WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

International Atomic Weights.

The International Committee on Atomic Weights have presented this table as corrected:

O=16H=1
AluminumAl 27.1 26.9
AntimonySb120.2119.3
ArgonA 39.9 39.6
ArsenicAs 75 74.4
BariumBa137.4136.4
BismuthBi208.5206.9
BoronB 11 10.9
BromineBr 79.96 79.36
CadmiumCd112.4111.6
CæsiumCs132.9131.9
CalciumCa 40.1 39.7
CarbonC 12 11.91
CeriumCe140.25139.2
ChlorineCl 35.45 35.18
ChromiumCr 52.1 51.7
CobaltCo 59 58.55
ColumbiumCb 94 93.3
CopperCu 63.6 63.1
ErbiumEr166164.8
FluorineF 19 18.9
GadoliniumGd156154.8
GalliumGa 70 69.5
GermaniumGe 72.5 72
GlucinumGl  9.1  9.03
GoldAu197.2195.7
HeliumHe  4  4
HydrogenH  1.008  1
IndiumIn115114.1
IodineI126.97126.01
IridiumIr193191.5
IronFe 55.9 55.5
KryptonKr 81.8 81.2
LanthanumLa138.9137.9
LeadPb206.9205.35
LithiumLi  7.03  6.98
MagnesiumMg 24.36 24.18
ManganeseMn 55 54.6
MercuryHg200198.5
MolybdenumMo 96 95.3
NeodymiumNd143.6142.5
NeonNe 20 19.9
NickelNi 58.7 58.3
NitrogenN 14.04 13.93
OsmiumOs191189.6
OxygenO 16 15.88
PalladiumPd106.5105.7
PhosphorusP 31 30.77
PlatinumPt194.8193.3
PotassiumK 39.15 38.85
PraseodymiumPr140.5139.4
RadiumRa225223.3
RhodiumRh103102.2
RubidiumRb 85.5 84.9
RutheniumRu101.7100.9
SamariumSm150.3149.2
ScandiumSc 44.1 43.8
SeleniumSe 79.2 78.6
SiliconSi 28.4 28.2
SilverAg107.93107.11
SodiumNa 23.05 22.88
StrontiumSr 87.6 86.94
SulphurS 32.06 31.82
TantalumTa183181.6
TelluriumTe127.6126.6
TerbiumTh160158.8
ThalliumTl204.1202.6
ThoriumTh232.5230.8
ThuliumTm171169.7
TinSn119118.1
TitaniumTi 48.1 47.7
TungstenW184182.6
UraniumU238.5236.7
VanadiumV 51.2 50.8
XenonXe128127
YtterbiumYb173171.7
YttriumYt 89 88.3
ZincZn 65.4 64.9
ZirconiumZr 90.6 89.9

United States Weights And Measures

(According to existing standards)

Lineal
Inches.Feet.Yards.Rods.Fur’s.Mile.
12 inches = 1 foot.    12 =    1
 3 feet = 1 yard.    36 =    3 =    1
 5.5 yards = 1 rod.   198 =   16.5 =    5.5 =  1
40 rods = 1 furlong. 7,920 =  660 =  220 = 40 =1
 8 furlongs = 1 mile.63,360 =5,280 =1,760 =320 =8 =1
Surface—land
144 sq. inches = 1 square foot.Feet.Yards.Rods.Roods.Acres.
  9 square feet = 1 square yard.         9 =        1
 30.25 square yards = 1 square rod.       272.25 =       30.25 =      1
 40 square rods = 1 square rood.    10,890 =    1,210 =     40 =    1
  4 square roods = 1 acre.    43,560 =    4,840 =    160 =    4 =  1
640 acres = 1 square mile.27,878,400 =3,097,600 =102,400 =2,560 =640
Volume—liquid
4 gills = 1 pint.Gills.Pints.Gallon.Cub. In.
2 pints = 1 quart.32 =8 =1 =231
4 quarts = 1 gallon.
Fluid Measure
Gallon.Pints.Ounces.Drachms.Minims.Cubic Centimeters.
1 =8 =128 =1,024 =61,440 =3,785.435
1 =16 =128 =7,680 =473.179
1 =8 =480 =29.574
1 =60 =3.697

16 ounces, or a pint, is sometimes called a fluidpound.

Troy Weight
Pound.Ounces.Pennyweights.Grains.Grams.
1 =12 =240 =5,760 =373.24
1 =20 =480 =31.10
1 =24 =1.56
Apothecaries’ Weight

Pound.
Ounces.
Drachms.
Scruples		gr.
Grains.
Grams.
1 =12 =96 =288 =5,760 =373.24
1 =8 =24 =480 =31.10
1 =3 =60 =3.89
1 =20 =1.30
1 =.06

The pound, ounce, and grain are the same as in Troy weight.

