INTRODUCTION.

PART II.

THE central figure of this second portrait gallery of British Generals is that of Lord French, who gives a unity and atmosphere to the collection. The phase of the War he represents is quite distinct, indeed unique. The Army with which his name will ever be associated was an admittedly incomparable force, and many of the Generals whose portraits are to be found here went through the greatest ordeal of our history with him.

There have been many crises in the war. There will yet be others. But none can compare with that first four months in which the first issue was victory or defeat, and the second the coast or annihilation. Earlier wars have given a phraseology that endures till now of the processes by which campaigns are won. Armies are "decimated," and the term is taken to be synonymous with defeat. But this term is wholly inadequate to describe the price at which Sir John French and his troops redeemed the Channel coast. Little of the first Army was left when the first four months had passed, but the Kaiser's legions had not secured a decision; they had been cheated of the coast; and they had learned a lesson which will endure.

But at the end of this episode the great crisis had passed. The cloud which had overhung our Army had lifted. The light began to shine and anxious eyes could dimly see the promise of a fairer day. It is the first days of the war when the British troops went blithely to their awful tryst that must ever be the fire and inspiration of the generations to come. They are still more obscure than any other period of the war and they were more highly charged with emotion than perhaps any days can be expected to equal, unless it be those last days when the Allied troops shall drive the enemy from the field.

The Germans had secretly concentrated behind their screen of cavalry in Belgium. Sordets' cavalry had made a gallant raid through the country without gaining any sure information of where the main enemy forces lay. The French had made tentative moves eastward without finding any great force in their path. So the third week of the war dawned with no trustworthy evidence of the existence of that huge force that was to make its gallop to Paris. In such circumstances Sir John French landed with his staff. The Allies were groping in the dark and the British Army was cast for a rôle that it never had a chance of performing. Suddenly the German force emerged from behind its concealing curtain of horse. Without any trace of hesitation it moved westward over Belgium. Everything was in its place. Uniforms were new and fresh. Every scientific aid was in use, and the whole superstructure of the Allied strategy began to disappear. But only the superstructure.

It seems strange now to state that the rôle of the British Army was to outflank the German right wing. With our present knowledge of the sequence of events it is difficult to think that it was ever possible. The German Army had been trained for speed, and the German policy was based on getting in the first blow. When it fell it found the Allies unprepared. A full half-million picked German troops marched across Belgium on the 20th and 21st of August; but when the first encounters began on the Sambre the British Armies were not in their positions. The first Allied plan was already impracticable before the British Army took its place about Mons and prepared to give battle. The Sambre line could be no longer maintained; but the British commander, not yet notified of the fact, set himself to the forlorn hope of forbidding the advance of an army many times greater than his own force.

The Battle of Mons was decided before it had begun; and the troops who were compelled to retreat had planned quite another sort of episode. Sir John French and his Generals had to retire in haste from the peril of being surrounded and cut off.

At some phases of long drawn out war of positions it was forgotten that the Army which first took the field had to face the war of movements, and that only their astounding skill and courage enabled them to cope with it in its worst aspect. German generals have recently proclaimed their belief that the British Army will not be able to succeed in open warfare. Bernhardi even said that he doubted if the troops could face a European army. But this latter statement was made before the war, and it has perished in the light of numerous German defeats. The former can never survive our recollection of the conduct of the most difficult operations in open warfare by Sir John French and his Generals. An enforced retreat is a more searching test of military skill than any that is known to soldiers, and it was such an experience that met the British Army on the threshold of the War.

At Mons the Army made retreat possible. The battle was not of long duration; but it was sufficient to put an end to Bernhardi's hopes. The fierce onset of the Germans was broken by the amazing skill and coolness of a numerically inferior army, provided with hardly any of the instruments which were to give the tone to the war. Yet the few British machine guns and the incomparable riflemen inflicted losses that had never been expected by the enemy. German officers have explained their amazement at seeing the cool unhurried firing after the troops had been hammered time and again with an overwhelming weight of artillery.

They had scarcely any cover; but when the bombardment was over the quiet orders were instantly obeyed and the men met the enemy as though on manœuvres. Dispositions had been carefully made and the Germans met a deadly check. But this skill and courage was called upon more searchingly in the retreat which followed. The Germans seemed to be round both their wings. Indeed the first few days were fought in certainly what must have appeared to be partial envelopment. Le Cateau was a rearguard battle, such as perhaps has never been fought in history before. The men were too tired to do anything but put their fortunes to the final test; and, though overwhelmed by shrapnel, they won through. Courage alone cannot explain such a feat. Experience and the coolness that is born of it only explains half; the skill of the commanders could alone have justified the decision to stand at such hazards and could alone have brought the men through them. Le Cateau was won by the better troops. The British were moved back; but the check they administered gave them breathing space for the future.

