COMPARED WITH THAT AMONG OTHER PEOPLES AND DEAF-MUTES.

BY

GARRICK MALLERY.

Errors and inconsistencies specific to this article:

Missing or misplaced periods adjoining a close parenthesis were silently regularized.

In the List of Illustrations, “Ib.” and “Do.”/“do.” were consistently printed without final period; it has been supplied by the transcriber.

Inconsistent accentuation of “Natci”/“Nátci” is unchanged, as is the variable punctuation (comma or period) between a book’s title and place of publication.

The terms “jr.” and “sr.” are always printed in lower case.

The verses in the section on Gestures of Actors are loosely quoted from “The Rosciad” by Charles Churchill, which more accurately reads:

“When to enforce some very tender part,

The right hand slips by instinct on the heart,

His soul, of every other thought bereft,

Is anxious only where to place the left;”

[CONTENTS.]

List of IllustrationsPage [265]
Introductory[269]
Divisions of gesture speech[270]
The origin of sign language[273]
Gestures of the lower animals[275]
Gestures of young children[276]
Gestures in mental disorder[276]
Uninstructed deaf-mutes[277]
Gestures of the blind[278]
Loss of speech by isolation[278]
Low tribes of man[279]
Gestures as an occasional resource[279]
Gestures of fluent talkers[279]
Involuntary response to gestures[280]
Natural pantomime[280]
Some theories upon primitive language[282]
Conclusions[284]
History of gesture language[285]
Modern use of gesture speech[293]
Use by other peoples than North American Indians[294]
Use by modern actors and orators[308]
Our Indian conditions favorable to sign language[311]
Theories entertained respecting Indian signs[313]
Not correlated with meagerness of language[314]
Its origin from one tribe or region[316]
Is the Indian system special and peculiar?[319]
To what extent prevalent as a system[323]
Are signs conventional or instinctive?[340]
Classes of diversities in signs[341]
Results sought in the study of sign language[346]
Practical application[346]
Relations to philology[349]
Sign language with reference to grammar[359]
Gestures aiding archæologic research[368]
Notable points for further researches[387]
Invention of new signs[387]
Danger of symbolic interpretation[388]
Signs used by women and children[391]
Positive signs rendered negative[391]
Details of positions of fingers[392]
Motions relative to parts of the body[393]
Suggestions for collecting signs[394]
Mode in which researches have been made[395]
List of authorities and collaborators[401]
Algonkian[403]
Dakotan[404]
Iroquoian[405]
Kaiowan[406]
Kutinean[406]
Panian[406]
Piman[406]
Sahaptian[406]
Shoshonian[406]
Tinnean[407]
Wichitan[407]
Zuñian[407]
Foreign correspondence[407]
Extracts from dictionary[409]
Tribal signs[458]
Proper names[476]
Phrases[479]
Dialogues[486]
Tendoy-Huerito Dialogue.[486]
Omaha Colloquy.[490]
Brulé Dakota Colloquy.[491]
Dialogue between Alaskan Indians.[492]
Ojibwa Dialogue.[499]
Narratives[500]
Nátci’s Narrative.[500]
Patricio’s Narrative.[505]
Na-wa-gi-jig’s Story.[508]
Discourses[521]
Address of Kin Chē-Ĕss.[521]
Tso-di-a´-ko’s Report.[524]
Lean Wolf’s Complaint.[526]
Signals[529]
Signals executed by bodily action[529]
Signals in which objects are used in connection with personal action[532]
Signals made when the person of the signalist is not visible[536]
Smoke Signals Generally[536]
Smoke Signals of the Apaches[538]
Foreign Smoke Signals[539]
Fire Arrows[540]
Dust Signals[541]
Notes on Cheyenne and Arapaho Signals[542]
Scheme of illustration[544]
Outlines for arm positions in sign language[545]
Order of arrangement[546]
Types of hand positions in sign language[547]
Examples[550]

[ LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.]

