FOOTNOTES:
[1] Münsterberg: Perception of Distance, The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, vol. 1, p. 617, 1904.
[2] E. Mach: Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch., Wien, 1874.
[3] A. Crum Brown: Proceedings of the Royal Soc., Edinburgh, 1874.
[4] J. Breuer: Med. Jahrb., Wien, 1874-75.
[5] W. Peters: Arch. f. d. ges. Psych., vol. 5, p. 42, 1905.
[6] W. Nagel: Handbuch d. Physiol. des Menschen, vol. 3, p. 762, 1905.
[7] R. Dodge: Amer. Jour. of Physiol., vol. 8, p. 317, 1903.
[8] Ibid. p. 327.
[9] A. Crum Brown: Proceedings of the Royal Soc., Edinburgh, 1895.
[10] W. Nagel: Zeitsch. f. Psych. u. Physiol., vol. 12, p. 331, 1896.
[11] Yves Delage: Arch. de Zoöl. expér. et générale, vol. 1, 1903.
[12] R. P. Angier: Zeitsch. f. Psych. u. Physiol., vol. 37, p. 235, 1905.
[13] See the summaries of Nagel and Peters, above referred to.
[14] C. H. Judd: Yale Psych. Studies, Psych. Rev., Mon. Supplements, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 7, 1905.
[15] C. N. McAllister: Yale Psych. Studies, Psych. Rev. Mon. Supplements, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 17, 1905.
[16] Yves Delage: Physiol. Studien über d. Orientirung (Aubert's transl.), p. 100, Tübingen, 1888.
[17] E. B. Holt: Harvard Psych. Studies, Psych. Rev. Mon. Supplements, vol. 4, p. 1, 1903.
[18] E. Mach: Analyse der Empfindungen, 2d ed., p. 98, Jena, 1900.
[19] R. Dodge: Amer. Jour. of Physiology, vol. 8, p. 317, 1903.
[20] E. B. Holt: Harvard Psych. Studies, Psych. Rev. Mon. Supplements, vol. 4, p. 42, 1903.
[21] S. Exner: Zeitschrift für Psych. u. Physiol., vol. 1, p. 46, 1890; E. Fick and A. Gürber: Berichte d. ophth. Gesellschaft in Heidelberg, 1889; E. B. Holt: op. cit. p. 4.
[22] Purkinje, 1825; reprinted in Aubert's Physiol. Stud. über d. Orientirung, p. 117, Tübingen, 1888.
[23] Image no. 5 appeared with the concavity in front. In the centre of the figure appeared a dark grayish splotch of light, very much darker than the rest of the image. This is due, most probably, to the presence of Charpentier's phenomenon of recurrent bands. If this happens in this figure the ends of the recurrent bright images would overlap while the centres would not, so that the black bands appearing, as it were, through interstices in the central part of the figure, would seem like a dark splotch, especially since the outlines of the bands are vague and hazy. The back end of the figure had the effect of being vertical or nearly so. This is probably due to the same cause as that which made the circular figure to appear as it did, namely, the negative after-image overlapping the positive after-image. The front of this black image is usually of about the same shape as the front of the real figure which it follows. If this is so, then, in this case, it would make the back part of the image pretty nearly vertical.
[24] The intensity of the objective stimulation may be represented by the line AB. If there were no reënforcement of stimulation the whole figure would be flat on top and of this height. The difference between AB and AC, or BC, represents the increase of intensity due to irradiation at the most favorably situated portion of the figure. The other portions receive increments proportional to their location, as indicated in the diagram.
[25] Favorable localization will of course depend largely on the shape of the figure in which the point is situated. Thus one in the angle of a triangle or at the horn of a crescent would have much less reënforcement of excitation than another point, say halfway down the side.
[26] Bidwell describes this "black process" or "negative after-image" of a bright, white light as being of a blackness more intense than the ordinary blackness of an entirely dark room. This is perfectly true. The black image, however, lasts for a very much longer time than the recurrent images of the same light. Often this velvety black band would trail along behind the moving light for the distance of a foot or more, gradually lightening into the darkness of the background.
[27] The intensities used with white light are all less than an eight-candle-power electric lamp placed at about a foot behind the opening and covered with two pieces of ground glass.
[28] McDougall, 1901, 1903.
[29] Comptes Rendus, vol. 50, p. 637, 1860.
[30] Comptes Rendus, vol. 53, p. 98, 1861. "Sans rien livrer à l'hypothèse il est bien certain que des changements dans la circulation périphérique arrivent souvent sous l'influence d'émotions morales.... En résumé d'après ce qui précède il nous semblerait illogique de faire une exception pour les actions que les causes morales exercent sur les battements du cœur, et nous pensons qu'elles doivent agir comme toutes les autres influences, c'est à dire à la périphérie primitivement."