The proportions of the force they had to meet were now clearer to the British commanders. By the Marne they had taken a surer measure. On the Aisne they put their judgment to the test and the successes of the First Corps in winning to the crest of the ridge, but lately cleared by the French, shewed that their reading of the situation was correct. Yet they were still to go through the final ordeal. They were taken north and set to tasks that were again incommensurate with their force. The army was still smaller than that of Belgium; and yet they were encouraged to look forward to Bruges, whence great German reinforcements were at that moment hastening south. Part of the army was falling back towards Ypres, and before this peaceful old Belgian town one of the decisive battles of history gradually emerged.

How the British Army survived Ypres is one of the mysteries upon which time can throw little light. But how it saved Ypres and survived at the same time can only be known from an investigation into the courage and surpassing skill of the splendid organism which had our honour in its keeping. The endurance under a ceaseless battering, the repeated readjustments that were necessitated by the mere weight of the onslaught, the mere mechanism of carrying on from day to day under such a strain can only be explained by a tribute to skilful handling that needs no emphasis. Officers acted with an insistent recognition of the issues at stake. The line, momentarily breached at Gheluvelt, was immediately restored before the orders of the supreme command could direct the operation. But this was only one great example of the skill that found expression everywhere and all the time.

Many of these generals, whose lives shine but vaguely through the facts which outline them, fought through these days of trial. All of them had other and stranger experience under other suns; but the experience they had garnered met its supreme test in the first phase of the war. When it had passed the barque of the army had ridden the troubled waters and was safe in harbour with only its terrible wounds to bear witness to the ordeal it had survived. Some of the commanders were fighting in other climes and came to the decisive theatre of the war when the great crisis had passed. They and all are part of the country's patrimony, part of its insurance of victory. They form a striking ensemble. Guardsmen some of them, with the halo which surrounds that name since the war began; engineers others, with the cool and calculating craftsmanship of their kind; others, again, of the artillery with bitter memories of the numerical weakness of their arm in the hour of trial and yet remembering fierce and glorious hours at Le Cateau, where they stood to the service of their guns and did the work of ten times their number. And there is not wanting a representative of the newest arm—the air service, which have many things to teach soldiers yet.

They are one in that goodly fellowship of great soldiers who have come through the fire of the fiercest battles in the world's history. We can glimpse their metal in their actions. We have recently seen how potent still is the skill which directs in the face of all scientific and mechanical development of the war. It is natural for us who read daily the record of our soldiers to be more conscious of their small failures, than of their great success. But trace the broad lines of the war, retread those trampled roads of northern France once more behind the armies these men led, remember their mastery in the darkest days and their record becomes luminous with the assurance of final victory.

I
FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT FRENCH OF YPRES, K.P., G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O., K.C.M.G.

LORD FRENCH'S name will descend to posterity as the leader of the British Expeditionary Force. Were all his other great services to his country reckoned as naught, his name would live for ever by reason of the German Emperor's vainglorious allusion to "French's contemptible little army." For, as long as the British Empire shall endure, men will hold in honour "the old Contemptibles," who shattered for ever an Emperor's dreams of world supremacy and made his boast recoil upon his head.

John Denton Pinkstone French comes of one of the most ancient Irish families, the Frenches of Galway and Roscommon, of whom Lord French of French Park, Roscommon, is the head. The Field-Marshal is fifth in descent from John French, M.P., who fought in the army of William III. and commanded a troop of Enniskillen Dragoons at Aughrim in 1689. His grandfather left Ireland at the beginning of the XIXth century and settled in Kent at Ripple Vale, near Deal, where, on September 28th, 1852, Lord French of Ypres was born.

Lord French's father was Captain John French, R.N., who retired from the service with the rank of Post Captain and died when the boy, his only son, was but two years old. Upon his mother, a Scottish lady, a Miss Eccles from the neighbourhood of Glasgow, devolved the upbringing of the infant son and his five sisters. After a brief sojourn at Harrow, the boy was sent to Eastman's School at Portsmouth to prepare for the Navy. In 1866, in his fourteenth year, he entered the "Britannia," and thence passed out as a midshipman.

At the age of 18, young John French sought the advice of a family friend and decided to make the change which was destined to alter the whole course of his life. He entered the militia and spent two years in the Garrison Artillery at Ipswich (1871 to 1873). Then he passed into the regular army, being gazetted, at the age of 21, to the 8th Hussars, with whom, however, he remained only a short time, transferring, after a few weeks, to the 19th Hussars, the regiment with which he passed the first half of his life as a soldier.