Fig. [61.]Affirmation, approving.Old RomanPage 286
[62.]Approbation.Neapolitan286
[63.]Affirmation, approbation.N.A. Indian286
[64.]Group.Old Greek.Facing 289
[65.]Negation.Dakota290
[66.]Love.Modern Neapolitan290
[67.]Group.Old Greek.Facing 290
[68.]Hesitation.Neapolitan291
[69.]Wait.N.A. Indian291
[70.]Question, asking.Neapolitan291
[71.]Tell me.N.A. Indian291
[72.]Interrogation.Australian291
[73.]Pulcinella292
[74.]Thief.Neapolitan292
[75.]Steal.N.A. Indian293
[76.]Public writer.Neapolitan group.Facing 296
[77.]Money.Neapolitan297
[78.]“Hot Corn.”Neapolitan Group.Facing 297
[79.]“Horn” sign.Neapolitan298
[80.]Reproach.Old Roman298
[81.]Marriage contract.Neapolitan group.Facing 298
[82.]Negation.Pai-Ute sign299
[83.]Coming home of bride.Neapolitan group.Facing 299
[84.]Pretty.Neapolitan300
[85.]“Mano in fica.”Neapolitan300
[86.]Snapping the fingers.Neapolitan300
[87.]Joy, acclamation300
[88.]Invitation to drink wine300
[89.]Woman’s quarrel.Neapolitan Group.Facing 301
[90.]Chestnut vender.Facing 301
[91.]Warning.Neapolitan302
[92.]Justice.Neapolitan302
[93.]Little.Neapolitan302
[94.]Little.N.A. Indian302
[95.]Little.N.A. Indian302
[96.]Demonstration.Neapolitan302
[97.]“Fool.”Neapolitan303
[98.]“Fool.”Ib.303
[99.]“Fool.”Ib.303
[100.]Inquiry.Neapolitan303
[101.]Crafty, deceitful.Neapolitan303
[102.]Insult.Neapolitan304
[103.]Insult.Neapolitan304
[104.]Silence.Neapolitan304
[105.]Child.Egyptian hieroglyph304
[106.]Negation.Neapolitan305
[107.]Hunger.Neapolitan305
[108.]Mockery.Neapolitan305
[109.]Fatigue.Neapolitan305
[110.]Deceit.Neapolitan305
[111.]Astuteness, readiness.Neapolitan305
[112.]Tree.Dakota, Hidatsa343
[113.]To grow.N.A. Indian343
[114.]Rain.Shoshoni, Apache344
[115.]Sun.N.A. Indian344
[116.]Sun.Cheyenne344
[117.]Soldier.Arikara345
[118.]No, negation.Egyptian355
[119.]Negation.Maya356
[120.]Nothing.Chinese356
[121.]Child.Egyptian figurative356
[122.]Child.Egyptian linear356
[123.]Child.Egyptian hieratic356
[124.]Son.Ancient Chinese356
[125.]Son.Modern Chinese356
[126.]Birth.Chinese character356
[127.]Birth.Dakota356
[128.]Birth, generic.N.A. Indians357
[129.]Man.Mexican357
[130.]Man.Chinese character357
[131.]Woman.Chinese character357
[132.]Woman.Ute357
[133.]Female, generic.Cheyenne357
[134.]To give water.Chinese character357
[135.]Water, to drink.N.A. Indian357
[136.]Drink.Mexican357
[137.]Water.Mexican357
[138.]Water, giving.Egypt358
[139.]Water.Egyptian358
[140.]Water, abbreviated358
[141.]Water.Chinese character358
[142.]To weep.Ojibwa pictograph358
[143.]Force, vigor.Egyptian358
[144.]Night.Egyptian358
[145.]Calling upon.Egyptian figurative359
[146.]Calling upon.Egyptian linear359
[147.]To collect, to unite.Egyptian359
[148.]Locomotion.Egyptian figurative359
[149.]Locomotion.Egyptian linear359
[150.]Shuⁿ´-ka Lu´-ta.Dakota365
[151.]“I am going to the east.”Abnaki369
[152.]“Am not gone far.”Abnaki369
[153.]“Gone far.”Abnaki370
[154.]“Gone five days’ journey.”Abnaki370
[155.]Sun.N.A. Indian370
[156.]Sun.Egyptian370
[157.]Sun.Egyptian370
[158.]Sun with rays.Ib.371
[159.]Sun with rays.Ib.371
[160.]Sun with rays.Moqui pictograph371
[161.]Sun with rays.Ib.371