[31] We quote as an instance Lotze: Medicinische Psychologie, p. 257, 1852: "Es ist wahr, dass Gefühle sehr lebhafte motorische Ruckwirkungen äussern; wir sehen die Respiration in Unordnung gerathen, den Druck der Arterienwandung auf das Blut bei heftigen Schmerzen zunehmen, Erbrechen auf widrige Geschmackseindrücke, allgemeine Muskelkrämpfe bei physischen Martern eintreten." All the principal physiological features of feelings are enumerated here, but one hardly will give any great credit for priority to Lotze. Such a general statement, in fact, belongs to the class of easy observations from which philosophical speculation often starts. G. L. Duprat shows that the same "observations" underlie the theories of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and Plato. (Duprat: La psycho-physiologie des passions dans la philosophie ancienne, Archiv f. Geschichte d. Philosophie, vol. 18 (N. F. 11), pp. 395-412, 1905.)
[32] Application de la balance à l'étude de la circulation du sang chez l'homme, Archives Italiennes de Biologie, pp. 130-143, 1884.
[33] Ueber den Kreislauf des Blutes im menschlichen Gehirn, 1880.
[34] Mosso et Pellacani: Sur les fonctions de la vessie, Archives Italiennes de Biologie, vol. 1, pp. 97-127, 1882.
[35] La température du cerveau, Arch. Ital. de Biol., vol. 22, pp. 264-311.
[36] For the literature, see P. Menz: Die Wirkung akustischer Sinnesreize auf Puls und Athmung, Phil. Stud., vol. 11, p. 61, 1895.
[37] Meumann und Zoneff: Ueber Begleiterscheinungen psychischer Vorgänge in Athem und Puls, Phil. Stud., vol. 18, p. 3, 1901; and Wundt: Physiologische Psychologie (5th ed.); vol. 2, p. 298.
[38] It has been pointed out that this terminology, which is due to a large extent to Landois, presupposes a certain theory of the origin of the secondary elevations. (Edgren: Cardiographische und sphygmographische Untersuchungen, Skandinavisches Archiv. f. Physiologie, vol. 1, p. 92, 1889.) It is not easy to change a terminology, and the Greek terms, some of which were used by and before Galen, are so indifferently connotative that they can be kept without inconvenience. If one were to be rigorous, one would change the name of the sphygmograph into palmograph, because this instrument does not serve exclusively for the registration of the abnormal pulse. It does seem, however, advisable to drop the terms recoil wave (Rückstosselevation, Landois), and "onde de rebondissement" (Marey), because they are taken from modern languages and directly suggest a certain theory with which they are intimately connected.
[39] Recherches sur l'état de la circulation d'après les caractères du pouls, Journal de Physiologie de l'Homme, vol. 3, p. 249, 1860; and La circulation du sang, p. 264, 1863. "Le dicrotisme du pouls est un phénomène physiologique, on l'observe presque chez tous les sujets; seulement il n'est sensible au doigt que dans les cas où il est extrêmement prononcé." References for previous observations of the slow descent of the pulse curve are given by Landois, Die Lehre vom Arterienpuls, p. 36, 1872.
[40] Burdon Sanderson: Handbook of the Sphygmograph, 1867.
[41] Lorain: Études de médecine clinique; Le Pouls, 1870.
[42] Ozanam: La circulation et le pouls, 1886.
[43] Pfungen: Pulscurve der Arterien in Gad's Lexicon der medicinischen Propaedeutik, vol. 3, pp. 544-642, 1895.
[44] Riegel: Ueber die Bedeutung der Pulsuntersuchung in Volkmann's Sammlung klinischer Vortraege, Nos. 144, 145, 1878.
[45] Roy and Adami: Heartbeat and Pulsewave, The Practitioner, vol. 1, pp. 81-94, 161-177, 241-253, 347-361, 412-425, 1890.
[46] Cf. Howell: American Text-book of Physiology, p. 436, 1897. Marey's first explanation of the dicrotic belongs to this type (Comptes Rendus, vol. 47, p. 826, 22 Nov., 1858.) He supposed that the dicrotic elevation was due to a wave reflected from the Iliacae communes. He was led to this theory by the erroneous observation of Beau, that abnormal dicrotism never occurs in the lower extremities. Marey's own observations refuted this theory, since they show that the dicrotic elevation is found also in the sphygmograms of the arteries of the leg. (Marey, La circulation du sang, p. 274, 1863.)
[47] Marey, La circulation du sang, pp. 271, 272, 1863. "Dans ces conditions, l'ondée lancée par les ventricules se porte vers la périphérie, et par suite de la vitesse acquise, abandonne les régions initiales de l'aorte pour distendre les extrémités du système artériel. Arrêtée en ce dernier point par l'étroitesse des artères qui lui fait obstacle, elle reflue vers l'origine de l'aorte; mais cette voie est fermée par les valvules sygmoïdes. Nouvel obstacle, nouveau reflux, et par suite nouvelle ondulation (où rebondissement). Ces oscillations alternatives se produisent jusqu'à ce qu'une nouvelle contraction du ventricule vienne y mettre fin en produisant une onde nouvelle."