In 1880 Captain French became Adjutant of the Northumberland Yeomanry, and was thus, to his great disappointment, prevented from accompanying his regiment, the 19th, to Egypt in 1882. However, his chance came two years later when he went out as second in command of the 19th to join Wolseley's Nile Expedition. French was at Abu Klea and in the subsequent desperate fighting, and he was actually the first man of the column to learn, from the lips of Stuart Wortley, of the fall of Khartum and the death of Gordon. For his good work in Egypt French was mentioned in despatches and returned to England as Lieutenant-Colonel.

FIELD-MARSHAL VISCOUNT FRENCH

Five years of garrison duty followed. In 1891 Col. French took the 19th Hussars out to India, being stationed first at Secunderabad and afterwards at Bangalore. In 1893 he returned to England and retired on half-pay. In the following year he was entrusted with the compilation of the Cavalry Drill-book, and 1895 found him installed at the War Office as Deputy-Adjutant-General under Sir Redvers Buller.

From now on French rose rapidly in his profession. As commander of the 2nd Cavalry Brigade at Canterbury (1897), and the 1st Cavalry Brigade at Aldershot (1898), he had ample scope to elaborate his theories on cavalry training. None was more tenacious than French of maintaining the "cavalry spirit" in the British Cavalry, but he had recognized in Egypt the advantages of teaching the cavalry to fight dismounted as well. His theories were violently combated, but his justification was at hand. The time was approaching when he was to burst into prominence as England's main hope in South Africa.

Lord French was given command of the cavalry in Natal, and landed in South Africa on October 12th, 1899, the day after the declaration of war. He returned to England in July, 1902, with an almost unbroken record of successes in the campaign to his name.

His next command was the 1st Army Corps at Aldershot. Here for five years he worked at high pressure with the watch-word of "Efficiency." From Aldershot French was summoned by Lord Haldane, then Secretary of State for War, and given the appointment of Inspector-General of the Forces. In this post he laid the bases of the Expeditionary Force and of the Territorial Army which was to prove its valuable auxiliary in the years to come. In 1911 he was appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff and held this appointment until 1914, when he resigned.

From his retirement he was summoned to take command of the Expeditionary Force. He left London on the afternoon of Friday, August 14th, and landed in France that evening. For sixteen months he remained at the head of the British Army in France, which he watched expand from the four Divisions of the Retreat from Mons into a vast army of a million men. In December, 1915, he was recalled to take up the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Home Forces. At the New Year, 1916, he was created a Viscount.

In the title he assumed the Field-Marshal has commemorated the sternest battle he fought across the Channel. Ypres was the supreme test. When the full history of the war comes to be written, the Empire will realize how much it owes its security to the high patriotism and indomitable tenacity of the Commander-in-Chief of the Expeditionary Force.

II
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM PULTENEY, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR WILLIAM PULTENEY, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., was born on May 18th, 1861. He joined the Scots Guards from the Militia in 1881. In 1882 he served in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, and was present at the action of Mahuta and the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, winning a medal with clasp and bronze star. He was promoted Captain, Scots Guards, in 1892. Employed under the Foreign Office in the Uganda Protectorate between 1895 and 1897, he saw service in the Unyoro Expedition of 1895, winning a medal, and in the Nandi Expedition of 1895-6. In the latter he was mentioned in despatches and gained the D.S.O.

In 1897 he became Major, and in the same year was made Vice-Consul to the Congo Free State, an office he held until 1899. He again saw active service in the South African War, 1899-1902. He was in the advance on Kimberley, and took part in the operations in the Orange Free State, Transvaal, Orange River Colony, and Cape Colony. In these operations he commanded the 1st Battalion of the Scots Guards in 1900, and later took command of a Column. He was mentioned in despatches, gained the brevet of Colonel, together with the Queen's Medal and six clasps and the King's Medal with two clasps. He became Colonel of the Scots Guards in 1904 and was given the C.B. in 1905. Between 1908 and 1909 he commanded the 16th Brigade in the Irish Command, and in the latter year was promoted Major-General. In July, 1910, he became General Officer in command of the 6th Division, Irish Command, holding this position until 1914.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR WILLIAM PULTENEY

He was appointed to command the III Corps on its formation, August 4th, 1914. At the Marne this "Corps" consisted of the 4th Division and the 19th Brigade, and thus constituted it fought under General Pulteney throughout the battle of the Marne and the Aisne. In May, 1915, General Pulteney was promoted Lieutenant-General. He has received distinguished mention in despatches ("He showed himself to be a most capable commander in the field and has rendered valuable service") and has been decorated with the Legion of Honour (Second Class), and the Order of the Crown (Second Class); in addition to these war honours the K.C.M.G. and the K.C.B. have been bestowed upon him.