Avoirdupois Weight
Pound.Ounces.Drachms.Grains (Troy).Grams.
1 =16 =256 =7,000    =453.60
1 =16 =437.5  =28.35
1 =27.34 =1.77

English Weights And Measures

Apothecaries’ Weight
20 grains =1 scruple =20 grains
 3 scruples =1 drachm =60 grains
 8 drachms =1 ounce =480 grains
12 ounces =1 pound =5,760 grains
Fluid Measure
60 minims =1 fluidrachm
 8 drachms =1 fluidounce
20 ounces =1 pint
 8 pints =1 gallon

The above weights are usually adopted in formulas.

All chemicals are usually sold by

Avoirdupois Weight
27 11/32 grains =1 drachm =   27 11/32 grains
16 drachms =1 ounce =  437 1/2 grains
16 ounces =1 pound =7,000 grains

Precious metals are usually sold by

Troy Weight
24 grains =1 pennyweight =   24 grains
20 pennyweights =1 ounce =  480 grains
12 ounces =1 pound =5,760 grains

NOTE.—An ounce of metallic silver contains 480 grains, but an ounce of nitrate of silver contains only 437 1/2 grains. {759}

Metric System Of Weights And Measures

Measures Of Length
DENOMINATIONSANDVALUES.EQUIVALENTSIN USE.
Myriameter10,000 meters  6.2137 miles
Kilometer1,000 meters   .62137 miles, or 3,280 feet, 10 inches
Hectometer100 meters328 feet and 1 inch
Dekameter10 meters393.7 inches
Meter1 meter  39.37 inches
Decimeter1-10th of a meter   3.937 inches
Centimeter1-100th of a meter    .3937 inches
Millimeter1-1,000th of a meter    .0394 inches
Measures Of Surface
DENOMINATIONSANDVALUES.EQUIVALENTSIN USE.
Hectare10,000 square meters    2.471 acres
Are100 square meters  119.6 square yards
Centare1 square meter 1,550 square inches
Measures Of Volume
DENOMINATIONSANDVALUES.EQUIVALENTSIN USE.
NAMES.NO. OF
LITERS.		CUBIC
MEASURES.		DRY
MEASURE.		WINE
MEASURE.
Kiloliter
or stere		1,000 1 cubic meter1.308 cubic yards264.17 gallons
Hectoliter100 1-10th cubic meter2 bushels and 3.35 pecks 26.417 gallons
Dekaliter1010 cubic decimeters9.08 quarts  2.6417 gallons
Liter1 1 cubic decimeter .908 quarts  1.0567 quarts
Deciliter1-10 1-10th cubic decimeter6.1023 cubic inches   .845 gills
Centiliter1-10010 cubic centimeters .6102 cubic inches   .338 fluid­ounces
Milliliter1-1,000 1 cubic centimeter .061 cubic inches   .27 flui­drachms
Weights
DENOMINATIONSANDVALUES.EQUIVALENTSIN USE.
NAMES.NUMBEROF GRAMS.WEIGHT OFVOLUME OFWATER ATITS MAXIMUMDENSITY.AVOIRDUPOISWEIGHT.
Millier or Tonneau1,000,000 1 cubic meter2,204.6 pounds
Quintal100,000 1 hectoliter  220.46 pounds
Myriagram10,00010 liters   22.046 pounds
Kilogram or Kilo1,000 1 liter    2.2046 pounds
Hectogram100 1 deciliter    3.5274 ounces
Dekagram1010 cubic centimeters     .3527 ounces
Gram1 1 cubic centimeter   15.432 grains
Decigram1-101-10th of a cubic centimeter    1.5432 grains
Centigram1-10010 cubic millimeters     .1543 grains
Milligram1-1,000 1 cubic millimeter     .0154 grains

For measuring surfaces, the square dekameter is used under the term of ARE; the hectare, or 100 ares, is equal to about 2 1/2 acres. The unit of capacity is the cubic decimeter or LITER, and the series of measures is formed in the same way as in the case of the table of lengths. The cubic meter is the unit of measure for solid bodies, and is termed STERE. The unit of weight is the GRAM, which is the weight of one cubic centimeter of pure water weighed in a vacuum at the temperature of 4° C. or 39.2° F., which is about its temperature of maximum density. In practice, the term cubic centimeter, abbreviated c.c., is generally used instead of milliliter, and cubic meter instead of kiloliter. {760}

The Conversion Of Metric Into English Weight

The following table, which contains no error greater than one-tenth of a grain, will suffice for most practical purposes:

The Conversion Of Metric Into English Measure

{761}