[48] This view was held by Haller, Bichat, and Bourgelat and goes back to Galen ("Omnes enim clare cernunt, omnes partes arteriarum eodem distendi tempore," De causis pulsi, book 2, c. 8). The first who saw that the pulse did not appear at the same time in all the parts of the body was Josias Weitbrecht, but his observations were neglected until E. H. Weber actually measured the velocity of the propagation of the pulse wave. (His famous thesis of 1827,—"Pulsum arteriarum non in omnibus arteriis simul, sed in arteriis a corde valde remotis serius quam in corde et in arteriis cordi vicinis fieri.") For the results of other measurements see Tigerstedt: Physiologie des Kreislaufes, p. 385, 1894. Some use of these measurements is made in the present writer's L'Analyse des Sphygmogrammes, which is to appear in the Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie Générale for May, 1906.
[49] Landois: Human Physiology (English translation), p. 145, 1889, and Die Lehre vom Arterienpuls, p. 188, 1872.
[50] Otto und Haas: Vierteljahrsschrift f. praktische Heilkunde, vol. 34, p. 41, 1877.
[51] Garrod: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. 5, pp. 17-27, 1870.
[52] Traube: Gesammelte Beiträge, vol. 3, p. 595, 1878.
[53] Rosenstein: Deutsches Archiv f. klinische Medicin, vol. 23, pp. 75-97, 1879.
[54] Maurer: Deutsches Archiv f. klinische Medicin, vol. 24, pp. 291-341.
[55] Gibson: Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. 14, pp. 234-240, 1879.
[56] Fr. Frank: Travaux du laboratoire Marey, pp. 301-327, 1877.
[57] I. G. Edgren: Skandinavisches Archiv f. Physiologie, vol. 1, pp. 67-152, 1889.
[58] v. Kries: Studien zur Pulslehre, p. 62, and M. v. Frey, Die Untersuchung des Pulses, p. 164.
[59] Grashey: Die Wellenbewegung elastischer Röhren, p. 166, 1881.
[60] Hoorweg: Archiv f. d. ges. Physiologie, vol. 46, p. 143, 1890.
[61] Marey, loc. cit., pp. 267-271, and Traité de Physique Biologique (publié par d'Arsonval, Chauveau, Gariel, Marey), vol. 1, p. 390, 1901; these tracings are reproduced rather frequently; e.g., Pfungen, loc. cit., p. 563, and Chapman: Human Physiology (2d ed.), p. 270, 1899.
[62] E. Mach: Sitzungsberichte der K. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 47 (2), p. 43, 1863; and in the tables, figs. 48-53.
[63] L. Hill, in Schaefer's Text-book of Physiology, vol. 2, p. 111, 1902. The same opinion maybe found in Hermann's Lehrbuch der Physiologie (12th ed.), p. 79, 1900. "Ihre (der dicrotischen Wellen) Erklärung ist noch nicht widerspruchsfrei gestellt." In the previous editions different views were given, and this critical doubt may be regarded as the final outcome of the investigations of almost half a century.
[64] Sudden compression is the most convenient way of producing a wave in a liquid which is enclosed in an elastic tube. It was used already in the first experiments on the propagation of these waves. (E. H. Weber: Anwendung der Wellenlehre auf die Lehre vom Kreislaufe des Blutes und insbesondere auf die Pulslehre, Berichte d. Kgl. Sächsischen Ges. d. Wissenschaften, Math.-Phys. Cl., p. 177, 1850.)
[65] Bayliss and Starling: On the form of the intraventricular and aortic pressure curves obtained by a new method, Intern. Monatsschrift f. Anatomie u. Physiologie, vol. 11, pp. 426-435, 1894.
[66] W. T. Porter: A new method for the study of the intraventricular pressure curve, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol. 1, pp. 296-303, 1896. A similar method was used by O. Frank: Ein experimentelles Hülfsmittel für die Kritik der Kammerdruckkurven, Zeitschrift f. Biologie, vol. 35, pp. 478-480, 1897.
[67] O. Frank, loc. cit., p. 480.
[68] Huerthle: Beiträge zur Hämodynamik, VIII, Zur Kritik des Lufttransmissionsverfahrens, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiologie, vol 53, pp. 281-331, 1892.
[69] The special assumption on the rate of outflow is by no means essential for the following theory. Two other possible assumptions are mentioned in the author's "L'Analyse des Sphygmogrammes," and others may be found easily. Every one of these theories is equally probable as long as no experimental evidence can be brought forward. The assumption that the rate of outflow through the arterioles is uniform has the merit that it is the simplest and that it can be deduced from considerations of the average directions of tubes which split up in "every" direction.
[70] A detailed discussion shows that four different cases are possible, but this distinction is of minor importance for the purpose of this paper. The distinction holds that the movement is either periodic or aperiodic.
[71] Edgren: Kardiographische und sphygmographische Untersuchungen, Skandinavisches Archiv f. Physiologie, vol. 1, pp. 88-91, 1889; Fredericq: Vergleich der Stoss und Druckcurven der rechten Herzkammer des Hundes, Centralblatt f. Physiologie, vol. 7, p. 770, 1893; Einthoven und Geluk: Die Registrierung der Herztöne, Archiv f. d. Ges. Physiologie, vol. 57, p. 631, 1894.
[72] K. Huerthle: Beiträge zur Hämodynamik, Archiv f. d. Ges. Physiologie, vol. 60, p. 281, 1895.
[73] Edgren: loc. cit. p. 87.
[74] A. Chauveau: Inscription électrique des mouvements valvulaires, Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie Générale, vol. 1, p. 388, fig. 4, 1899.
[75] Ibid. p. 391, fig. 6 (curve 5); and the same author's La pulsation cardiaque, in the same Journal, vol. 1, p. 795, fig. 5, and p. 796, 1899.
[76] Edgren: loc. cit. p. 114.
[77] The exposition of this theory may be found in R. Tigerstedt: Intracardialer Druck und Herzstoss, Ergebnisse der Physiologie, vol. 1, pp. 258-262, 1902. This theory, equally remarkable for its logical beauty and for its confirmation by Edgren's experiments, has not found its way into recently published text-books of physiology, though Edgren's paper belongs to the most frequently quoted publications on sphygmography and cardiography.
[78] Tigerstedt: loc. cit. p. 261.
[79] Fredericq: La pulsation du cœur chez le chien, no. 5. La comparaison du tracé du choc du cœur avec celui de la pression intraventriculaire, Travaux du Laboratoire de Liège, vol. 5, p. 67, 1896.
[80] Galenus: De pulsuum differentiis, lib. 1. c. 16.
[81] The amount of change in the base-line is the chief difference between the sphygmograms and the plethysmograms. It was stated recently that for this reason the plethysmograph could not be used for psychological experiments. An analysis of the mechanical conditions of these two instruments shows that also the sphygmogram must show some plethysmographic influences, and the author supplied experimental evidence for this result.
[82] More recent publications have taken this view. Cohn speaks of "Organgefühle des Gehirns," approaching Meynert's view on the causes of pleasure and pain. (P. Cohn: Gemüthserregungen und Krankheiten, pp. 23 and 50, 1903.) Cohn's book shows clearly that this theory belongs to the type of philosophical explanations. This is also suggested by Duprat who remarked the parallelism between the theories of James, Lange and Ribot, and the theories of certain Greek philosophers. (Duprat: "La psycho-physiologie des sentiments dans la philosophie ancienne," Archiv f. Geschichte d. Philosophie, vol. 18 (3), p. 395, 1905.)
[83] Attention may be called to the fact that this paper arranges the conventional seven degrees of feelings in an order opposite to that of the other papers of this volume; it follows still the earlier traditions of our laboratory, while the more recent investigations call very disagreeable 7 and very agreeable 1; the indifference point remains the same.—EDITOR.
[84] As Mach long ago pointed out, pleasant is a vague term and in itself does not serve as a true descriptive term. Pleasant here applies to both feeling for red and for yellow, but something more is needed to distinguish these very different feelings.
[85] "Irritating" as I shall use the word has no hedonic or algedonic significance.
[86] Stratton: Eye-Movements and Æsthetics of Visual Forms, Philosophische Studien, vol. 20, p. 350, 1902.
[87] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, Harvard Psych. Studies, vol. 1, p. 321, 1903.
[88] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, ibid. p. 322.
[89] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, ibid. p. 322.
[90] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, p. 325.
[91] Bolton: American Journal of Psychology, p. 223, 1894.
[92] Külpe: Outlines of Psychology, p. 395.
[93] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, p. 348.
[94] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, p. 349.
[95] Stetson: Rhythm and Rhyme, Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. 1, p. 455, 1903.
[96] Stetson: Rhythm and Rhyme, Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. 1, p. 455, 1903.
[97] MacDougall: Structure of Simple Rhythm Forms, p. 377.
[98] Perrot and Chipiez: Art in Ancient Egypt, p. 100.
[99] Perrot and Chipiez: Art in Assyria and Chaldea, p. 126.
[100] Perrot and Chipiez: Art in Persia.
[101] Stern: Beiträge zur Psychologie der Aussage, vol. 1, p. 46, 1904.
[102] Ranschburg: Ueber die Bedeutung der Ähnlichkeit beim Erlernen, Behalten und bei der Reproduction, Journal der Psychologie und Neurologie, Bd. 5, p. 94.
[103] Dr. R. M. Yerkes: The Sense of Hearing in Frogs, Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, vol. 15, no. 4, 1905; also this vol. Harvard Psychological Studies.
[104] L. Hofbauer: Interferenz zwischen verschiedenen Impulsen im Central-nervensystem, Pflügers Archives, Bd. 68, p. 564, 1897.
[105] Kleinknecht: This volume.
[106] Ranschburg: Zeitschrift für Psychologie, vol. 30, 1902.
[107] Fusion or inhibition?
[108] W. Wirth: Zur Theorie des Bewusstseinsumfanges und seiner Messung, Philos. Studien, vol. 20, p. 487, 1902.
[109] Cattell: Ueber die Trägheit der Netzhaut und des Sehcentrums, Philos. Studien, vol. 3, p. 94, 1886.
[110] Gonnessiat: L'Equation personnelle, Paris, 1892.
[111] Exner: Experimentelle Untersuchungen der einfachsten psychischen Processe, Archiv. f. d. gesammte Physiologie, vol. 7, p. 601, 1873, and vol. 11, p. 581, 1875.
[112] Angell and Pierce: Researches upon Attention, American Journal of Psychology, vol. 4, p. 528.
[113] Pflaum: Neue Untersuchungen u. d. Zeitverhältnisse der Apperception einfacher Sinneseindrücke, Philos. Studien, vol. 15, p. 139.
[114] Peters: Aufmerksamkeit und Zeitverschiebung in der Auffassung disparater Sinnesreize, Zeitschrift f. Psychologie, vol. 39, p. 401, 1905.
[115] Paulhan: Revue Scientifique, vol. 39, p. 684.
[116] Jastrow: American Journal of Psychology, vol. 5, p. 239.
[117] Loeb: Archiv. f. gesammte Physiol., vol. 39, 1886.
[118] De Sanctis: Zeitschrift f. Psy. u. Physiol. d. Sinnesorg., vol. 17, p. 205.
[119] Münsterberg: Willkürliche und unwillkürliche Vorstellungsverbindung, Beiträge zur experimentellen Psychologie, vol. 1, pp. 64-188.
[120] Wundt: Physiol. Psy., 5th ed., vol. 3, p. 351.
[121] Wirth: Zur Theorie des Bewusstseinsumfanges und seiner Messung, Philos. Studien, vol. 20, p. 487, 1902.
[122] Münsterberg: Grundzüge der Psychologie, vol. 1, p. 525.
[125] Science, N.S., vol. 19, pp. 708-709, 1904.
[126] E. Mach (Analyse der Empfindungen, 1900, p. 161) thinks that his physiological time-unit has become larger with age. And he has also noted that the time-sense differs in animals of the same species which differ in size.
[127] The unbracketed number is that for the males, the bracketed that for the females.
[128] It may be asked in connection with the above statistics, what is the probability that even and uneven digits have unequal chances of occurrence? The analytic treatment of this problem indicates that the probability is ½[1+φ(4.25)] = 0.99999999891 for the males and ½[1+φ(15.93)] for the females. It is therefore almost certain, theoretically, that even and uneven numbers have not the same frequency. See Czuber, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung, 1903, pp. 158-161. The constants of this problem are in Czuber's denotation, a = 52.308 and b = 222.
[129] The judgments might be grouped in 10 second classes beginning with the lowest number in the experiments, but this would have the disadvantage of rendering the distribution tables or curves for different groups of judgments incomparable.
[130] G. Th. Fechner, Collectivmaasslehre, pp. 338-346, 1897. Compare the asymmetry of writing 18 seconds for both males and females with Fechner's Table III, p. 442.
[131] The distribution may be called regular if the classes increase to a maximum, the mode, and then decrease without interruption. (See Fechner, Collectivmaasslehre, pp. 121-122.)
[132] The values of the means and variabilities was determined to the second decimal for the females, but only to the first for the males; consequently the relative variability could be computed exactly to the first decimal for the females and to the unit only for the males.
[133] Cordes, G.: Experimentelle Untersuchung über Association, Phil. Studien, vol. 17, p. 30.
[134] Scripture, E. W.: Elements of Experimental Phonetics, p. 142.
[135] Calkins, M. W.: Memory and Association, Psychol. Rev., vol. 5, p. 451.
[136] Calkins, M. W.: Association, Psy. Monograph, no. 2, p. 46.
[137] Breese, B. B.: On Inhibition, Psy. Rev. Monograph, vol. 3, p. 15.
[138] Woodworth: The Accuracy of Voluntary Movements, Psychological Review Monographs, no. 13, 1899.
[139] The results brought together in this paper have been published in part in connection with other work in the following papers: Inhibition and Reënforcement of Reaction in the Frog, Jour. of Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., vol. 14, p. 124, 1904. Bahnung und Hemmung der Reactionen auf tactile Reize durch akustische Reize beim Frosche, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 107, p. 207, 1905. The Sense of Hearing in Frogs, Jour. of Comp. Neurol. and Psychol., vol. 15, p. 279, 1905.
[140] The Organ and the Sense of Taste in Fishes, Bulletin U.S. Fish Commission for 1902, pp. 237-272.
[141] Animal Behavior, Woods Hole Lecture Series, p. 300, 1899.
[142] The Response of the Frog to Light, American Journal of Physiology, vol. 9, p. 476, 1903.
[143] The Instincts, Habits and Reactions of the Frog, Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. 1, p. 590, 1903.
[144] The Skin and the Eyes as Receptive Organs in the Reactions of Frogs to Light, American Journal of Physiology, vol. 10, p. 31, 1903.
[145] Ueber die electromotorischen Erscheinungen an Hautsinnesnerven bei adaequater Reizung, Archiv für d. ges. Physiologie, vol. 63, p. 503, 1896.
[146] Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. 1, p. 592, 1903.
[147] Abstract of paper read before Section F of American Association for the Advancement of Science in Philadelphia, 1904. Science, vol. 21, p. 265, 1905. See also Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1902, pp. 45-64, and the same for 1904, pp. 183-207.
[148] Anatomie des Frosches, VI, Lehre von Integument und von den Sinnesorganen, pp. 751, 752, 1904.
[149] Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 279-304, 1905.
[150] Ueber die Beziehungen der Sinnesorgane zur den Reflexbewegungen des Frosches, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 81, pp. 222-262, 1900.
[151] "Blendung oder blosse Lichtentziehung erhoht die Erregbarkeit für mechanische Reize" (p. 253).
[152] Thousandths of a second.
[153] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 81, p. 227, 1900.
[154] A case of inhibition.
[155] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 107, p. 213, 1905.
[156] Journal of Physiology, vol. 9, pp. 60, 61, 1890.
[157] American Journal of Physiology, vol. 1, p. 336, 1898.
[158] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 68, p. 546, 1897.
[159] Travaux du Laboratoire de Marey, 1876.
[160] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol 59, p. 309, 1894.
[161] Zeitschr. f. Biol., vol. 32, p. 1, 1895.
[162] Journal of Physiology, vol. 21, p. 213, 1897.
[163] American Journal of Physiology, vol. 8, p. 213, 1902.
[164] Comptes rendus, vol. 124, p. 573, 1897.
[165] Nature, vol. 60, p. 629, 1899.
[166] Journal of Physiology, vol. 7, p. 101, 1886.
[167] Journal of Physiology, vol. 7, p. 111, 1886.
[168] Text-book of Physiology, p. 841, London, 1900.
[169] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 28, p. 495, 1882.
[170] Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Frosches, p. 41, Berlin, 1869.
[171] Centralb. f. d. med. Wissensch., vol. 7, p. 211, 1869.
[172] Arch. f. Anat., u. Physiol., p. 259, 1869.
[173] Arch. d. Physiol. norm. et pathol., vol. 4, p. 690, 1892.
[174] Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 81, p. 222, 1900.
[175] Sanderson: Journal of Physiology, vol. 18, p. 147. Tigerstedt: Archiv f. Physiologie, p. 111, 1895. Boruttau: Archiv f. Physiologie, p. 454, 1892.
[176] ς = thousandths of a second.
[177] Yerkes: Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. I, p. 609, 1903.
[178] The last four classes of Fig. 1 are 100ς classes, 401-500, 501-600, 601-700, 701-800.
[179] Yerkes: Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Method, vol. 2, p. 143.
[180] D. Ferrier: The Functions of the Brain, p. 111, London, 1886.
[181] A. Hill: Can Birds Smell? Nature, vol. 71, pp. 318, 319, 1905.
[182] W. Mills: The Nature and Development of Animal Intelligence, pp. 248, 250, New York, 1898.
[183] Hachet-Souplet: Examen Psychologique des Animaux, pp. 33-38, Paris, 1900. See also Riverside Natural History, vol. 4, pp. 240, 241, Cambridge, 1888.
[184] Orientation chez le pigeon-voyageur, Revue Scientifique, vol. 13, pp. 352-359, 1900.
[185] Orientation du pigeon-voyageur, Revue Scientifique, vol. 2, pp. 417-420, 453-457. 1904.
[186] Grundlinien zur Erforschung des Helligkeits- und Farbensinnes der Tiere, p. 102, Prague, 1888.
[187] Some Notes on the Psychology of Birds, Seventh Annual Report of the New York Zoölogical Society, p. 154, 1902.
[188] Ueber die Begleiterscheinungen psychischer Vorgänge in Athem und Puls, Philosophische Studien, vol. 18, pp. 7-14, 1901.
[189] Animal Intelligence, pp. 8-12, 31-36, 51-55, New York, 1898.
[190] Nature of Animal Intelligence and Methods of Investigating It, Psychological Review, vol. 10, pp. 262-274, 1897.
[191] An Experimental Study of the Mental Processes of the Rat, American Journal of Psychology, vol. 11, pp. 135-164; vol. 12, pp. 206-210, 1900-1901.
[192] Mental Life of Rhesus Monkeys in Captivity, American Journal of Psychology, vol. 13, pp. 97-148, 180-210, 1902.
[193] A Preliminary Study of the Psychology of the English Sparrow, American Journal of Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 313-346, 1904.
[194] For a more complete report of this special part III, see the writer's paper, Respiration and Emotion in Pigeons, Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, vol. 15, pp. 494-513, 1905.
[195] If shallowing accompanies quickening, the respiratory activity may be no greater than before; but since depth alterations were seldom observed in these trials after the first day of experimentation, the rise in rate may be taken as a fair measure of the influence of the stimulus.
[196] P. Zoneff und E. Meumann: op. cit., pp. 57, 58.
[197] R. MacDougall: The Physical Characteristics of Attention, Psychological Review, vol. 3, pp. 162, 176, 177, 1896.
[198] Thorndike: op. cit., pp. 13-15.
[199] Small: op. cit., vol. 12, pp. 236, 237.
[200] Small (op. cit., vol. 11, p. 146) states that in his rats "the persistence of useless motor habits is striking" and "explainable by the supposition that the movements are touched off automatically."
[201] Op. cit., vol. 12, p. 214.
[202] Op. cit., p. 28.
[203] The Instincts, Habits and Reactions of the Frog, Harvard Psychological Studies, vol. 1, pp. 591-593, 1903.
[204] Small: op. cit., vol. 12, pp. 230, 231.
[205] Op. cit., pp. 318, 319.
[206] C. L. Morgan: Animal Behaviour, pp. 179-193, London, 1900; Animal Life, and Intelligence, p. 453, Boston, 1891.
[207] Thorndike: op. cit., pp. 54, 56, 57, 60, 61; The Mental Life of the Monkeys, Psychological Review, Monograph Supplement, vol. 3, pp. 318, 319, 1901. Kinnaman: op. cit., pp. 198-200.
[208] Small: op. cit., vol. II, p. 160.
[209] W. Mills: Nature of Animal Intelligence and Methods of Investigating It, Psychological Review, vol. 10, pp. 262-274, 1897.
[210] Op. cit., p. 335. See also C. L. Morgan: Introduction to Comparative Psychology, p. 232, London, 1900.
[211] Cornish states (Animals at Work and Play, p. 30) that hunters near the Caspian are able to decoy partridges by use of brilliant colors.
[212] See the writer's paper, Respiration and Emotion in Pigeons, op. cit., p. 502.
[213] One of Porter's sparrows was less successful with yellow and red than with blue and green. He says: "This may be partly explained from the fact that she was more afraid of these." Op. cit., pp. 338, 339. See also E. L. Thorndike: Instinctive Reactions of Young Chicks, Psychological Review, vol. 6, pp. 283-284, 1899.
[214] Tables V, VII, and IX.
[215] Tables VI, VIII, and X.
[216] Op. cit., p. 338.
[217] From the tables (op. cit., pp. 330-339) it seems that the right choices for position, color, and form, were respectively, 40%, 58% and 20%. The comparatively small number of correct position choices was probably due to his using ten boxes instead of six, as in the other two series. My results given in Table XI were secured under almost exactly comparable conditions. Compare results of Kinnaman in case of the Rhesus monkey, op. cit., pp. 130, 131, 134, 141, and 177.
[218] An Introduction to the Study of Zoölogy, illustrated by the Crayfish, Internat. Sci. Ser., 1880.
[219] How the Burrowing Crayfish works, Inland Monthly, Columbus, Ohio, vol. 1, pp. 31, 32, 1885.
[220] Cave Animals from Southwestern Missouri, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Harv. Univ., vol. 17, pp. 225-239, 1889.
[221] Notes on the Individual Psychophysiology of the Crayfish, Amer. Jour. of Physiol., vol. 3, pp. 404-433, 1900.
[222] Reactions of Entomostraca to Stimulation by Light, II, Reactions of Daphnia and Cypris, Amer. Jour. of Physiol. vol. 4, pp. 405-422, 1900; Reactions of Daphnia pulex to Light and Heat, Mark Anniversary Volume, pp. 359-377, 1903.
[223] Heliotropism of Cypridopsis, Amer. Jour. of Physiol., vol. 3, pp. 345-365, 1900.
[224] Das Nervensystem von Carcinus mænas, I, Arch. f. mikros. Anat., vol. 50, pp. 460-547, 589-640, 1897.
[225] The Color Physiology of Higher Crustacea, Phil. Trans., London, Series B, vol. 196, pp. 295-388, 1904.
[226] An Establishment of Association in Hermit Crabs (Eupagurus longicarpus), Jour. Comp. Neur. and Psych., vol. 14, pp. 49-61, 1904.
[227] The American Lobster; A Study of its Habits and Development, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 15, pp. 1-252, 1895.
[228] Notes on the Senses and Habits of some Crustacea, Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc'n., Plymouth, N. S., vol. 1, pp. 211-214, 1889.
[229] The Reactions of Copepods to Various Stimuli, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 21, pp. 103-123, 1902.
[230] Recherches pour servir à l'histoire des systèmes nerveux, musculaire, et glandulaire de l'écrevisse, Ann. des Sci. Nat., Series 5, vol. 9, pp. 99-280; vol. 10, pp. 5-54, 1868.
[231] The Sense of Touch in Astacus, Proc. Roy. Physiol. Soc., Edinburgh, vol. 9, pp. 151-179, 1886.
[232] Loc. cit.
[233] Contribution to the Comparative Physiology of Compensatory Movements, Amer. Jour. of Physiol., vol. 3, pp. 86-114, 1899.
[234] The Retina and Optic Ganglia in Decapods, especially in Astacus fluviatilis Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel., vol. 12, pp. 1-73, 1895.
[235] Photomechanical Changes in the Retinal Pigment Cells of Palæmonetes, etc., Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Harv. Univ., vol. 30, pp. 273-300, 1897.
[236] No. 46 substituted.
[237] The second pair of red-blue gives the results of an experiment under somewhat different conditions as described above.
[238] Recherches expérimentales sur la vision chez les Arthropodes, Mém. Corronnés de l'Acad. Roy. des Sci. etc. de Belgique, vol. 43, pp. 1-91, 1889.
[239] Die Physiologie der facettirten Augen von Krebsen und Insekten, 1891.
[240] Studien über das Gehörorgan der Dekapoden, Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool., vol. 13, pp. 319-412, 1863.
[241] Vergleichend-physiologische Studien zur Statocysten-function, I. Ueber den angeblichen Gehörsinn und das angebliche Gehörorgan der Crustaceen, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 73, pp. 1-49, 1898; Idem. II. Versuche an Crustaceen, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 74, pp. 364-382, 1899.
[242] The Otocyst of Decapod Crustacea, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Harv. Univ., vol. 36, pp. 165-251, 1901. (Contributions, no. 123.)
[243] Das Verhalten wirbelloser Thiere auf der Drehscheibe, Zeitsch. f. Psych. und Physiol. d. Sinnesorgane, vol. 3, pp. 185-192, 1892.
[244] Weitere Beiträge zur Physiologie des Ohrenlabyrinthes, II. Mittheilung, Versuche an Krebsen, Sitzungsb. Kais. Akad. Wiss., Wien., vol. 102 (Part. 3), pp. 149-174, 1893.
[245] Ueber die Bedeutung der Otolithenorgane für die geotropischen Functionen von Astacus fluviatilis, Arch. f. d. ges. Physiol., vol. 54, pp. 531-537, 1893.
[246] Das Nervensystem von Carcinus mænas, I. Arch. f. mikros. Anat., vol. 50, pp. 460-547, 589-640, 1897.
[247] Contribution to the Comparative Physiology of Compensatory Movements, Amer. Jour. of Physiol., vol. 3, pp. 86-114, 1899.
[248] The Reactions of Copepods to Various Stimuli, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., vol. 21, pp. 103-123, 1902.
[249] General Physiology, English translation by Frederic S. Lee, 1899.
[250] Recherches pour servir à l'histoire des systèmes nerveux, musculaire, et glandulaire de l'écrevisse, Ann. des Sci. Nat., series 5, vol. 9, pp. 99-280; vol. 10, pp. 5-54, 1868.
[251] The Sense of Touch in Astacus, Proc. Roy. Physiol. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 9, pp. 151-179, 1886.
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Transcriber notes:
Fixed various punctuation.
P.[47]. 'to +5.93' may be 'to +:+5.93', however leaving it.
P.[47]. 'for eyes at 0' added a degree like the others.
P.[272]. 'abcab, cabe', changed 'cabe' to 'cabc 'as there is no 'e' and it looks to be 'c'.
P.[313]. 'obseved' changed to observed.
P.[400]. (b) 'irrevelant' changed to 'irrelevant'.
Footnote 128: 'Wahrscheinlichkeitseechnung' changed to 'Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung'
P.[550]. Added closing quotation at: is markedly thinner."
P.[551]. 'under expermental' changed to 'under experimental'.
Footnote 141. 'Woods Holl' changed to 'Woods Hole'.
P.[583]. 'thoughout' changed to 'throughout'.
P.[594]. Fig. 4. 'The rise curve' changed to 'The rise on curve'.
P.[606]. 'mimimize' changed to 'minimize'.
Note: Carat followed by { } indicates superscription.