. Writer to the Signet.

W.S.W. West-south-west.

wt. Weight.

X. or Xt. Christ. (X.=Gr. Ch.)

Xm., Xmas. Christmas.

Xn., Xtian. Christian.

y., yr. Year.

y., yd. Yard.

Y^e. The (the Y not being a Y, but as representing the Anglo-Saxon þ).

Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Christian Association.

yr. Your; Younger.

Y^t. That (Y as in Y^e).

Y.W.C.A. Young Women's Christian Association.

Zn. Zinc.

Zech. Zechariah.

Zeph. Zephaniah.

Zr. Zirconium.

&, et=And.

&c., et cetera=And so forth.

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