III
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR RICHARD CYRIL BYRNE HAKING, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR RICHARD CYRIL BYRNE HAKING, K.C.B., p.s.c., was born January 24th, 1862. He entered the Hampshire Regiment in 1881 and became Captain in 1889, having been Adjutant of the 2nd Battalion from June, 1885 to June, 1890. He took part in the Burmese Expedition of 1885-7, was mentioned in despatches and received a medal with clasp. He was Deputy Assistant Adjutant General in the Cork district from early in 1898 to September, 1899, when he became Major and took up the same post (D.A.A.G.) on the Staff in the South African War; for his services in the war he was mentioned in despatches and won the Queen's Medal and three clasps.

In 1901 he became a Professor at the Staff College, becoming D.A.A.G. of the College in 1904. He became Colonel in 1905, and the next year he was employed in the Southern Command, first as General Staff Officer. It was all the same, only the title was changed 3rd Division. In 1908 he was made Brigadier-General, General Staff, Southern Command, and in 1911 took over the Command of the 5th Brigade, having, the year before, been made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR R. C. B. HAKING

At the beginning of the present war he continued in command of the Brigade, and fought with it at Mons, on the Aisne, and at the first Battle of Ypres, and on December 28th, 1914, was promoted Major-General for Distinguished Service in the Field, became Lieutenant-General (temporary) in September, 1915. He has been mentioned in despatches in this war ("Special credit is due to Major-General Haking, commanding 1st Division, for the prompt manner in which he arranged this counter-attack and for the general plan of action, which was crowned with success"), and has been created Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

IV
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR CHARLES FERGUSSON, BART., K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR CHARLES FERGUSSON, Bt., K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., was born January, 1865. He entered the Grenadier Guards in 1883, and became Captain in 1895. In 1896 he was attached to the Egyptian Army, serving with the 10th Soudanese Battalion until 1898. With them he went through the Dongola Expedition of 1896, and the Nile Expeditions of 1897 and 1898, being severely wounded in the latter. For his work in these expeditions he was mentioned in despatches five times, won the Egyptian Medal and seven clasps, as well as the D.S.O., and received Brevet of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel, and Colonel.

In 1899 he commanded the 15th Soudanese on the Nile and won another clasp to the Egyptian medal, as well as the Second Class of the Modjidie Order. After the fighting he commanded the garrison and district of Omdurman in 1900, and from 1901 to 1903 was Adjutant-General of the Egyptian Army. Returning to England he commanded the 3rd Battalion of the Grenadier Guards until 1907, the year in which the M.V.O. was bestowed upon him. It was the year, too, in which he became Brigadier-General on the General Staff of the Irish Command, a position which he held until 1908. In September, 1908, he was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and with this rank he held the post of Inspector of Infantry between 1909 and 1912.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR CHARLES FERGUSSON

In 1913 he was appointed to the command of the 5th Division, with which he proceeded to France with the original Expeditionary Force. The 5th Division fought on the left of the line at Mons, and on the morning of the 24th had need of all the skill of its commander to extricate it from being outflanked by the Germans. In August, 1914, he was promoted Lieutenant-General, and from January, 1915, he commanded the II, which took a prominent part in the capture of Hill 60, and subsequently the XVII Army Corps. His war honours include mention in despatches and his creation as Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath. He has also received the Order of the Crown (Second Class).

V
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR GEORGE HENRY FOWKE, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR GEORGE HENRY FOWKE, K.C.B., was born September 10th, 1864. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1884 and became Captain in 1892. In the South African War of 1899-1902 he gained his Brevets of Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, in addition to winning the Queen's Medal with three clasps, the King's Medal with two clasps, and being mentioned in despatches. He served in the Defence of Ladysmith, including the sortie of December 7th, 1899, and in the operations in Natal and the Transvaal, east of Pretoria.

From 1902 to 1904 he was employed under the Civil Government in the Transvaal as Director of Works and M.L.C. In 1905 he was attached to the Japanese Army in Manchuria, during the Russo-Japanese War. In this campaign the order of the Sacred Treasure (Third Class) was bestowed on him, and also the Japanese War Medal. In 1906 he became an Instructor at the school of military Engineering, holding this position until 1908, when he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, Royal Engineers, and appointed C.R.E., 1st Division. He became Colonel in 1910, going to the War Office as Assistant Adjutant-General of the Royal Engineers in the same year.

In 1913 he was promoted Brigadier-General (Temporary), Inspector of Royal Engineers, and at the outbreak of this war became Brigadier-General, Royal Engineers. His wide experience was of great value in the positional warfare which ensued after the first Battle of Ypres.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR GEORGE FOWKE

In 1915 he was promoted to the rank of Major-General, and became Engineer-in-Chief, while in 1915 he became a Temporary Lieutenant-General, holding the office of Adjutant-General. Besides being mentioned in despatches ("I wish to particularly mention the services performed by my Chief Engineer, Brigadier-General G. H. Fowke"), Sir George Fowke has been during this war created first C.B., and then K.C.B., as well as K.C.M.G., and the Order of Leopold (Third Class) has been bestowed upon him by the King of Belgium, and Commander of the Legion of Honour.

VI
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR AYLMER HUNTER-WESTON, K.C.B., D.S.O.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR AYLMER HUNTER-WESTON, K.C.B., D.S.O., J.P., and D.L. (Ayrshire), M.P. for North Ayrshire (1916), was born September 23rd, 1864. He was educated at Wellington College, Royal Military Academy and Staff College. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1884 and saw his first service in 1891, when he took part in the Miranzai Expedition. He became Captain in the following year. In the Waziristan Expedition of 1894-5 he served as the Commander of the Bengal Sappers and Miners on Sir W. Lockhart's Staff. He was slightly wounded in this campaign, and besides getting a medal with clasp, he was mentioned in despatches and gained his Brevet of Major. During the Dongola Expedition of 1896 he was attached to Sir Herbert Kitchener's Headquarter Staff as Special Service Officer, and his work gained him further mention in despatches, the 4th Class Medjidieh, the Egyptian Medal with a clasp, and the Queen's Medal. In the South African War he commanded the Mounted Engineers, Cavalry Division. Later he became Deputy-Assistant-Adjutant-General to the Cavalry Division, and subsequently Chief Staff Officer to General French. Finally he was given independent command of a Mobile Column. He took part in the operations about Colesburg, in the Relief of Kimberley, in the Battle of Paardeberg, and the operations in the Orange Free State, the Transvaal, and Cape Colony. He commanded five cavalry raids during the advance to Pretoria, cutting the railway North of Bloemfontein and Kroonstad. He was several times mentioned in despatches, was promoted Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, and received the Queen's medal with seven clasps, and the D.S.O. Between 1904 and 1908 he was first D.A.A.G. and then General Staff Officer in the Eastern Command. From 1908 to 1911 he was Chief General Staff Officer of the Scottish Command. From 1911 to 1914 he was Assistant Director of Military Training at the War Office. Early in 1914 he was promoted Brigadier-General and appointed to the Command of the 11th Infantry Brigade at Colchester. At the outbreak of War in August, 1914, he brought this Brigade out to France, and took part with it in the Great Retreat, in the subsequent advance, and in all the later fighting in France and Flanders. He was several times mentioned in despatches and was promoted Major-General (1914) for distinguished services in the field. In March, 1915, he was given the command of the 29th Division and commanded it at the landing at Cape Helles on the Gallipoli Peninsula as well as in the advance. He was given command of all British troops at the Southern end of the Gallipoli Peninsula, and in May, 1915, was promoted Temporary Lieutenant-General to command VIII Corps. He was praised by Sir Ian Hamilton for "his invincible self-confidence, untiring energy, and trained ability." Since March, 1916, he has been in command of the VIII Corps in France. In this war he has been several times mentioned in despatches, and has been made a K.C.B., Commandeur of the Legion of Honour, and Grand Officier of the Belgian Crown.

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR A. G. HUNTER-WESTON

VII
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR CLAUD WILLIAM JACOB, K.C.B.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR CLAUD WILLIAM JACOB, K.C.B., was born November 21st, 1863. He joined the Worcester Regiment in 1882, and saw active service in 1890, when he took part in the Zhob Valley Expedition. In 1893 he became Captain, and in 1901 Major in the Indian Army.

He was employed on the North-West Frontier of India between 1901 and 1902, in the Waziristan Expedition, in which he won a Medal and a Clasp. He was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel of the Indian Army in 1904, and received his Brevet of Colonel in 1908. He served on the Staff in India as General Staff Officer, 1st Grade, between 1912 and 1915.

In the latter year he became Brigadier-General (Temporary), commanding the Dehra Dun Brigade. With his brigade he fought through the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, when the Bois du Biez was taken by a magnificent charge and several times cleared, though it could not be held. The brigade made a brilliant début in the European War, and their charge was only held up by the line of the river. He was promoted Major-General in January, 1916, became temporary Lieutenant-General in May of the same year, and was promoted Lieutenant-General in June, 1917.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR C. W. JACOB

In addition to these promotions for distinguished service in the present war, he has been mentioned in despatches, the Order of St. Vladimir (Fourth Class with swords) has been bestowed upon him, and he was created first C.B. and then K.C.B.

VIII
MAJOR-GENERAL SIR ARTHUR EDWARD AVELING HOLLAND, K.C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O.

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR ARTHUR EDWARD AVELING HOLLAND, C.B., M.V.O., D.S.O., was born April 13th, 1862. He entered the Royal Artillery in 1880, and saw active service in Burmah from 1885 to 1889, winning a medal and two clasps. He was promoted Captain in 1888. Between 1895 and 1898 he was Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General for the Royal Artillery in the Madras Presidency, India.

In the South African War (1899-1902) he took part in the operations in the Transvaal, Orange River Colony and Cape Colony. He was twice mentioned in despatches and was awarded the D.S.O., together with the Queen's Medal and four clasps. He became Major, Royal Artillery, in 1898. From 1903 to 1905 he acted as Assistant Military Secretary to the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta, being given the M.V.O. while he was so serving. At the end of that period he became Lieutenant-Colonel. He was promoted Colonel in 1910, and in that year became Assistant Military Secretary at the Headquarters of the Army. In September, 1912, he became Commandant at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, being graded as a General Staff Officer, 1st Grade. In January, 1913, he was promoted Temporary Brigadier-General while still at the Royal Military Academy.

MAJOR-GENERAL A. E. A. HOLLAND

He left the Academy in September, 1914, when he became Brigadier-General, Royal Artillery, 8th Division, which, after the first Battle of Ypres, went to the front to complete Sir Henry Rawlinson's IV Corps, and served with distinction in the battle near Fromelles in May, 1915. For distinguished services in this war he was created C.B. in 1915, and promoted Major-General early in 1916. He received the honour of Knighthood in January, 1918. The work of artillerists but rarely finds notice and tends to be assumed; but General Holland has been mentioned in despatches.

IX
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR IVOR MAXSE, K.C.B., C.V.O., D.S.O.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR IVOR MAXSE, K.C.B., C.V.O., D.S.O., born 1862, joined the Royal Fusiliers in India in 1882, exchanged into the Coldstream Guards as a Captain in 1891, served on the Staff in Scotland and Malta, 1893-4, and joined the Egyptian Army under Colonel Kitchener for the Soudan campaigns of 1897, 1898, and 1899. Was Brigade Major on active service, 1897 to 1898, Chief Staff Officer, Omdurman, 1898, and commanded the 13th Sudanese Battalion, 1898 to 1899, with the rank of Bey. Present at battles of Abu Hamed, Atbara, Omdurman, Elgedid, etc. (two medals, six clasps, D.S.O.).

In the South African war he served as Assistant Adjutant-General with Mounted Infantry and Colonial Corps in the advance to Bloemfontein and Pretoria, 1899 to 1900, and subsequently commanded the South African Constabulary. Present at the battles of Paardeberg, Driefontein, Sand River, Johannesburg, and Pretoria (medal, three clasps, C.B., Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel).

Employed on special duty at the War Office, 1901. Subsequently commanded the 2nd Battalion Coldstream Guards, the Regiment of Coldstream Guards and the 1st Guards Brigade at Aldershot (C.V.O.). He proceeded on active service with this brigade, and commanded it throughout the retreat from Mons to Paris, and in the battles of the Marne and the Aisne in 1914.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR F. IVOR MAXSE

He was then promoted Major-General and appointed to the command of the 18th Division, which he led to France and commanded from 1914 to 1917, including the battles of the Somme and the Ancre and the capture of Thiepval and of Schwaben Redoubt. Promoted temporary Lieutenant-General and K.C.B., January, 1917. Mentioned in despatches eight times, Grand Officer of the Belgian Crown and Commandeur de la Legion d'Honneur.

X
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR THOMAS LETHBRIDGE NAPIER MORLAND, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL (temporary) SIR THOMAS LETHBRIDGE NAPIER MORLAND, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., was born August 9th, 1865. He was gazetted Lieutenant to the King's Royal Rifle Corps in 1884, p.s.c. 1892, and became Captain in 1893. He was A.D.C. to the Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Malta from 1895 until he joined the West African Frontier Force in the spring of 1898. In West Africa he saw extensive service. In the operations on the Niger and in the Hinterland of Lagos, 1898, he won a medal and clasp, received his Brevet of Major, and was mentioned in despatches. He commanded in the Kaduna Expedition of 1900, and was again mentioned in despatches and received a further clasp. In the operations in Ashanti in the same year he received his Brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel and a mention in despatches and the medal. He commanded the operations against the Emir of Yola in 1901, and was slightly wounded. In this campaign he was mentioned in despatches and won a medal with clasp and the D.S.O. The Bornu Expedition, 1902, which he commanded, brought him a further mention in despatches, and a fourth clasp. For his work in the Kano-Sokoto Campaign, 1903, he was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath, as well as being again mentioned in despatches. In 1904 he received his Brevet of Colonel, and from 1905 to 1909 was Inspector-General of the West African Frontier Force. He returned to England in 1910 to become Brigadier Commanding 2nd Brigade, Aldershot Command. He became Major-General in 1913. On the outbreak of this war he was made Commander of the 2nd London Division, Territorial Force, a command he held until August 31st, 1914. From September 1st to October 16th, 1914, he raised and commanded the 14th (Light) Division. On October 17th, 1914, he took over command of 5th Division of the Expeditionary Force. With this Division he served until July, 1915, when he was appointed to the command of an Army Corps. With this promotion his honours in this war include four mentions in despatches, and his creation as Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, and as Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR T. L. N. MORLAND

XI
MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HUGH MONTAGUE TRENCHARD, K.C.B, D.S.O.

MAJOR-GENERAL SIR HUGH MONTAGUE TRENCHARD, K.C.B, D.S.O, Royal Scots Fusiliers, Commandant Central Flying School since 1914, was born on February 3rd, 1873. He entered the Royal Scots Fusiliers through the Militia in 1893, and became Captain early in 1900. He had meantime seen service in South Africa with the Imperial Yeomanry, Bushmen Corps, and afterwards with the Canadian Scouts. While serving with the latter he was dangerously wounded, and was awarded Queen's Medal with three clasps, and the King's medal with two clasps. He became Brevet-Major in 1902, and served with the West African Frontier Force between 1903 and 1910. Here he rose to be Commandant of the North Nigerian Regiment in 1908, having previously been mentioned in despatches, and having gained the D.S.O. in 1906; with the West African Frontier Force he won a medal and three clasps. Towards the end of 1912 he became Instructor, with the grade of Squadron Commander, to the Central Flying School of the Royal Flying Corps, being promoted a year later, in September, 1913, to Assistant Commandant.

MAJOR-GENERAL H. M. TRENCHARD

At the outbreak of war in 1914 he became Commandant (temporary) of the Military Wing of the Royal Flying Corps. In 1915 he was promoted first Lieutenant-Colonel (January 18th), then Colonel (June 3rd), with, later, the temporary rank of Brigadier-General. He held this rank from August 25th, 1915, to March 23rd, 1916, when he became Major-General (temporary). In the June of 1915 he became A.D.C. (extra) to the King, and Brigade Commander a month later. When the Air Council was formed in January, 1918, he was appointed Chief of the Air Staff.

Since 1914 Major-General Trenchard has been made a Commander and a Knight Commander of the Bath, has been awarded the Order of St. Anne (3rd Class with Swords), and has received distinguished mention in despatches.

XII
LIEUT.-GENERAL SIR EDWARD ARTHUR FANSHAWE, K.C.B.

LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR EDWARD ARTHUR FANSHAWE, K.C.B., was born April 4th, 1859. He joined the Royal Artillery at the time of the Afghan War of 1878, taking part in that campaign and winning a medal. He again saw service in the Soudan in 1885, and won a medal with clasp and a bronze star. He was promoted Captain in 1886, Major in 1896, and Colonel in 1908. In 1909 he was made (Temporary) Brigadier-General, commanding the Royal Artillery, 6th Division, Irish Command, and later he commanded the Royal Artillery in the 5th Division of the same command. In 1913 he commanded the Royal Artillery in the Wessex Division of the Southern Command. In September, 1914, he was promoted Brigadier-General of the Royal Artillery, and held that position until he became Major-General in June, 1915. He was promoted Lieutenant-General (Temporary) in July, 1916. Lieutenant-General Sir Edward Fanshawe has received distinguished mention in despatches, and, in addition to his promotions, has had bestowed upon him first the C.B. and later the K.C.B.

LIEUT.-GEN. SIR E. A. FANSHAWE

The Western Front
Drawings by MUIRHEAD BONE

"They illustrate admirably the daily life of the troops under my command."

—F.M. Sir Douglas Haig, K.T.

In Monthly Parts, Price 2/- net.Parts I.-V. in Volume form, with extra matter, 15/- net.
Parts VI.-X. in Volume form, with extra matter, 15/- net.

Mr. Muirhead Bone's drawings are reproduced in the following form, apart from "The Western Front" publication:—

WAR DRAWINGS
Size 20 by 15 inches. Ten Plates in each part, 10/6 net.
MUNITION DRAWINGS
Size 31½ by 22 inches. Six Plates in portfolio, 20/- net.
WITH THE GRAND FLEET
Size 31½ by 22 inches. Six Plates in portfolio, 20/- net.
"TANKS"
Size 28 by 20¼ inches. Single Plate, 5/- net.

BRITISH ARTISTS AT THE FRONT
Continuation of "The Western Front."

The sequel to the monthly publication illustrated by Mr. Muirhead Bone will be issued under the title of "British Artists at the Front."

In size, quality of paper and style this publication will retain the characteristics of its predecessor.

The illustrations will be in colours, and will be provided by various artists who have been given facilities to make records of the War.

Part I will be illustrated by Mr. C. R. W. Nevinson, and Part II by Sir John Lavery, A.R.A.

An illustrated Catalogue referring to the above publications will be sent on application to "Country Life," Ltd., 20, Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.2.

Contents of Part I.

I.—HAIG, FIELD-MARSHAL SIR DOUGLAS, K.T., G.C.B., G.C.V.O., K.C.I.E., A.D.C.
II.—PLUMER, GENERAL SIR H., C.O., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., A.D.C.
III.—RAWLINSON, GENERAL SIR H. S., Bart., G.C.V.O., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.
IV.—GOUGH, GENERAL SIR H. de la POER, K.C.B., K.C.V.O.
V.—ALLENBY, GENERAL SIR E. H., K.C.B.
VI.—HORNE, GENERAL SIR H. S., K.C.B.
VII.—BIRDWOOD, GENERAL SIR W. R., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., D.S.O.
VIII.—BYNG, GENERAL THE HON. SIR J. H. G., K.C.B, K.C.M.G., M.V.O.
IX.—CONGREVE, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR W. N., V.C., K.C.B., M.V.O.
X.—HALDANE, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR J. A. L., K.C.B., D.S.O.
XI.—WATTS, LIEUT.-GEN. SIR H. E., K.C.M.G., C.M.G.
XII.—SMUTS, LIEUT.-GEN. The Rt. Hon. JAN C., P.C., K.C., M.L.A.

Large Reproductions of some of these Portraits may be obtained, price 2/6 each.

Uniform with this publication.

Admirals of the British Navy
Portraits by FRANCIS DODD
EACH PART 5/- NET.

Contents of Part I.

INTRODUCTION.
I.—JELLICOE, ADMIRAL LORD, G.C.B., O.M., G.C.V.O.
II.—BURNEY, ADMIRAL SIR CECIL, G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.S.O.
III.—MADDEN, ADMIRAL SIR C. E., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., M.V.O.
IV.—PHILLIMORE, REAR-ADMIRAL SIR R. F., C.B., M.V.O.
V.—BACON, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR R. H. S., K.C.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O.
VI.—DE ROEBECK, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR J. M., K.C.B.
VII.—NAPIER, VICE-ADMIRAL T. D. W., C.B., M.V.O.
VIII.—BROCK, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR OSMOND de B., K.C.V.O., C.B., C.M.G.
IX.—HALSEY, REAR-ADMIRAL LIONEL, C.B., C.M.G.
X.—PACKENHAM, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR W. C., K.C.B., K.C.V.O.
XI.—PAINE, COMMODORE GODFREY M., C.B., M.V.O.
XII.—TYRWHITT, REAR-ADMIRAL SIR R. Y., K.C.B., D.S.O.

Contents of Part II.

INTRODUCTION.
I.—BEATTY, ADMIRAL SIR DAVID, G.C.B., G.C.V.O., D.S.O.
II.—JACKSON, ADMIRAL, SIR H. B., G.C.B., K.C.V.O., F.R.S.
III.—COLVILLE, ADMIRAL THE HON. SIR S. C. J., G.C.V.O., K.C.B.
IV.—BROCK, ADMIRAL SIR F. E. E., K.C.M.G., C.B.
V.—GRANT, REAR-ADMIRAL H. S., C.B.
VI.—TUDOR, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR F. C. T., K.C.M.G., C.B.
VII.—CALLAGHAN, ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIR G. A., G.C.B., G.C.V.O.
VIII.—LEVESON, REAR-ADMIRAL A. C., C.B.
IX.—KEYES, REAR-ADMIRAL ROGER J. B., C.B., C.M.G., M.V.O., D.S.O.
X.—EVAN-THOMAS, VICE-ADMIRAL SIR H., K.C.B., M.V.O.
XI.—BRUCE, REAR ADMIRAL H. H., C.B., M.V.O.
XII.—ALEXANDER-SINCLAIR, REAR-ADMIRAL E. S., C.B., M.V.O.

Hudson & Kearns, Ltd., Printers, Hatfield Street, London, S.E. 1.

Transcriber's Notes:

Punctuation and spelling standardized when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise unchanged. Simple typographical errors remedied; most retained.

In Advertisements, Black Letter honorific abbreviations are shown here in boldface.

When originally published, the Tables of Content were on the back covers. In this eBook, each has been moved to the beginning of the Part it references.