[162.]Sun with rays.Ib.371
[163.]Sun with rays.Ib.371
[164.]Star.Moqui pictograph371
[165.]Star.Moqui pictograph371
[166.]Star.Moqui pictograph371
[167.]Star.Moqui pictograph371
[168.]Star.Peruvian pictograph371
[169.]Star.Ojibwa pictograph371
[170.]Sunrise.Moqui do.371
[171.]Sunrise.Ib.371
[172.]Sunrise.Ib.371
[173.]Moon, month.Californian pictograph371
[174.]Pictograph, including sun.Coyotero Apache372
[175.]Moon.N.A. Indian372
[176.]Moon.Moqui pictograph372
[177.]Moon.Ojibwa pictograph372
[178.]Sky.Ib.372
[179.]Sky.Egyptian character372
[180.]Clouds.Moqui pictograph372
[181.]Clouds.Ib.372
[182.]Clouds.Ib.372
[183.]Cloud.Ojibwa pictograph372
[184.]Rain.New Mexican pictograph373
[185.]Rain.Moqui pictograph373
[186.]Lightning.Moqui pictograph373
[187.]Lightning.Ib.373
[188.]Lightning, harmless.Pictograph at Jemez, N.M.373
[189.]Lightning, fatal.Do.373
[190.]Voice.“The-Elk-that-hollows-walking”373
[191.]Voice. Antelope.Cheyenne drawing373
[192.]Voice, talking.Cheyenne drawing374
[193.]Killing the buffalo.Cheyenne drawing375
[194.]Talking.Mexican pictograph376
[195.]Talking, singing.Maya character376
[196.]Hearing ears.Ojibwa pictograph376
[197.]“I hear, but your words are from a bad heart.”Ojibwa376
[198.]Hearing serpent.Ojibwa pictograph376
[199.]Royal edict.Maya377
[200.]To kill.Dakota377
[201.]“Killed Arm.”Dakota377
[202.]Pictograph, including “kill.”Wyoming Ter.378
[203.]Pictograph, including “kill.”Wyoming Ter.378
[204.]Pictograph, including “kill.”Wyoming Ter.379
[205.]Veneration.Egyptian character379
[206.]Mercy. Supplication, favor.Egyptian379
[207.]Supplication.Mexican pictograph380
[208.]Smoke.Ib.380
[209.]Fire.Ib.381
[210.]“Making medicine.” Conjuration.Dakota381
[211.]Meda.Ojibwa pictograph381
[212.]The God Knuphis.Egyptian381
[213.]The God Knuphis.Ib.381
[214.]Power.Ojibwa pictograph381
[215.]Meda’s Power.Ib.381
[216.]Trade pictograph382
[217.]Offering.Mexican pictograph382
[218.]Stampede of horses.Dakota382
[219.]Chapultepec.Mexican pictograph383
[220.]Soil.Ib.383
[221.]Cultivated soil.Ib.383
[222.]Road, path.Ib.383
[223.]Cross-roads and gesture sign.Mexican pictograph383
[224.]Small-pox or measles.Dakota383
[225.]“No thoroughfare.”Pictograph383
[226.]Raising of war party.Dakota384
[227.]“Led four war parties.”Dakota drawing384
[228.]Sociality. Friendship.Ojibwa pictograph384
[229.]Peace. Friendship.Dakota384
[230.]Peace. Friendship with whites.Dakota385
[231.]Friendship.Australian385
[232.]Friend.Brulé Dakota386
[233.]Lie, falsehood.Arikara393
[234.]Antelope.Dakota410
[235.]Running Antelope.Personal totem410
[236.]Bad.Dakota411
[237.]Bear.Cheyenne412
[238.]Bear.Kaiowa, etc.413
[239.]Bear.Ute413
[240.]Bear.Moqui pictograph413
[241.]Brave.N.A. Indian414
[242.]Brave.Kaiowa, etc.415
[243.]Brave.Kaiowa, etc.415
[244.]Chief. Head of tribe.Absaroka418
[245.]Chief. Head of tribe.Pai-Ute418
[246.]Chief of a band.Absaroka and Arikara419
[247.]Chief of a band.Pai-Ute419
[248.]Warrior.Absaroka, etc.420
[249.]Ojibwa gravestone, including “dead”422
[250.]Dead.Shoshoni and Banak422
[251.]Dying.Kaiowa, etc.424
[252.]Nearly dying.Kaiowa424
[253.]Log house.Hidatsa428
[254.]Lodge.Dakota430
[255.]Lodge.Kaiowa, etc.431
[256.]Lodge.Sahaptin431
[257.]Lodge.Pai-Ute431
[258.]Lodge.Pai-Ute431
[259.]Lodge.Kutchin431
[260.]Horse.N.A. Indian434
[261.]Horse.Dakota434
[262.]Horse.Kaiowa, etc.435
[263.]Horse.Caddo435
[264.]Horse.Pima and Papago435
[265.]Horse.Ute435
[266.]Horse.Ute435
[267.]Saddling a horse.Ute437
[268.]Kill.N.A. Indian438
[269.]Kill.Mandan and Hidatsa439
[270.]Negation. No.Dakota441
[271.]Negation. No.Pai-Ute442
[272.]None.Dakota443
[273.]None.Australian444
[274.]Much, quantity.Apache447
[275.]Question.Australian449
[276.]Soldier.Dakota and Arikara450
[277.]Trade.Dakota452
[278.]Trade.Dakota452
[279.]Buy.Ute453
[280.]Yes, affirmation.Dakota456
[281.]Absaroka tribal sign.Shoshoni458
[282.]Apache tribal sign.Kaiowa, etc.459
[283.]Apache tribal sign.Pima and Papago459
[284.]Arikara tribal sign.Arapaho and Dakota461
[285.]Arikara tribal sign.Absaroka461
[286.]Blackfoot tribal sign.Dakota463
[287.]Blackfoot tribal sign.Shoshoni464
[288.]Caddo tribal sign.Arapaho and Kaiowa464
[289.]Cheyenne tribal sign.Arapaho and Cheyenne464
[290.]Dakota tribal sign.Dakota467
[291.]Flathead tribal sign.Shoshoni468
[292.]Kaiowa tribal sign.Comanche470
[293.]Kutine tribal sign.Shoshoni471
[294.]Lipan tribal sign.Apache471
[295.]Pend d’Oreille tribal sign.Shoshoni473
[296.]Sahaptin or Nez Percé tribal sign.Comanche473
[297.]Shoshoni tribal sign.Shoshoni474
[298.]Buffalo.Dakota477
[299.]Eagle Tail.Arikara477
[300.]Eagle Tail.Moqui pictograph477
[301.]Give me.Absaroka480
[302.]Counting. How many?Shoshoni and Banak482
[303.]I am going home.Dakota485
[304.]Question.Apache486
[305.]Shoshoni tribal sign.Shoshoni486
[306.]Chief.Shoshoni487
[307.]Cold, winter, year.Apache487
[308.]“Six.”Shoshoni487
[309.]Good, very well.Apache487
[310.]Many.Shoshoni488
[311.]Hear, heard.Apache488
[312.]Night.Shoshoni489
[313.]Rain.Shoshoni489
[314.]See each other.Shoshoni490
[315.]White man, American.Dakota491
[316.]Hear, heard.Dakota492
[317.]Brother.Pai-Ute502
[318.]No, negation.Pai-Ute503
[319.]Scene of Na-wa-gi-jig’s story.Facing 508
[320.]We are friends.Wichita521
[321.]Talk, talking.Wichita521
[322.]I stay, or I stay right here.Wichita521
[323.]A long time.Wichita522
[324.]Done, finished.Do.522
[325.]Sit down.Australian523
[326.]Cut down.Wichita524
[327.]Wagon.Wichita525
[328.]Load upon.Wichita525
[329.]White man; American.Hidatsa526
[330.]With us.Hidatsa526
[331.]Friend.Hidatsa527
[332.]Four.Hidatsa527
[333.]Lie, falsehood.Hidatsa528
[334.]Done, finished.Hidatsa528
[335.]Peace, friendship.Hualpais.Facing 530
[336.]Question, ans’d by tribal sign for Pani.Facing 531
[337.]Buffalo discovered.Dakota.Facing 532
[338.]Discovery.Dakota.Facing 533
[339.]Success of war party.Pima.Facing 538
[340.]Outline for arm positions, full face545
[341.]Outline for arm positions, profile545
[342a.]Types of hand positions, A to L547
[342b.]Types of hand positions, M to Y548
[343.]Example. To cut with an ax550
[344.]Example. A lie550
[345.]Example. To ride551
[346.]Example. I am going home551

SIGN LANGUAGE

AMONG

NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS