GLOSSARY
[ac], conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) but (like N.H.G. sondern), [109], [135], [339], etc.—2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, [602], [697], etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, [1991].
[aglæca, ahlæca, äglæca, -cea], w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lâc, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, [159], [433], [593], etc.; of the drake, [2535], [2906], etc.—2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, [894]; of Beówulf: gen. sg. aglæcan(?), [1513]; of Beówulf and the drake: nom. pl. þâ aglæcean, [2593].
[aglæc-wîf], st. n., demon, devil, in the form of a woman; of Grendel's mother, [1260].
[al-wealda]. See [eal-w.]
[am-biht] (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., servant, man-servant: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, [287]; ombiht, of Wulfgâr, [336].
[ambiht-þegn] (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beówulf's servant, [674].
[an], prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, [678]; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), [1936]; with the acc., [1248]. Elsewhere on, which see.
[ancor], st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, [303], [1884].
[ancor-bend], m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, [1919].
[and], conj. (ond is usual form; for example, [601], [1149], [2041]), and [33], [39], [40], etc. (See Appendix.)
[anda], w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat. wrâðum on andan, [709], [2315].
[and-git], st. n., insight, understanding: nom. sg., [1060]. See [gitan].
[and-hâtor], st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres, [2524].
[and-lang, -long], adj., very long. hence 1) at whole length, raised up high: acc. andlongne eorl, [2696] (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) continual, entire; andlangne däg, [2116], the whole day; andlonge niht, [2939].
[and-leán], st. n., reward, payment in full: acc. sg., [1542], [2095] (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).
[and-risno], st. f. (see rîsan, surgere, decere), that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette: dat. pl. for andrysnum, according to etiquette, [1797].
[and-saca], w. m., adversary: godes andsaca (Grendel), [787], [1683].
[and-slyht], st. m., blow in return: acc. sg., [2930], [2973] (MS. both times hond-slyht).
[and-swaru], st. f., act of accosting: 1) to persons coming up, an address, [2861].—2) in reply to something said, an answer, [354], [1494], [1841].
[and-weard], adj., present, existing: acc. sg. n. swîn ofer helme and-weard (the image of the boar, which stands on his helm), [1288].
[and-wlita], w. m., countenance: acc. sg. -an, [690].
[an-sund], adj., entirely unharmed: nom. sg. m., [1001].
[an-sýn], f., the state of being seen: hence 1) the exterior, the form, [251]: ansýn ýwde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, [2835].—2) aspect, appearance, [929]; on-sýn, [2773].
[an-walda], w. m., He who rules over all, God, [1273]. See Note.
[atol], adj. (also eatol, [2075], etc.), hostile, frightful, cruel: of Grendel, [159], [165], [593], [2075], etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), [1503]; of the undulation of the waves, [849]; of battle, [597], [2479].—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.
[atelîc], adj., terrible, dreadful: atelîc egesa, [785].
[â], adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), ever, always, [455], [882], [931], [1479]: â syððan, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, [283], [2921].—ever, [780].—Comp. nâ.
[âd] st. m. funeral pile: acc. sg. âd, [3139]; dat. sg. âde, [1111], [1115].
[âd-faru], st. f., way to the funeral pile, dat. sg. on âd-färe, [3011].
[âdl], st. f. sickness, [1737], [1764], [1849].
[âð], st. m., oath in general, [2740]; oath of allegiance, [472] (?); oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples, [1098], [1108].
[âð-sweord], st. n., the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath: nom. pl., [2065]. See [sweord].
[âðum-swerian], m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., [84].
[âgan], verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. âh, [1728]; inf. âgan, [1089]; prt. âhte, [487], [522], [533]; with object, geweald, to be supplied, [31]. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ sweord wege (I have no one to wield the sword), [2253].
[âgen], adj., own, peculiar, [2677].
[âgend] (prs. part. of âgan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. âgendes, of God, [3076].—Compounds: blæd-, bold-, folc-, mägen-âgend.
[âgend-freá], w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. âgend-freán, [1884].
[âhsian], ge-âhsian, w. v.: 1) to examine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part. ge-âhsod, [433].—2) to experience, to endure: pret. âhsode, [1207]; pl. âhsodon, [423].
[âht], st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), something, anything: âht cwices, [2315].
[ân], num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, [2411], of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, [100] (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also [2775].—2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb âne niht (the next night), [135]; þurh ânes cräft, [700]; þâra ânum, [1038]; ân äfter ânum, one for the other (Hrêðel for Herebeald), [2462]: similarly, ân äfter eallum, [2269]; ânes hwät, some single thing, a part, [3011]; se ân leóda duguðe, the one of the heroes of the people, [2238]; ânes willan, for the sake of a single one, [3078], etc.—Hence, again, 3) alone, distinguished, [1459], [1886].—4) a, in the sense of an indefinite article: ân ... feónd, [100]; gen. sg. ânre bêne (or to No.2[?]), [428]; ân ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. ânra, in connection with a pronoun, single; ânra gehwylces, every single one, [733]; ânra gehwylcum, [785]. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feáum ânum, except a few single ones, [1082].—6) solus, alone: in the strong form, [1378], [2965]; in the weak form, [145], [425], [431], [889], etc.; with the gen., âna Geáta duguðe, alone of the warriors of the Geátas, [2658].—7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see [æn].—Comp. nân.
[ân-feald], adj., simple, plain, without reserve: acc. sg. ânfealdne geþôht, simple opinion, [256].
[ân-genga, -gengea], w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, [165], [449].
[ân-haga], w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, [2369].
[ân-hydig], adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm resolve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, [2668].
[ânga], adj. (only in the weak form), single, only: acc. sg. ângan dôhtor, [375], [2998]; ângan eaferan, [1548]; dat. sg. ângan brêðer, [1263].
[ân-päð], st. m., lonely way, path: acc. pl. ânpaðas, [1411].
[ân-ræd], adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), of firm resolution, resolved, [1530], [1576].
[ân-tîd], st. f., one time, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores, about the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), [219].—ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, harmonious, of the same disposition.
[ânunga], adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, [635].
[âr], st. m., ambassador, messenger, [336], [2784].
[a]âr], st. f., 1) honor, dignity: ârum healdan, to hold in honor, [296]; similarly, [1100], [1183].—2) favor, grace, support: acc. sg. âre, [1273], [2607]; dat. sg. âre, [2379]; gen. pl. hwät ... ârna, [1188].—Comp. worold-âr; also written ær.
[âr-fäst], adj., honorable, upright, [1169]; of Hûnferð (with reference to [588]. See [fäst].
[ârian], w. v., (to be gracious), to spare: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nænegum ârað; of Grendel, [599].
[âr-stäf], st. m.,(elementum honoris), grace, favor: dat. pl. mid ârstafum, [317].—Help, support: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, to the assistance, [382], [458]. See [stäf].
[âter-teár], m., poisonous drop: dat. pl. îren âter-teárum fâh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), [1460].
[âttor], st. n., poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., [2716].
[âttor-sceaða], w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaðan, [2840].
[âwâ], adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of â, which see), ever: âwâ tô aldre, fôr ever and ever, [956].
[ädre], adv., hastily, directly, immediately, [77], [354], [3107]. [ædre.]
[äðele], adj., noble: nom. sg., of Beówulf, [198], [1313]; of Beówulf's father, [263], where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. äðelan cynnes, [2235].
[äðeling], st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, [3]; of Scyld, [33]; of Hrôðgâr, [130]; of Sigemund, [889]; of Beówulf, [1226], [1245], [1597], [1816], [2189], [2343], [2375], [2425], [2716], [3136]; perhaps also of Däghrefn, [2507];—then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Äschere, [1295]; Hrôðgâr's courtiers, [118], [983]; Heremôd's courtiers, [907]; Hengest's warriors, [1113]; Beówulf's retinue, [1805], [1921], [3172]; noble-born in general, [2889]. —Comp. sib-äðeling.
[äðelu], st. n., only in the pl., noble descent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. äðelu, [392]; dat. pl. cyning äðelum gôd, the king, of noble birth, [1871]; äðelum dióre, worthy on account of noble lineage, [1950]; äðelum (hæleþum, MS.), [332].—Comp. fäder-äðelu.
[äfnan], w. v. w. acc., to perform, to carry out, to accomplish: inf. ellen-weorc äfnan, to do a heroic deed, [1465]; pret. unriht äfnde, perpetrated wrong, [1255].
ge-[äfnan], 1) to carry out, to do, to accomplish: pret. pl. þät geäfndon swâ, so carried that out, [538]; pret. part. âð wäs geäfned, the oath was sworn, [1108].—2) get ready, prepare: pret. part. geäfned, [3107]. See [efnan].
[äfter] (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, [12], [341], [1390], [2155].—ic him äfter sceal, I shall go after them, [2817]; in word äfter cwäð, [315], the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, [119], [128], [187], [825], [1939], etc.; äfter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, [2261], so [2262]; äfter mâððum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, [2751].—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to: äfter rihte, in accordance with right, [1050], [2111]; äfter faroðe, with the current, [580]; so [1321], [1721], [1944], [2180], etc., äfter heaðo-swâte, in consequence of the blood of battle, [1607]; äfter wälnîðe, in consequence of mortal enmity, [85]; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: äfter äðelum (hæleþum, MS.)frägn, asked about the descent, [332]; ne frin þu äfter sælum, ask not after my welfare, [1323]; äfter sincgyfan greóteð, weeps for the giver of treasure, [1343]; him äfter deórum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, [1880]; ân äfter ânum, one for the other, [2462], etc.—3) (local), along: äfter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, [945]; sôhte bed äfter bûrum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), [140]; äfter recede wlât, looked along the hall, [1573]; stone äfter stâne, smelt along the rocks, [2289]; äfter lyfte, along the air through the air, [2833]; similarly, [996], [1068], [1317], etc.
[äf-þunca], w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair: nom., [502].
[äled] (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., fire, [3016]. [æled.]
[äled-leóma], w. m., (fire-light), torch: acc. sg. leóman, [3126]. See [leóma].
[äl-fylce] (from äl-, Goth. ali-s, ἄλλος, and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., other folk, hostile army: dat. pl. wið älfylcum, [2372].
[äl-mihtig] (for eal-m.), adj., almighty: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se äl-mihtiga, [92].
[äl-wiht], st. m., being of another species, monster: gen. pl. äl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, [1501].
[äppel-fealu], adj., dappled sorrel, or apple-yellow: nom. pl. äppel-fealuwe mearas, apple-yellow steeds, [2166].
[ärn], st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þryð-, win-ärn.
[äsc], st. m., ash (does not occur in Beówulf in this sense), lance, spear, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quâ instr.) äscum and ecgum, with spears and swords, [1773].
[äsc-holt], st. n., ash wood, ashen shaft: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, the ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), [330].
[äsc-wîga], w. m., spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear: nom. sg., [2043].
[ät], prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): ät hýðe, in harbor, [32]; ät symle, at the meal, [81], ät âde, on the funeral-pile, [1111], [1115]; ät þe ânum, with thee alone, [1378]; ät wîge, in the fight, [1338]; ät hilde, [1660], [2682]; ät æte, in eating, [3027], etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan, seized upon the heart, [2271]; gehêton ät härgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, [175]. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geþeah þät ful ät Wealhþeón, took the cup from W., [630]; fela ic gebâd grynna ät Grendle, from Grendel, [931]; ät mînum fäder genam, took me from my father to himself, [2430].—2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: ät frumsceafte, in the beginning, [45]; ät ende, at an end, [224]; fand sînne dryhten ealdres ät ende, at the end of life, dying, [2791]; similarly, [2823]; ät feohgyftum, in giving gifts, [1090]; ät sîðestan, finally, [3014].
[ät-græpe], adj., laying hold of, prehendens, [1270].
[ät-rihte], adv., almost, [1658].
[ædre, êdre], st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Beów.), vein (not in Beów.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swât ædrum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, [2967]; blôd êdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), [743].
[æðm], st. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hreðer æðme weóll, the breast (of the drake) heaved with snorting, [2594].
[æfen], st. m., evening, [1236].
[æfen-gram], adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. æfen-grom, of Grendel, [2075].
[æfen-leóht], st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., [413].
[æfen-räst], st. f., evening-rest: acc. sg. -räste, [647], [1253].
[æfen-spræc], st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...æfen-spræce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, [760].
[æfre], adv., ever, at any time, [70], [280], [504], [693], etc.: in negative sentences, æfre ne, never, [2601].—Comp. næfre.
[æg-hwâ] (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwër), pron., every, each: dat. sg. æghwæm, [1385]. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, in all, throughout, thoroughly: æghwäs untæle, thoroughly blameless, [1866]; æghwäs unrîm, entirely innumerable quantity, i.e. an enormous multitude, [2625], [3136].
[æg-hwäðer] (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwëdar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred, each of the two (Beówulf and the drake) had reached the end, [2845]; dat. sg. æghwäðrum wäs brôga fram ôðrum, to each of the two (Beówulf and the drake) was fear of the other, [2565]; gen. sg. æghwäðres ... worda and worca, [287].—2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora æghwäðrum, [1637].
[æg-hwær], adv., everywhere, [1060].
[æg-hwilc] (O.H.G. êo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dæl æghwylcne, [622].—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. æg-hwylc, [9], [2888]; dat. sg. æghwylcum, [1051]. b) without gen.: nom. sg. æghwylc, [985], [988]; (wäs) æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, each one (of two) true to the other, [1166].
[æg-weard], st. f., watch on the sea shore: acc. sg. æg-wearde, [241].
[æht] (abstract form from âgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on flôdes æht, [42]; on wäteres æht, into the power of the water, [516]; on æht gehwearf Denigea freán, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, [1680].—2) property, possessions, goods: acc. pl. æhte, [2249].—Comp. mâðm-, gold-æht.
[a]æht] (O.H.G. âhta), st. f., pursuit: nom. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum, segn Higelâce, then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelâc (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelâc), [2958].
ge-[æhtan], w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part. geæhted, [1866]. [geähtan.]
ge-[æhtla], w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., a speaking of with praise, high esteem: gen. sg. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born, [369]. [geähtla.]
[æn] (oblique form of ân), num., one: acc. sg. m. þone ænne þone..., the one whom..., [1054]; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, much oftener than one time, [1580]; forð onsendon ænne, sent him forth alone, [46].
[æne], adv., once: oft nalles æne, [3020].
[ænig], pron., one, any one, [474], [503], [510], [534], etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, would in no way, not at all, [792]; lyt ænig mearn, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), [3130].—With the article: näs se folccyning ... ænig, no people's king, [2735].—Comp. nænig.
[æn-lîc], adj., alone, excellent, distinguished: ænlîc ansýn, distinguished appearance, [251]; þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý, though she be beautiful, [1942].
[ær] (comparative form, from â): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, [15], [656], [695], [758], etc., for a long time, [2596]; eft swâ ær, again as formerly, [643]; ær ne siððan, neither sooner nor later, [719]; ær and sîð, sooner and later (all times), [2501]; nô þý ær (not so much the sooner), yet not, [755], [1503], [2082], [2161], [2467].—2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: ær hió tô setle geóng, [2020]. b) w. subjunc.: ær ge fyr fêran, before you travel farther, [252]; ær he on hwurfe [164], so [677], [2819]; ær þon däg cwôme, ere the day break, [732]; ær correlative to ær adv.: ær he feorh seleð, aldor an ôfre, ær he wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., [1372].—3) prepos. with dat., before ær deáðe, before death, [1389]; ær däges hwîle, before daybreak, [2321]; ær swylt-däge, before the day of death, [2799].
[æror], comp. adv., sooner, before-hand, [810]; formerly, [2655].
[ærra], comp. adj., earlier; instr. pl., ærran mælum, in former times, [908], [2238], [3036].
[ærest], superl.: 1) adv., first of all, foremost, [6], [617], [1698], etc.—2) as subst. n., relation to, the beginning: acc. þät ic his ærest þe eft gesägde (to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented), [2158]. See [Note].
[ær-däg], st. m. (before-day), morning-twilight, gray of morning: dat. sg. mid ærdäge, [126]; samod ærdäge, [1312], [2943].
[ærende], st. n., errand, trust: acc. sg., [270], [345].
[ær-fäder], st. m., late father, deceased father: nom sg. swâ his ærfäder, [2623].
[ær-gestreón], st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., [1758]; gen. sg. swylcra fela ærgestreóna, much of such old treasure, [2233]. See [gestreón].
[ær-geweorc], st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta ær-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), [1680]. See [geweorc].
[ær-gôd], adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or advantages: äðeling ærgôd, [130]; (eorl) ærgôd, [1330]; îren ærgôd (excellent sword), [990], [2587].
[ær-wela], w. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times: acc. sg. ærwelan, [2748]. See [wela].
[æs], st. n., carcass, carrion: dat. (instr.) sg. æse, of Äschere's corpse, [1333].
[æt], st. m., food, meat: dat, sg., hû him ät æte speów, how he fared well at meat, [3027].
[ættren] (see âttor), adj., poisonous: wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât, ættren ellorgâst, se ær inne swealt, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618
[bana, bona], w. m., murderer, [158], [588], [1103], etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongenþeówes, of Hygelâc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþeów ([2965] ff.), [1969]. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wäs ecg bona, [2507]; wearð wracu Weohstânes bana, [2614].—Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gâst-, hand-, mûð-bana.
[bon-gâr], st. m. murdering spear, [2032].
ge-[bannan], st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, to command, to bid: inf., [74].
[bâd], st. f., pledge, only in comp.: nýd-bâd.
[bân], st. n., bone: dat. sg. on bâne (on the bony skin of the drake), [2579]; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum (here of the teeth of the drake), [2693].
[bân-côfa], w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -côfan, [1446].
[bân-fâg], adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrôðgâr's hall, [781]. The last meaning seems the more probable.
[bân-fät], st. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bân-fatu, [1117].
[bân-hring], st. m., the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bânhringas bräc (broke her neck-joint), [1568].
[bân-hûs], st. n., bone-house, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bânhûs gebräc, [2509]; similarly, [3148].
[bân-loca], w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bât bânlocan, bit the body, [743]; nom. pl. burston bânlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), [819].
[bât], st. m., boat, craft, ship, [211].—Comp. sæ-bât.
[bât-weard], st. m., boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft. dat. sg. -wearde, [1901].
[bäð], st. n., bath: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bäð, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), [1862].
[bärnan], w. v., to cause to burn, to burn: inf. hêt ... bânfatu bärnan, bade that the bodies be burned, [1117]; ongan ... beorht hofu bärnan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), [2314].
for-bärnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hy hine ne môston ... brondefor-bärnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Äschere) upon the funeral-pile, [2127].
[bædan] (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), to incite, to encourage: pret. bædde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), [2019].
ge-[bædan], w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum gebæded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), [2581]; to drive, to send forth: stræla storm strengum gebæded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, [3118]; overcome: draca ... bealwe gebæded, the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle, [2827].
[bæl] (O.N. bâl), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, passed (through the air) with fire, [2309]; häfde landwara lîge befangan, bæle and bronde, with fire and burning, [2323].—Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, [1110], [1117], [2127]; ær he bæl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), [2819]; hâtað ... hlæw gewyrcean ... äfter bæle, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Beówulf's words), [2804].
[bæl-fýr], st. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile: gen. pl. bælfýra mæst, [3144].
[bæl-stede], st. m., place for the funeral-pile: dat. sg. in bæl=stede, [3098].
[bæl-wudu], st. m., wood for the funeral-pile, [3113].
ge-[bæran], w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe ... sêl gebæran, I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment, [1013]; he on eorðan geseah þone leófestan lîfes ät ende bleáte gebæran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), [2825].
ge-[bætan] (denominative from bæte, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle: pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre hors gebæted, [1400].
[be], prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as ät, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ýdlâfe uppe lægon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), [566]; häfde be honda, held by the hand (Beówulf held Grendel), [815]; be sæm tweonum, in the circuit of both the seas, [859], [1686]; be mäste, on the mast, [1906]; by fýre, by the fire, [2220]; be nässe, at the promontory, [2244]; sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, sat by the two brothers, [1192]; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ bið mägða cräft be wæpnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), [1285], etc.—2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gefêng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, [1538]; âlêdon leófne þeóden be mäste, laid the dear lord near the mast, [36]; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, [1873]; wæpen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, [1757], etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic þis gid be þe âwräc, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, [1724]; þû þe lær be þon, learn according to this, from this, [1723]; be fäder lâre, according to her father's direction, [1951].—4) temporal, while, during: be þe lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, [2666]. See [bî].
[bed], st. n., bed, couch: acc. sg. bed, [140], [677]; gen. sg. beddes, [1792]; dat. pl. beddum, [1241].—Comp: deað-, hlin-, läger-, morðor-, wäl-bed.
ge-[bedde], w. f., bed-fellow: dat. sg. wolde sêcan ewên tô gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her, [666].—Comp. heals-gebedde.
[begen], fem. bâ, both: nom. m., [536], [770], [2708]; acc. fem. on bâ healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), [1306]; dat. m. bâm, [2197]; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ûrum bâm, [2661]; gen. n. bega, [1874], [2896]; bega gehwäðres, each one of the two, [1044]; bega folces, of both peoples, [1125].
ge-[belgan], st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þät he êcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, [2332]; pret. part. gebolgen, [1540]; (gebolge, MS.), [2222]; pl. gebolgne, [1432]; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, [2402].
â-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. acc. ôð þät hyne ân âbealh mon on môde, till a man angered him in his heart, [2281]; pret. part. âbolgen, [724].
[ben], st. f., wound: acc. sg. benne, [2725].—Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.
[benc], st. f., bench: nom. sg. benc, [492]; dat. sg. bence, [327], [1014], [1189], [1244].—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.
[benc-swêg], st. m., (bench-rejoicing), rejoicing which resounds from the benches, [1162].
[benc-þel], st. n., bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand: nom. pl. benc-þelu, [486]; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), [1240].
[bend], st. m. f., bond, fetter: acc. sg. forstes bend, frost's bond, [1610]; dat. pl. bendum, [978].—Comp.: fýr-, hell-, hyge-, îren-, oncer-, searo-, wäl-bend.
[ben-geat], st. n., (wound-gate), wound-opening: nom. pl. ben-geato, [1122].
[bera] (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.
[beran], st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byreð, [296], [448]; þone mâððum byreð, carries the treasure (upon his person), [2056]; pres. subj. bere, [437]; pl. beren, [2654]; inf. beran, [48], [231], [291], etc.; hêht þâ se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, [1808]; up beran, [1921]; in beran, [2153]; pret. bär, [495], [712], [847], etc.; mandryhtne bär fäted wæge, brought the lord the costly vessel, [2282]; pl. bæron, [213], [1636], etc.; bæran, [2851]; pret. part. boren, [1193], [1648], [3136].—The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, [2654]; gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, [291]; ic gefrägn sunu Wihstânes hringnet beran, [2755]; wîgheafolan bär, [2662]; helmas bæron, [240] (conjecture); scyldas bæran, [2851]: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.
ät-beran, to carry to: inf. tô beadulâce (battle) ätberan, [1562]; pret. þâ hine on morgentîd on Heaðoræmas holm up ätbär, the sea bore him up to the Heaðoræmas, [519]; hió Beówulfe medoful ätbär brought Beówulf the mead-cup, [625]; mägenbyrðenne ... hider ût ätbär cyninge mînum, bore the great burden hither to my king, [3093]; pl. hî hyne ätbæron tô brimes faroðe, [28].
for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. þät he þone breóstwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, [1878].
ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. þät lâ mäg secgan se þe sôð and riht fremeð on folce ... þät þes eorl wære geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), [1704].
ôð-beran, to bring hither: pret. þâ mec sæ ôðbär on Finna land, [579].
[on-beran] (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. îren ærgôd þät þäs ahlæcan blôdge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, [991]; pret. part. (wäs) onboren beága hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, [2285].—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sâwl-berend.
[berian] (denominative from bär, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by removing the benches), [1240].
[berstan], st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pl. burston bânlocan, [819]; bengeato burston, [1122].—to crack, to make the noise of breaking: fingras burston, the fingers cracked (from Beówulf's gripe), [761].
for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. Nägling forbärst, Nägling (Beówulf's sword) broke in two, [2681].
[betera], adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, [469], [1704].
[bet-lîc], adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of Hrôðgâr's hall, [781]; of Hygelâc's residence, [1926].
[betst, betost] (superl.), best, the best: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, [1110]; neut. nu is ôfost betost, þät we ..., now is haste the best, that we..., [3008]; voc. m. secg betsta, [948]; neut. acc. beaduscrûda betst, [453]; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, [1872].
[bêcn], st. n., (beacon), token, mark, sign: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rôfes bêcn (of Beówulf's grave-mound), [3162]. See [beacen].
[bên], st. f., entreaty: gen. sg. bêne, [428], [2285].
[bêna], w. m., suppliant, supplex: nom. sg. swâ þu bêna eart (as thou entreatest), [352]; swâ he bêna wäs (as he had asked), [3141]; nom. pl. hy bênan synt, [364].
ge-[betan:] 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac þu Hrôðgâre wîdcûðne weán wihte gebêttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hrôðgâr of the evil known afar, [1992]; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte, removed all trouble, [831]. —2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on þam feorhbonan fæhðe gebêtan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, [2466].
[beadu], st. f., battle, strife, combat: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in combat, [1540]; gen. pl. bâd beadwa ge-þinges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that were in store for him, [710].
[beadu-folm], st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, [991].
[beado-grîma], w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: acc. pl. -grîman, [2258].
[beado-hrägl], st. n., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail, [552].
[beadu-lâc], st. n., (exercise in arms, tilting), combat, battle: dat. sg. tô beadu-lâce, [1562].
[beado-leóma], w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., [1524].
[beado-mêce], st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-mêcas, [1455].
[beado-rinc], st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, [1110].
[beadu-rôf], adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -rôfes, of Beówulf, [3162].
[beadu-rûn], st. f., mystery of battle: acc. sg. onband beadu-rûne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, [501].
[beadu-scearp], adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, [2705].
[beadu-scrûd], st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscrûda betst, [453].
[beadu-serce], w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), [2756].
[beado-weorc], st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, [2300].
[beald], adj., bold, brave: in comp. cyning-beald.
[bealdian], w. v., to show one's self brave: pret. bealdode gôdum dædum (through brave deeds), [2178].
[bealdor], st. m., lord, prince: nom. sg. sinca baldor, [2429]; winia bealdor, [2568].
[bealu], st. n., evil, ruin, destruction: instr. sg. bealwe, [2827]; gen. pl. bealuwa, [281]; bealewa, [2083]; bealwa, [910].—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, leód-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wîg-bealu.
[a]bealu], adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sâr hafað befongen balwon bendum, pain has entwined him in deadly bands, [978].
[bealo-cwealm], st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), [2266].
[bealo-hycgende], pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. æghwäðrum bealo-hycgendra, [2566].
[bealo-hydig], adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, [724].
[bealo-nîð], st. m., (zeal for destruction), deadly enmity: nom. sg., [2405]; destructive struggle: acc. sg. bebeorh þe þone bealonîð, beware of destructive striving, [1759]; death-bringing rage: nom. sg. him on breóstum bealo-nîð weóll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), [2715].
[bearhtm] (see [beorht]): 1) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness: nom. sg. eágena bearhtm, [1767].—2) sound, tone: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound, [1432].
[bearm], m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, [1138]; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, [35], [897]; on bearm nacan, [214]; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, [2776].—2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver ([1145] and [2195], on bearm licgan, âlecgan); dat. sg. him tô bearme cwom mâððumfät mære, came into his possession, [2405].
[bearn], st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, [469], etc.; Ecglâfes bearn, [499], etc.; dat. sg. bearne, [2371]; nom. pl. bearn, [59]; dat. pl. bearnum, [1075].—2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongenþeów's bearn, of his grandson, [2388]; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, [70]; gumena bearn, children of men, [879]; häleða bearn, [1190]; äðelinga bearn, [3172]; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, [606]; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, [150]; gen. pl. niðða bearna, [1006].—Comp.: brôðor-, dryht-bearn.
[bearn-gebyrdu], f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. þät hyre ealdmetod êste wære bearn-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Beówulf), [947].
[bearu], st. m., (the bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively forest: nom. pl. hrîmge bearwas, rime-covered or ice-clad, [1364].
[beácen], st. n., sign, banner, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht beácen godes, of the sun, [570]; gen. pl. beácna beorhtost, [2778]. See [bêcn].
ge-[beácnian], w. v., to mark, to indicate: pret. part. ge-beácnod, [140].
[beág], st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. beáh (neck-ring), [1212]; acc. sg. beáh (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), [2042]; bêg (collective for the acc. pl.), [3165]; dat. sg. cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, [1164]; gen. sg. beáges (of a collar), [1217]; acc. pl. beágas (rings in general), [80], [523], etc.; gen. pl. beága, [35], [352], [1488], [2285], etc.— Comp.: earm-, heals-beág.
[beág-gyfa], w. m., ring-giver, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, [1103].
[beág-hroden], adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. beághroden, cwên, of Hrôðgâr's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. [1164], [624].
[beáh-hord], st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. sg. beáh-hordes, [895]; dat. pl. beáh-hordum, [2827]; gen. pl. beáh-horda weard, of King Hrôðgâr, [922].
[beáh-sele], st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed: nom. sg., of Heorot, [1178].
[beáh-þegu], st. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. äfter beáh-þege, [2177].
[beáh-wriða], w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. beáh-wriðan, [2019].
[beám], st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleó-beám.
[beátan], st. v., thrust, strike: pres. sg. mearh burhstede beáteð, the steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, [2266]; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beáten, died, struck by the battle-axe, [2360].
[beorh], st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, [211]; gen. sg. beorges, [2525], [2756]; acc. pl. beorgas, [222].—2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, [2808]; beorh, [3098], [3165]. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. [2277], [2412]): nom. sg. beorh, [2242]; gen. sg. beorges, [2323].—Comp. stân-beorh.
[a]beorh], st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. heáfod-beorh.
[beorgan], st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), to save, to shield: inf. wolde feore beorgan, place her life in safety, [1294]; here-byrne ... seó þe bâncôfan beorgan cûðe, which could protect his body, [1446]; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, [2600].
be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), [1747]; imp. bebeorh þe þone bealontð, [1759].
ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to protect: pret. sg. þät gebearh feore, protected the life, [1549]; scyld wel gebearg lîfe and lîce, [2571].
ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring ûtan ymb-bearh, [1504].
[beorht, byrht], adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, [570], [1803]; beorhta, of Heorot, [1178]; þät beorhte bold, [998]; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beówulf's grave-mound, [2804]; dat. sg. tô þære byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, [1200]; acc. pl. beorhte frätwe, [214], [897]; beorhte randas, [231]; bordwudu beorhtan, [1244]; n. beorht hofu, [2314]. Superl.: beácna beorhtost, [2778]. —2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre bôte, [158]. —Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.
beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, [1518].
[beorhtian], w. v., to sound clearly: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swêg, [1162].
[beorn], st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), [1881], (Beówulf), [2434], etc.; acc. sg. (Beów.), [1025], (Äschere), [1300]; dat. sg. beorne, [2261]; nom. pl. beornas (Beówulf and his companions), [211], (Hrôðgâr's guests), [857]; gen. pl. biorna (Beówulf's liege-men), [2405].—Comp.: folc-, gûð-beorn.
[beornan], st. v., to burn: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), [2273].—Comp. un-byrnende.
for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, [1617], [1668]; for-born, [2673].
ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, [2698].
[beorn-cyning], st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), [2149].
[beódan], st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. biódan, [2893].—2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, offered them an agreement, [1086]; pret. part. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, [2958]; inf. ic þäm gôdan sceal mâðmas beódan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, [385].
â-beódan, to present, to announce: pret. word inne âbeád, made known the words within, [390]; to offer, to tender, to wish: pret. him hæl âbeád, wished him health (greeted him), [654]. Similarly, hælo âbeád, [2419]; eoton weard âbeád, offered the giant a watcher, [669].
be-beódan, to command, to order: pret. swâ him se hearda bebeád, as the strong man commanded them, [401]. Similarly, swâ se rîca bebeád, [1976].
ge-beódan: 1) to command, to order: inf. hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes häleða monegum, þät hie..., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..., [3111].—2) to offer: him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, [2370]; inf. gûðe gebeódan, to offer battle, [604].
[beód-geneát], st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. geneátas, [343], [1714].
[beón], verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. I. gûðgeweorca ic beó gearo sôna, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, [1826]; sg. III. wâ bið þäm þe sceal..., woe to him who...! [183]; so, [186]; gifeðe bið is given, [299]; ne bið þe wilna gâd (no wish will be denied thee), [661]; þær þe bið manna þearf, if thou shalt need the warriors, [1836]; ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, [1941]; eft sôna bið will happen directly, [1763]; similarly, [1768], etc.; pl. þonne bióð brocene, then are broken, [2064]; feor cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), [1839]; imp. beó (bió) þu on ôfeste, hasten! [386], [2748]; beó wið Geátas gläd, be gracious to the Geátas, [1174].
[beór], st. n., beer: dat. sg. ät beóre, at beer-drinking, [2042]; instr. sg. beóre druncen, [531]; beóre druncne, [480].
[beór-scealc], st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. beór-scealca sum (one of Hrôðgâr's followers, because they served the Geátas at meals), [1241].
[beór-sele], st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) beórsele, [482], [492], [1095]; biórsele, [2636].
[beór-þegu], st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet: dat. sg. äfter beórþege, [117]; ät þære beórþege, [618].
[beót], st. n., promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken: acc. sg. he beót ne âlêh, did not break his pledge, [80]; beót eal ... gelæste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, [523].
ge-[beótian], w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebeótedon, [480], [536].
[beót-word], st. n., same as beót: dat. pl. beót-wordum spräc, [2511].
[biddan], st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dôð swâ ic bidde! [1232]; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þe biddan wille ânre bêne, beg thee for one, [427]; pret. swâ he selfa bäd, as he himself had requested, [29]; bäd hine blîðne (supply wesan) ät þære beórþege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, [618]; ic þe lange bäd þät þu..., begged you a long time that you, [1995]; frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), [2283]; bäd þät ge geworhton, asked that you..., [3097]; pl. wordum bædon þät..., [176].
on-[bidian], w. v., to await: inf. lætað hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda geþinges, let the shields await here the result of the conference (lay the shields aside here), [397].
[bil], st. n. sword: nom. sg. bil, [1568]; bill, [2778]; acc. sg. bil, [1558]; instr. sg. bille, [2360]; gen. sg. billes, [2061], etc.; instr. pl. billum, [40]; gen. pl. billa, [583], [1145].—Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, wîg-bil.
[bindan], st. v., to bind, to tie: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, [216]; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), [1901]; nom. sg. heoru bunden, [1286], has probably a similar meaning.
ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. þær ic fîfe geband, where I had bound five(?), [420]; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ôðer fand sôðe gebunden, the king's man found (after many had already praised Beówulf's deed) other words (also referring to Beówulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, [872]; wundenmæl wrättum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, [1532]; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, [1744]; gomel gûðwîga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), [2112].
on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, [501].
ge-[bind], st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. îs-gebind.
[bite], st. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite îrena, the swords' bite, [2260]; dat. sg. äfter billes bite, [2061].—Comp. lâð-bite.
[biter] (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) sharp, cutting, cutting in: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), [2705]; instr. sg. biteran stræle, [1747]; instr. pl. biteran bânum, with sharp teeth, [2693].—2) irritated, furious: nom. pl. bitere, [1432].
[bitre], adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), [2332].
[bî, big] (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. 1): bî sæm tweónum, in the circuit of both seas, [1957]; ârâs bî ronde, raised himself up by the shield, [2539]; bî wealle gesät, sat by the wall, [2718]. With a freer position: him big stôdan bunan and orcas, round about him, [3048].—2) to, towards (motion): hwearf þâ bî bence, turned then towards the bench, [1189]; geóng bî sesse, went to the seat, [2757].
[bîd] (see [bîdan]), st. n., tarrying hesitation: þær wearð Ongenþió on bîd wrecen, forced to tarry, [2963].
[bîdan], st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. nô on wealle leng bîdan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), [2309]; pret. in þýstrum bâd, remained in darkness, [87]; flota stille bâd, the craft lay still, [301]; receda ... on þäm se rîca bâd, where the mighty one dwelt, [310]; þær se snottra bâd, where the wise man (Hrôðgâr) waited, [1314]; he on searwum bâd, he (Beówulf) stood there armed, [2569]; ic on earde bâd mælgesceafta, lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate, [2737]; pret. pl. sume þær bidon, some remained, waited there, [400].—2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bîdan woldon Grendles gûðe, wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it, [482]; similarly, [528]; wîges bîdan, await the combat, [1269]; nalas andsware bîdan wolde, would await no answer, [1495]; pret. bâd beadwa geþinges, awaited the event of the battle, [710]; sægenga bâd âgend-freán, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, [1883]; sele ... heaðowylma bâd, lâðan lîges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which [1165] and [1166], and again [2068] ff. seem to indicate), [82].
â-bîdan, to await, with the gen.: inf., [978].
ge-bîdan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. gebîde ge on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, [2530]; pret. part. þeáh þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden häbbe Häreðes dôhtor although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, [1929].—2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedäg mînne gebîdan, shall live my last day, [639]; ne wênde ... bôte gebîdan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, [935]; fela sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, experience much good and much affliction, [1061]; ende gebîdan, [1387], [2343]; pret. he þäs frôfre gebâd, received consolation (compensation) therefore, [7]; gebâd wintra worn, lived a great number of years, [264]; in a similar construction, [816], [930], [1619], [2259], [3117]. With gen.: inf. tô gebîdanne ôðres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, [2453]. With depend, clause: inf. tô gebîdanne þät his byre rîde on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, [2446]; pret. dreám-leás gebâd þät he..., joyless he experienced it, that he..., [1721]; þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd þät ic..., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that..., [1780].
on-bîdan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbâd earfoðlîce ôð þät æfen cwom, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, [2303].
[bîtan], st. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. bîtan, [1455], [1524]; pret. bât bânlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), [743]; bât unswîðor, cut with less force (Beówulf's sword), [2579].
[blanca], w. m., properly that which shines here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, [857].
ge-[bland], ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.—Comp.: sund-, ýð-geblond, windblond.
[blanden-feax, blonden-feax], adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, [1792]; blondenfexa, [2963]; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, [1874]; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, [1595].
[bläc], adj., dark, black: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, [1802].
[blâc], adj.: 1) gleaming, shining: acc. sg. blâcne leóman, a brilliant gleam, [1518].—2) of the white death-color, pale; in comp. heoroblâc.
[blæd], st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. wäs hira blæd scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, [1125]; nu is þînes mägnes blæd âne hwîle, now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, [1762].—2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blæd, [18]; (þîn) blæd is âræred, thy renown is spread abroad, [1704].
[blæd-âgend], pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. blæd-âgende, [1014].
[blæd-fäst], adj., firm in renown, renowned, known afar: acc. sg. blædfästne beorn (of Äschere, with reference to [1329], [1300].
[bleát], adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. wäl-bleát.
[bleáte], adv., miserably, helplessly, [2825].
[blîcan], st. v., shine, gleam: inf., 222
[blîðe], adj.: 1) blithe, joyous, happy acc. sg. blîðne, [618].—2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. blîðe, [436].—Comp. un-blîðe.
[blîð-heort], adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., [1803].
[blôd], st. n., blood: nom. sg., [1122]; acc. sg., [743]; dat. sg. blôde, [848]; äfter deórum men him langað beorn wið blôde, the hero (Hrôðgâr) longs for the beloved man contrary to blood, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, [1881]; dat. as instr. blôde, [486], [935], [1595], etc.
[blôd-fâg], adj., spotted with blood, bloody, [2061].
[blôdig], adj., bloody: acc. sg. f. blôdge, [991]; acc. sg. n. blôdig, [448]; instr. sg. blôdigan gâre, [2441].
ge-[blôdian], w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood: pret. part. ge-blôdegod, [2693].
[blôdig-tôð], adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona blôdig-tôð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), [2083].
[blôd-reów], adj., bloodthirsty, bloody-minded: nom. sg. him on ferhðe greów breóst-hord blôd-reów, in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling, [1720].
be-[bod], st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.
[bodian], w. v., (to be a messenger), to announce, to make known: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode, the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight (the rising sun), [1803].
[boga], w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flân-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga.
[bolca], w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, [231].
[bold], st. n., building, house, edifice: nom. sg. (Heorot), [998]; (Hygelâc's residence), [1926]; (Beówulfs residence), [2197], [2327].—Comp. fold-bold.
[bold-âgend], pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldâgendra, [3113].
[bolgen-môd], adj., angry at heart, angry, [710], [1714].
[bolster], st. m., bolster, cushion, pillow: dat. pl. (reced) geond-bræded wearð beddum and bolstrum, was covered with beds and bolsters, [1241].—Comp. hleór-bolster.
[bora], w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora.
[bord], st. n., shield: nom. sg., [2674]; acc. sg., [2525]; gen. pl. ofer borda gebräc, over the crashing of the shields, [2260].—Comp.: hilde-, wîg-bord.
[bord-häbbend], pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. häbbende, [2896].
[bord-hreóða], w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreóðan, [2204].
[bord-rand], st. m., shield: acc. sg., [2560].
[bord-weall], st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., [2981].
[bord-wudu], st. m., shield-wood, shield: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, [1244].
[botm], st. m., bottom: dat. sg. tô botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), [1507].
[bôt] , st. f.: 1) relief, remedy: nom. sg., [281]; acc. sg. bôte, [935]; acc. sg. bôte, [910].—2) a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute: gen. sg. bôte, [158].
[brand, brond], st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. þâ sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), [3015]; instr. sg. by hine ne môston ... bronde forbärnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), [2127]; häfde landwara lîge befangen, bæle and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, [2323].—2) in the passage, þät hine nô brond ne beadomêcas bîtan ne meahton, [1455], brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þâ Beówulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, [1021], our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrôðgâr (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.
[brant, bront], adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, [238], [568].
[brâd], adj.: 1) extended, wide: nom. pl. brâde rîce, [2208].—2) broad: nom. sg. heáh and brâd (of Beówulf's grave-mound), [3159]; acc. sg. brâdne mêce, [2979]; (seax) brâd [and] brûnecg, the broad, short sword with bright edge, [1547].—3) massive, in abundance. acc, sg. brâd gold, [3106].
ge-[bräc], st. n., noise, crash: acc. sg. borda gebräc, [2260].
geond-[brædan], w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely: pret. part. geond-bræded, [1240].
[brecan], st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bânhringas bräc, (the sword) broke the joints, [1568]. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þät þær ænig mon wære ne bræce, that no one should break the agreement, [1101]; pret. part. þonne bióð brocene ... âð-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, [2064].—2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. acc.: pret. sg. sædeór monig hildetuxum heresyrcan bräc, many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to [1549] f., [1553] f., it was still unharmed). [1512].—3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... streám ût brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, [2547]; lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn brâdne mêce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, [2981].—4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt bräc, curiosity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), [232], [1986], [2785].
ge-[brecan], to break to pieces: pret. bânhûs gebräc, broke in pieces his body (Beówulf in combat with Däghrefn), [2509].
tô-[brecan], to break in pieces: inf., [781]; pret. part. tô-brocen, [998].
þurh-[brecan], to break through, pret. wordes ord breósthord þurh-bräc, the word's point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, [2793].
[brecð], st. f., condition of being broken, breach: nom. pl. môdes brecða (sorrow of heart), [171].
â-[bredwian], w. v. w. acc., to fell to the ground, to kill (?): pret. âbredwade, [2620].
[bregdan], st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, [708]; pret. brägd ealde lâfe, swung the old weapon, [796]; brägd feorh-genîðlan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, [1540]; pl. git eágorstreám ... mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swimming), [514]; pret. part. broden (brogden) mæl, the drawn sword, [1617], [1668].—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ôðrum bregdan, to weave a waylaying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), [2168]; pret. part. beadohrägl broden, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), [552]; similarly, [1549]; brogdne beadusercean, [2756].
â-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up â-bräd, swung, raised his hand, [2576].
ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-mæl gebrägd, swung the ringed sword, [1565]; eald sweord eácen ... þät ic þý wæpne gebrägd, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, [1665]; with interchanging instr. and acc. wällseaxe gebräd, biter and beadu-scearp, [2704]; also, to draw out of the sheath: sweord ær gebräd, had drawn the sword before, [2563].—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, [1444].
on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbräd þâ recedes mûðan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), [724].
[brego], st. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. [427], [610].
[brego-rôf], adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg. m., [1926].
[brego-stôl], st. m., throne, figuratively for rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þûsendo, bold and brego-stôl, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, [2197]; þær him Hygd gebeád ... brego-stôl, where H. offered him the chief power, [2371]; lêt þone bregostôl Beówulf healdan, gave over to Beówulf the chief power (did not prevent Beówulf from entering upon the government), [2390].
[breme], adj., known afar, renowned. nom. sg., [18].
[brenting] (see [brant]), st. m., ship craft: nom. pl. brentingas, [2808].
â-[breátan], st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. âbreót brimwîsan, killed the sea-king (King Hæðcyn), [2931]. See [breótan].
[breóst], st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., [2177]; often used in the pl., so acc. þät mîne breóst wereð, which protects my breast, [453]; dat. pl. beadohrägl broden on breóstum läg. [552].—2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom: nom. sg. breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, [2332]; dat. pl. lêt þâ of breóstum word ût faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, [2551].
[breóst-gehygd], st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, [2819].
[breóst-gewædu], st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., [1212]; acc., [2163].
[breóst-hord], st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., [1720]; acc. sg., [2793].
[breóst-net], st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. breóst-net broden, [1549].
[breóst-weorðung], st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. breóst-weorðunge, [2505]: here the collar is meant which Beówulf receives from Wealhþeów ([1196], [2174]) as a present, and which B., according to [2173], presents to Hygd, while, according to [1203], it is in the possession of her husband Hygelâc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frätwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breóst-weorðung.
[breóst-wylm], st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, [1878].
[breótan], st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. breát beódgeneátas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), [1714].
â-breótan, same as above: pret. þone þe heó on räste âbreát, whom she killed upon his couch, [1299]; pret. part. þâ þät monige gewearð, þät hine seó brimwylf âbroten häfde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, [1600]; hî hyne ... âbroten häfdon, had killed him (the dragon), [2708].
[brim], st. n., flood, the sea: nom. sg., [848], [1595]; gen. sg. tô brimes faroðe, to the sea, [28]; ät brimes nosan, at the sea's promontory, [2804]; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, the waves subsided, [570].
[brim-clif], st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea: acc. pl. -clifu, [222].
[brim-lâd], st. f., flood-way, sea-way: acc. sg. þâra þe mid Beówulfe brimlâde teáh, who had travelled the sea-way with B., [1052].
[brim-lîðend], pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -lîðende, [568].
[brim-streám], st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-streámas, [1911].
[brim-wîsa], w. m., sea-king: acc. sg. brimwîsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, [2931].
[brim-wylf], st. f., sea-wolf (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. seó brimwylf, [1507], [1600].
[brim-wylm], st. m., sea-wave: nom. sg., [1495].
[bringan], anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, [1830]; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heáðu bringan lâc and luftâcen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, [1863]; similarly, [2149], [2505]; pret. pl. we þâs sælâc ... brôhton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), [1654].
ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... on âdfäre, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, [3010].
[brosnian], w. v., to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces: prs. sg. III. herepâd ... brosnað äfter beorne, the coat of mail falls to pieces after (the death of) the hero, [2261].
[brôðor], st. m., brother: nom. sg., [1325], [2441]; dat sg. brêðer, [1263]; gen. sg. his brôðor bearn, [2620]; dat. pl. brôðrum, [588], [1075].
ge-[brôðru], pl., brethren, brothers: dat. pl. sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, sat by the two brothers, [1192].
[brôga], w. m., terror, horror: nom. sg., [1292], [2325], [2566]; acc. sg. billa brôgan, [583].—Comp.: gryre-, here-brôga.
[brûcan], st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. se þe longe her worolde brûceð, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, [1063]; imp. brûc manigra mêda, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, [1179]; to enjoy: inf. þät he beáhhordes brûcan môste, could enjoy the ring-hoard, [895]; similarly, [2242], [3101]; pret. breác lîfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, [1954]. With the genitive to be supplied: breác þonne môste, [1488]; imp. brûc þisses beáges, enjoy this ring, take this ring, [1217]. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brûcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hêt hine wel brûcan, [1046]; hêt hine brûcan well, [2813]; imp. brûc ealles well, [2163].
[brûn], adj., having a brown lustre, shining: nom. sg. sió ecg brûn, [2579].
[brûn-ecg], adj., having a gleaming blade: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brâd [and] brûnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, [1547].
[brûn-fâg], adj., gleaming like metal: acc. sg. brûnfâgne helm, [2616].
[bryne-leóma], w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., [2314].
[bryne-wylm], st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, [2327].
[brytnian] (properly to break in small pieces, cf. breótan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute: pret. sinc brytnade, distributed presents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), [2384].
[brytta], w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, [608], [1171], [2072]; acc. sg. beága bryttan, [35], [352], [1488]; sinces bryttan, [1923].
[bryttian] (to be a dispenser), w. v., to distribute, to confer: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, bestows wisdom upon the human race, [1727].
[brýd], st. f.: 1) wife, consort: acc. sg. brýd, [2931]; brýde, [2957], both times of the consort of Ongenþeów (?).—2) betrothed, bride: nom. sg., of Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáware, [2032].
[brýd-bûr], st. n., woman's apartment: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of brýdbûre, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to [666], he had gone), [922].
[bunden-stefna], w. m., (that which has a bound prow), the framed ship: nom. sg., [1911].
[bune], w. f., can or cup, drinking-vessel: nom. pl. bunan, [3048]; acc. pl. bunan, [2776].
[burh, burg], st. f., castle, city, fortified house: acc. sg. burh, [523]; dat. sg. byrig, [1200]; dat. pl. burgum, [53], [1969], [2434].—Comp.: freó, freoðo-, heá-, hleó-, hord-, leód-, mæg-burg.
[burh-loca], w. m., castle-bars: dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hygelâc's), [1929].
[burh-stede], st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands: acc. sg. burhstede, [2266].
[burh-wela], w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city: gen. sg. þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste, [3101].
[burne], w. f., spring, fountain: gen. þære burnan wälm, the bubbling of the spring, [2547].
[bûan], st. v.: 1) to stay, to remain, to dwell: inf. gif he weard onfunde bûan on beorge, if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain, [2843].—2) to inhabit, w. acc.: meduseld bûan, to inhabit the mead-house, [3066].
ge-bûan, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. heán hûses, hû hit Hring Dene äfter beórþege gebûn häfdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), [117].—With the pres. part. bûend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bûend.
[bûgan], st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gâr bûgeð, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, [2032]; inf. þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having received a deadly blow), [2919]; similarly, [2975]; pret. sg. beáh eft under eorðweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, [2957]; pret. pl. bugon tô bence, turned to the bench, [327], [1014]; hy on holt bugon, fled to the wood, [2599].
â-bûgan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, [776].
be-bûgan, w. acc., to surround, to encircle: prs. swâ (which) wäter bebûgeð, [93]; efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles windy shores, [1224].
ge-bûgan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: heó on flet gebeáh, sank on the floor, [1541]; þâ gebeáh cyning, then sank the king, [2981]; þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), [2568]; gewât þâ gebogen scrîðan tô, advanced with curved body (the drake), [2570].—b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebeáh, sank upon the couch in the hall, [691]; similarly gebeág, [1242].
[bûr], st. n., apartment, room: dat. sg. bûre, [1311], [2456]; dat. pl. bûrum, [140].—Comp. brýd-bûr.
[bûtan, bûton] (from be and ûtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: bûtan his lîc swice, lest his body escape, [967]. With ind. following, but: bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, [1561]. After a preceding negative verb, except: þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston bûton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, [880]; ne nom he mâðm-æhta mâ bûton þone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone, [1615].—2) prep, with dat., except: bûton folcscare, [73]; bûton þe, [658]; ealle bûton ânum, [706].
[bycgan], w. v., to buy, to pay: inf. ne wäs þät gewrixle til þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum, that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, [1306].
be-bycgan, to sell: pret. nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), [2800].
ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay: pret. w. acc. nô þær ænige ... frôfre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, [974]; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with his life, [2482]; pret. part. sylfes feore beágas [geboh]te, bought rings with his own life, [3015].
[byldan], w. v. (to make beald, which see), to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds: inf. w. acc. swâ he Fresena cyn on beórsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), [1095].
ge-[byrd], st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gâre wunde, [1075].
ge-[byrdu], st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.
[byrdu-scrûd], st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., [2661].
[byre], st. m., (born) son: nom. sg., [2054], [2446], [2622], etc.; nom. pl. byre, [1189]. In a broader sense, young man, youth: acc. pl. bædde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), [2019].
[byrðen], st. f., burden; in comp. mägen-byrðen.
[byrele], st. m., steward, waiter, cupbearer: nom. pl. byrelas, [1162].
[byrgan], w. v., to feast, to eat: inf., [448].
ge-[byrgea], w. m., protector; in comp. leód-gebyrgea.
[byrht]. See beorht.
[byrne], w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, [405], [1630], etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, [1246]; acc. sg. byrnan, [1023], etc.; sîde byrnan, large coat of mail, [1292]; hringde byrnan, [2616]; hâre byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), [2154]; dat. sg. on byrnan, [2705]; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), [2261]; dat. pl. byrnum, [40], [238], etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, [3141].—Comp.: gûð-, here-, heaðo-, îren-, îsern-byrne.
[byrn-wîga], w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., [2919].
[bysgu, bisigu], st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, [281]; dat. pl. bisgum, [1744], bysigum, [2581].
[bysig], adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds lîf-bysig, syn-bysig.
[býme], w. f., a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone: gen. sg. býman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, [2944].
[býwan], w. v., to ornament, to prepare: inf. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon, who should prepare the helmets, [2258].
[camp], st. m., combat, fight between two: dat. sg. in campe (Beówulf's with Däghrefn; cempan, MS.), [2506].
[candel], st. f., light, candle: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, [1573].—Comp. woruld-candel.
[cempa], w. m., fighter, warrior, hero: nom. sg. äðele cempa, [1313]; Geáta cempa, [1552]; rêðe cempa, [1586]; mære cempa (as voc.), [1762]; gyrded cempa, [2079]; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, [1949], [2045], [2627]; Hûga cempan, [2503]; acc. pl. cempan, [206].—Comp. fêðe-cempa.
[cennan], w. v.: 1) to bear, w. acc.: efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende, who bore the son, [944]; pret. part. þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned, to him was a son born, [12].—2) reflexive, to show one's self, to reveal one's self: imp. cen þec mid cräfte, prove yourself by your strength, [1220].
â-cennan, to bear: pret. part. nô hie fäder cunnon, hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), [1357].
[cênðu], st. f., boldness: acc. sg. cênðu, [2697].
[cêne], adj., keen, warlike, bold: gen. p.. cênra gehwylcum, [769]. Superl., acc. pl. cênoste, [206].—Comp.: dæd-, gâr-cêne.
[ceald], adj., cold: acc. pl. cealde streámas, [1262]; dat. pl. cealdum cearsîðum, with cold, sad journeys, [2397]. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, [546];—Comp. morgen-ceald.
[cearian], w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. nâ ymb his lîf cearað, takes no care for his life, [1537].
[cearig], adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.
[cear-sîð], st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsîðum (of Beówulf's expeditions against Eádgils), [2397].
[cearu], st. f., care, sorrow, lamentation: nom. sg., [1304]; acc. sg. [ceare], [3173].—Comp.: ealdor-, gûð-, mæl-, môd-cearu.
[cear-wälm], st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast: dat. pl. äfter cear-wälmum, [2067].
[cear-wylm], st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þâ cear-wylmas, [282].
[ceaster-bûend], pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-bûendum, of those established in Hrôðgâr's castle, [769].
[ceáp], st. m., purchase, transaction: figuratively, nom. sg. näs þät ýðe ceáp, no easy transaction, [2416]; instr. sg. þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceápe, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, [2483].
ge-[ceápian], w. v., to purchase: pret. part. gold unrîme grimme geceápod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Beówulf's life), [3013].
be-[ceorfan], st. v., to separate, to cut off (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þâ heáfde becearf, cut off his head, [1591]; similarly, [2139].
[ceorl], st. m., man: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, many a wise man, [909]; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King Hrêðel), [2445]; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþeów, [2973]; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, wise men, [202], [416], [1592].
[ceól], st. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., [1913]; acc. sg. ceól, [38], [238]; gen. sg. ceóles, [1807].
[ceósan], st. v., to choose, hence, to assume: inf. þone cynedôm ciósan wolde, would assume the royal dignity, [2377]; to seek: pret. subj. ær he bæl cure, before he sought his funeral-pile (before he died), [2819].
ge-ceósan, to choose, to elect: gerund, tô geceósenne cyning ænigne (sêlran), to choose a better king, [1852]; imp. þe þät sêlre ge-ceós, choose thee the better (of two: bealonîð and êce rædas), [1759]; pret. he ûsic on herge geceás tô þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, [2639]; geceás êcne ræd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, [1202]; similarly, godes leóht geceás, [2470]; pret. part. acc. pl. häfde ... cempan gecorone, [206].
on-[cirran], w. v., to turn, to change: inf. ne meahte ... þäs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, [2858]; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, [2952]; þyder oncirde, turned thither, [2971].
â-[cîgan], w. v., to call hither: pret. âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, [3122].
[clam, clom], st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, [964]; heardum clammum, [1336]; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), [1503].
[clif, cleof], st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Geáta clifu, [1912].—Comp.: brim-, êg-, holm-, stân-clif.
ge-[cnâwan], st. v., to know, to recognize: inf. meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, [2048].
on-cnâwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncniów mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, [2555].
[cniht], st. m., boy, youth: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hrôðgâr's sons), [1220].
[cniht-wesende], prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, [372]; nom. pl. wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, [535].
[cnyssan], w. v., to strike, to dash against each other: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (in battle), [1329].
[collen-ferhð, -ferð], adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Beówulf, [1807]; collen-ferð, of Wîglâf, [2786].
[corðer], st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue: dat. sg. þâ wäs ... Fin slägen, cyning on corðre, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), [1154]; of corðre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, [3122].
[costian], w. v., to try; pret. (w. gen.) he mîn costode, tried me, [2085].
[côfa], w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. bân-côfa.
[côl], adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas côlran wurðað, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, [282]; him wîflufan ... côlran weorðað, his love for his wife cools, [2067].
[cräft], st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mägða cräft, [1284]; acc. sg. mägenes cräft, [418]; þurh ânes cräft, [700]; cräft and cênðu, [2697]; dat. (instr.) sg. cräfte, [983], [1220], [2182], [2361].—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cräfte, with secret (magic) art, [2169]; dyrnan cräfte, [2291]; þeófes cräfte, with thief's craft, [2221]; dat. pl. deófles cräftum, by devil's art (sorcery), [2089].—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cräft, [2223].—Comp.: leoðo-, mägen-, nearo-, wîg-cräft.
[cräftig], adj.: 1) strong, stout: nom. sg. eafoðes cräftig, [1467]; nîða cräftig, [1963]. Comp. wîg-cräftig.—2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-cräftig.—3) rich (of treasures); in comp. eácen-cräftig.
[cringan], st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wäl crunge, would sink into death, would fall, [636]; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wäle crungon, [1114].
ge-[cringan], same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, fell under his shield, [1210]; ät wîge gecrang, fell in battle, [1338]; heó on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, [1569]; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, [2506].
[cuma] (he who comes), w. m., newcomer, guest: nom. sg. [1807].—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.
[cuman], st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, [1383]; III. cymeð, [2059]; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, [23]; pl. þonne we ût cymen, when we come out, [3107]; inf. cuman, [244], [281], [1870]; pret. sg. com, [430], [569], [826], [1134], [1507], [1601], etc.; cwom, [419], [2915]; pret. subj. sg. cwôme, [732]; pret. part. cumen, [376]; pl. cumene, [361]. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, [711]; com sîðian, [721]; com in gân, [1645]; cwom gân, [1163]; com scacan, [1803]; cwômon lædan, [239]; cwômon sêcean, [268]; cwôman scrîðan, [651], etc. [pret. côm, etc.]
[be-cuman], to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becom, after the night had come, [115]; þe on þâ leóde becom, that had come over the people, [192]; þâ he tô hâm becom, [2993]. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under hârne stân, [2553]; lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan, [2366]; ôð þät ende becwom, [1255]; similarly, [2117]. With acc. of pers.: þâ hyne sió þrag becwom, when this time of battle came over him, [2884].
[ofer-cuman], to overcome, to compel: pret. þý he þone feónd ofercwom, thereby he overcame the foe, [1274]: pl. hie feónd heora ... ofercômon, [700]; pret. part. (w. gen.) nîða ofercumen, compelled by combats, [846].
[cumbol, cumbor], st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, [2506].—Comp. hilte-cumbor.
[cund], adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.
[cunnan], verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mînne can glädne Hrôðulf þät he ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., [1181]; II. eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, [1378]; III. he þät wyrse ne con, knows no worse, [1740]. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, [2063]; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrûnan scrîðað, men do not know whither..., [162]; pret. sg. ic hine cûðe, knew him, [372]; cûðe he duguð þeáw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, [359]; so with the acc., [2013]; seolfa ne cûðe þurh hwät..., he himself did not know through what..., [3068]; pl. sorge ne cûðon, [119]; so with the acc., [180], [418], [1234]. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nô hie fäder cunnon (scil. nô hie cunnon) hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, [1356].—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, [1747]; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, [50]; pret. sg. cûðe reccan, [90]; beorgan cûðe, [1446]; pret. pl. hêrian ne cûðon, could not praise, [182]; pret. subj. healdan cûðe, [2373].
[cunnian], w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), [1427], [1445]; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, [2046]; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, [1501]; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, [508].
[cûð], adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cûð, [150], [410]; wîde cûð, [2924]; acc. sg. fern. cûðe folme, [1304]; cûðe stræte, [1635]; nom. pl. ecge cûðe, [1146]; acc. pl. cûðe nässas, [1913].—2) renowned: nom. sg. gûðum cûð, [2179]; nom. pl. cystum cûðe, [868].—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see [un-cûð]).—Comp.: un-, wîd-cûð.
[cûð-lîce], adv., openly, publicly: comp. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lind-häbbende, no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), [244].
[cwalu], st. f., murder, fall: in comp. deáð-cwalu.
[cweccan] (to make alive, see [cwic]), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte mägen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), [235].
[cweðan], st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið ät beóre, speaks at beer-drinking, [2042].—b) w. acc.: pret. word äfter cwäð, [315]; feá worda cwäð, [2247], [2663].—c) with þät following: pret. sg. cwäð, [92], [2159]; pl. cwædon, [3182].—d) with þät omitted: pret. cwäð he gûð-cyning sêcean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, [199]; similarly, [1811], [2940].
[â-cweðan], to say, to speak, w. acc.: prs. þät word âcwyð, speaks the word, [2047]; pret. þät word âcwäð, [655].
ge-[cweðan], to say, to speak: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swâ þu gecwæde, [2665].—b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwäð, spoke everything, [875]; pl. wit þät gecwædon, [535].—c) w. þät following: pret. gecwäð, [858], [988].
[cwellan], w. v., (to make die), to kill, to murder: pret. sg. II. þu Grendel cwealdest, [1335].
[â-cwellan], to kill: pret. sg. (he) wyrm âcwealde, [887]; þone þe Grendel ær mâne âcwealde, whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered, [1056]; beorn âcwealde, [2122].
[cwên], st. f.: 1) wife, consort (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwên, [62]; (Hrôðgâr's), [614], [924]; (Finn's), [1154].—2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. beághroden cwên (Wealhþeów), [624]; mæru cwên, [2017]; fremu folces cwên (Þryðo), [1933]; acc. sg. cwên (Wealhþeów), [666].-Comp. folc-cwên.
[cwên-lîc], adj., feminine, womanly: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw (such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman), [1941].
[cwealm], st. m., violent death, murder, destruction: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewräc, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), [107]; mændon mondryhtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, [3150].—Comp.: bealo-, deáð-, gâr-cwealm.
[cwealm-bealu], st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., [1941].
[cwealm-cuma], w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), [793].
[cwic] and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive: acc. sg. cwicne, [793], [2786]; gen. sg. âht cwices, something living, [2315]; nom. pl. cwice, [98]; cwico wäs þâ gena, was still alive, [3094].
[cwide], st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleó-, ðor- [non-existant form—KTH], word-cwide.
[cwîðan], st. v., to complain, to lament: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwîðan hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle-strength of his youth, [2113] [ceare] cwîðan, lament their cares, [3173].
[cyme], st. m., coming, arrival: nom. pl. hwanan eówre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i. e. whence ye are, [257].—Comp. eft-cyme.
[cymlîce], adv., (convenienter), splendidly, grandly: comp. cymlîcor, [38].
[cyn], st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, [1094]; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, [461]; acc. sg. eotena cyn, [421]; giganta cyn, [1691]; dat. sg. Caines cynne, [107]; manna cynne, [811], [915], [1726]; eówrum (of those who desert Beówulf in battle) cynne, [2886]; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, [702], etc.; mæran cynnes, [1730]; lâðan cynnes, [2009], [2355]; ûsses cynnes Wægmundinga, [2814]; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, [98].—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.
[a]cyn], st. n., that which is suitable or proper: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, [614].
ge-[cynde], adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., [2198], [2697].
[cyne-dôm], st. m., kingdom, royal dignity: acc. sg., [2377].
[cyning], st. m., king: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, [864], [921], etc.; kyning, [620], [3173]; dat. sg. cyninge, [3094]; gen. sg. cyninges, [868], [1211]; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, [666].—Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, heáh-, leód-, sæ-, sôð-, þeód-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.
[cyning-beald], adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, [1635].
ge-[cyssan], w. v., to kiss: pret. gecyste þâ cyning ... þegen betstan, kissed the best thane (Beówulf), [1871].
[cyst] (choosing, see [ceósan]), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. îrenna cyst, of the swords, [803], [1698]; wæpna cyst, [1560]; symbla cyst, choice banquet, [1233]; acc. sg. îrena cyst, [674]; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cûðe, known through excellent qualities, [868]; (cyning) cystum gecýðed, [924].—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.
[cýðan] (see [cûð]), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show: imp. sg. mägen-ellen cýð, show thy heroic strength, [660]; inf. cwealmbealu cýðan, [1941]; ellen cýðan, [2696].
ge-cýðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecýðan, to give answer, [354]; gerund, tô gecýðanne hwanan eówre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), [257]; pret. part. sôð is gecýðed þät ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), [701]; Higelâce wäs sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, [1972]; similarly, [2325].—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed (my father was known to warriors), [262]; wäs his môdsefa manegum gecýðed, [349]; cystum gecýðed, [924].
[cýððu] (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cýððu.
ge-[cýpan], w. v., to purchase: inf. näs him ænig þearf þät he ... þurfe wyrsan wîgfrecan weorðe gecýpan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, [2497].
[daroð], st. m., spear: dat. pl. dareðum lâcan (to fight), [2849].
ge-[dâl], st. n., parting, separation: nom. sg. his worulde gedâl, his separation from the world (his death), [3069].—Comp. ealdor-, lîf-gedâl.
[däg], st. m., day: nom. sg. däg, [485], [732], [2647]; acc. sg. däg, [2400]; andlangne däg, the whole day, [2116]; morgenlongne däg (the whole morning), [2895]; ôð dômes däg, till judgment-day, [3070]; dat. sg. on þäm däge þysses lîfes (eo tempore, tunc), [197], [791], [807]; gen. sg. däges, [1601], [2321]; hwîl däges, a day's time, a whole day, [1496]; däges and nihtes, day and night, [2270]; däges, by day, [1936]; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, in ten days, [3161].—Comp. ær-, deáð-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geâr-, læn-, lîf-, swylt-, win-däg, an-däges.
[däg-hwîl], st. f., day-time: acc. pl. þät he däghwîla gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, [2727].—(After Grein.)
[däg-rîm], st. n., series of days, fixed number of days: nom. sg. dôgera dägrîm (number of the days of his life), [824].
[dæd], st. f., deed, action: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, [585]; dômleásan dæd, [2891]; frêcne dæde, [890]; dæd, [941]; acc. pl. Grendles dæda, [195]; gen. pl. dæda, [181], [479], [2455], etc.; dat. pl. dædum, [1228], [2437], etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dæd.
[dæd-cêne], adj., bold in deed: nom. sg. dæd-cêne mon, [1646].
[dæd-fruma], w. m., doer of deeds, doer: nom. sg., of Grendel, [2091].
[dæd-bata], w. m., he who pursues with his deeds: nom. sg., of Grendel, [275].
[dædla], w. m., doer: in comp. mân-for-dædla.
[dæl], st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. dæl, [622], [2246], [3128]; acc. pl. dælas, [1733].—Often dæl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, ôð þät him on innan oferhygda dæl weaxeð, till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, [1741]. Biówulfe wearð dryhtmâðma dæl deáðe, forgolden, to Beówulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, [2844]; similarly, [1151], [1753], [2029], [2069], [3128].
[dælan], w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mâdmas dæleð, [1757]; pres. subj. þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery the drake), [2535]; inf. hringas dælan, [1971]; pret. beágas dælde, [80]; sceattas dælde, [1687].
be-dælan, w. instr., (to divide), to tear away from, to strip of: pret. part. dreámum (dreáme) bedæled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), [722], [1276].
ge-dælan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); bær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, [71].—2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce, separate life from the body, [2423]; so pret. subj. þät he gedælde ... ânra gehwylces lîf wið lîce, [732].
[denn] (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., den, cave: acc. sg. þäs wyrmes denn, [2761]; gen. sg. (draca) gewât dennes niósian, [3046].
ge-[defe], adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. swâ hit gedêfe wäs (bið), as was appropriate, proper, [561], [1671], [3176].—2) good, kind, friendly; nom sg. beó þu suna mînum dædum gedêfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), [1228].—Comp. un-ge-dêfelîce.
[dêman] (see [dôm]), w. v.: 1) to judge, to award justly: pres. subj. mærðo dême, [688].—2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dêmdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, [3176].
dêmend, judge: dæda dêmend (of God), [181].
[deal], adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum dealle, [494].
[deád], adj., dead: nom. sg. [467], [1324], [2373]; acc. sg. deádne, [1310].
[deáð], st. m., death, dying: nom. sg, deáð, [441], [447], etc.; acc. sg. deáð, [2169]; dat. sg. deáðe, [1389], [1590], (as instr.) [2844], [3046]; gen. sg. deáðes wylm, [2270]; deáðes nýd, [2455].—Comp. gûð-, wäl-, wundor-deáð.
[deáð-bed], st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. deáð-bedde fäst, [2902].
[deáð-cwalu], st. f., violent death, ruin and death: dat. pl. tô deáð-cwalum, [1713].
[deáð-cwealm], st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. [1671].
[deáð-däg], st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. äfter deáð-däge (after his death), [187], [886].
[deáð-fæge], adj., given over to death: nom. sg. (Grendel) deáð-fæge deóg, had hidden himself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), [851].
deáð-scûa, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa (of Grendel), [160].
deáð-wêrig, adj., weakened by death, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deáð-wêrigne, [2126]. See [wêrig].
deáð-wîc, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewât deáðwîc seón (had died), [1276].
[deágan] (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, hidden), to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for pluperf.) deóg, [851].—Leo.
[deorc], adj., dark: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, [1791]; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, [275], [2212]; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa, [160].
[deófol], st. m. n., devil: gen. sg. deófles, [2089]; gen. pl. deófla, of Grendel and his troop, [757], [1681].
[deógol, dýgol], adj., concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown: nom. sg. deógol dædhata (of Grendel), [275]; acc. sg. dýgel lond, inaccessible land, [1358].
[deóp], st. n., deep, abyss: acc. sg., [2550].
[a]deóp], adv. deeply: acc. sg. deóp wäter, [509], [1905].
diópe, adj., deep: hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, [3070].
[deór], st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, sæ-deór.
[deór], adj.: 1) wild, terrible: nom. sg. diór dæd-fruma (of Grendel), [2091].—2) bold, brave: nom. nænig ... deór, [1934].—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-deór.
[deóre, dýre], adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dýre îren, [2051]; drincfät dýre (deóre), [2307], [2255]; instr. sg. deóran sweorde, [561]; dat. sg. deórum mâðme, [1529]; nom. pl. dýre swyrd, [3049]; acc. pl. deóre (dýre) mâðmas, [2237], [3132].—2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., äðelum dióre, worthy by reason of origin, [1950]; dat. sg. äfter deórum men, [1880]; gen. sg. deórre duguðe, [488]; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deórestan, [1310].
[deór-lîc], adj., bold, brave: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, [585]. See [deór].
[disc], st. m., disc, plate, flat dish: nom. acc. pl. discas, [2776], [3049].
[dol-gilp], st. m., mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, [509].
[dol-lîc], adj., audacious: gen. pl. mæst ... dæda dollîcra, [2647].
[dol-sceaða], w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), [479].
[dôgor], st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ântîd ôðres dôgores, at the same time of the next day, [219]; morgen-leóht ôðres dôgores, the morning-light of the second day, [606].—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þys dôgor, during this day, [1396]; instr. þý dôgore, [1798]; forman dôgore, [2574]; gen. pl. dôgora gehwâm, [88]; dôgra gehwylce, [1091]; dôgera dägrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), [824].—3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, in later days, times, [2201], [2393].—Comp. ende-dôgor.
[dôgor-gerîm], st. n., series of days: gen. sg. wäs eall sceacen dôgor-gerîmes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, [2729].
[dôhtor], st. f., daughter: nom. acc. sg. dôhtor, [375], [1077], [1930], [1982], etc.
[dôm], st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-dôm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) judgment, judicial opinion: instr. sg. weotena dôme, according to the judgment of the Witan, [1099]. 2) custom: äfter dôme, according to custom, [1721]. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan dômes, [979]; ôð dômes däg, [3070], both times of the last judgment.—III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on sînne sylfes dôm, according to his own choice, [2148]; instr. sg. selfes dôme, [896], [2777]. 5) might, power: nom. sg. dôm godes, [2859]; acc. sg. Eofores ânne dôm, [2965]; dat. sg. drihtnes dôme, [441]. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dôm], [955]; dôm unlytel, not a little glory, [886]; þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme þät his dôm âläg, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, [1529]; acc. sg. ic me dôm gewyrce, make renown for myself, [1492]; þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, that thou let not honor fall, [2667]; dat. instr. sg. þær he dôme forleás, here he lost his reputation, [1471]; dôme gewurðad, adorned with glory, [1646]; gen. sg. wyrce se þe môte dômes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, [1389]. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. sôð-fästra dôm, the glory of the saints, [2821].
[dôm-leás], adj., without reputation, inglorious: acc. sg. f. dômleásan dæd, [2891].
[dôn], red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. dôð swâ ic bidde, do as I beg, [1232].—2) w. acc.: inf. hêt hire selfre sunu on bæl dôn, [1117]; pret. þâ he him of dyde îsernbyrnan, took off the iron corselet, [672]; (þonne) him Hûnlâfing, ... billa sêlest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Hûnlâfing, the best of swords, [1145]; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, [2810]; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength, [2349]; pl. hi on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments, [3165].—3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tô Geátum sprec mildum wordum! swâ sceal man dôn, as one should do, [1173]; similarly, [1535], [2167]; pres. metod eallum weóld, swâ he nu git dêð, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, [1059]; similarly, [2471], [2860], and (sg. for pl.) [1135]; pret. II. swâ þu ær dydest, [1677]; III. swâ he nu gyt dyde, [957]; similarly, [1382], [1892], [2522]; pl. swâ hie oft ær dydon, [1239]; similarly, [3071]. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wên' ic þät he wille ... Geátena leóde etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde mägen Hrêðmanna, I believe he will wish to devour the Geát people, the fearless, as he often did (devoured) the bloom of the Hrêðmen, [444]; gif ic þät gefricge ... þät þec ymbesittend egesan þýwað, swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), [1829]; gif ic ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, [1825]; similarly, pl. þonne þâ dydon, [44].
ge-dôn, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., [1733]; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, [2187]. With adv.: he mec þær on innan ... gedôn wolde, wished to place me in there, [2091].
[draca], w. m., drake, dragon: nom. sg., [893], [2212]; acc. sg. dracan, [2403], [3132]; gen. sg., [2089], [2291], [2550].—Comp.: eorð-, fýr-, lêg-, lîg-, nîð-draca.
on-[drædan], st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of: inf. þät þu him on-drædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, needest not fear death for them, [1675]; pret. nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd, was not afraid of the combat, [2348].
ge-[dräg] (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., demeanor, actions: acc. sg. sêcan deófla gedräg, [757].
[drepan], st. v., to hit, to strike: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genîðlan, [2881]; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran stræle, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, [1746]; wäs in feorh dropen (fatally hit), [2982].
[drepe], st. m., blow, stroke: acc. sg. drepe, [1590].
[drêfan], ge-drêfan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up: inf. gewât ... drêfan deóp wäter (to navigate), [1905]; pret. part. wäter under stôd dreórig and gedrêfed, [1418].
[dreám], st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. häleða dreám, [497]; acc. sg. dreám hlûdne, [88]; þu ... dreám healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, [1228]: dat. instr. sg. dreáme bedæled, [1276]; gen. pl. dreáma leás, [851]; dat. pl. dreámum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, [99]; dreámum bedæled, [722]; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. gleó-, gum-, man-, sele-dreám.
[dreám-leás], adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Heremôd, [1721].
[dreógan], st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. dreáh äfter dôme, lived in honor, honorably, [2180]; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þät hie ær drugon aldorleáse lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (?), [15].—2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. dreóh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, [1783]; inf. driht-scype dreógan (do a heroic deed), [1471]; pret. sundnytte dreáh (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), [2361]; pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (fought), [799]; hî sîð drugon, made the way, went, [1967].—3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werhðo dreógan, shall suffer damnation, [590]; pret. þegn-sorge dreáh, bore sorrow for his heroes, [131]; nearoþearfe dreáh, [422]; pret. pl. inwidsorge þe hie ær drugon, [832]; similarly, [1859].
â-dreógan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wræc âdreógan, [3079].
ge-dreógan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. þät he ... gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), [2727].
[dreór], st. m., blood dropping or flowing from wounds: instr. sg. dreóre, [447].—Comp. heoru-, sâwul-, wäl-dreór.
[dreór-fâh], adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. [485].
[dreórig], adj., bloody, bleeding: nom. sg. wäter stôd dreórig, [1418]; acc. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, [2790].—Comp. heoru-dreórig.
ge-[dreósan], st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, [1755]; inf. þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, honor fall, sink, [2667].
[drincan], st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, [1946]; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), [743]; pret. pl. druncon wîn weras, the men drank wine, [1234]; þær guman druncon, where the men drank, [1649]. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, [1232]; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg heorð-geneátas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, [2180]. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. beóre (wîne) druncen, [531], [1468]; nom. pl. beóre druncne, [480].
[drîfan], st. v., to drive: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, [2809]; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he [ne] meahte on mere drîfan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, [1131].
to-drîfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf, [545].
[drohtoð], st. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employment: nom. sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, there was no employment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, [757].
[drusian], w. v. (cf. [dreósan], properly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), [1631].
[dryht, driht], st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.
ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors: nom. sg. mînra eorla gedryht, [431]; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, [118]; mid his eorla (häleða) gedriht (gedryht), [357], [663]; similarly, [634], [1673].—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.
[dryht-bearn], st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, [2036].
[dryhten, drihten], st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, [1485], [2001], etc.; drihten, [1051]; dat. dryhtne, [2483], etc.; dryhten, [1832].—b) God: nom. drihten, [108], etc.; dryhten, [687], etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, [1693], etc.; drihtne, [1399], etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, [441]; drihtnes, [941].—Comp.: freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.
[dryht-guma], w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, [1389]; nom. pl. drihtguman, [99]; dryhtguman, [1232]; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, [1791] (of Hrôðgâr's warriors).
[dryht-lîc], adj., (that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent: dryhtlîc îren, excellent sword, [893]; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of Hildeburh), [1159].
[dryht-mâðum], st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmâðma, [2844].
[dryht-scipe], st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, to do a heroic deed, [1471].
[dryht-sele], st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, [485]; dryhtsele, [768]; acc. sg. dryhtsele, [2321].
[dryht-sib], st. f., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, [2069].
[drync], st. m., drink: in comp. heoru-drync.
[drync-fät], st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink: acc. sg., [2255]; drinc-fät, [2307].
[drysmian], w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, [1376].
[drysne], adj. See [on-drysne].
[dugan], v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hûru se aldor deáh, especially is the prince capable, [369]; ðonne his ellen deáh, if his strength avails, is good, [573]; þe him selfa deáh, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, [1840]; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, [590]; similarly, [1661], [2032]; pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, [1822]; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, [1345]; pret. subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, [526].
[duguð] (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), [2502]; duguðum dêmdon, praised with all their might(?), [3176].—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, [498]; duguð, [1791], [2255]; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, [2021]; nalles frätwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), [2921]; leóda duguðe on lâst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, [2946]; gen. sg. cûðe he duguðe þeáw, the custom of the noble warriors, [359]; deórre duguðe, [488]; similarly, [2239], [2659]; acc. pl. duguða, [2036].—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, [160]; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, [1675]; duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, [622].
[durran], v. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bîdan, darest to await, [527]; III. he gesêcean dear, [685]; pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, [1380]; pret. dorste, [1463], [1469], etc.; pl. dorston, [2849].
[duru], st. f., door, gate, wicket: nom. sg., [722]; acc. sg. [duru], [389].
ge-[dûfan], st. v., to dip in, to sink into: pret. þät sweord gedeáf (the sword sank into the drake, of a blow), [2701].
þurh-dûfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wäter up þurh-deáf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), [1620].
[dwellan], w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. nô hine wiht dweleð, âdl ne yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, [1736].
[dyhtig], adj., useful, good for: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, [1288].
[dynnan], w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, [768], [1318], [2559].
[dyrne], adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, [271]; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), [2321].—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cräfte, with secret magic art, [2291]; dyrnum cräfte, [2169]; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), [1358].—Comp. un-dyrne.
dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, [1880].
[dyrstig], adj., bold, daring: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære, although he had been courageous for every deed, [2839].
ge-[dýgan], ge-dîgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, [662]; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl gedîgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, [300]; similarly, inf. unfæge gedîgan weán and wräcsîð, [2293]; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), [2532]; ne meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), [2550]; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dîgde, [578], [1656], [2351], [2544].
[ecg], st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, [1107]; ecg, [1525], etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), [1550]; mêces ecge, [1813]; nom. pl. ecge, [1146].—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wäs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), [2507]; sió ecg brûn (Beówulf's sword Nägling), [2578]; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, [2773], etc.; nom. pl. ecga, [2829]; dat. pl. äscum and ecgum, [1773]; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, [2141]; gen. pl. ecga, [483], [806], [1169];—blade: ecg wäs îren, [1460].—Comp.: brûn-, heard-, stýl-ecg, adj.
[ecg-bana], w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, [1263].
[ecg-hete], st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out: nom. sg., [84], [1739].
[ecg-þracu], st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þräce, [597].
[ed-hwyrft], st. m., return (of a former condition): þâ þær sôna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), [1282].
[ed-wendan], w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, [280].
[ed-wenden], st. f., turning, change: nom. sg. edwenden, [1775]; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), [2189].
[edwît-lîf], st. n., life in disgrace: nom. sg., [2892].
[efn], adj., even, like, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., upon the same level, near: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, lies near him, [2904].
[efnan] (see [äfnan]) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish knightly deeds), [2536]; inf. eorlscipe efnan, [2623]; sweorda gelâc efnan (to battle), [1042]; gerund. tô efnanne, [1942]; pret. eorlscipe efnde, [2134], [3008].
[efne], adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with swâ or swylc: efne swâ swîðe swâ, just so much as, [1093]; efne swâ sîde swâ, [1224]; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, by so much the less as ..., [1284]; leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, [1572]; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), [944]; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, [3058]; efne swylce mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, [1250].
[eft], adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: [56], [1147], [2112], [3047], etc.; eft sôna bið, then it happens immediately, [1763]; bôt eft cuman, help come again, [281].—2) again, on the other side: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesîðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, [22];—anew, again: [135], [604], [693], [1557], etc.; eft swâ ær, again as formerly, [643].—3) retro, rursus, back: [123], [296], [854], etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon (did not believe that he would come back), [1597].
[eft-cyme], st. m., return: gen. sg. eftcymes, [2897].
[eft-sîð], st. m., journey back, return: acc. sg. [1892]; gen. sg. eft-sîðes georn, [2784]; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, went the road back, i.e. returned, [1333].
[egesa, egsa] (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, [276]; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), [1758].—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, [785]; instr. sg. egesan, [1828], [2737].—Comp.: glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa.
[eges-full], adj., horrible (full of fear, fearful), [2930].
[eges-lîc], adj., terrible, bringing terror: of Grendel's head, [1650]; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, [2310]; of the drake, [2826].
[egle], adj., causing aversion, hideous: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), [988].
[egsian] (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), [6].
[ehtian], w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pl. pres. þät þe ... weras ehtigað, that thee men shall esteem, praise, [1223].
[elde] (those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., men: dat. pl. eldum, [2215]; mid eldum, among men, [2612].—See [ylde].
[eldo], st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, [2112].
[el-land], st. n., foreign land, exile: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (shall be banished), [3020].
[ellen], st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, [573]; eafoð and ellen, [903]; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, [603]; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, [2350]; ellen cýðan, show bravery, [2696]; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, [3]; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc ellen, [638]; ferh ellen wräc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, [2707]; dat. sg. on elne, [2507], [2817]; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êðbegête þâm þe ær his elne forleás, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wîglâf), [2862]; mid elne, [1494], [2536]; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, [894], [1098], [1968], [2677], [2918]; gen. sg. elnes lät, [1530]; þâ him wäs elnes þearf, [2877].—Comp. mägen-ellen.
[ellen-dæd], st. f., heroic deed: dat. pl. -dædum, [877], [901].
[ellen-gæst], st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, [86].
[ellen-lîce], adv., strongly, with heroic strength, [2123].
[ellen-mærðu], st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mærðum, [829], [1472].
[ellen-rôf], adj., renowned for strength: nom. sg. [340], [358], [3064]; dat. pl. -rôfum, [1788].
[ellen-seóc], adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þeóden ellensiócne (the mortally wounded king, Beówulf), [2788].
[ellen-weorc], st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. [662], [959], [1465], etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, [2400].
[elles], adv., else, otherwise: a (modal), in another manner, [2521].—b (local), elles hwær, somewhere else, [138]; elles hwergen, [2591].
[ellor], adv., to some other place, [55], [2255].
[ellor-gâst, -gæst], st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst (Grendel), [808]; (Grendel's mother), [1622]; ellorgæst (Grendel's mother), [1618]; acc. pl. ellorgæstas, [1350].
[ellor-sîð], st. m., departure, death: nom. sg. [2452].
[elra], adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), another: dat. sg. on elran men, [753].
[el-þeódig], adj., of another people: foreign: acc. pl. el-þeódige men, [336].
[ende], st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (lîfes) ende, [823], [2845]; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), [1255]; acc. sg. ende lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), [3064], [1387], [2343]; häfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), [3047]; dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, [2791], [2824]; eoletes ät ende, [224].—2) boundary: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, [1735].—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), [2022].—Comp. woruld-ende.
[ende-däg], st. m., last day, day of death: nom. sg. [3036]; acc. sg. [638].
[ende-dôgor], st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bega on wênum endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), [2897].
[ende-lâf], st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, art the last of our race, [2814].
[ende-leán], st. n., final reparation: acc. sg. [1693].
[ende-sæta], w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), [241].
[ende-stäf], st. m. (elementum finis), end: acc. sg. hit on endestäf eft gelimpeð, then it draws near to the end, [1754].
ge-[endian], w. v., to end: pret. part. ge-endod, [2312].
[enge], adj., narrow: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, narrow paths, [1411].
[ent], st. m., giant: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), [1680]; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), [2718]; eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), [2775].
[entisc], adj., coming from giants: acc. sg. entiscne helm, [2980].
[etan], st. v., to eat, to consume: pres. sg. III. blôdig wäl ... eteð ân-genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, [448]; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, [444].
þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), [3050].
[êce], adj., everlasting; nom. êce drihten (God), [108]; acc. sg. êce eorðreced, the everlasting earth-hall (the dragon's cave), [2720]; geceás êcne ræd, chose the everlasting gain (died), [1202]; dat. sg. êcean dryhtne, [1693], [1780], [2331]; acc. pl. geceós êce rædas, [1761].
[êð-begête], adj., easy to obtain, ready: nom. sg. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êð-begête, then from the young man (Wîglâf) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, [2862].
[êðel], st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, [520]; dat. sg. on êðle, [1731].—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, [914]; (Offa) wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, [1961].
[êðel-riht], st. n., hereditary privileges (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, estate and inherited privileges, [2199].
[êðel-stôl], st. m., hereditary seat, inherited throne: acc. pl. êðel-stôlas, [2372].
[êðel-turf], st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate: dat. sg. on mînre êðeltyrf, [410].
[êðel-weard], st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. êðelweard (king), [1703], [2211]; dat. sg. Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King Hrôðgâr), [617].
[êðel-wyn], st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, lufen âlicgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), [2886]; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard êðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, [2494].
[êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne], adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. [1111], [1245].
[êfstan], w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton nu êfstan, let us hurry now, [3102]; pret. êfste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, [1494].
[êg-clif], st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), [2894].
êg-streám, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on êg-streámum, in the sea-floods, [577]. See [eágor-streám].
[êhtan] (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs duguðe and geogoðe, [159]; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Beówulf)(?), [1513].
[êst], st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. he him êst geteáh meara and mâðma (honored him with horses and jewels), [2166]; gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, [3076].—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heóld, êstum mid âre, [2379]; êstum geýwan (to present), [2150]; him wäs ... wunden gold êstum geeáwed (presented), [1195]; we þät ellenweorc êstum miclum fremedon, [959].
[êste], adj., gracious: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Beówulf), [946].
[eafoð], st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, [603], [903]; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, [2350]; we frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, [961]; gen. sg. eafoðes cräftig, [1467]; þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfed, shall rob of strength, [1764]; acc. pl. eafeðo (MS. earfeðo), [534]; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, made him great through strength, [1718]. See [Note for l. 534].
[eafor], st. m., boar; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, [2153].
[eafora] (offspring), w. m.: 1) son: nom. sg. eafera, [12], [898]; eafora, [375]; acc. sg. eaferan, [1548], [1848]; gen. sg. eafera, [19]; nom. pl. eaferan, [2476]; dat. pl. eaferum, [1069], [2471]; uncran eaferan, [1186].—2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pl. eaforum, [1711].
[eahta], num., eight: acc. pl. eahta mearas, [1036]; eode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others, [3124].
[eahtian], w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. ræd eahtedon, consulted about help, [172]; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sêlestan þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrôðgâr deliberated about their home (ruled), [1408].—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, [3175].
[eal, eall], adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, [652]; pl. eal bencþelu, [486]; sg. eall êðelwyn, [2886]; eal worold, [1739], etc.; þät hit wearð eal gearo, healärna mæst, [77]; þät hit (wîgbil) eal gemealt, [1609]. And with a following genitive: þær wäs eal geador Grendles grâpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, [836]; eall ... lissa, all favor, [2150]; wäs eall sceacen dôgorgerîmes, [2728]. With apposition: þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîcstede, [2462]; acc. sg. beót eal, [523]; similarly, [2018], [2081]; oncýððe ealle, all distress, [831]; heals ealne, [2692]; hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, [2298]; gif he þät eal gemon, [1186], [2428]; þät eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, [3089]; ealne wîde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, [1223]; instr. sg. ealle mägene, with all strength, [2668]; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, [914]; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, [1956]. Subst. ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban, [2740]; brûc ealles well, [2163]; freán ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, [2795]; nom. pl. untydras ealle, [111]; sceótend ... ealle, [706]; we ealle, [942]; acc. pl. feónd ealle, [700]; similarly, [1081], [1797], [2815]; subst. ofer ealle, [650]; ealle hie deáð fornam, [2237]; lîg ealle forswealg þâra þe þær gûð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, [1123]; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bûendum, [768]; similarly, [824], [907], [1418]; subst. âna wið eallum, one against all, [145]; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, [1058]; gen. pl. äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), [3172]; subst. he âh ealra geweald, has power over all, [1728].
Uninflected: bil eal þurhwôd flæschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, [1568]; häfde ... eal gefeormod fêt and folma, had devoured entirely feet and hands, [745]; se þe eall geman gâr-cwealm gumena, who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, [2043], etc.
Adverbial: þeáh ic eal mæge, although I am entirely able, [681]; hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments, [3165].—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, [1001], [1130].
[eald], adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, [357], [1703], [2211], etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, [2973]; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (dragon), [2761]; dat. sg. ealdum, [1875]; geongum and ealdum, [72].—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ômig, [2764]; acc. sg. ealde lâfe (sword), [796], [1489]; ealde wîsan, [1866]; eald sweord, [1559], [1664], etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, [1782]; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), [2775]; acc. pl. ealde mâðmas, [472]; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beówulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), [2331].
yldra, compar. older: mîn yldra mæg, [468]; yldra brôðor, [1325]; ôð þät he (Heardrêd) yldra wearð, [2379].
yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam yldestan, [2436]; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, [258]; acc. sg. þone yldestan, [363], both times of Beówulf.
[eald-fäder], st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. [373].
[eald-gesegen], st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, [870].
[eald-gesîð], st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesîðas, [854].
[eald-gestreón], st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestreónum, [1382]; gen. pl. -gestreóna, [1459].
[eald-gewinna], w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, [1777].
[eald-gewyrht], st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, [2658].
[eald-hlâford], st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlâfordes (of the old Beówulf(?)), [2779].
[eald-metod], st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. [946].
[ealdor, aldor], st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, [1645], [1849], [2921]; aldor, [56], [369], [392]; acc. sg. aldor, [669]; dat. sg. ealdre, [593]; aldre, [346].
ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, [1372]; dat. sg. aldre, [1448], [1525]; ealdre, [2600]; him on aldre stôd herestræl hearda (in vitalibus), [1435]; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, [1443]; of ealdre gewât, went out of life, died, [2625]; as instr. aldre, [662], [681], etc.; ealdre, [1656], [2134], etc.; gen. sg. aldres, [823]; ealdres, [2791], [2444]; aldres orwêna, despairing of life, [1003], [1566]; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, [1339], [2062]; dat. pl. aldrum nêðdon, [510], [538].—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, [1780]; tô aldre (for life), always, [2006], [2499]; âwa tô aldre, for ever and ever, [956].
[ealdor-bealu], st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þu ... ondrædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, [1677].
[ealdor-cearu], st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. he his leódum wearð ... tô aldor-ceare, [907].
[ealdor-dagas], st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. næfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), [719]; on ealder-dagum ær (in former days), [758].
[ealdor-gedâl], st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedâl, [806].
[ealdor-gewinna], w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), [2904].
[ealdor-leás], adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-leáse, [15].
[a]ealdor-leás], adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-leásne, [1588]; ealdor-leásne, [3004].
[ealdor-þegn], st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrôðgâr's confidential adviser, Äschere), [1309].
[eal-fela], adj., very much: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, [870]; eal-fela eotena cynnes, [884].
[ealgian], w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, [797], [2656], [2669]; pret. siððan he (Hygelâc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wälreáf werede, while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), [1205].
[eal-gylden], adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swýn ealgylden, [1112]; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, [2768].
[eal-îrenne], adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-îrenne wîgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, [2339].
[ealu], st. n., ale, beer: acc. sg. ealo drincende, [1946].
[ealu-benc], st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, [1030]; on ealu-bence, [2868].
[ealu-scerwen], st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, [770].
[ealu-wæge], st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: acc. sg. [2022]; hroden ealowæge, [495]; dat. sg. ofer ealowæge (at the ale-carouse), [481].
[eal-wealda], w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fäder alwalda, [316]; alwalda, [956], [1315]; dat. sg. al-wealdan, [929].
[eard], st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wäs bâm ... lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. [2199]; acc. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, [104]; similarly, älwihta eard, [1501]; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, [1130]; eard git ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. [1378]; eard and eorlscipe, prædium et nobilitatem, [1728]; eard êðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, [2494]; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, [56]; þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, that we go again to our homes, [2655]; on earde, [2737]; nom. pl. eácne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), [1622].
[eardian], w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dýre swyrd swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þær eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, [3051].—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, [166]; inf. wîc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), [2590].
[eard-lufa], w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life: acc. sg. eard-lufan, [693].
[earfoð-lîce], adv., with trouble, with difficulty, [1637], [1658]; with vexation, angrily, [86]; sorrowfully, [2823]; with difficulty, scarcely, [2304], [2935].
[earfoð-þrag], st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrage, [283].
[earh], adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sîð (no coward undertaken that), [2542].
[earm], st. m., arm: acc. sg. earm, [836], [973]; wið earm gesät, supported himself with his arm, [750]; dat. pl. earmum, [513].
[a]earm], adj., poor, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, [2369]; earme ides, the unhappy woman, [1118]; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, [2939].—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, [577].
[earm-beág], st. m., arm-ring, bracelet: gen. pl. earm-beága fela searwum gesæled, many arm-rings interlaced, [2764].
[earm-hreád], st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hreáde twâ, [1195] (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).
[earm-lîc], adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedâl earmlîc wurðan, his end should be wretched, [808].
[earm-sceapen], pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. [1352].
[earn], st. m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, [3027].
[eaxl], st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, [836], [973]; dat. sg. on eaxle, [817], [1548]; be eaxle, [1538]; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), [1118]; dat. pl. sät freán eaxlum neáh, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Beówulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wîglâf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), [2854]; he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), [358].
[eaxl-gestealla], w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. [1327]; acc. pl. -gesteallan, [1715].
[eác], conj., also: [97], [388], [433], etc.; êc, [3132].
[eácen] (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. eácne eardas, broad plains, [1622].—great, heavy: eald sweord eácen, [1664]; dat. pl. eácnum ecgum, [2141], both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: äðele and eácen, of Beówulf, [198].
[eácen-cräftig], adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, that enormous treasure-house, [2281]; nom. sg. þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iúmonna gold, [3052].
[eádig], adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property: nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, äðeling eádig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, [1226]; eádig mon, [2471].—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tîr-eádig.
[eádig-lîce], adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dreámum lifdon eádiglîce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, [100].
[eáðe, êðe, ýðe], adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, [228]; ne wäs þät êðe sîð, no pleasant way, [2587]; näs þät ýðe ceáp, no easy purchase, [2416]; nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), [1003].
eáðe, ýðe, adv., easily. eáðe, [478], [2292], [2765].
[eáð-fynde], adj., easy to find: nom. sg. [138].
[eáge], w. n., eye: dat. pl. him of eágum stôd leóht unfäger, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, [727]; þät ic ... eágum starige, see with eyes, behold, [1782]; similarly, [1936]; gen. pl. eágena bearhtm, [1767].
[eágor-streám], st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. [513].
[eá-land], st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Geátas): acc. sg. eá-lond, [2335]; island.
[eám], st. m., uncle, mothers brother: nom. sg. [882].
[eástan], adv., from the east, [569].
[eáwan], w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. eáweð ... uncûðne nîð, shows evil enmity, [276]. See [eówan, ýwan].
ge-eáwan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wäs ... wunden gold êstum ge-eáwed, was graciously presented, [1195].
[eodor], st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. hêht eahta mearas on flet teón, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, [1038].—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, [428], [1045]; eodur, [664].
[eofoð], st. n., strength: acc. pl. eofoðo, [2535]. See [eafoð].
[eofer], st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer îrenheard, [1113].—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, [1329], where eoferas and fêðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.
[eofor-lîc], st. n. boar-image (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lîc scionon, [303].
[eofor-spreót], st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heóro-hôcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, [1438].
[eoguð, ioguð]. See [geogoð].
[eolet], st. m. n., sea(?): gen. sg. eoletes, [224].
[eorclan-stân], st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stânas, [1209].
[eorð-cyning], st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), [1156].
[eorð-draca], w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. [2713], [2826].
[eorðe], w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. älmihtiga eorðan worhte, [92]; wîde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, [266]; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, [248], [803]; on eorðan, [1823], [2856], [3139]; gen. sg. eorðan, [753].—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. he eorðan gefeóll, fell to the ground, [2835]; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, [3168]; dat. sg. þät hit on eorðan läg, [1533]; under eorðan, [2416]; gen. sg. wið eorðan fäðm (in the bosom of the earth), [3050].
[eorð-reced], st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. [2720].
[eorð-scräf], st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scräfe], [2233]; gen. pl. eorð-scräfe, [3047].
[eorð-sele], st. m., hall in the earth, cave: acc. sg. eorð-sele, [2411]; dat sg. of eorðsele, [2516].
[eorð-weall], st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþeów) beáh eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), [2958]; þâ me wäs ... sîð âlýfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), [3091].
[eorð-weard], st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. [2335].
[eorl], st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. [762], [796], [1229], etc.; acc. sg. eorl, [573], [628], [2696]; gen. sg. eorles, [690], [983], [1758], etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, [2817]; dat. pl. eorlum, [770], [1282], [1650], etc.; gen. pl. eorla, [248], [357], [369], etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, [6], [2952].
[eorl-gestreón], st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestreóna ... hardfyrdne dæl, [2245].
[eorl-gewæde], st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewædum, [1443].
[eorlîc] (i.e. eorl-lîc), adj., what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous: acc. sg. eorlîc ellen, [638].
[eorl-scipe], st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, [1728], [3175]; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chivalrous deeds, [2134], [2536], [2623], [3008].
[eorl-weorod], st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. [2894].
[eormen-cyn], st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, [1958].
[eormen-grund], st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, [860].
[eormen-lâf], st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) [2235].
[eorre], adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, [1448].
[eoton], st. m.: 1) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), [762]; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), [669]; nom. pl. eotenas, [112].—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: [1073], [1089], [1142]; dat. pl. [1146]. See List of Names, p. 114.
[eotonisc], adj., gigantic, coming from giants: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), [1559], [2980], (etonisc, MS.) [2617].
[eóred-geatwe], st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., [2867].
[eówan], w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ôhwær, ecghete eóweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, [1739]. See [eáwan, ýwan].
[eówer]: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eówer sum, that one of you (namely, Beówulf), [248]; fæhðe eówer leóde, the enmity of the people of you (of your people), [597]; nis þät eówer sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, [2533].—2) poss. pron., your, [251], [257], [294], etc.
ge-[fandian, -fondian], w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, [2302]; þonne se ân hafað þurh deâðes nýd dæda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), [2455].
[fara], w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara.
[faran], st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. tô hâm faran, to go home, [124]; lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, [865]; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, [2916]; com leóda dugoðe on lâst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, [2946]; gerund wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, [1806]; pret. sg. gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, [1405]; sægenga fôr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, [1909]; (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, [2309]; pret. pl. þät ... scawan scîrhame tô scipe fôron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, [1896].
gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. hû se mânsceaða under færgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, [739].
ût faran, to go out: w. acc. lêt of breóstum ... word ût faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, [2552].
[faroð], st. m., stream, flood of the sea: dat. sg. tô brimes faroðe, [28]; äfter faroðe, with the stream, [580]; ät faroðe, [1917].
[faru], st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. âd-faru.
[fâcen-stäf] (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fâcen-stafas, [1019].
[fâh, fâg], adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fâh (covered with blood), [420]; blôde fâh, [935]; âtertânum fâh (sc. îren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to âterteárum in text--KTH], [1460]; sadol searwum fâh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), [1039]; sweord swâte fâh, [1287]; brim blôde fâh, [1595]; wäldreóre fâg, [1632]; (draca) fýrwylmum fâh (because he spewed flame), [2672]; sweord fâh and fäted, [2702]; blôde fâh, [2975]; acc. sg. dreóre fâhne, [447]; goldsele fättum fâhne, [717]; on fâgne flôr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), [726]; hrôf golde fâhne, the roof shining with gold, [928]; nom. pl. eoforlîc ... fâh and fýr-beard, [305]; acc. pl. þâ hilt since fâge, [1616]; dat. pl. fâgum sweordum, [586].—Comp. bân-, blôd-, brûn-, dreór-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stân-, swât-, wäl-, wyrm-fâh.
[fâh, fâg, fâ], adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða, [554]; he wäs fâg wið god (Grendel), [812]; acc. sg. fâne (the dragon), [2656]; gen. pl. fâra, [578], [1464].—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fâg, [1264]; mâne fâh, outlawed through crime, [979]; fyren-dædum fâg, [1002].—Comp. nearo-fâh.
[fâmig-heals], adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fâmig-heals, [218]; (sægenga) fâmig-heals, [1910].
[fäc], st. n., period of time: acc. sg. lytel fäc, during a short time, [2241].
[fäder], st. m., father: nom. sg. fäder, [55], [262], [459], [2609]; of God, [1610]; fäder alwalda, [316]; acc. sg. fäder, [1356]; dat. sg. fäder, [2430]; gen. sg. fäder, [21], [1480]; of God, 188—Comp.: ær, eald-fäder.
[fädera], w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefäderan.
[fäder-äðelo], st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fäder-äðelum, [912].
[fäderen-mæg], st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fäderen-mæge, [1264].
[fäðm], st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. feóndes fäð[mum], [2129].—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. lîges fäðm, [782]; acc. sg. in fýres fäðm, [185].—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fäðm, [1394]; wið eorðan fäðm, [3050]; dat. pl. tô fäder (God's) fäðmum, [188].—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fäðm, [1211].—Cf. sîd-fäðmed, sîð-fäðme.
[fäðmian], w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. þät minne lîchaman ... glêd fäðmie, [2653]; inf. lêton flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde, [3134].
ge-[fäg], adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly): comp. ge-fägra, [916].
[fägen], adj., glad, joyous: nom. pl. ferhðum fägne, the glad at heart, [1634].
[fäger], adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, [774]; fäger foldan bearm, [1138]; acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, [522]; nom. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, [867].—Comp. un-fäger.
fägere, fägre, adv., beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette: fägere geþægon medoful manig, [1015]; þâ wäs flet-sittendum fägere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, [1789]; Higelâc ongan ... fägre fricgean, [1986]; similarly, [2990].
[fär], st. n., craft, ship: nom. sg., [33].
[fäst], adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slæp tô fäst, [1743]; acc. sg. freóndscipe fästne, [2070]; fäste frioðuwære, [1097].—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wäs tô fäst on þâm (sc. on fæhðe and fyrene), [137]; on ancre fäst, [303]. Or, oftener, the dative: feónd-grâpum fäst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, [637]; fýrbendum fäst, fast in the forged hinges, [723]; handa fäst, [1291], etc.; hygebendum fäst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), [1879].—Comp: âr-, blæd-, gin-, sôð-, tîr-, wîs-fäst.
fäste, adv., fäst [554], [761], [774], [789], [1296].—Comp. fästor, [143].
be-[fästan], w. v., to give over: inf. hêt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, to give over to the flames her own son, [1116].
[fästen], st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access: acc. sg. leóda fästen, the fastness of the Geátas (with ref. to [2327], [2334]; fästen (Ongenþeów's castle or fort), [2951]; fästen (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), [104].
[fäst-ræd], adj., firmly resolved: acc. sg. fäst-rædne geþôht, firm determination, [611].
[fät], st. m., way, journey: in comp. sîð-fät.
[a]fät], st. n., vessel; vase, cup: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times, [2762].—Comp.: bân-, drync-, mâððum-, sinc-, wundor-fät.
[a]fät], st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fättum fâhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), [717]; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, [2257].
[fäted, fätt], part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form: gen. sg. fättan goldes, [1094], [2247]; instr. sg. fättan golde, [2103]. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate: nom. sg. sweord ... fäted, [2702]; acc. sg. fäted wæge, [2254], [2283]; acc. pl. fätte scyldas, [333]; fätte beágas, [1751]. [fæted, etc.]
[fäted-hleór], adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas fäted-hleóre (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), [1037].
[fät-gold], st. n., gold in sheets or plates: acc. sg., [1922].
[fæge], adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fæge, [1756], [2142], [2976]; fæge and ge-flýmed, [847]; fûs and fæge, [1242]; acc. sg. fægne flæsc-homan, [1569]; dat. sg. fægum, [2078]; gen. sg. fæges, [1528].—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fægum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), [3026].—Comp.: deáð-, un-fæge.
[fæhð] (state of hostility, see [fâh]), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fæhð, [2404], [3062]; acc. sg. fæhðe, [153], [459], [470], [596], [1334], etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrêðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, [2466]; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, [137]; nalas for fæhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), [1538]; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, [109]; gen. pl. fæhða gemyndig, [2690].—Comp. wäl-fæhð.
[fæhðo], st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sió fæhðo, [3000]; acc. fæhðo, [2490].
[fælsian], w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse: inf. þät ic môte ... Heorot fælsian (from the plague of Grendel), [432]; pret. Hrôðgâres ... sele fælsode, [2353].
ge-fælsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. häfde gefælsod ... sele Hrôðgâres, [826]; Heorot is gefælsod, [1177]; wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod, [1621].
[fæmne], w. f., virgin, recens nupta: dat. sg. fæmnan, [2035]; gen. sg. fæmnan, [2060], both times of Hrôðgâr's daughter Freáware.
[fær], st. m., sudden, unexpected attack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnäf's band by Finn's), [1069], [2231].
[fær-gripe], st. m., sudden, treacherous gripe, attack: nom. sg. fær-gripe flôdes, [1517]; dat. pl. under færgripum, [739].
[fær-gryre], st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack: dat. pl. wið fær-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), [174].
[færinga], adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, [1415], [1989].
[fær-nîð], st. m., hostility with sudden attacks: gen. pl. hwät me Grendel hafað ... færnîða gefremed, [476].
[feðer-gearwe], st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fûs, [3120].
[fel], st. n., skin, hide: dat. pl. glôf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, [2089].
[fela], I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, [2107]. With worn placed before: hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce, how very much you spoke about Breca, [530].—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, [810]; wyrm-cynnes fela, [1426]; worna fela sorge, [2004]; tô fela micles ... Denigea leóde, too much of the race of the Danes, [695]; uncûðes fela, [877]; fela lâðes, [930]; fela leófes and lâðes, [1061].—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mâdma, [36]; fela þæra wera and wîfa, [993], etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, [153]; fela fyrena, [164]; ofer landa fela, [311]; mâððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), [2758]; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht, swore no false oaths, [2739], etc.; worn fela mâðma, [1784]; worna fela gûða, [2543].—Comp. eal-fela.
II., adverbial, very, [1386], [2103], [2951].
[fela-hrôr], adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very warlike, [27].
[fela-môdig], adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -môdigra, [1638], [1889].
[fela-synnig], adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), [1380].
[feólan], st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (in Heorot), [1282]; þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), [2227].—to fall into, undergo, endure: searonîðas fealh, [1201].
ät-feólan, w. dat., insistere, adhærere: pret. nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh (held him not fast enough, [969].
[fen], st. n., fen, moor: acc. sg. fen, [104]; dat. sg. tô fenne, [1296]; fenne, [2010].
[fen-freoðo], st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, [852].
[feng], st. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fýres feng, [1765]; acc. sg. fâra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), [578].—Comp. inwit-feng.
[fengel] (probably he who takes possession, cf. tô fôn, [1756], and fôn tô rîce, to enter upon the government), st. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wîsa fengel, [1401]; snottra fengel, [1476], [2157]; hringa fengel, [2346].
[fen-ge-lâd], st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frêcne fengelâd (fens difficult of access), [1360].
[fen-hlið], st. n., marshy precipice: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, [821].
[fen-hop], st. n., refuge in the fen: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, [765].
[ferh], st. m. n., life; see [feorh].
[a]ferh], st. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., [305].
[ferhð], st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, [755], [949], [1719]; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät ..., each of them trusted to his (Hûnferð's) heart, that ..., [1167]; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, [1061]; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fägne, happy at heart, [1634]; þät mon ... ferhðum freóge, that one ... heartily love, [3178].—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.
[ferhð-frec], adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, [1147].
[ferhð-genîðla], w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genîðlan, of the drake, [2882].
[ferian], w. v. w. acc., to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fätte scyldas, [333]; pret. pl. tô scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, [1155]; similarly, feredon, [1159], [3114].
ät-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þät hilt þanan feóndum ätferede, [1669].
ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (we) geferian freán ûserne, [3108]; inf. geferian ... Grendles heáfod, [1639]; pret. þät hi ût geferedon dýre mâðmas, [3131]; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geáta leóde, men of the Geátas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), [361].
ôð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsôfte þonan feorh ôð-ferede, [2142].
of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ôðer swylc ût offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), [1584].
[fetel-hilt], st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), [1564]. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.[45], [46].)
[fetian], w. v., to bring near, bring: pres. subj. nâh hwâ ... fe[tige] fäted wæge, bring the gold-chased tankard, [2254]; pret. part. hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod, [1311].
ge-fetian, to bring: inf. hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian Hrêðles lâfe, caused Hrêðel's sword to be brought, [2191].
â-[fêdan], w. v., to nourish, to bring up: pret. part. þær he âfêded wäs, [694].
[fêða] (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) foot-soldiers: nom. pl. fêðan, [1328], [2545].—2) collective in sing., band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors: nom. fêða eal gesät, [1425]; dat. on fêðan, [2498], [2920].—Comp. gum-fêða.
[fêðe], st. n., gait, going, pace: dat. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), [971].
[fêðe-cempa], w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., [1545], [2854].
[fêðe-gäst], st. m., guest coming on foot: dat. pl. fêðe-gestum, [1977].
[fêðe-lâst], st. m., signs of going, footprint: dat. pl. fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, [1633].
[fêðe-wîg], st. m., battle on foot: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, [2365].
[fêl] (= feól), st. f. file: gen. pl. fêla lâfe, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), [1033].
[fêran], w. v., iter (A.S. fôr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. ær ge ... on land Dena furður fêran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, [254]; inf. fêran on freán wære (to die), [27]; gewiton him þâ fêran (set out upon their way), [301]; mæl is me tô fêran, [316]; fêran ... gang sceáwigan, go, so as to see the footprints, [1391]; wîde fêran, [2262]; pret. fêrdon folctogan ... wundor sceáwian, the princes came to see the wonder, [840]; fêrdon forð, [1633].
ge-fêran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefêre lîfgesceafta, reach the end of life, [3064]; pret. part. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred lænan lîfes, frail life's end had both reached, [2845].—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þu gefêred þät ..., [1222], [1856].—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frêcne gefêrdon, had shown themselves daring, [1692].
[feal], st. m., fall: in comp. wäl-feal.
[feallan], st. v., to fall, to fall headlong: inf. feallan, [1071]; pret. sg. þät he on hrusan ne feól, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, [773]; similarly, feóll on foldan, [2976]; feóll on fêðan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), [2920]; pret. pl. þonne walu feóllon, [1043].
be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: freóndum befeallen, robbed of friends, [1127]; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), [2257].
ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down: pres. sg. III. þät se lîc-homa ... fæge gefealleð, that the body doomed to die sinks down, [1756].—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefeóll, [2101]; he eorðan gefeóll, [2835].
[fealu], adj., fallow, dun-colored, tawny: acc. sg. ofer fealone flôd (over the sea), [1951]; fealwe stræte (with reference to [320], [917]; acc. pl. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, [866].—Comp. äppel-fealo.
[feax], st. n., hair, hair of the head: dat. sg. wäs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heáfod, was carried by the hair into the hall, [1648]; him ... swât ... sprong forð under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, [2968].—Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.
ge-[feá], w. m., joy: acc. sg. þære fylle gefeán, joy at the abundant repast, [562]; ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban (can rejoice at all this), [2741].
[feá], adj., few dat. pl. nemne feáum ânum, except some few, [1082]; gen. pl. feára sum, as one of a few, with a few, [1413]; feára sumne, one of a few (some few), [3062]. With gen. following: acc. pl. feá worda cwäð, spoke few words, [2663], [2247].
[feá-sceaft], adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden, [7]; feásceaft guma (Grendel), [974]; dat. sg. feásceaftum men, [2286]; Eádgilse ... feásceaftum, [2394]; nom. pl. feásceafte (the Geátas robbed of their king, Hygelâc), [2374].
[feoh, feó], st. n., (properly cattle, herd) here, possessions, property, treasure: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo feó þingian, would not allay life's evil for treasure (tribute), [156]; similarly, þâ fæhðe feó þingode, [470]; ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige, [1381].
ge-[feohan], ge-feón, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, [109]; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, [2299]; pl. fylle gefægon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, [1015]; þeódnes gefêgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, [1628].—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mærðum, [828]; secg weorce gefeh, [1570]; sælâce gefeah, mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him mid häfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, [1625].
[feoh-gift, -gyft], st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þære feoh-gyfte, [1026]; dat. pl. ät feohgyftum, [1090]; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, [21].
[feoh-leás], adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts: nom. sg. þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), [2442].
ge-[feoht], st. n., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), [2442]; dat. sg. mêce þone þîn fader tô gefeohte bär, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, [2049].
ge-[feohtan], st. v., to fight: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (could by no means offer Hengest battle), [1084].
[feohte], w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, [576], [960]. See [were-fyhte].
[feor], adj., far, remote: nom. sg. nis þät feor heonon, [1362]; näs him feor þanon tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan, [1922]; acc. sg. feor eal (all that is far, past), [1702].
feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, [42], [109], [809], [1806], [1917]; feor and (oððe) neáh, far and (or) near, [1222], [2871]; feorr, [2267].—b) of time: ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled (has placed us under her enmity henceforth), [1341].
Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fästor, [143]; fyr, [252]; feorr, [1989]; feor, [542].
[feor-bûend], pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. ge feor-bûend, [254].
[feor-cýð], st. f., home of those living far away, distant land: nom, pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa deáh, foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability, [1839].
[feorh, ferh] (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, [2124]; nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), [2425]; ferh ellen wräc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), [2707]; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, [797], [2656], [2669]; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, [2857]; feorh âlegde, gave up his life, [852]; similarly, ær he feorh seleð, [1371]; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, [2142]; ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lindplegan swæse gesîðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), [2041]; gif þu þîn feorh hafast, [1850]; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), [439]; wäs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, [2982]; wîdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, [2015]; dat. sg. feore, [1294], [1549]; tô wîdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, [934]; on swâ geongum feore (at a so youthful age), [1844]; as instr., [578], [3014]; gen. sg. feores, [1434], [1943]; dat. pl. bûton ... feorum gumena, [73]; freónda feorum, [1307].—Also, body, corpse: þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), [1153]; gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelâc) fell into the power of the Franks, [1211]. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.
[feorh-bana], w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, [2466].
[feorh-ben], st. f., wound that takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seóc, [2741].
[feorh-bealu], st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., [2078], [2251], [2538]; acc. sg., [156].
[feorh-cyn], st. n., race of the living, mankind: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, [2267].
[feorh-genîðla], w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genîðlan, [1541]; dat. sg. -genîðlan, [970]; acc. sg. brægd feorh-genîðlan, [1541]; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genîðlan, (Ongenþeów) pursued his mortal enemies, [2934].
[feorh-lagu], st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on mâðma hord mine (mînne, MS.) bebohte frôde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, [2801].
[feorh-lâst], st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lâstas bär, [847].
[feorh-seóc], adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., [821].
[feorh-sweng], st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., [2490].
[feorh-wund], st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, [2386].
[feorm], st. f., subsistence, entertainment: acc. sg. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, [451].—2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), [2386].
[feormend-leás], adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse, [2762].
[feormian], w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), [2257].
ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sôna häfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fêt and folma, [745].
[feorran], w. v., w. acc., to remove: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, [156].
[a]feorran], adv., from afar: a) of space, [361], [430], [826], [1371], [1820], etc.; siððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), [2890]; fêrdon folctogan feorran and neán, from far and from near, [840]; similarly, neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, [1175]; wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne ... neán and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, [2318].—b) temporal: se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), [91]; similarly, feorran rehte, [2107].
[feorran-cund], adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, [1796].
[feor-weg], st. m., far way: dat. pl. mâdma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign lands), [37].
[feónd], st. m., enemy: nom. sg., [164], [726], [749]; feónd on helle (Grendel), [101]; acc. sg., [279], [1865], [2707]; dat. sg. feónde, [143], [439]; gen. sg. feóndes, [985], [2129], [2290]; acc, pl. feónd, [699]; dat. pl. feóndum, [420], [1670]; gen. pl. feonda [294], [809], [904].
[feónd-grâp], st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. feónd-grâpum fäst, [637].
[feónd-sceaða], w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), [554].
[feónd-scipe], st. m., hostility: nom. sg., [3000].
[feówer], num., four: nom. feówer bearn, [59]; feówer mearas, [2164]; feówer, as substantive, [1638]; acc. feówer mâðmas, [1028].
[feówer-tyne], num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. feówertyne Geáta, [1642].
[findan], st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þâra þe he cênoste findan mihte, [207]; swylce hie at Finnes-hâm findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, [1157]; similarly, [2871]; mäg þær fela freónda findan, [1839]; wolde guman findan, [2295]; swâ hyt weorðlîcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, [3164]; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, [720]; word ôðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, [871]; grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde fond, [2137]; þät ic gôdne funde beága bryttan, [1487]; pret. part. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden (discovered), [7].—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, [2790].—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht swefan, [118]; fand wäccendne wer wîges bîdan, [1268]; hord-wynne fond opene standan, [2271]; ôð þät he fyrgen-beámas ... hleonian funde, [1416]; pret. pl. fundon þâ sâwulleásne hlim-bed healdan, [3034].—d) with dependent clause: inf. nô þý ær feásceafte findan meahton ät þam äðelinge þät he Heardrêde hlâford wære (could by no means obtain it from the prince), [2374].
on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsîð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, [1892]; pret. part. þâ heó onfunden wäs (was discovered), [1294].—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þâ se gist onfand þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde, the stranger (Beówulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, [1523]; sôna þät onfunde, þät ..., immediately perceived that..., [751]; similarly, [810], [1498].
[finger], st. m., finger: nom. pl. fingras, [761]; acc. pl. fingras, [985]; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, [1506]; gen. pl. fingra, [765].
[firas, fyras] (O.H.G. firahî, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., men: gen. pl. fira, [91], [2742]; monegum fira, [2002]; fyra gehwylcne leóda mînra, [2251]; fira fyrngeweorc, [2287].
[firen, fyren], st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, [916]; acc. sg. fyrene and fæhðe, [153]; fæhðe and fyrene, [880], [2481]; firen' ondrysne, [1933]; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, [137]; gen. pl. fyrena, [164], [629]; and fyrene, [812]; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), [751]. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, [1745], or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, [2442].
[firen-dæd], st. f., wicked deed: acc. pl. fyren-dæda, [1670]; instr. pl. fyren-dædum, [1002]; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.
[firen-þearf], st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, [14].
[firgen-beám], st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-beámas, [1415].
[firgen-holt], st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, [1394].
[firgen-streám], st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-streám, [1360]; acc. sg. under fyrgen-streám (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to [1360], empties into Grendel's sea), [2129].
[fisc], st. m., fish: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.
[fîf], num., five: uninflect. gen. fîf nihta fyrst, [545]; acc. fîfe (?), [420].
[fîfel-cyn] (O.N. fîfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg. fîfelcynnes eard, [104].
[fîf-tene, fîf-tyne], num., fifteen: acc. fýftyne, [1583]; gen. fîftena sum, [207].
[fîf-tig], num., fifty: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fîftig wintra, [2734]; gen. se wäs fîftiges fôt-gemearces lang, [3043].—2) as adjective: acc. fîftig wintru, [2210].
[flân], st. m., arrow: dat. sg. flâne, [3120]; as instr., [2439].
[flân-boga], w. m., bow which shoots the flân, bow: dat. sg. of flân-bogan, [1434], [1745].
[flæsc], st. n., flesh, body in contrast with soul: instr. sg. nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body, [2425].
[flæsc-hama], w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flæsc-homan, [1569].
[flet], st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. heó on flet gebeáh, fell to the ground, [1541]; similarly, [1569].—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. [1977]; acc. sg. flet, [1037], [1648], [1950], [2018], etc.; flett, [2035]; þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, [1087]; dat. sg. on flette, [1026].
[flet-räst], st. f., resting-place in the hall: acc. sg. flet-räste gebeág, reclined upon the couch in the hall, [1242].
[flet-sittend], pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, [2023]; dat. pl. -sittendum, [1789].
[flet-werod], st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., [476].
[fleám], st. m., flight: acc. sg. on fleám gewand, had turned to flight, [1002]; fleám eówerne, [2890].
[fleógan], st. v., to fly: prs. sg. III. fleógeð, [2274].
[fleón], st. v., to flee: inf. on heolster fleón, [756]; fleón on fenhopu, [765]; fleón under fen-hleoðu, [821]; pret. hete-swengeas fleáh, [2226].
[be-fleón], w. acc., to avoid, to escape: gerund nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, [1004].
[ofer-fleón], w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleón fôtes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, [2526].
[fleótan], st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. nô he wiht fram me flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, [542]; pret. sægenga fleát fâmigheals forð ofer ýðe, floated away over the waves, [1910].
[flitme]. See [un-flitme].
[flîtan], st. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate: pres. part. flîtende fealwe stræte mearum mæton (rode a race), [917]; pret. sg. II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, art thou the Beówulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming? [507].
[ofer-flîtan], to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. he þe ät sunde oferflât (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), [517].
ge-[flît], st. n., emulation: acc. sg. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, let the fallow horses go in emulation, [866].
[floga], w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gûð-, lyft-, uht-, wîd-floga.
[flota] (see [fleótan]), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., [210], [218], [301]; acc. sg. flotan eówerne, [294].—Comp. wæg-flota.
[flot-here], st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, [2916].
[flôd], st. m., flood, stream, sea-current: nom. sg., [545], [580], [1362], etc.; acc. sg. flôd, [3134]; ofer fealone flôd, [1951]; dat. sg. tô flôde, [1889]; gen. pl. flôda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, [1498], [1827]; flôda genipu, [2809].
[flôd-ýð], st. f., flood-wave: instr. pl. flôd-ýðum, [542].
[flôr], st. m., floor, stone-floor: acc. sg. on fâgne flôr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), [726]; dat. sg. gang þâ äfter flôre, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), [1317].
[flyht, fliht], st. m., flight: nom. sg. gâres fliht, flight of the spear, [1766].
ge-[flýman], w. v., to put to flight: pret. part. geflýmed, [847], [1371].
[folc], st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, [522], [694], [912]; Sûðdene folc, [464]; folc and rîce, [1180]; dat. sg. folce, [14], [2596]; folce Deninga, [465]; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sæ sîde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, [2394]; gen. sg. folces, [1125]; folces Denigea, [1583].—The king is called folces hyrde, [611], [1833], [2645], [2982]; freáwine folces, [2358]; or folces weard, [2514]. The queen, folces cwên, [1933].—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, [1423], [2949]; dat. pl. folcum, [55], [262], [1856]; gen. pl. freó- (freá-) wine folca, of the king, [430], [2430]; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, [2018].—Comp. sige-folc.
[folc-âgend], pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-âgende, [3114].
[folc-beorn], st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, [2222].
[folc-cwên], st. f., queen of a warlike host: nom. sg., of Wealhþeów, [642].
[folc-cyning], st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., [2734], [2874].
[folc-ræd], st. m, what best serves a warlike host: acc. sg., [3007].
[folc-riht], st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation: gen. pl. him ær forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swâ his fäder âhte, [2609].
[folc-scearu], st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, [73].
[folc-stede], st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, [76]; folcstede fâra (the battle-field), [1464].
[folc-toga], w. m., leader of a body of warriors, duke: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrôðgâr are called folc-togan, [840].
[fold-bold], st. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, [774].
[fold-bûend], pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-bûend, [2275]; fold-bûende, [1356]; dat. pl. fold-bûendum, [309].
[folde], w. f., earth, ground: acc. sg. under foldan, [1362]; feóll on foldan, [2976]; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, [1138]; foldan sceátas, [96]; foldan fäðm, [1394].—Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, [1197].
[fold-weg], st. m., field-way, road through the country: acc. sg. fold-weg, [1634]; acc. pl. fold-wegas, [867].
[folgian], w. v.: 1) to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow: pret. pl. þeáh hie hira beággyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, [1103].—2) to pursue, to follow after: folgode feorh-genîðlan (acc. pl.) [2934].
[folm], st. f, hand: acc. sg. folme, [971], [1304]; dat. sg. mid folme, [743]; acc. pl. fêt and folma, feet and hands, [746]; dat. pl. tô banan folmum, [158]; folmum (instr.), [723], [993].—Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.
[for], prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, [358]; for hlâwe, [1121].—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no he þære feohgyfte for sceótendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, [1027]; for þäm werede, [1216]; for eorlum, [1650]; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, [2021].—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, [338], [1207]; for wlence, [508]; for his wonhýdum, [434]; for onmêdlan, [2927], etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, [169]; for þreánýdum, [833]; for þreánêdlan, [2225]; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), [509]; him for hrôfsele hrînan ne mehte fær-gripe flôdes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, [1516]; lîg-egesan wäg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, [2782]; for mundgripe mînum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, [966]; for þäs hildfruman hondgeweorce, [2836]; for swenge, through the stroke, [2967]; ne meahte ... deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, [2550]. Here may be added such passages as ic þäm gôdan sceal for his môdþräce mâðmas beódan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, [385]; ful-oft for lässan leán teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, [952]; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, [1443]; similarly, [1538]. Also denoting purpose: for ârstafum, to the assistance, [382], [458].—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: he hine feor forwräc for þý mane, [110].—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu freógan, love as a son, [948]; for sunu habban, [1176]; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, [2349].
[foran], adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... sceáwedon feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc (each before himself), [985]; þät wäs ân foran ealdgestreóna, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, [1459]; þe him foran ongeán linde bæron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), [2365].
be-foran: 1) adv., local, before: he ... beforan gengde, went before, [1413]; temporal, before, earlier, [2498].—2) prep. w. acc. before, in conspectu: mære mâððum-sweord manige gesâwon beforan beorn beran, [1025].
[ford], st. m., ford, water-way: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, [568].
[forð]: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ätstôp, approached nearer, [746]; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân, [1163]; similarly, [613]; him seleþegn forð wîsade, led him (Beówulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), [1796]; þät him swât sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, [2968]. Forward, further: gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, [291]; he tô forð gestôp, [2290]; freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, [2960]. Away, forth, [45], [904]; fyrst forð gewât, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, [210]; me ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, [1480]; fêrdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), [1633]; þonne he forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, [3178]; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, [1719].—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela niwe sibbe, [949]; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, [2070]. See [furðum] and furðor.
[forð-gerîmed], pres. part., in unbroken succession, [59].
[forð-gesceaft], st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, [1751].
[forð-weg], st. m., road that leads away, journey: he of ealdre gewât frôd on forð-weg (upon the way to the next world), [2626].
[fore], prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: heó fore þäm werede spräc, [1216]. Causal, through, for, because of: nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, [136]; fore fäder dædum, because of the father's deeds, [2060],—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnäf), [1065].
[fore-mære], adj., renowned beyond (others), præclarus: superl. þät wäs fore-mærost foldbûendum receda under roderum, [309].
[fore-mihtig], adj., able beyond (others), præpotens: nom. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), [970].
[fore-snotor], adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, [3164].
[fore-þanc], st. m., forethought, consideration, deliberation: nom. sg., [1061].
[forht], adj., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, [2968]; he on môde wearð forht on ferhðe, [755].—Comp. unforht.
[forma], adj., foremost, first: nom. sg. forma sîð (the first time), [717], [1464], [1528], [2626]; instr. sg. forman sîðe, [741], [2287]; forman dôgore, [2574].
fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: he fyrmest läg, [2078].
[forst], st. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, [1610].
[for-þam, for-þan, for-þon], adv. and conj., therefore, on that account, then: forþam, [149]; forþan, [418], [680], [1060]; forþon þe, because, [503].
[fôn], st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fêhð ôðer tô, another lays hold (takes possession), [1756]; inf. ic mid grâpe sceal fôn wið feónde, [439]; pret. sg. him tôgeánes fêng, caught at him, grasped at him, [1543]; w. dat. he þâm frätwum fêng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþeów's equipment), [2990].
be-fôn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sâr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, [977]; heó äðelinga ânne häfde fäste befangen (had seized him firmly), [1296]; helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), [1452]; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, [2010]; (draca) fýre befongen, encircled by fire, [2275], [2596]; häfde landwara lîge befangen, encompassed by fire, [2322].
ge-fôn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. he gefêng slæpendne rinc, [741]; gûðrinc gefêng atolan clommum, [1502]; gefêng þâ be eaxle ... Gûðgeáta leód Grendles môdor, [1538]; gefêng þâ fetelhilt, [1564]; hond rond gefêng, geolwe linde, [2610]; ic on ôfoste gefêng micle mid mundum mägen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, [3091].
on-fôn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, accept this cup, [1170]; inf. þät þät þeódnes bearn ... scolde fäder-äðelum onfôn, receive the paternal rank, [912]; pret. sg. hwâ þäm hläste onfêng, who received the ship's lading, [52]; hleór-bolster onfêng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, [689]; similarly, [853], [1495]; heal swêge onfêng, the hall received the loud noise, [1215]; he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Beówulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, [749].
þurh-fôn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte, [1505].
wið-fôn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fäste wið-fêng, [761].
ymbe-fôn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum, encircled his (Beówulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), [2692].
[fôt], st. m., foot: gen. sg. fôtes trem (the measure of a foot, a foot broad), [2526]; acc. pl. fêt, [746]; dat. pl. ät fôtum, at the feet, [500], [1167].
[fôt-gemearc], st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang (fifty feet long), [3043].
[fôt-lâst], st. m., foot-print: acc. sg. (draca) onfand feóndes fôt-lâst, [2290].
[fracod], adj., objectionable, useless. nom. sg. näs seó ecg fracod hilde-rince, [1576].
[fram, from], I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þær fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, [776], [1716]; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesîðas ... fram mere, [856]; cyning-balde men from þäm holmclife hafelan bæron, [1636]; similarly, [541], [543], [2367]. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwräc ... mancynne fram, [110]; similarly, [1716]. Also, hither from something: þâ ic cwom ... from feóndum, [420]; æghwäðrum wäs ... brôga fram ôðrum, [2566].—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sägdest from his sîðe, [532]; nô ic wiht fram þe swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde, [581]; þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, [876]. II adv., away, thence: nô þý ær fram meahte, [755]; forth, out: from ærest cwom oruð aglæcean ût of stâne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock [2557].
fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sîð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on môde from, [2528]; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, [1642], [2477]. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, [21].—Comp. un-from; see [freme, forma].
[frätwe], st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frätwe, [2920]; beorhte frätwe, [214]; beorhte frätwa, [897]; frätwe.. eorclan-stânas, [1208]; frätwe,... breóst-weorðunge, [2504], both times of Hygelâc's collar; frätwe and fät-gold, [1922]; frätwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), [2621]; dat. instr. pl. þâm frätwum, [2164]; on frätewum, [963]; frätwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrêmig, [2055]; frätwum, of the drake's treasures, [2785]; frätwum (Ongenþeów's armor), [2990]; gen. pl. fela ... frätwa, [37]; þâra frätwa (drake's treasure), [2795]; frätwa hyrde (drake), [3134].
[frätwan], w. v., to supply with ornaments, to adorn: inf. folc-stede frätwan, [76].
ge-frätwian, w. v., to adorn: pret. sg. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, [96]; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten Heort innanweard folmum gefrätwod, [993].
ge-[fræge], adj., known by reputation, renowned: nom. sg. leód-cyning ... folcum gefræge, [55]; swâ hyt gefræge wäs, [2481].
ge-[a]fræge], st. n., information through hearsay: instr. sg. mine gefræge (as I learned through the narrative of others), [777], [838], [1956], etc.
ge-[frægnian], w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrægnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Äschere), 1334?
[freca], w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beówulf, [1564].—Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wîg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).
[fremde], adj., properly distant, foreign; then estranged, hostile: nom sg. þät wäs fremde þeód êcean dryhtne, of the giants, [1692].
[freme], adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwên, of Þryðo, 1933(?).
[fremman], w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme se þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, [1004]. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe, [2801]; inf. fyrene fremman, [101]; säcce fremman, [2500]; fæhðe ... mærðum fremman, [2515], etc.; pret. sg. folcræd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), [3007]; pl. hû þâ äðelingas ellen fremedon, [3]; feohtan fremedon, [960]; nalles fâcenstafas ... þenden fremedon, [1020]; pret. subj. þät ic ... mærðo fremede, [2135]. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þät he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), [1833].
ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlîc ellen, [637]; helpan gefremman, to give help, [2450]; äfter weáspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), [1316]; gerund, tô gefremmanne, [174], [2645]; pret. sg. gefremede, [135], [165], [551], [585], etc.; þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, [1719]; pret. pl. gefremedon, [1188], [2479]; pret. subj. gefremede, [177]; pret. part. gefremed, [476]; fem, nu scealc hafað ... dæd gefremede, [941]; absolutely, þu þe self hafast dædum gefremed, þät ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, [955].
[fretan], st. v., to devour, to consume: inf. þâ (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, [3015]; nu sceal glêd fretan wîgena strengel, [3115]; pret. sg. (Grendel) slæpende frät folces Denigea fýftyne men, [1582].
[frêcne], adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frêcne fýr-draca, [2690]; feorh-bealo frêcne, [2251], [2538]; acc. sg. frêcne dæde, [890]; frêcne fengelâd, [1360]; frêcne stôwe, [1379]; instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (through provoking words), [1105].
frêcne, adv., boldly, audaciously, [960], [1033], [1692].
[freá], w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. freá, [2286]; acc. sg. freán, [351], [1320], [2538], [3003], [3108]; gen. sg. freán, [359], [500], [1167], [1681]; dat. sg. freán, [271], [291], [2663]. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... tô hire freán sittan, [642]. Of God: dat. sg. freán ealles, the Lord of all, [2795]; gen. sg. freán, [27].— Comp.: âgend-, lîf-, sin-freá.
[freá-dryhten], st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. freá-drihtnes, [797].
[freá-wine], st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler: nom. sg. freá-wine folces (folca), [2358], [2430]; acc. sg. his freá-wine, [2439].
[freá-wrâsn], st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum, [1452]; see [wrâsn].
[freoðu, friðu], f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, [188]; neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, [1175].—Comp. fen-freoðo.
[freoðo-burh], st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, [522].
[freoðo-wong], st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., [2960]; seems to have been the proper name of a field.
[freoðo-wær], st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa fäste frioðu-wære, [1097]; gen. sg. frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), [2283].
[freoðo-webbe], w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., [1943].
[freó-burh], st. f., = freá-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freóburh, [694].
[freód], st. f., friendship: acc. sg. freóde ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, [2477]; gen. sg. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, [2557]; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (will show myself grateful, with reference to [1381] ff.), [1708].
[freó-dryhten] (= freá-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. freó-drihten min! [1170]; dat. sg. mid his freó-dryhtne, [2628].
[freógan], w. v., to love; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum freóge, [3178]; inf. nu ic þec ... me for sunu wylle freógan on ferhðe, [949].
[freó-lîc], adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. freólîc wîf, [616]; freólîcu folc-cwên, [642].
[freónd], st. m., friend: acc. sg. freónd, [1386], [1865]; dat. pl. freóndum, [916], [1019], [1127]; gen. pl. freónda, [1307], [1839].
[freónd-laðu], st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewägned, [1193].
[freónd-lâr], st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. freónd-lârum, [2378].
[freónd-lîce], adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. freónd-lîcor, [1028].
[freónd-scipe], st. m., friendship: acc. sg. freónd-scipe fästne, [2070].
[freó-wine], st. m. (see [freáwine]), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. freó-wine folca! [430].
[fricgean], w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan sînne geseldan fägre fricgean hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron, [1986]; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), [2107].
ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry: pres. pl. syððan hie ge-fricgeað freán ûserne ealdorleásne, when they learn that our lord is dead, [3003]; pres. subj. gif ic þät gefricge, þät..., [1827]; pl. syððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, [2890].
[friclan] (see [freca]), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for: inf. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, [2557].
[friðo-sib], st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see [freoðo-webbe]), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, [2018].
[frignan, fringan, frinan], st. v., to ask, to inquire: imp. ne frin þu äfter sælum, ask not after the well-being! [1323]; inf. ic þäs wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb þînne sîð, [351]; pret. sg. frägn, [236], [332]; frägn gif ..., asked whether ..., [1320].
ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn Grendles dæda, [194]; nô ic gefrägn heardran feohtan, [575]; (w. acc. and inf.) þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan, [74]; similarly, [2485], [2753], [2774]; ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sêl gebæran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, [1012]; similarly, [1028]; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we þeódcyninga þrym gefrunon, [2]; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gûðcyning gôdne gefrunon hringas dælan, [1970]; (parenthetical) swâ guman gefrungon, [667], (after þonne) medo-ärn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn æfre gefrunon, [70]; pret. part. häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen, [2953]; häfdon gefrunen þät..., had learned that ..., [695]; häfde gefrunen hwanan sió fæhð ârâs, [2404]; healsbeága mæst þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe, [1197].
[frôd], adj.: 1) ætate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frôd, [2626], [2951]; frôd cyning, [1307], [2210]; frôd folces weard, [2514]; wintrum frôd, [1725], [2115], [2278]; se frôda, [2929]; ac. sg. frôde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), [2801]; dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), [2124].—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frôd, [1367]; frôd and gôd, [279]; on môde frôd, [1845].—Comp.: in-, un-frôd.
[frôfor], st. f., consolation, compensation, help: nom. sg. frôfor, [2942]; acc. sg. frôfre, [7], [974]; fyrena frôfre, [629]; frôfre and fultum, [1274]; frôfor and fultum, [699]; dat. sg. tô frôfre, [14], [1708]; gen. sg. frôfre, [185].
[fruma] (see [forma]), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wäs se fruma egeslîc leódum on lande, swâ hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sâre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Beówulf), [2310].—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dæd-, hild-, land-, leód-, ord-, wîg-fruma.
[frum-cyn], st. n., (genus primitivum), descent, origin: acc. sg. nu ic eówer sceal frumcyn witan, [252].
[frum-gâr], st. m., primipilus, duke, prince: dat. sg. frumgâre (of Beówulf), [2857].
[frum-sceaft], st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, [91]; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, [45].
[fugol], st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelîcost, [218]; dat. pl. [fuglum] tô gamene, [2942].
[ful], adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se wäs innan full wrätta and wîra, [2413].—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.
[ful], adv., plene, very: ful oft, [480]; ful-oft, [952].
[ful], st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg., [1193]; acc. sg. ful, [616], [629], [1026]; ofer ýða ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), [1209]; dat. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, [1170].—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.
[fullæstian], w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þe fullæstu, [2669].
[fultum], st. m., help, support, protection: acc. sg. frôfor (frôfre) and fultum, [699], [1274]; mägenes fultum, [1836]; on fultum, [2663].—Comp. mägen-fultum.
[fundian], w. v., to strive, to have in view: pres. pl. we fundiað Higelâc sêcan, [1820]; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, [1138].
[furðum], adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þâ ic furðum weóld folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), [465]; þâ hie tô sele furðum ... gangan cwômon, [323]; ic þær furðum cwom tô þam hringsele, [2010];—before, previously: ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon, [1708].
[furður], adv., further, forward, more distant, [254], [762], [3007].
[fûs], adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. nu ic eom sîðes fûs, [1476]; leófra manna fûs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, [1917]; sigel sûðan fûs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), [1967]; se wonna hrefn fûs ofer fægum, eager over the slain, [3026]; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fûs, [3120]; nom. pl. wæron ... eft to leódum fûse tô farenne, [1806].—Sometimes fûs means ready for death, moribundus: fûs and fæge, [1242].—Comp.: hin-, ût-fûs.
[fûs-lîc], adj., prepared, ready: acc. sg. fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð, [1425]; fyrd-searo fûs-lîc, [2619]; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûs-lîcu, [232].
[fyl], st. m., fall: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), [2913]; dat. sg. þät he on fylle wearð, that he came to a fall, fell, [1545].—Comp. hrâ-fyl.
[fylce] (collective form from [folc]), st. n., troop, band of warriors: in comp. äl-fylce.
ge-[fyllan] (see [feal]), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fâne gefyllan, to slay the enemy, [2656]; pret. pl. feónd gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, [2707].
â-[fyllan] (see [ful]), w. v., to fill: pret. part. Heorot innan wäs freóndum âfylled (was filled with trusted men), [1019].
[fyllo], st. f. (plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrægnod, [1334]; gen. sg. näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon, [562]; fylle gefægon, [1015].—Comp.: wäl-, wist-fyllo.
[fyl-wêrig], adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wêrigne, [963].
[fyrian], w. v. w. acc. (= [ferian]) to bear, to bring, carry: pret. pl. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance, [378].
[fyrde], adj., movable, that can be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.
[fyrd-gestealla], w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874
[fyrd-ham], st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, [1505].
[fyrd-hrägl], st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrägl, [1528].
[fyrd-hwät], adj., sharp, good in war, warlike: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, [1642], [2477].
[fyrd-leóð], st. n., war-song, warlike music: acc. sg. horn stundum song fûslîc f[yrd]leoð, [1425].
[fyrd-searu], st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fûslîc, [2619]; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûslîcu, [232].
[fyrd-wyrðe], adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Beówulf), [1317].
ge-[fyrðran] (see forð), w. v., to bring forward, to further: pret. part. âr wäs on ôfoste, eftsîðes georn, frätwum gefyrðred, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beówulf), [2785].
[fyrn-dagas], st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), [1452].
[fyrn-geweorc], st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in [2283], [2287].
[fyrn-gewin], st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. ôr fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), [1690].
[fyrn-man], st. m., man of ancient times: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, [2762].
[fyrn-wita], w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years: dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan, of Äschere, [2124].
[fyrst], st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. näs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb âne niht ..., [134]; fyrst forð gewât, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, [210]; näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, [2556]; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, [528]; fîf nihta fyrst, [545]; instr. sg. þý fyrste, [2574]; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, [76].
[fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt], st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, [232]; fyrwet, [1986], [2785].
ge-[fýsan] (fûs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefýsed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), [217]; (wyrm) fýre gefýsed, provided with fire, [2310]; þâ wäs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefýsed säcce tô sêceanne, [2562]; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gûðe gefýsed, ready for battle, determined to fight, [631].
[fýr], st. n., fire: nom. sg., [1367], [2702], [2882]; dat. sg. fýre, [2220]; as instr. fýre, [2275], [2596]; gen. sg. fýres fäðm, [185]; fýres feng, [1765].— Comp.: âd-, bæl-, heaðu-, wäl-fýr.
[fýr-bend], st. m., band forged in fire: dat. pl. duru ... fýr-bendum fäst, [723].
[fýr-draca], w. m., fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon: nom. sg., [2690].
[fýr-heard], adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire: nom. pl. (eoforlîc) fâh and fýr-heard, [305].
[fýr-leóht], st. n., fire-light: acc. sg., [1517].
[fýr-wylm], st. m., wave of fire, flame-wave: dat. pl. wyrm ... fýrwylmum fâh, [2672].
[galan], st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg. sorh-leóð gäleð, [2461]; inf. gryre-leóð galan, [787]; bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, [1433].
â-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þät hire on hafelan hringmæl âgôl grædig gûðleóð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, [1522].
[gamban], or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., tribute, interest: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, [11].
[gamen], st. n., social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, [1161]; gomen, [2460]; gomen gleóbeámes, the pleasure of the harp, [2264]; acc. sg. gamen and gleódreám, [3022]; dat. sg. gamene, [2942]; gomene, [1776].—Comp. heal-gamen.
gamen-wâð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wâðe, [855].
[gamen-wudu], st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, [1066]; acc. sg. gomenwudu grêtte, [2109].
[gamol, gomol, gomel], adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, [58], [265]; gomol, [3096]; gomel, [2113], [2794]; se gomela, [1398]; gamela (gomela) Scylding, [1793], [2106]; gomela, [2932]; acc. sg. þone gomelan, [2422]; dat. sg. gamelum rince, [1678]; gomelum ceorle, [2445]; þam gomelan, [2818]; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, [1596].—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lâfe (legacy), [2037].—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, [2683]; acc. sg. gomele lâfe, [2564]; gomel swyrd, [2611]; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.
[gamol-feax], adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., [609].
[gang], st. m.: 1) gait, way: dat. sg. on gange, [1885]; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twæman, could not keep him from going, [969].—2) step, foot-step: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), [1405]; acc. sg. uton hraðe fêran Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan, [1392].—Comp. in-gang.
be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far as something goes), extent: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the extent of the sea, [362]; ofer flôda begang, [1827]; under swegles begong, [861], [1774]; flôda begong, [1498]; sioleða bigong, [2368].
[ganot], st. m., diver, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bäð (i.e. the sea), [1862].
[gâd], st. n., lack: nom. sg. ne bið þe wilna gâd (thou shalt have no lack of desirable [valuable] things), [661]; similarly, [950].
[gân], expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel, [455]; gæð eft ... tô medo, [605]; þonne he ... on flett gæð, [2035]; similarly, [2055]; pres. subj. III. sg. gâ þær he wille, let him go whither he will, [1395]; imp. sg. II. gâ nu tô setle, [1783]; nu þu lungre geong, hord sceáwian, under hârne stân, [2744]; inf. in gân, to go in, [386], [1645] 'forð gân, to go forth, to go thither, [1164]; þat hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, [314]; tô sele ... gangan cwômon, [324]; in a similar construction, gongan, [1643]; nu ge môton gangan ... Hrôðgâr geseón, [395]; þâ com of môre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, [712]; ongeán gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, [1035]; cwom ... tô hofe gongan, [1975]; wutun gangan tô, let us go thither, [2649].—As preterite, serve, 1) geóng or gióng: he tô healle geóng, [926]; similarly, [2019]; se þe on orde geóng, who went at the head, went in front, [3126]; on innan gióng, went in, [2215]; he ... gióng tô þäs þe he eorðsele ânne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, [2410]; þâ se äðeling, gióng, þät he bî wealle gesät, then went the prince (Beówulf) that he might sit down by the wall, [2716].—2) gang: tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu, [1010]; similarly, [1296]; gang þâ äfter flôre, went along the floor, along the hall, [1317].—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sceáwian, went in front to inspect the fields, [1413]; gengde, also of riding, [1402].—4) from another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenrôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, [358]; similarly, [403]; [wið duru healle Wulfgâr eode], went towards the door of the hall, [390]; eode Wealhþeów forð, went forth, [613]; eode tô hire freán sittan, [641]; eode yrremôd, went with angry feeling, [727]; eode ... tô sele, [919]; similarly, [1233]; eode ... þær se snottra bâd, [1313]; eode weorð Denum äðeling tô yppan, the prince (Beówulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, [1815]; eode ... under inwit-hrôf, [3124]; pl. þær swîðferhðe sittan eodon, [493]; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, went to meet him, [1627]; eodon under Earna näs, [3032].
â-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. swâ bit âgangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), [1235].
full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte heóld, feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, [3120].
ge-gân, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his môdor ... gegân wolde sorhfulne sîð, [1278]; se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), [1463]; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mæges scyld elne geeode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, [2677]; pl. elne geeodon tô þäs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., [1968]; pret. part. syððan hie tô-gädre gegân häfdon, when they (Wîglâf and the drake) had come together, [2631]; þät his aldres wäs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, [823]; þâ wäs endedäg gôdum gegongen, þät se gûðcyning ... swealt, [3037].—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð longsumne lof, [1536]; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, [2537]; gerund, näs þät ýðe ceáp tô gegangenne gumena ænigum, [2417]; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, [2918]; pret. part. häfde ... gegongen þät, had attained it, that ..., [894]; hord ys gesceáwod, grimme gegongen, [3086].—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þät gegangeð þät ..., if that happen, that ..., [1847]; pret. sg. þät geiode ufaran dôgrum hilde-hlämmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Geátas), [2201]; pret. part. þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum earfoðlîce þät, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., [2822].
ôð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þät hi ôðeodon ... in Hrefnesholt, [2935].
ofer-gangan, w. acc., to go over: pret. sg. ofereode þâ äðelinga bearn steáp stân-hliðo, went over steep, rocky precipices, [1409]; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, [2960].
ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-eode þâ ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, [621].
[gâr], st. m., spear, javelin, missile: nom. sg., [1847], [3022]; instr. sg. gâre, [1076]; blôdigan gâre, [2441]; gen. sg. gâres fliht, [1766]; nom. pl. gâras, [328]; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gâr.
[gâr-cêne], adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., [1959].
[gâr-cwealm], st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gâr-cwealm gumena, [2044].
[gâr-holt], st. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., [1835].
[gâr-secg], st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), sea, ocean: acc. sg. on gâr-secg, [49], [537]; ofer gâr-secg, [515].
[gâr-wîga], w. m., one who fights with the spear: dat. sg. geongum gâr-wîgan, of Wîglâf, [2675], [2812].
[gâr-wîgend], pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gâr-wîgend, [2642].
[gâst, gæst], st. m., ghost, demon: acc. sg. helle gâst (Grendel), [1275]; gen. sg. wergan gâstes (of Grendel), [133]; (of the tempter), [1748]; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta (Grendel's race), [1358]; gæsta gîfrost (flames consuming corpses), [1124].—Comp.: ellor-, geó-sceaft-gâst; ellen-, wäl-gæst.
[gâst-bana], w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gâst-bona, [177].
[gädeling], st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gädelinges, [2618]; dat. pl. mid his gädelingum, [2950].
ät-[gädere], adv., together, united: [321], [1165], [1191]; samod ätgädere, [329], [387], [730], [1064].
tô-gadere, adv., together, [2631].
[gäst, gist, gyst], st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gäst, [1801]; se gäst (the drake), [2313]; se grimma gäst (Grendel), [102]; gist, [1139], [1523]; acc. sg. gryre-lîcne gist (the nixy slain by Beówulf), [1442]; dat. sg. gyste, [2229]; nom. pl. gistas, [1603]; acc. pl. gäs[tas], [1894].—Comp.: fêðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nîð-, sele-gäst (-gyst).
[gäst-sele], st. m., hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall: acc. sg., [995].
[ge], conj., and, [1341]; ge ... ge ..., as well ... as ..., [1865]; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., [1249]; ge swylce, and likewise, and moreover, [2259].
[ge], pron., ye, you, plur. of þu, [237], [245], etc.
[gegn-cwide], st. m., reply: gen. pl. þînra gegn-cwida, [367].
[gegnum], adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, tô, ofer, giving the direction: þät hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan (that they might go thither), [314]; gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, away over the dark moor, [1405].
[gehðu, geohðu], st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mænde, [2268]; dat. sg. on gehðo, [3096]; on giohðe, [2794].
[gen] (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen, þät ..., it was not then long before ..., [83]; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, [2071]; nô þý ær ût þâ gen ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), [2082]; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), [2150]; þâ gen, then again, [2678], [2703]; swâ he nu gen dêð, as he still does, [2860]; furður gen, further still, besides, [3007]; nu gen, now again, [3169]; ne gen, no more, no farther: ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), [735].
gena, still: cwico wäs þâ gena, was still living, [3094].
[genga], w. m., goer; in comp. in-, sæ-, sceadu-genga.
[genge]. See [ûð-genge].
[genunga] (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, [2872].
[gerwan, gyrwan], w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, [995].—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beówulf eorl-gewædum (dressed himself in the armor), [1442].
ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þâ gegiredan Geáta leóde âd ... unwâclîcne, [3138]; pret. part. glôf ... eall gegyrwed deófles cräftum and dracan fellum, [2088].—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. ceól gegyrwan hilde-wæpnum and heaðowædum, [38]; hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, [199]. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde, [1473].—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrägl ... golde gegyrwed, [553]; acc. sg. lâfe ... golde gegyrede, [2193]; acc. pl. mâdmas ... golde gegyrede, [1029].
[getan], w. v., to injure, to slay: inf., [2941].
be-[gête], adj., attainable; in comp. êð-begête.
[geador], adv., unitedly, together, jointly, [836]; geador ätsomne, [491].
on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, [1596].
[gealdor], st. n.: 1) sound: acc. sg. býman gealdor, [2944].—2) magic song, incantation, spell: instr. sg. þonne wäs þät yrfe ... galdre bewunden (placed under a spell), [3053].
[gealga], w. m., gallows: dat. sg. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, [2447].
[gealg-môd], adj., gloomy: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, [1278].
[gealg-treów], st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-treówu[m], [2941].
[geard], st. m., residence; in Beówulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), [1135]; dat. in geardum, [13], [2460]; of geardum, [1139]; ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, [265].—Comp. middan-geard.
[gearo], adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þät hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ärna mæst, [77]; wiht unhælo ... gearo sôna wäs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, [121]; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wäs on bæl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), [1110]; þeód (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, [1231]; hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), [1915]; gearo gûð-freca, [2415]; sîe sió bær gearo ädre geäfned, let the bier be made ready at once, [3106]. With gen.: gearo gyrnwräce, ready for revenge for harm done, [2119], acc. sg. gearwe stôwe, [1007]; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, [211]; similarly, [1814].
[gearwe, gearo, geare], adv., completely, entirely: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., [246]; similarly, [879]; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), [265]; wisse he gearwe þät ..., he knew very well that ..., [2340], [2726]; þät ic ... gearo sceáwige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), [2749]; ic wât geare þät ..., [2657].—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, [3077].—Superl. gearwost, [716].
[gearo-folm], adj., with ready hand, [2086].
[a]gearwe], st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feðer-gearwe.
[geat], st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.
[geato-lîc], adj., well prepared, handsome, splendid: of sword and armor, [215], [1563], [2155]; of Heorot, [308]. Adv.: wîsa fengel geatolîc gengde, passed on in a stately manner, [1402].
[geatwe], st. f. pl., equipment, adornment: acc. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave (its treasures), [3089].—Comp.: eóred-, gryre-, gûð-, hilde-, wîg-geatwe.
[geán] (from gegn), adv. in
[on-geán], adv. and prep., against, towards: þät he me ongeán sleá, [682]; ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme, [748]; foran ongeán, forward towards, [2365]. With dat.: ongeán gramum, against the enemy, [1035].
[tô-geánes, tô-genes], prep, against, towards: Grendle tôgeánes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, [667]; grâp þâ tôgeánes, she grasped at (Beówulf), [1502]; similarly, him tôgeánes fêng, [1543]; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, went towards him, [1627]; hêt þâ gebeódan ... þät hie bæl-wudu feorran feredon gôdum tôgênes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Beówulf lay), [3115].
[geáp], adj., roomy, extensive, wide: nom. sg. reced ... geáp, the roomy hall, [1801]; acc. sg. under geápne hrôf, [837].—Comp.: horn-, sæ-geáp.
[geâr], st. n., year: nom. sg., [1135]; gen. pl. geâra, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, [2665]. See [un-geâra].
[geâr-dagas], st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) geâr-dagum, [1], [1355].
[geofon, gifen, gyfen] (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, [515]; gifen geótende, the streaming flood, [1691]; gen. sg. geofenes begang, [362]; gyfenes, [1395].
[geogoð], st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, [409], [466], [2513]; on giogoðe, [2427]; gen. gioguðe, [2113].—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, [66]; giogoð, [1191]; acc. sg. geogoðe, [1182]; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, [160]; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), [1675], [622].
[geoguð-feorh], st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) feore, [537], [2665].
[geohðo]. See gehðo.
[geolo], adj., yellow: acc. sg. geolwe linde (the shield of yellow linden bark), [2611].
[geolo-rand], st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., [438].
[geond], prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, [75]; wide geond eorðan, [266], [3100]; fêrdon folctogan ... geond wîd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, [841]; similarly, [1705]; geond þät säld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, [1281]; similarly, [1982], [2265].
[geong], adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., [13], [20], [855], etc.; giong, [2447]; w. m. se maga geonga, [2676]; acc. sg. geongne gûðcyning, [1970]; dat. sg. geongum, [1949], [2045], [2675], etc.; on swâ geongum feore, at a so youthful age, [1844]; geongan cempan, [2627]; acc. pl. geonge, [2019]; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, [72].—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, [2818].
[georn], adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sîðes georn, [2784].—Comp. lof-georn.
[georne], adv., readily, willingly: þät him wine-mâgas georne hýrdon, [66]; georne trûwode, [670].—zealously, eagerly: sôhte georne äfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, [2295].—carefully, industriously: nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh (held him not fast enough), [969].—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þê geornor, [822].
[geó, iú], adv., once, formerly, earlier, [1477]; gió, [2522]; iú, [2460].
[geóc], st. f., help, support: acc. sg. geóce gefremman, [2675]; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, [177]; geóce gelýfde, believed in the help (of Beówulf), [609]; dat. sg. tô geóce, [1835].
[geócor], adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., [766].—See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.
[geó-man, iú-man], st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. iú-manna, [3053].
[geó-meowle], w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. ió-meowlan, [2932].
[geômor], adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him wäs geômor sefa, [49], [2420], [2633], [2951]; môdes geômor, [2101]; fem. þät wäs geômuru ides, [1076].
[geômore], adv., sadly, [151].
[geômor-gid], st. n., dirge: acc. sg. giômor-gyd, [3151].
[geômor-lîc], adj., sad, painful: swâ bið geômorlîc gomelum ceorle tô gebîdanne þät..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., [2445].
[geômor-môd], adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., [2045], [3019]; giômor-môd, [2268].
[geômrian], w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. geômrode giddum, [1119].
[geó-sceaft], st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. geósceaft grimme, [1235].
[geósceaft-gâst], st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela geósceaft-gâsta, of Grendel and his race, [1267].
[geótan], st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream: pres. part. gifen geótende, [1691].
[gicel], st. m., icicle: in comp. hilde-gicel.
[gid, gyd], st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gid oft wrecen, [1066]; leóð wäs âsungen, gleómannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, [1161]; þær wäs gidd and gleó, [2106]; acc. sg. ic þis gid âwräc, [1724]; gyd âwräc, [2109]; gyd äfter wräc, [2155]; þonne he gyd wrece, [2447]; dat. pl. giddum, [151], [1119]; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, [869].—Comp.: geômor-, word-gid.
[giddian], w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration: pret. gyddode, [631].
[gif], conj.: 1) if, w. ind., [442], [447], [527], [662], etc.; gyf, [945], etc. With subj., [452], [594], [1482], etc.; gyf, [280], [1105], etc.—2) whether, w. ind., [272]; w. subj., [1141], [1320].
[gifa, geofa], w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).
[gifan], st. v., to give: inf. giofan, [2973]; pret. sg. nallas beágas geaf Denum, [1720]; he me [mâðmas] geaf, [2147]; and similarly, [2174], [2432], [2624], etc.; pret. pl. geâfon (hyne) on gârsecg, [49]; pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen, [64]; þâ wäs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, [1679]; syððan ærest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), [1949].
[â-gifan], to give, to impart: inf. andsware ... âgifan, to give an answer, [355]; pret. sg. sôna him se frôda fäder Ôhtheres ... ondslyht âgeaf (gave him a counter-blow), (hand-blow?), [2930].
[for-gyfan], to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þäs lîf-freá ... worold-âre forgeaf, [17]; þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta ângan dôhtor (gave in marriage), [374]; similarly, [2998]; he me lond forgeaf, granted me land, [2493]; similarly, [697], [1021], [2607], [2617]; mägen-ræs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, [1520].
[of-gifan], (to give up), to leave: inf. þät se mæra maga Ecgþeówes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), [2589]; pret. sg. þâs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, [1682]; similarly, gumdreám ofgeaf, [2470]; Dena land ofgeaf, [1905]; pret. pl. näs ofgeâfon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, [1601]; þät þâ hildlatan holt ofgêfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), [2847]; sg. pret. for pl. þâra þe þis [lîf] ofgeaf, [2252].
[gifeðe], adj., given, granted: Gûðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þät..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., [299]; similarly, [2682]; swâ me gifeðe wäs, [2492]; þær me gifeðe swâ ænig yrfeweard äfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, [2731].—Neut. as subst.: wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð, þe þone [þeóden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, [3086]; gyfeðe, [555], [820].—Comp. un-gifeðe.
[gif-heal], st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: acc. sg. ymb þâ gifhealle, [839].
[gif-sceat], st. m., gift of value: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, [378].
[gif-stôl], st. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne: nom. sg., [2328]; acc. sg., [168].
[gift], st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.
[gifu, geofu], st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, [1885] acc. sg. gimfäste gife þe him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), [1272]; ginfästan gife þe him god sealde, [2183]; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, [1959]; gen. pl. gifa, [1931]; geofena, [1174].—Comp.: mâððum-, sinc-gifu.
[gigant], st. m., giant: nom. pl. gigantas, [113]; gen. pl. giganta, [1563], [1691].
[gild, gyld], st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).
[gildan, gyldan], st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, [11]; he mid gôde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, [1185]; we him þâ gûðgeatwa gyldan woldon, [2637]; pret. sg. heaðoræsas geald mearum and mâðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, [1048]; similarly, [2492]; geald þone gûðræs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermâðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, [2992].
an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sâre angeald æfenräste, one (Äschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, [1252].
â-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. þâ me sæl âgeald, when the favorable opportunity offered itself, [1666]; similarly, þâ him rûm âgeald, [2691].
for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gôde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, [957]; inf. þone ænne hêht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, [1055]; he ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gûðræsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, [1578]; wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan drinc-fät dýre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), [2306]; pret. sg. he him þäs leán forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, [114]; similarly, [1542], [1585], [2095]; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wälhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, [2969].
[gilp, gylp], st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. häfde ... Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), [830]; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, [1750]; þät ic wið þone gûðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, [2529]; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrîpan (fulfil my promise of battle), [2522].—Comp. dol-gilp.
[gilpan, gylpan], st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. nô ic þäs gilpe (after a break in the text), [587]; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, [2056]; inf. swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ænig ... uhthlem þone, [2007]; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, [2875]; pret. sg. hrêðsigora ne gealp goldwine Geáta, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), [2584].
[gilp-cwide], st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., [641].
[gilp-hläden], pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hläden, [869].
[gilp-spræc], same as [gilp-cwide], speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-spræce, [982].
[gilp-word], st. n., defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word: gen. pl. gespräc ... gylp-worda sum, [676].
[gim], st. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, [2073]. Comp. searo-gim.
[gimme-rîce], adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rîce hord-burh häleða, [466].
[gin] (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: acc. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), [1552].
[gin-fäst], adj., extensive, rich: acc. sg. gim-fäste gife (gim-, on account of the following f), [1272]; in weak form, gin-fästan gife, [2183].
[ginnan], st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in
on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. ôð þät ân ongan fyrene fremman feónd on helle, [100]; secg eft ongan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian, [872]; þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, [1606]; Higelâc ongan sînne geseldan ... fägre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, [1984], etc.; ongon, [2791]; pret. pl. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lindhäbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, [244]; pret. part. häbbe ic mærða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, [409].
[gistran], adv., yesterday: gystran niht, yesterday night, [1335].
[git], pron., ye two, dual of [þu], [508], [512], [513], etc.
[git, gyt], adv., yet; then still, [536], [1128], [1165], [2142]; hitherto, [957]; næfre git, never yet, [583]; still, [945], [1059], [1135]; once more, [2513]; moreover, [47], [1051], [1867].
[gitan] (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in
be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, [1147], [2231]; þâ hine wîg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, [2873]; similarly, begeat, [1069]; pret. pl. hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton, good men received it formerly from thee, [2250]; subj. sg. for pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost þâra þe leódfruman lange begeâte, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, [2131].
for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. he þâ forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, [1752].
an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, [1724]; pret. sg. þe hine se brôga angeat, whom terror seized, [1292].—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þät ic ærwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), [2749]; inf. säl timbred ... ongytan, [308], [1497]; Geáta clifu ongitan, [1912]; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, [14]; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, [1519]; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, [1432]; syððan hie Hygelâces horn and býman gealdor ongeâton, [2945].
[gîfre], adj., greedy, eager: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, of Grendel's mother, [1278].—Superl.: lîg..., gæsta gîfrost, [1124].—Comp. heoro-gîfre.
[gîtsian], w. v., to be greedy: pres. sg. III. gýtsað, [1750].
[gio-, gió-]. see [geo-, geó-].
[gladian], w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), [2037].
[gläd], adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. beó wið Geátas gläd, [1174]; acc. sg. glädne Hrôðgâr, [864]; glädne Hrôðulf, [1182]; dat. sg. gladum suna Frôdan, [2026].
gläde, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, [58].
[glädnian], w. v., to rejoice: inf. w. gen., [367].
[gläd-môd], adj., joyous, glad, [1786].
[glêd], st. f., fire, flame: nom. sg., [2653], [3115]; dat. (instr.) pl. glêdum, [2313], [2336], [2678], [3042].
[glêd-egesa], w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. glêd-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), [2651].
[gleáw] (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-gleáw.
[gleó], st. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þær wäs gidd and gleó, [2106].
[gleó-beám], st. m., (tree of social entertainment, of music), harp. gen. sg. gleó-beámes, [2264].
[gleó-dreám], st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and gleó-dreám, [3022].
[gleó-man], m., (gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper: gen. sg. gleómannes gyd, [1161].
[glitinian] (O.H.G. glizinôn), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter: inf. geseah þâ ... gold glitinian, [2759].
[glîdan], st. v., to glide: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glâd ofer grundas, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), [2074]; pret. pl. glidon ofer gârsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), [515].
tô-glîdan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gûð-helm tô-glâd (Ongenþeów's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), [2488].
[glôf], st. f., glove: nom. sg. glôf hangode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, [2086].
[gneáð], adj., niggardly: nom. sg. f. näs hió ... tô gneáð gifa Geáta leódum, was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Geátas, [1931].
[gnorn], st. m., sorrow, sadness: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, [2659].
[gnornian], w. v., to be sad, to complain: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, [1118].
be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlâfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, [3180].
[god], st. m., god: nom. sg., [13], [72], [478], etc.; hâlig god, [381], [1554]; witig god, [686]; mihtig god, [702]; acc. sg. god, [812]; ne wiston hie drihten god, did not know the Lord God, [181]; dat. sg. gode, [113], [227], [626], etc.; gen. sg. godes, [570], [712], [787], etc.
[gold], st. n., gold: nom. sg., [3013], [3053]; icge gold, [1108]; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, [1194], [3136]; acc. sg. gold, [2537], [2759], [2794], [3169]; hæðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), [2277]; brâd gold, massive gold, [3106]; dat. instr. sg. golde, [1055], [2932], [3019]; fättan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, [2103]; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, [304]; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, [553], [1029], [2193]; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, [778]; golde fâhne (hrôf), the roof shining with gold, [928]; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under [bindan]), [1901]; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, [2256]; gen. sg. goldes, [2302]; fättan goldes, [1094], [2247]; scîran goldes, of pure gold, [1695]. —Comp. fät-gold.
[gold-æht], st. f., possessions in gold, treasure: acc. sg., [2749].
[gold-fâh], adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fâh, [1801]; acc. sg. gold-fâhne helm, [2812]; nom. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, [995].
[gold-gifa], w. m., gold-giver, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mînne goldgyfan, [2653].
[gold-hroden], pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., [615], [641], [1949], [2026]; epithet of women of princely rank.
[gold-hwät], adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold: näs he goldhwät, he (Beówulf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. [3067] ff.) [3075].
[gold-mâðm], st. m., jewel of gold: acc. pl. gold-mâðmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), [2415].
[gold-sele], st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., [716], [1254]; dat. sg. gold-sele, [1640], [2084].
[gold-weard], st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), [3082].
[gold-wine], st. m., friend who distributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, [1172], [1477], [1603]; goldwine Geáta, [2420], [2585].
[gold-wlanc], adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gûðrinc goldwlanc (Beówulf rewarded with gold by Hrôðgâr on account of his victory), [1882].
[gomban, gomel, gomen]. See [gamban, gamal, gamen].
[gong, gongan]. See [gang, gangan].
[gôd], adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., [11], [195], [864], [2264], [2391], etc.; frôd and gôd, [279]; w. dat. cyning äðelum gôd, the king noble in birth, [1871]; gumcystum gôd, [2544]; w. gen. wes þu ûs lârena gôd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), [269]; in weak form, se gôda, [205], [355], [676], [1191], etc.; acc. sg. gôdne, [199], [347], [1596], [1970], etc.; gumcystum gôdne, [1487]; neut. gôd, [1563]; dat. sg. gôdum, [3037], [3115]; þäm gôdan, [384], [2328]; nom. pl. gôde, [2250]; þâ gôdan, [1164]; acc. pl. gôde, [2642]; dat. pl. gôdum dædum, [2179]; gen. pl. gôdra gûðrinca, [2649].—Comp. ær-gôd.
[a]gôd], st. n.: 1) good that is done, benefit, gift: instr. sg. gôde, [20], [957], [1185]; gôde mære, renowned on account of her gifts (Þryðo), [1953]; instr. pl. gôdum, [1862].—2) ability, especially in fight: gen. pl. nât he þâra gôda, [682].
[gram], adj., hostile: gen. sg. on grames grâpum, in the gripe of the enemy (Beówulf), [766]; nom. pl. þâ graman, [778]; dat. pl. gramum, [424], [1035].
[gram-heort], adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, [1683].
[gram-hydig], adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, [1750].
[grâp], st. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grâpe, [438]; on grâpe, [555]; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grâpe, all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw, [837]; dat. pl. on grames grâpum, [766]; (as instr.) grimman grâpum, with grim claws, [1543].—Comp.: feónd-, hilde-grâp.
[grâpian], w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize: pret. sg. þät hire wið halse heard grâpode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, [1567]; he ... grâpode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, [2086].
[gräs-molde], w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. gräsmoldan träd, went over the grass-plot, [1882].
[grædig], adj., greedy, hungry, voracious: nom. sg. grim and grædig, [121], [1500]; acc. sg. grædig gûðleóð, [1523].
[græg], adj., gray: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points) [330]; acc. pl. græge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, [334].
[græg-mæl], adj., having a gray color, here = iron: nom. sg. sweord Beówulfes gomol and grægmæl, [2683].
[græpe]. See [ät-græpe].
[grêtan], w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine swâ gôdne grêtan, [347]; Hrôðgâr grêtan, [1647], [2011]; eówic grêtan hêt (bade me bring you his last greeting), [3096]; pret. sg. grêtte Geáta leód, [626]; grêtte þâ guma ôðerne, [653]; Hrôðgâr grêtte, [1817].— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstôl grêtan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, [168]; näs se folccyning ænig ... þe mec gûðwinum grêtan dorste (attack with swords), [2736]; Wyrd ... se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde, [2422]; þät þone sin-scaðan gûðbilla nân grêtan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, [804]; pret. sg. grêtte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, [615]; nô he mid hearme ... gästas grêtte, did not approach the strangers with insults, [1894]; gomenwudu grêtte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, [2109]; pret. subj. II. sg. þät þu þone wälgæst wihte ne grêtte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), [1996]; similarly, sg. III. þät he ne grêtte goldweard þone, [3082]; pret. part. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, [1066].
ge-grêtan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrêtte meaglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, [1981]; gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, [2517].—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ôðerne gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, [1862].
[greót], st. m., grit, sand, earth: dat. sg. on greóte, [3169].
[greótan], st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. se þe äfter sincgyfan on sefan greóteð, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, [1343].
[grim], adj., grim, angry, wild, hostile: nom. sg., [121], [555], [1500], etc.; weak form, se grimma gäst, [102]; acc. sg. m. grimne, [1149], [2137]; fem, grimme, [1235]; gen. sg. grimre gûðe, [527]; instr. pl. grimman grâpum, [1543].—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.
[grimme], adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, [3013], [3086].
[grim-lîc], adj., grim, terrible: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[re-gäst], [3042].
[grimman], st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten: pret. pl. grummon, [306].
[grindan], st. v., to grind, in
for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), [424]; pret. part. w. acc. häfde lîgdraca leóda fästen ... glêdum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, [2336]; þâ his âgen (scyld) wäs glêdum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, [2678].
[gripe], st. m., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe mêces, [1766]; acc. sg. grimne gripe, [1149].—Comp.: fær-, mund-, nîð-gripe.
[grîma], w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grîma.
[grîm-helm], st. m., mask-helmet, helmet with visor: acc. pl. grîm-helmas, [334].
[grîpan], st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp: pret. sg. grâp þâ tôgeánes, then she caught at, [1502].
for-grîpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum, [2354]. wið-grîpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. hû wið þam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grîpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, [2522].
[grôwan], st. v., to grow, to sprout: pret. sg. him on ferhðe greów breósthord blôdreów, [1719].
[grund], st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sôhte ... äfter grunde, sought along the ground, [2295]; acc. pl. ofer grundas, [1405], [2074].—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), [1368]; on gyfenes grund, [1395]; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) [1552]; dat. sg. tô grunde (of the sea), [553]; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, [2759]; so, on grunde, [2766].—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sæ-grund.
[grund-bûend], pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-bûendra, [1007].
[grund-hyrde], st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), [2137].
[grund-sele], st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þam [grund]sele, [2140].
[grund-wang], st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), [1497]; (bottom of the drake's cave), [2772], [2589].
[grund-wyrgen], st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), [1519].
[gryn] (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., net, noose, snare: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, [931]. See [gyrn].
[gryre], st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., [1283]; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, [384]; hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, [478]; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, [483]; gen. pl. swâ fela gryra, [592].—Comp.: fær-, wîg-gryre.
[gryre-brôga], w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ô]g[a], [2229].
[gryre-fâh], adj., gleaming terribly: acc. sg. gryre-fâhne (the fire-spewing drake, cf. also [draca] fýrwylmum fâh, [2672], [2577].
[gryre-gäst], st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[regäst], [3042]; dat. sg. wið þam gryregieste (the dragon), [2561].
[gryre-geatwe], st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, [324].
[gryre-leóð], st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehýrdon gryreleóð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), [787].
[gryre-lîc], adj., terrible, horrible: acc. sg. gryre-lîcne, [1442], [2137].
[gryre-sîð], st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, [1463].
[guma], w. m., man, human being: nom. sg., [653], [869], etc.; acc. sg. guman, [1844], [2295]; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), [2822]; nom pl. guman, [215], [306], [667], etc.; acc. pl. guman, [615]; dat. pl. gumum, [127], [321]; gen. pl. gumena, [73], [328], [474], [716], etc.—Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.
[gum-cyn], st. n., race of men, people, nation: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes Geáta leóde, people from the nation of the Geátas, [260]; dat. pl. äfter gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, [945].
[gum-cyst], st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, [1724]; dat. pl. as adv., excellently, preeminently: gumcystum gôdne beága bryttan, [1487]; gumcystum gôd ... hilde-hlemma (Beówulf), [2544].
[gum-dreám], st. m., joyous doings of men: acc. sg. gum-dreám ofgeaf (died), [2470].
[gum-dryhten], st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. [1643].
[gum-fêða], w. m., troop of men going on foot: nom. sg., [1402].
[gum-man], st. m., man: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, [1029].
[gum-stôl], st. m., man's seat, κατ' ἐζωχήν, ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumstôle, [1953].
[gûð], st. f., combat, battle: nom. sg., [1124], [1659], [2484], [2537]; acc. sg. gûðe, [604]; instr. sg. gûðe, [1998]; dat. sg. tô (ät) gûðe, [438], [1473]. [1536], [2354], etc.; gen. sg. gûðe, [483], [527], [631], etc.; dat. pl. gûðum, [1959], [2179]; gen. pl. gûða, [2513], [2544].
[gûð-beorn], st. m., warrior: gen. pl. gûð-beorna sum (the strand-guard on the Danish coast), [314].
[gûð-bil], st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. gûðbill, [2585]; gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, [804].
[gûð-byrne], w. f., battle-corselet: nom. sg., [321].
[gûð-cearu], st. f., sorrow which the combat brings: dat. sg. äfter gûð-ceare, [1259].
[gûð-cräft], st. m., warlike strength, power in battle: nom. sg. Grendles gûð-cräft, [127].
[gûð-cyning], st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., [199], [1970], [2336], etc.
[gûð-deáð], st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., [2250].
[gûð-floga], w. m., flying warrior: acc. sg. wið þone gûðflogan (the drake), [2529].
[gûð-freca], w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gûð-freca, of the drake, [2415].
[gûð-fremmend], pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gûð-fremmendra, [246]; gûð- (gôd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Beówulf), [299].
[gûð-gewæde], st. n., battle-dress, armor: nom. pl. gûð-gewædo, [227]; acc. pl. -gewædu, [2618], [2631](?), [2852], [2872]; gen. pl. -gewæda, [2624].
[gûð-geweorc], st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, [679], [982], [1826].
[gûð-geatwe], st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þâ gûð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), [2637]; dat. in eówrum gûð-geatawum, [395].
[gûð-helm], st. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., [2488].
[gûð-horn], st. n., battle-horn: acc. sg., [1433].
[gûð-hrêð], st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., [820].
[gûð-leóð], st. n., battle-song: acc., sg., [1523].
[gûð-môd], adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pl. gûð-môde, [306].
[gûð-ræs], st. m., storm of battle, attack: acc. sg., [2992]; gen. pl. gûð-ræsa, [1578], [2427].
[gûð-reów], adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., [58].
[gûð-rinc], st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., [839], [1119], [1882]; acc. sg., [1502]; gen. pl. gûð-rinca, [2649].
[gûð-rôf], adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., [609].
[gûð-sceaða], w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, [2319].
[gûð-scearu], st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. äfter gûð-sceare, [1214].
[gûð-sele], st. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place: dat sg. in þäm gûðsele (in Heorot), [443].
[gûð-searo], st. n. pl., battle-equipment, armor; acc., [215], [328].
[gûð-sweord], st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., [2155].
[gûð-wêrig], adj., wearied by battle dead: acc. sg. gûð-wêrigne Grendel, [1587].
[gûð-wine], st. m., battle-friend, comrade in battle designation of the sword: acc. sg., [1811]; instr. pl. þe mec gûð-winum grêtan dorste, who dared to attack me with his war-friends, [2736].
[gûð-wîga], w. m., fighter of battles, warrior: nom. sg., [2112].
[gylden], adj., golden: nom. sg. gylden hilt, [1678]; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, [47], [1022]; bring gyldenne, [2810]; dat. sg. under gyldnum beáge, [1164].—Comp. eal-gylden.
[gyrdan], w. v., to gird, to lace: pret. part. gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt warrior, [2079].
[gyrn], st. n., sorrow, harm: nom. sg., [1776].
[gyrn-wracu], st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. tô gyrn-wräce, [1139]; gen. sg. þâ wäs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles môdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, [2119].
[gýman], w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about: pres. III. gýmeð, [1758], [2452]; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gým! do not study arrogance (despise it), [1761].
[for-gýman], w. acc., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, [1752].
[habban], w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þäs ic wên häbbe (as I hope), [383]; þe ic geweald häbbe, [951]; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, [2525]; hafo, [3001]; sg. II. þu nu [friðu] hafast, [1175]; pl. I. habbað we ... micel ærende, [270]; pres. subj. sg. III. þät he þrittiges manna mägencräft on his mundgripe häbbe, [381]. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þät be Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben tô geceósenne cyning ænigne, that the Sea-Geátas will have no better king than you to choose, [1851]; imp. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, [659]; inf. habban, [446], [462], [3018]; pret. sg. häfde, [79], [518], [554]; pl. häfdon, [539].—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. häbbe ic ... ongunnen, [408]; häbbe ic ... geâhsod, [433]; II. hafast, [954], [1856]; III. hafað, [474], [596]; pret. sg. häfde, [106], [220], [666], [2322], [2334], [2953], etc.; pl. häfdon, [117], [695], [884], [2382], etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafað dæd gefremede, [940]; häfde se gôda ... cempan gecorone, [205]. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-häbbend.
for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wäfre môd forhabban in hreðre, the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast, [1152]; ne mihte þâ for-habban, could not restrain himself, [2610].
wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þät se wînsele wið-häfde heaðo-deórum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, [773].
[hafela, heafola], w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, [1373], [1422], [1615], [1636], [1781]; nâ þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, [446]; þonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, [1328]; se hwîta helm hafelan werede, [1449]; dat. sg. hafelan, [673], [1522]; heafolan, [2680]; gen. sg. heafolan, [2698]; nom. pl. hafelan, [1121].—Comp. wîg-heafola.
[hafenian], w. v., to raise, to uplift: pret. sg. wæpen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, [1574].
[hafoc], st. m., hawk: nom. sg., [2264].
[haga], w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure: dat. sg. tô hagan, [2893], [2961].
[a]haga], w. m. See [ân-haga].
[hama, homa], w. m., dress: in the comp. flæsc-, fyrd-, lîc-hama, scîr-ham (adj.).
[hamer], st. m., hammer: instr. sg. hamere, [1286]; gen. pl. homera lâfe (swords), [2830].
[hand, hond], st. f., hand: nom. sg. [2138]; sió swîðre ... hand, the right hand, [2100]; hond, [1521], [2489], [2510]; acc. sg. hand, [558], [984]; hond, [657], [687], [835], [928], etc.; dat. sg. on handa, [495], [540]; mid handa, [747], [2721]; be honda, [815]; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, [1444], [2841].
[hand-bana], w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand combat: dat. sg. tô hand-bonan (-banan), [460], [1331].
[hand-gemôt], st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, [1527]; nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôta, [2356].
[hand-gesella], w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, [1482].
[hand-gestealla], w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, [2170]; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, [2597].
[hand-geweorc], st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þäs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, [2836].
[hand-gewriðen], pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wälbende ... hand-gewriðene, [1938].
[hand-locen], pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), [322], [551].
[hand-ræs], st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-ræs, [2073].
[hand-scalu], st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), [1318], [1964].
[hand-sporu], st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, [987].
[hand-wundor], st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mæst, [2769].
[hangian], w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrôðre, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, [2448]; pl. III. ofer þäm (mere) hongiað hrîmge bearwas, over which frosty forests hang, [1364]; inf. hangian, [1663]; pret. hangode, hung down, [2086].
[hatian], w. v. w. acc., to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt: inf. he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lâðum dædum (could not do him any harm), [2467]; pret. sg. hû se gûð-sceaða Geáta leóde hatode and hýnde, [2320].
[hâd], st. m., form, condition, position, manner: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, in a powerful manner, [1336]; on gesîðes hâd, in the position of follower, as follower, [1298]; on sweordes hâd, in the form of a sword, [2194]. See under [on].
[hâdor], st. m., clearness, brightness: acc. sg. under heofenes hâdor, [414].
[a]hâdor], adj., clear, fresh, loud: nom. sg. scop hwîlum sang hâdor on Heorote, [497].
hâdre, adv., clearly, brightly, [1572].
[hâl], adj., hale, whole, sound, unhurt: nom. sg. hâl, [300]. With gen. heaðo-lâces hâl, safe from battle, [1975]. As form of salutation, wes ... hâl, [407]; dat. sg. hâlan lîce, [1504].
[hâlig], adj., holy: nom. sg. hâlig god, [381], [1554]; hâlig dryhten, [687].
[hâm], st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hâm, [1408]; Hrôðgâres hâm, [718]. Usually in adverbial sense: gewât him hâm, betook himself home, [1602]; tô hâm, [124], [374], [2993]; fram hâm, at home, [194]; ät hâm, at home, [1249], [1924], [1157]; gen. sg. hâmes, [2367]; acc. pl. hâmas, [1128].—Comp. Finnes-hâm, [1157].
[hâm-weorðung], st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hâm-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelâc, given in marriage to Eofor), [2999].
[hâr], adj., gray: nom. sg. hâr hilde-rinc, [1308], [3137]; acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, [888], [1416], [2554]; hâre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), [2154]; dat. sg. hârum hildfruman, [1679]; f. on heáre hæðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), [2213]; gen. sg. hâres, of the old man, [2989].—Comp. un-hâr.
[hât], adj., hot, glowing, flaming nom sg., [1617], [2297], [2548], [2559], etc.; wyrm hât gemealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted, [898]; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hâtan heolfre, [850], [1424]; g. sg. heaðu-fýres hâtes, [2523]; acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, [2820].—Sup.: hâtost heaðo-swâta, [1669].
[a]hât], st. n., heat, fire: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hât þrowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, [2606].
[hata], w. m., persecutor; in comp. dæd-hata.
[hâtan], st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mîne hâte ... flotan eówerne ârum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, [293]; imp. sg. II. hât in gân ... sibbegedriht, [386]; pl. II. hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean, [2803]; inf. þät healreced hâtan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, [68]. Pret. sg. hêht: hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, [1036]; þonne ænne hêht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, [1054]; hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), [2893]; swâ se snottra hêht, as the wise (Hrôðgâr) directed, [1787]; so, [1808], [1809]. hêt: hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, [198]; so, hêt, [391], [1115], [3111]. As the form of a wish: hêt hine wel brûcan, [1064]; so, [2813]; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrätwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), [992].—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þät hit sælîðend ... hâtan Biówulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Beówulf's grave-mound, [2807]; pret. part. wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, [102]; so, [263], [373], [2603].
ge-hâtan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þe gehâte, [1393]; so, [1672]; pret. sg. he me mêde gehêt, promised me reward, [2135]; him fägre gehêt leána (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, [2990]; weán oft gehêt earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, [2938]; pret. pl. gehêton ät härgtrafum wig-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, [175]; þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde þät ..., when we promised our lord that..., [2635]; pret. part. sió gehâten [wäs] ... gladum suna Frôdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, [2025].
[hâtor], st. m. n., heat: in comp. and-hâtor.
[häft], adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., [2409]; acc. sg. helle häftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), [789].
[häft-mêce], st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. [fetel-hilt]): dat. sg. þäm häft-mêce, [1458]. See [Note].
[häg-steald], st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. häg-stealdra, [1890].
[häle], st. m., man: nom. sg., [1647], [1817], [3112]; acc. sg. häle, [720]; dat. pl. hælum (hænum, MS.), [1984].
[häleð], st. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., [190], [331], [1070]; nom. pl. häleð, [52], [2248], [2459], [3143]; dat. pl. häleðum [1710], [1962], etc.; gen. pl. häleða, [467], [497], [612], [663], etc.
[hæð], st. f., heath: dat. sg. hæðe, [2213].
[hæðen], adj., heathenish; acc. sg. hæðene sâwle, [853]; dat. sg. hæðnum horde, [2217]; gen. sg. hæðenes, of the heathen (Grendel), [987]; gen. pl. hæðenra, [179].
[hæð-stapa], w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369
[hæl], st. f.: 1) health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. him hæl âbeád, [654]; mid hæle, [1218].—2) favorable sign, favorable omen: hæl sceáwedon, observed favorable signs (for Beówulf's undertaking), [204].
[hælo], st. f., health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. hælo âbeád heorð-geneátum, [2419].—Comp. un-hælo.
[hæst] (O.H.G. haisterâ hantî, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehement: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, [1336].
[he], fem. heó, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, hî, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hî, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, [68], [300], [2309], [2345].
[hebban], st. v., to raise, to lift, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, [657]; pret. part. hafen, [1291]; häfen, [3024].
â-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wäs ... icge gold âhafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, [1109]; þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, a cry of distress raised, 128
ge-[hegan] [ge-hêgan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: þing gehegan, to mark off the court, hold court. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall alone decide the matter with Grendel), [425].
[hel], st. f., hell: nom. sg., [853]; acc. sg. helle, [179]; dat. sg. helle, [101], [589]; (as instr.), [789]; gen. sg. helle, [1275].
[hel-bend], st. m. f. bond of hell: instr. pl. hell-bendum fäst, [3073].
[hel-rûna], w. m., sorcerer: nom. pl. helrûnan, [163].
be-[helan], st. v., to conceal, to hide: pret. part. be-holen, [414].
[helm], st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, [1393]; under helm, [1746].—2) helmet: nom. sg., [1630]; acc. sg. helm, [673], [1023], [1527], [2988]; (helo, MS.), [2724]; brûn-fâgne, gold-fâhne helm, [2616], [2812]; dat. sg. under helme, [342], [404]; gen. sg. helmes, [1031]; acc. pl. helmas, [240], [2639].—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), [371], [456], [1322]; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), [182]; helm Scylfinga, [2382].—Comp.: grîm-, gûð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.
ofer-[helmian], w. v. w. acc., to cover over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, [1365].
[helm-berend], pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, [2518], [2643].
[helpan], st. v., to help: inf. þät him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, [2341]; þät him îrenna ecge mihton helpan ät hilde, [2685]; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, [2650]; w. gen. ongan ... mæges helpan, began to help my kinsman, [2880]; so, pret. sg. þær he his mæges (MS. mägenes) healp, [2699].
[help], m. and f., help, support, maintenance: acc. sg. helpe, [551], [1553]; dat. sg. tô helpe, [1831]; acc. sg. helpe, [2449].
[hende], -handed: in comp. îdel-hende.
[her], adv., here, [397], [1062], [1229], [1655], [1821], [2054], [2797], etc.; hither, [244], [361], [376].
[here] (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops: dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, [1249]; in the army, among the fighting men, [2639]; as instr. herge, [2348].—Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.
[here-brôga], w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brôgan, [462].
[here-byrne], w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., [1444].
[here-grîma], w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grîman, [396], [2050], [2606].
[here-net], st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., [1554].
[here-nîð], st. m., battle-enmity, battle of armies: nom. sg., [2475].
[here-pâd], st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., [2259].
[here-rinc], st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), [1177].
[here-sceaft], st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta heáp, [335].
[here-spêd], st. f., (war-speed), luck in war: nom. sg., [64].
[here-stræl], st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., [1436].
[here-syrce], w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, [1512].
[here-wæd], st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-wædum, [1898].
[here-wæsma], w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wæsmum, [678].—Leo.
[here-wîsa], w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., [3021].
[herg, hearg], st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fäst), [3073].
[herigean], w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army: pres. sg. I. ic þe wel herige, [1834].—Leo.
[hete], st. m., hate, enmity: nom. sg. [142], [2555].—Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, wîg-hete.
[hete-lîc], adj., hated: nom. sg., [1268].
[hetend, hettend], (pres. part. of hetan, see [hatian]), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, [1829]; dat. pl. wið hettendum, [3005].
[hete-nîð], st. m., enmity full of hate: acc. pl. hete-nîðas, [152].
[hete-sweng], st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, [2226].
[hete-þanc], st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design: dat. pl. mid his hete-þancum, [475].
[hêdan, ge-hêdan], w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, did not protect his head, [2698].—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehêdde, [505].
[hêrian], w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), [182]; ne hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte Eotena treówe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, [1072]; pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten wordum hêrge, [3177].
ge-[heaðerian], w. v., to force, to press in: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, [3073].
[heaðo-byrne], w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., [1553].
[heaðo-deór], adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., [689]; dat. pl. heaðo-deórum, [773].
[heaðo-fyr], st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire: gen. sg. heaðu-fýres, [2523]; instr. pl. heaðo-fýrum, [2548], of the drake's fire-spewing.
[heaðo-grim], adj., grim in battle, [548].
[heaðo-helm], st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).
[heaðo-lâc], st. n., battle-play, battle: dat. sg. ät heaðo-lâce, [584]; gen. sg. heaðo-lâces hâl, [1975].
[heaðo-mære], adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mære, [2803].
[heaðo-ræs], st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg., [557]; acc. pl. -ræsas, [1048]; gen. pl. -ræsa, [526].
[heaðo-reáf], st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-reáf heóldon (kept the equipments), [401].
[heaðo-rinc], st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrêðel's son, Hæðcyn), [2467]; dat. pl. þæm heaðo-rincum, [370].
[heaðo-rôf], adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., [381]; nom. pl. heaðo-rôfe, [865].
[heaðo-scearp], adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), [2830].
[heaðo-seóc], adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -siócum, [2755].
[heaðo-steáp], adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-steápa, [1246]; acc. sg. heaðo-steápne, [2154], both times of the helmet.
[heaðo-swât], st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swâte, [1607]; as instr., [1461]; gen. pl. hâtost heaðo-swâta, [1669].
[heaðo-sweng], st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. äfter heaðu-swenge, [2582].
[heaðo-torht], adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, [2554].
[heaðo-wæd], st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr. pl. heaðo-wædum, [39].
[heaðo-weorc], st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., [2893].
[heaðo-wylm], st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, [2820]; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, [82].
[heaf], st. n., sea: acc. pl. ofer heafo, [2478]. See [Note].
[heal], st. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, [1152], [1215]; heall, [487]; acc. sg. healle, [1088]; dat. sg. healle, [89], [615], [643], [664], [926], [1010], [1927], etc.; gen. sg. [healle], [389].—Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.
[heal-ärn], st. n., hall-building, hall-house: gen. sg. heal-ärna, [78].
[heal-gamen], st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., [1067].
[heal-reced], st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., [68].
[heal-sittend], pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, [2869]; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, [2016].
[heal-þegn], st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, [142]; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Beówulfs band, [720].
[heal-wudu], hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., [1318].
[healdan], st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. hû þâ stânbogan ... êce eorðreced innan heóldon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, [2720]. Pret. sg., with a person as object: heóld hine to fäste, held him too fast, [789]; w. the dat. he him freóndlârum heóld, supported him with friendly advice, [2378].—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, mägen mid môdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, [1706]; III. healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, [2910]; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela niwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, [949]; heald (heold, MS.) þu nu hruse ... eorla æhte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, [2248]; inf. se þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, [230]; so, [705]; nacan ... ârum healdan, to keep well your vessel, [296]; wearde healdan, [319]; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, [3168]; pres. part. dreám healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), [1228]; pret. sg. heóld hine syððan fyr and fästor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, [142]; ægwearde heóld, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, [241]; so, [305]; hióld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego, preserved high love, [1955]; ginfästan gife ... heóld, [2184]; gold-mâðmas heóld, took care of the treasures of gold, [2415]; heóld mîn tela, protected well mine own, [2738]; þonne ... sceft ... nytte heóld, had employment, was employed, [3119]; heóld mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, [2431]; pret. pl. heaðo-reáf heóldon, watched over the armor, [401]; sg. for pl. heáfodbeorge ... walan ûtan heóld, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, [1032].—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þu healdan wylt maga rice, [1853]; pret. heóld, [57], [2738].—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lêt þone brego-stôl Beówulf healdan, [2390]; gerund. tô healdanne hleóburh wera, [1732]; pret. sg. heóld, [103], [161], [466], [1749], [2752]; lyftwynne heóld nihtes hwîlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, [3044]; pret. pl. Geáta leóde hreâwic heóldon, the Geátas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), [1215]; pret. sg. þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, [1080].—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon heáh gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, [3085].
be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) to take care of, to attend to: pret. sg. þegn nytte beheóld, a thane discharged the office, [494]; so, [668].—2) to hold: pret. sg. se þe flôda begong ... beheóld, [1499].—3) to look at, to behold: þryðswyð beheóld mæg Higelâces hû ..., great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..., [737].
for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, [2382].
ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. se þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, [2294]; pres. subj. fäder alwalda ... eówic gehealde sîða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, [317]; inf. ne meahte he ... on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, [2857].—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, [659]; inf. gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe, [675]; pret. sg. he frätwe geheóld fela missera, [2621]; þone þe ær geheóld wið hettendum hord and rîce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, [3004].—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, [912]; pret. sg. geheóld tela (brâde rîce), [2209].
[healf], st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þâ healfe, towards this side, [1676]; dat. sg. häleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, [2263]; acc. pl. on twâ healfa, upon two sides, mutually, [1096]; on bâ healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), [1306]; on two sides, on both sides, [2064]; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, [801].
[a]healf], adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, [1088].
[heals], st. m., neck: acc. sg. heals, [2692]; dat. sg. wið halse, [1567]; be healse, [1873].—Comp.: the adjectives fâmig-, wunden-heals.
[heals-beáh], st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-beáh, [2173]; gen. pl. heals-beága, [1196].
[heals-gebedde], w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), [63].
[healsian], w. v. w. acc., to entreat earnestly, to implore: pret. sg. þâ se þeóden mec ... healsode hreóh-môd þät..., entreated me sorrowful, that..., [2133].
[heard], adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, [342], [376], [404], [1575], [2540], etc.; in weak form, se hearda, [401], [1964]; se hearda þegn, [2978]; þes hearda heáp, [432]; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, [2206]; gen. pl. heardra, [989]. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran häle, [720]. With accompanying gen.: wîges heard, strong in battle, [887]; dat. sg. nîða heardum, [2171].—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) heard, [322], [551]. In weak form: masc. here-stræl hearda, [1436]; se hearda helm, [2256]; neutr. here-net hearde, [1554]; acc. sg. (swurd, wæpen), heard, [540], [2688], [2988]; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lâfe, [2830]; heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón, [2038]; acc. pl. heard sweord, [2639]. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, [1344]; nom. sg. wrôht ... heard, [2915]; here-nîð hearda, [2475]; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, [1591]; instr. sg. heardan ceápe, [2483]; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, [964], [1336]; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, [166]. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, [576].—Comp.: fýr-, îren-, nîð-, regn-, scûr-heard.
hearde, adv., hard, very, [1439].
[heard-ecg], adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle: nom. sg., [1289].
[heard-fyrde], adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, [2246].—Leo.
[heard-hycgend], pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, [394], [800].
[hearg-träf], st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. ät härg-trafum (MS. hrærg trafum), [175].
[hearm], st. m., harm, injury, insult: dat. sg. mid hearme, [1893].
[hearm-sceaða], w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, [767].
[hearpe], w. f., harp: gen. sg. hearpan swêg, [89], [3024]; hearpan wynne (wyn), [2108], [2263].
[heáðu], st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg. heáðu, 1863?
[heáðu-lîðend], pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -lîðende, [1799]; dat. pl. -lîðendum (designation of the Geátas), [2956].
[heáfod], st. n., head: acc. sg., [48], [1640]; dat. sg. heáfde, [1591], [2291], [2974]; dat. pl. heáfdum, [1243].
[heáfod-beorh], st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. heáfod-beorge, [1031].
[heáfod-mæg], st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. heáfod-mægum (brothers), [589]; gen. pl. heáfod-mâga, [2152].
[heáfod-segn], st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., [2153].
[heáfod-weard], st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... heáfod-wearde leófes and lâðes, for the friend and the foe (Beówulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), [2910].
[heáh, heá], adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heáh Healfdene, [57]; heá (Higelâc), [1927]; heáh (sele), [82]; heáh hlæw, [2806], [3159]; acc. sg. heáh (segn), [48], [2769]; heáhne (MS. heánne) hrôf, [984]; dat. sg. in (tô) sele þam heán, [714], [920]; gen. sg. heán hûses, [116].—high, heavy: acc. heáh gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), [3085].
[heá-burh], st. f., high city, first city of a country: acc. sg., [1128].
[heáh-cyning], st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrôðgâr), [1040].
[heáh-gestreón], st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestreóna, [2303].
[heáh-lufe], w. f., high love: acc. sg. heáh-lufan, [1955].
[heáh-sele], st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler: dat. sg. heáh-sele, [648].
[heáh-setl], st. n., high seat, throne: acc. sg., [1088].
[heáh-stede], st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on heáh-stede, [285].
[heán], adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., [1275], [2100], [2184], [2409].
[heáp], st. m., heap, crowd, troop: nom. sg. þegna heáp, [400]; þes hearda heáp, this brave band, [432]; acc. sg. here-sceafta heáp, the crowd of spears, [335]; mago-rinca heáp, [731]; dat. sg. on heápe, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, [2597].—Comp. wîg-heáp.
[heáwan], st. v., to hew, to cleave: inf., [801].
ge-heáwan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-heáwe, [683].
[heoðu], st. f., the interior of a building: dat. sg. þät he on heoðe gestôd, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), [404].
[heofon], st. m., heaven: nom. sg., [3157]; dat. sg. hefene, [1572]; gen. sg. heofenes, [414], [576], [1802], etc.; gen. pl. heofena, [182]; dat. pl. under heofenum, [52], [505].
[heolfor], st. n., gore, fresh or crude blood: dat. instr. sg. hâtan heolfre, [850], [1424]; heolfre, [2139]; under heolfre, [1303].
[heolster], st. n., haunt, hiding-place: acc. sg. on heolster, [756].
[heonan], adv., hence, from here: heonan, [252]; heonon, [1362].
[heor], st. m., door-hinge: nom. pl. heorras, [1000].
[heorde], adj. See [wunden-heorde].
[heorð-geneát], st. m., hearth-companion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-geneátas, [261], [3181]; acc. pl. heorð-geneátas, [1581], [2181]; dat. pl. heorð-geneátum, [2419].
[heorot], st. m., stag: nom. sg., [1370].
[heorte], w. f., heart: nom. sg., [2562]; dat. sg. ät heortan, [2271]; gen. sg. heortan, [2464], [2508].—Comp.: the adjectives blîð-, grom-, rûm-, stearc-heort.
[heoru], st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under [bîndan]), [1286]. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see [here]).
[heoro-blâc], adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blâc, [2489].
[heoru-dreór], st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-dreóre, [487]; heoro-dreóre, [850].
[heoro-dreórig], adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., [936]; acc. sg. heoro-dreórigne, [1781], [2721].
[heoro-drync], st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, [2359].
[heoro-gîfre], adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., [1499].
[heoro-grim], adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., [1565]; fem. -grimme, [1848].
[heoro-hôcihte], adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heoro-hôcyhtum, [1439].
[heoro-serce], w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, [2540].
[heoro-sweng], st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. [1591].
[heoro-weallende], pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, [2782]. See [weallian].
[heoro-wearh], st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., [1268].
[heófan], w. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pl. hiófende, [3143].
[â-heóran], to free (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brýd âheórde, [2931].
[heóre], adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure: nom. sg. fem, nis þät heóru stôw, that is no secure place, [1373].—Comp. un-heóre (-hýre).
[hider], adv., hither, [240], [370], [394], [3093], etc.
ofer-[higian], w. v. (according to the connection, probably), to exceed, [2767]. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant.)
[hild], st. f., battle, combat: nom. sg., [452], [902], [1482], [2077]; hild heoru-grimme, [1848]; acc. sg. hilde, [648]; instr. sg. hilde, through combat, [2917]; dat. sg. ät hilde, [1461].
[hilde-bil], st. n., battle-sword: nom. sg., [1667]; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, [557], [1521].
[hilde-bord], st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, [397]; instr. pl. -bordum, [3140].
[hilde-cyst], st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, [2599].
[hilde-deór], adj., bold in battle, brave in battle: nom. sg., [312], [835], [1647], [1817]; hilde-diór, [3112]; nom. pl. hilde-deóre, [3171].
[hilde-freca], w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, [2206]; dat. sg. hild-frecan, [2367].
[hilde-geatwe], st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, [675]; gen. -geatwa, [2363].
[hilde-gicel], st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, [1607].
[hilde-grâp], st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., [1447], [2508].
[hilde-hlemma], w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., [2352], [2545]; dat. pl. eft þät ge-eode ... hilde-hlämmum, it happened to the warriors (the Geátas), [2202].
[hilde-leóma], w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leóman, [2584].—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -leóman, [1144].
[hilde-mecg], st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, [800].
[hilde-mêce], st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mêceas, [2203].
[hilde-rand], st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, [1243].
[hllde-ræs], st. m., storm of battle: acc. sg., [300].
[hilde-rinc], st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., [1308], [3125], [3137]; dat. sg. hilde-rince, [1496]; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, [987].
[hilde-säd], adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more: acc. sg. hilde-sädne, [2724].
[hilde-sceorp], st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., [2156].
[hilde-setl], st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., [1040].
[hilde-strengo], st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., [2114].
[hilde-swât], st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. hât hilde-swât (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), [2559].
[hilde-tux], st. m., battle-tooth: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, [1512].
[hilde-wæpen], st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wæpnum, [39].
[hilde-wîsa], w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, Healfdene's general (Hnäf), [1065].
[hild-freca]. See [hilde-freca]
[hild-fruma], st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, [1679], [2650]; gen. sg. þäs hild-fruman, [2836].
[hlld-lata], w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pl. þâ hild-latan, [2847].
[hilt], st. n., sword-hilt: nom. gylden hilt, [1678]; acc. sg. þät hilt, [1669]; hylt, [1668]. Also used in the plural; acc. þâ hilt, [1615]; dat. pl, be hiltum, [1575].—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.
[hilte-cumbor], st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., [1023].
[hilted], pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, sword with a (rich) hilt, [2988].
[hin-fûs], adj., ready to die: nom. sg. hyge wäs him hinfûs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), [756].
[hindema], adj. superl., hindmost, last: instr. sg. hindeman sîðe, the last time, for the last time, [2050], [2518].
[hirde, hyrde], st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, [611], [1833], [2982]; rîces hyrde, [2028]; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, [751], [2220]; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, [932]; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, [2246]; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, [2506]; folces hyrde, [1850]; frätwa hyrde, [3134]; rîces hyrde, [3081]; acc. pl. hûses hyrdas, [1667].—Comp.: grund-hyrde.
[hit] (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), heat: nom. sg. þenden hyt sý, [2650].
[hladan], st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bæl hladan leófne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, [2127]; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, [2776]; pret. part. þær wäs wunden gold on wæn hladen, laid upon the wain, [3135].—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þâ wäs ... sægeáp naca hladen herewædum, loaded with armor, [1898].—Comp. gilp-hläden.
ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sæbât gehlôd (MS gehleod), [896].
[hlâford], st. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., [2376]; acc. sg., [267]; dat. sg. hlâforde, [2635]; gen. sg. hlâfordes, [3181].—Comp. eald-hlâford.
[hlâford-leás]; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlâford-leáse, [2936].
[hlâw, hlæw], st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlæw, [2803], [3159], [3171]; dat. sg. for hlâwe, [1121]. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlâw [under] hrusan, [2277]; hlæw under hrusan, [2412]; dat. sg. on hlæwe, [2774]. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, [2242-2271].
[hläst], st. n., burden, load: dat. sg. hläste, [52].
[hlem], st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, uht-, wäl-hlem.
[hlemma], w. m., one raging, one who calls; see [hilde-hlemma].
[â-hlehhan], st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult: pret. sg. his môd âhlôg, his mood exulted, [731].
[hleahtor], st. m., laughter: nom. sg., [612]; acc. sg., [3021].
[hleápan], st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hleápan lêton ... fealwe mearas, [865].
[â-hleapan], to spring up: pret. âhleóp, [1398].
[hleonian], w. v., to incline, to hang over: inf. oð þät he ... fyrgen-beámas ofer hârne stân hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, [1416].
[hleó], st. m., shady, protected place; defence, shelter; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wîgendra hleó, of Hrôðgâr, [429]; of Sigemund, [900]; of Beówulf, [1973], [2338]; eorla hleó, of Hrôðgâr, [1036], [1867]; of Beówulf, [792]; of Hygelâc, [2191].
[hleó-burh], st. f., ruler's castle or city: acc. sg., [913], [1732].
[hleóðor-cwyde], st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, [1980].
[hleór], st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fäted-hleór (adj.).
[hleór-bera], w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hleór-beran (visor?), [304].
[hleór-bolster], st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., [689].
[hleótan], st. v. w. acc., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, [2386].
[hlifian], w. v., to rise, to be prominent: inf. hlifian, [2806]; pret. hlifade, [81], [1800], [1899].
[hlið], st. n., cliff, precipice of a mountain: dat. sg. on hliðe, [3159]; gen. sg. hliðes, [1893]; pl. hliðo in composition, stân-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, näs-, wulf-hleoðu.
[hlin-bed] (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^[28], for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., κλινίδιον, bed for reclining, sick-bed: acc. sg. hlim-bed, [3035].
[tô-hlîdan], st. v., to spring apart, to burst: pret. part. nom. pl. tô-hlidene, [1000].
[hlûd], adj., loud: acc. sg. dreám ... hlûdne, [89].
[hlyn], st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., [612].
[hlynnan, hlynian], w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), [2554]; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, [1121].
[hlynsian], w. v., to resound, to crash: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, [771].
[hlytm], st. m., lot: dat. sg. näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät hord strude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its possession was decided, [3127].
[hnâh], adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hnâgran, [678]; dat. sg. hnâhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, [953].—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Geátas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), [1930].
[hnægan], w. v. w. acc., (for nægan), to speak to, to greet: pret. sg. þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde freán Ingwina, [1319].
ge-[hnægan], w. acc., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell: pret. sg. ge-hnægde helle gâst, [1275]; þær hyne Hetware hilde gehnægdon, [2917].
[hnitan], st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fêðan, [1328], [2545].
[hoðma], w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave: dat. sg. in hoðman, [2459].
[hof], st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: acc. sg. hof (Hrôðgâr's residence), [312]; dat. sg. tô hofe sînum (Grendel's home in the sea), [1508]; tô hofe (Hygelâc's residence), [1975]; acc. pl. beorht hofu, [2314]; dat. pl. tô hofum Geáta, [1837].
[hold], adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod freán Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, [290]; mandrihtne hold, [1230]; Hygelâce wäs ... nefa swýðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Beówulf) very much attached, [2171]; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, [267]; holdne wine, [376]; holdne, [1980]; gen. pl. holdra, [487].
[a]hold]. See [healdan].
[holm], st. m., deep sea: nom. sg., [519], [1132], [2139]; acc. sg., [48], [633]; dat. sg. holme, [543], [1436], [1915]; acc. pl. holmas, [240].—Comp. wæg-holm.
[holm-clif], st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. on þam holm-clife, [1422]; from þäm holmclife, [1636]; acc. pl. holm-clifu, [230].
[holm-wylm], st. m., the waves of the sea: dat. sg. holm-wylme, [2412].
[holt], st. n., wood, thicket, forest. acc. sg. on holt, [2599]; holt, [2847].—Comp.: äsc-, fyrgen-, gâr-, Hrefnes-holt.
[holt-wudu], st. m., forest-wood: 1) of the material: nom. sg., [2341].—2) = forest: acc. sg., [1370].
[hord], st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., [2284], [3085]; beága hord, [2285]; mâðma hord, [3012]; acc. sg. hord, [913], [2213], [2320], [2510], [2745], [2774], [2956], [3057]; sâwle hord, [2423]; þät hord, [3127]; dat. sg. of horde, [1109]; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, [2782]; hæðnum horde, [2217]; gen. sg. hordes, [888].—Comp.: beáh-, breóst-, word-, wyrm-hord.
[hord-ärn], st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room: dat. hord-ärne, [2832]; gen. pl. hord-ärna, [2280].
[hord-burh], st. f., city in which is the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle: acc. sg., [467].
[hord-gestreón], st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestreónum, [1900]; gen. pl. mägen-byrðenne hord-gestreóna, the great burden of rich treasures, [3093].
[hord-mâððum], st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), [1199].
[hord-wela], w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures: acc. sg. hord-welan, [2345].
[hord-weard], st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden: 1) of the king: nom. sg., [1048]; acc. sg., [1853].—2) of the drake: nom. sg., [2294], [2303], [2555], [2594].
[hord-weorðung], st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, [953].
[hord-wyn], st. f., treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure: acc. sg. hord-wynne, [2271].
[horn], st. m., horn: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, [1370].—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., [1424]; acc. sg., [2944].—Comp. gûð-horn.
[horn-boga], w. m., bow made of horn: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, [2438].
[horn-geáp], adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heáh and horn-geáp, [82].
[horn-reced], st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., [705]. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.
[hors], st. n., horse: nom. sg., [1400].
[hôciht], adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hôciht.
be-[hôfian], w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. III. nu is se däg cumen þat ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað gôdra gûðrinca, now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, [2648].
on-[hôhsnian], w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. þät onhôhsnode Heminges mæg (on hohsnod, MS.), [1945].
[hôlinga], adv., in vain, without reason, [1077].
be-[hôn], st. v., to hang with: pret. part. helmum behongen, [3140].
[hop], st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, môr-hop.
[hôs] (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompanying troop, escort: instr. sg. mägða hôse, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, [925].
[hräðe], adv., hastily, quickly, immediately, [224], [741], [749], [1391], etc.; hraðe, [1438]; hreðe, [992]; compar. hraðor, [543].
[hran-fix], st. m., whale: acc. pl. hron-fixas, [540].
[hran-râd], st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-râde, [10].
[hrâ], st. n., corpse: nom. sg., [1589].
[hrâ-fyl], st. m., fall of corpses, killing, slaughter: acc. sg., [277].
[hrädlîce], adv., hastily, immediately, [356], [964].
[hräfn, hrefn], st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, [1802]; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, [3025]; dat. sg. hrefne, [2449].
[hrägl], st. n., dress, garment, armor: nom. sg., [1196]; gen. sg., hrägles, [1218]; gen. pl. hrägla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrägl.
[hreðer], st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne weóll (it surged in his breast), [2114]; hreðer æðme weóll, [2594]; dat. sg. in hreðre, [1152]; of hreðre, [2820].—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þät wäs ... hreðre hygemêðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), [2443]; on hreðre, [1879], [2329]; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, [2046].—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, [1447].
[hreðer-bealo], st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., [1344].
[hrêð], st. f., glory; in composition, gûð-hrêð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrêð.
[hrêðe], adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hrêð (on account of the following ät, final e is elided, as wênic for wêne ic, [442]; frôfor and fultum for frôfre and fultum, [699]; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., [1933], [2576].
[hrêð-sigor], st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrêð-sigora, [2584].
[hrêmig], adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hûðe hrêmig, [124]; since hrêmig, [1883]; frätwum hrêmig, [2055]; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, [2365].
on-[hrêran], w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hrêred, [549], [2555].
[hreâ-wîc], st. n., place of corpses: acc. sg. Geáta leóde hreâ-wîc heóldon, held the place of corpses, [1215].
[hreád], st. f., ornament(?), in comp. earm-hreád. See [hreóðan].
[hreám], st. m., noise, alarm:: nom. sg., [1303].
[hreóða], w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hreóða.
[hreóðan], ge-hreóðan, st. v., to cover, to clothe; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, [495], [1023]; þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, [1152]; ge-hroden golde, adorned with gold, [304].—Comp.: beág-, gold-hroden.
[hreóh, hreów, hreó], adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Beówulf) hreóh and heoro-grim, [1565]; þät þam gôdan wäs hreów on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), [2329]; hreó wæron ýða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, [548]; näs him hreóh sefa, his mind was not cruel, [2181]; dat. sg. on hreón môde, of sad heart, [1308]; on hreóum môde, angry at heart, [2582].
[hreóh-môd], adj., of sad heart, [2133]; angry at heart, [2297].
[hreósan], st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush: pret. hreás, [2489], [2832]; pret. pl. hruron, [1075]; hie on weg hruron, they rushed away, [1431]; hruron him teáras, tears burst from him, [1873].
be-hreósan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), [2760].
[hreów], st. f., distress, sorrow: gen. pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost, that was to Hrôðgâr the bitterest of his sorrows, [2130].
[hring], st. m.: 1) ring: acc. sg. þone hring, [1203]; hring gyldenne, [2810]; acc. pl. hringas, [1196], [1971], [3035]; gen. pl. hringa, [1508], [2246].—2) shirt of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, [1504]; byrnan hring, [2261].—Comp. bân-hring.
[hringan], w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, [327].
[hring-boga], w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), [2562].
[hringed], pret. part., made of rings: nom. sg. hringed byrne, [1246]; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, [2616].
[hringed-stefna], w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn âtti skip þat er Ellidi hêt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., [32], [1898]; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, [1132].
[hring-îren], st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., [322].
[hring-mæl], adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, [1522], [1562](?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (rich armor), [2038].
[hring-naca], w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., [1863].
[hring-net], st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., [2755]; acc. pl. hring-net, [1890].
[hring-sele], st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., [2841]; dat. sg., [2011], [3054].
hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, [3018].
hrînan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þät him heardra nân hrînan wolde îren ærgôd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), [989]; him for hrôf-sele hrînan ne mehte færgripe flôdes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), [1516]; þät þam hring-sele hrînan ne môste gumena ænig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), [3054]; pret. sg. siððan he hire folmum [hr]ân (as soon as he touched it with his hands), [723]; ôð þät deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan (seized his heart), [2271]. Pret. subj. þeáh þe him wund hrîne (although he was wounded), [2977].—2) (O.N. hrîna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrînde bearwas (for hrînende) [1364]; but see [Note].
[hron-fix]. See [hran-fix].
[hrôðor], st. m., joy, beneficium: dat sg. hrefne tô hrôðre, [2449]; gen. pl. hrôðra, [2172].
[hrôf], st. m., roof, ceiling of a house: nom. sg., [1000]; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrôf, [403]; under geápne hrôf, [838]; geseah steápne hrôf (here inner roof, ceiling), [927]; so, ofer heáhne hrôf, [984]; ymb þäs helmes hrôf, [1031]; under beorges hrôf, [2756].—Comp. inwit-hrôf.
[hrôf-sele], st. m., covered hall: dat. sg. hrôf-sele, [1516].
[hrôr], adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous: dat. sg. of þäm hrôran, [1630].—Comp. fela-hrôr.
[hruse], w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., [2248], [2559]; acc. sg. on hrusan, [773], [2832]; dat. sg. under hrusan, [2412].
[hrycg], st. m., back: acc. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (over the water's back, surface), [471].
[hryre], st. m., fall, destruction, ruin: acc. sg., [3181]; dat. sg., [1681], [3006].—Comp.: leód-, wîg-hryre.
[hrysian], w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in motion), [226].
[hund], st. m., dog: instr. pl. hundum, [1369].
[a]hund], num., hundred: þreó hund, [2279]; w. gen. pl. hund missera, [1499]; hund þûsenda landes and locenra beága, [2995].
[hû], adv., how, quomodo, [3], [116], [279], [738], [845], [2319], [2520], [2719], etc.
[huð], st. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. hûðe, [124].
[hûru], adv., above all, certainly, [369]; indeed, truly, [182], [670], [1072], [1466], [1945], [2837]; yet, nevertheless, [863]; now, [3121].
[hûs], st. n., house: gen. sg. hûses, [116]; gen. pl. hûsa sêlest (Heorot), [146], [285], [659], [936].
[hwan], adv., whither: tô hwan syððan wearð hondræs häleða (what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had), [2072].
[hwanan, hwanon], adv., whence: hwanan, [257], [2404]; hwanon, [333].
[hwâ], interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hwâ, [52], [2253], [3127]; neut. hwät, [173]; ânes hwät (a part only), [3011]; hwät þâ men wæron (who the men were), [233], etc.; hwät syndon ge searo-häbbendra (what armed men are ye?), [237]; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), [155]; neut. þurh hwät, [3069]; hwät wit geó spræcon, [1477]; hwät ... hýnðo (gen.), fær-nîða (what shame and sudden woes), [474]; so, hwät þu worn fela (how very much thou), [530]; swylces hwät, [881]; hwät ... ârna, [1187]; dat. m. hwâm, [1697].—Comp. æg-hwâ.
hwät, interj., what! lo! indeed! [1], [943], [2249].
ge-hwâ, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið feónda gehwone, [294]; nîða gehwane, [2398]; mêca gehwane, [2686]; gum-cynnes gehwone, [2766]; fem, on healfa gehwone, [801]; dat. sg. m. dôgora gehwâm, [88]; ät nîða gehwâm, [883]; þegna gehwâm, [2034]; eorla gehwæm, [1421]; fem. in mægða ge-hwære, [25]; nihta gehwæm, [1366]; gen. sing. m. manna gehwäs, [2528]; fem. dæda gehwäs, [2839].
[hwäðer], pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwäðer ... uncer twega, [2531]; swâ hwäðer, utercunque: acc. sg. on swâ hwäðere hond swâ him gemet þince, [687].—Comp. æg-hwäðer.
ge-[hwäðer], each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wäs gehwäðer ôðrum lifigende lâð, [815]; wäs ... gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra gemyndig, [2172]; ne gehwäðer incer (nor either of you two), [584]; nom. sg. neut. gehwäðer þâra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), [1249]; dat. sg. hiora gehwäðrum, [2995]; gen. sg. bega gehwäðres, [1044].
[a]hwäðer, hwäðere, hwäðre], 1) adv., yet, nevertheless: hwäðre, [555], [891], [1271], [2099], [2299], [2378], etc.; hwäðre swâ þeáh, however, notwithstanding, [2443]; hwäðere, [574], [578], [971], [1719]—2) conj., = utrum, whether: hwäðre, [1315]; hwäðer, [1357], [2786].
[hwät], adj., sharp, bold, valiant: nom. sg. se secg hwata, [3029]; dat. sg. hwatum, [2162]; nom. pl. hwate, [1602], [2053]; acc. pl. hwate, [2643], [3006].—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwät.
[a]hwät]. See [hwâ].
[hwær], adv., where: elles hwær, elsewhere, [138]; hwær, somewhere, [2030]. In elliptical question: wundur hwâr þonne..., is it a wonder when...? [3063].—Comp. ô-hwær.
ge-hwær, everywhere: þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte (everywhere good in battle), [526].
[hwergen], adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, [2591].
[hwettan], w. v., to encourage, urge: pres. subj. swâ þin sefa hwette (as thy mind urges, as thou likest), [490]; pret. pl. hwetton higerôfne (they whetted the brave one), [204].
[hwêne], adv., a little, paululum, [2700].
[hwealf], st. f., vault: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, [576], [2016].
[hweorfan], st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þâra þe cwice hwyrfað, [98]; inf. hwîlum he on lufan læteð hworfan monnes môd-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), [1729]; londrihtes môt ... monna æghwylc îdel hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), [2889]; pret. sg. fäder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), [55]; hwearf þâ hrädlîce þær Hrôðgâr sät, [356]; hwearf þâ bî bence (turned then to the bench), [1189]; so, hwearf þâ be wealle, [1574]; hwearf geond þät reced, [1982]; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), [2297]; nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), [2833]; subj. pret. sg, ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), [264].
and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. ôð þät ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), [548].
ät-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwîlum he on beorh ät-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), [2300].
ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, [1211]; hit on æht gehwearf ... Denigea freán, [1680]; so, [1685], [2209].
geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, [2018].
[hwider], adv., whither: hwyder, [163]; hwäder (hwäðer, MS.), [1332].
[hwîl], st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wäs seó hwîl micel (it was a long time), [146]; þâ wäs hwîl däges (the space of a day), [1496]; acc. sg. hwîle, for a time, [2138]; a while, [105], [152]; lange (longe) hwîle, a long while, [16], [2781]; âne hwîle, a while, [1763]; lytle hwîle, brief space, [2031], [2098]; ænige hwîle, any while, [2549]; lässan hwîle, a lesser while, [2572]; dat. sg. ær däges hwîle, before daybreak, [2321]; dat. pl. nihtes hwîlum, sometimes at night, [3045]. Adv., sometimes, often: hwîlum, [175], [496], [917], [1729], [1829], [2017], [2112], etc.; hwîlum ... hwîlum, [2108-9-10].—Comp.: däg-, gescäp-, orleg-, sige-hwîl.
[hwît], adj., brilliant, flashing: nom. sg. se hwîta helm, [1449].
[hworfan]. See [hweorfan].
[hwôpan], st. v., to cry, cry out mourn: pret. sg. hweóp, [2269].
[hwylc], pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nât hwylc, [274]; fem, hwylc orleghwîl, [2003]; nom. pl. hwylce Sægeáta sîðas wæron, [1987].—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, [1105]; fem, efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), [944]; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), [2434]; dat. sg. efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, [3058].—Comp.: æg-, nât-, wel-hwylc.
ge-[hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc], w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, [986], [1167], [1674]; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, [937], [2251], [2517]; gehwelcne, [148]; fem, gehwylce, [1706]; neut. gehwylc, [2609]; instr. sg. dôgra gehwylce, [1091]; so, [2058], [2451]; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, [412], [769], [785], etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, [806]; neut. cynna gehwylcum, [98]; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, [733], [1397], [2095].
[hwyrft], st. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrîðað (wander to and fro), [163].—Comp. ed-hwyrft.
[hycgan], w. v., to think, resolve upon: pret. sg. ic þät hogode þät ... (my intention was that ...), [633].—Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swîð-, þanc-, wîs-hycgend.
[for-hycgan], to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þät þonne for-hicge þät ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., [435].
ge-[hycgan], to think, determine upon: pret. sg. þâ þu ... feorr gehogodest säcce sêcean, [1989].
[ofer-hycgan], to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þâ hringa fengel þät he þone wîdflogan weorode gesôhte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), [2346].
[hydig] (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. ân-, bealo-, grom-, nîð-, þrîst-hydig.
ge-[hygd], st. n., thought, sentiment: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, [2046].—Comp.: breóst-, môd-gehygd, won-hyd.
[hyge, hige], st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, [756]; hige, [594]; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, [267]; gen. sg. higes, [2046]; dat. pl. higum, [3149].
[hyge-bend], st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fäst, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, [1879].
[hyge-geômor], adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-giômor, [2409].
[hyge-mêðe], adj.: 1) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., [2443].—2) life-weary, dead: dat. pl. hyge-mêðum (-mæðum, MS.), [2910].
[hyge-rôf], adj., brave, valiant, vigorous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerôf], [403]; acc. sg. hige-rôfne, [204].
[hyge-sorh], st. f., heart-sorrow: gen. pl. -sorga, [2329].
[hyge-þyhtig], adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Beówulf), [747]. See [þyhtig].
[hyge-þrym], st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, [339].
[hyht], st. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich): nom. sg., [179].
ge-[hyld] (see [healdan]), st. n., support, protection: nom. sg., [3057].—Leo.
[hyldan], w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep: pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, [689].
[hyldo], st. f., inclination, friendliness, grace: acc. sg. hyldo, [2068], [2294]; gen. sg. hyldo, [671], [2999].
[â-hyrdan], w. v., harden: pret. part. â-hyrded, [1461].
[hyrst], st. f., accoutrements, ornament, armor: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþeów's equipments and arms), [2989]; acc. pl. hyrsta, [3166]; instr. pl. hyrstum, [2763].
[hyrstan], w. v., to deck, adorn: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, [673]; helm [hyr]sted golde, [2256].
[hyrtan], w. v., to take heart, be emboldened: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (the drake took heart; see [2566], [2568], [2570]), [2594].
[hyse], st. m., youth, young man: nom. sg. as voc., [1218].
[hýdan], w. v., to hide, conceal, protect, preserve: pres. subj. hýde [hine, himself] se þe wylle, [2767]; inf. w. acc. nô þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, [446]; ær he in wille hafelan [hýdan] (ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head), [1373].
ge-[hýdan], w. acc., to conceal, preserve: pret. sg. gehýdde, [2236], [3060].
[hýð], st. f., haven: dat. sg. ät hýðe, [32].
[hýð-weard], st. m., haven-warden: nom. sg., [1915].
[hýnan] (see [heán]), w. v. w. acc., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. hýnde, [2320].
[hýnðu], st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: acc. sg. hýnðu, [277]; gen. sg. hwät ... hýnðo, [475]; fela ... hýnðo, [594]; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, [166].
[hýran], w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hýrde ic, [38], [582], [1347], [1843], [2024]; III. sg. þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde, [876]; I. pl. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, [273]. b) w. acc.: nænigne ic ... sêlran hýrde hordmâððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), [1198]. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hýrde ic þät ..., [62], [2164], [2173].—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. ôð þät him æghwylc þâra ymbsittendra hýran scolde, [10]; hýran heaðo-siócum, [2755]; Pret. pl. þät him winemâgas georne hýrdon, [66].
ge-hýran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mînne gehýrað ânfealdne geþôht, [255]; III. sg. pret. gehýrde on Beówulfe fästrædne geþôht, [610]. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehýrdon, [786]. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þät gehýre þät ..., [290].
[ic], pers. pron. I: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. mîn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. ûsic, ûs, dat. ûs, gen. ûser. ic omitted before the verb, [470].
[icge], gold (perhaps related to Sanskrit îç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. êht, wealth, opes), treasure?, sword (edge)?, [1108].—Körner.
[ides], st. f., woman, lady, queen: nom. sg., [621], [1076], [1118], [1169]; dat. sg. idese, [1650], [1942]. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., [1260]; gen. sg. idese, [1352].
[a]in]: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, [13], [2460]; in þäm gûðsele, [443]; in beórsele, [2636]; so, [89], [482], [589], [696], [729], [2140], [2233], etc.; in mægða gehwære, [25]; in þýstrum, [87]; in Caines cynne, [107]; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), [324]; so, [395]; in campe (in battle), [2506]; hiora in ânum (in one of them), [2600]. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, [19]. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, [1030]; in gumstôle, [1953]; in þam wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), [2787]; in bælstede, [3098]. Temporal: in geâr-dagum, [1].—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, [60]; in fýres fäðm, [185]; so, [1211]; in Hrefnesholt, [2936]. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þâ tîde (in watide, MS.), [2228].
II. adv., in (here or there), [386], [1038], [1372], [1503], [1645], [2153], [2191], [2228]; inn, [3091].
[incge], adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lâfe (with the costly sword ? or with mighty sword?), [2578].—[Edge: incge lâfe, edge of the sword.—K. Körner?]
[in-frôd], adj., very aged: nom. sg., [2450]; dat. sg. in-frôdum, [1875].
[in-gang], st. m., entrance, access to: acc. sg., [1550].
[in-genga], w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, [1777].
[in-gesteald], st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., [1156].
[inn], st. n., apartment, house: nom. sg. in, [1301].
[innan], adv., within, inside, [775], [1018], [2413], [2720]; on innan (in the interior), within, [1741], [2716]; þær on innan (in there), [71]; burgum on innan (within his city), [1969]. Also, therein: þær on innan, [2090], [2215], [2245].
[innan-weard], adv., inwards, inside, within, [992], [1977]; inne-weard, [999].
[inne], adv.: 1) inside, within, [643], [1282], [1571], [2114], [3060]; word inne âbeád (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), [390]; in it (i.e. the battle), [1142]; þær inne (therein), [118], [1618], [2116], [2227], [3088].—2) = insuper, still further, besides, [1867].
[inwit], st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in
[inwit-feng], st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., [1448].
[inwit-gäst], st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., [2671].
[inwit-hrôf], st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrôf, [3124].
[inwit-net], st. n., mischief-net, cunning snare: acc. sg., [2168].
[inwit-nîð], st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pl. inwit-nîðas (hostility through secret attack), [1859]; gen. pl. inwit-nîða, [1948].
[inwit-scear], st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, [2479].
[inwit-searo], st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, [1102]. See [searo].
[inwit-sorh], st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., [1737]; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, [832].
[inwit-þanc], adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), [749].
[irnan] (for rinnan), st. v., to run: so be-irnan, to run up to, occur: pret. sg him on môd be-arn (came into his mind), [67].
on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sôna onarn, [722].
[irre-môd], adj. See [yrre-môd].
[îdel], adj., empty, bare; deprived of: nom. sg., [145], [413]; w. gen. lond-rihtes þære mægburge îdel (deprived of his land-possessions among the people [of the Geátas]), [2889].
[îdel-hende], adj., empty-handed, [2082].
[îren], st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. dryhtlîc îren (the doughty, lordly sword), [893]; îren ær-gôd, [990]; acc. sg. leóflîc îren, [1810]; gen. pl. îrena cyst (choicest of swords), [674]; îrenna cyst, [803]; îrenna ecge (edges of swords), [2684].
[a]îren], adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg wäs îren, [1460].
[îren-bend], st. f., iron band, bond, rivet: instr. pl. îren-bendum fäst (bold), [775], [999].
[îren-byrne], w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. îren-byrnan, [2987]. See [îsern-byrne].
[îren-heard], adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., [1113].
[îrenne], adj., of iron: in comp. eall-îrenne.
[îren-þreát], st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., [330].
[îs], st. n., ice: dat. sg. îse, [1609].
[îsern-byrne], w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. îsern-byrnan, [672]. See [îren-byrne].
[îsern-scûr], st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre, [3117].
[îs-gebind], st. n., fetters of ice: instr. sg. îs-gebinde, [1134].
[îsig], adj., shining, brilliant (like brass): nom. sg. îsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), [33].—Leo.
[ió-meówle]. See [geó-meówle].
[laðu], st. f., invitation.—Comp.: freónd-, neód-laðu.
ge-[lafian], w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede, [2723].
[lagu], st. m., lake, sea: nom. sg., [1631].
[lagu-cräftig], adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cräftig mon (pilot), [209].
[lagu-stræt], st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-stræte, [239].
[lagu-streám], st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-streámas, [297].
[land], st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, [2198]; acc. sg. land, [221], [2063]; lond, [2472], [2493]; land Dena, [242], [253]; lond Brondinga, [521]; Finna land, [580]; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), [2311], [2837]; at near, land, shore, [1914]; tô lande (to the land, ashore), [1624]; gen. sg. landes, [2996]; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), [311].—Comp.: el-, eá-land.
[land-bûend], part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-bûend, [1346]; dat. pl. land-bûendum, [95].
[land-fruma], w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., [31].
[land-gemyrcu], st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., [209].
[land-geweorc], st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. leóda land-geweorc, [939]. See [weorc, geweorc].
[land-riht], st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes îdel, [2887].
[land-waru], st. f., inhabitants, population: acc. pl. land-wara, [2322].
[land-weard], st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., [1891].
[lang, long], adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tô lang, [2094]; näs þâ long (lang) tô þon (not long after), [2592], [2846]; acc. sg. lange hwîle (for a long time), [16], [2160], [2781]; longe (lange) þrage, [54], [114], [1258]; lange tîd, [1916]. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, [134].—2) local, nom. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang, [3044].—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.
lange, longe, adv., long: lange, [31], [1995], [2131], [2345], [2424]; longe, [1062], [2752], [3109]; tô lange (too long, excessively long), [906], [1337], [1749]. Compar. leng, [451], [1855], [2802], [3065]; nô þý leng (none the longer), [975]. Superl. lengest (longest), [2009], [2239].
ge-[lang], adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared: nû is ræd gelang eft ät þe ânum (now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone), [1377]; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), [2151]. See [ge-lenge].
[lang-ge-streón], st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestreóna, [2241].—Leo.
[langian], w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long, yearn: pres. sg. III. him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað beorn (the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), [1880].
[lang-sum], adj., long-lasting, continuing: nom. sg. longsum, [134], [192], [1723]; acc. sg. long-sumne, [1537].
[lang-twidig], adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., [1709].
[lata], w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.
[lâ], interj., yes! indeed! [1701], [2865].
[lâc], st. n.: 1) measured movement, play: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lâc.—2) gift, offering: acc. pl. lâc, [1864]; lâðlîcu lâc (loathly offering, prey), [1585]; dat. pl. lâcum, [43], [1869].—Comp. sæ-lâc.
ge-lâc, st. n., sport, play: acc. pl. sweorda gelâc (battle), [1041]; dat. pl. ät ecga gelâcum, [1169].
[lâcan], st. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc.: inf. dareðum lâcan (fight), [2849]; part. pres. äfter lyfte lâcende (flying through the air), [2833].
for-lâcan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. he wearð on feónda geweald forð forlâcen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), [904].
[lâd], st. f., street, way, journey: dat. sg. on lâde, [1988]; gen. sg. lâde, [569].—Comp.: brim-, sæ-lâd.
ge-lâd, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncûð gelâd, [1411].
[lâð], adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lâð, [816]; lâð lyft-floga, [2316]; lâð (enemy), [440]; ne leóf ne lâð, [511]; neut. lâð, [134], [192]; in weak form, se lâða (of the dragon), [2306]; acc. sg. lâðne (wyrm), [3041]; dat. sg. lâðum, [440], [1258]; gen. sg. lâðes (of the enemy), [842]; fela lâðes (much evil), [930]; so, [1062]; lâðan lîges, [83]; lâðan cynnes, [2009], [2355]; þäs lâðan (of the enemy), [132]; acc. pl. neut. lâð gewidru (hateful storms), [1376]; dat. instr. pl. wið lâðum, [550]; lâðum scuccum and scinnum, [939]; lâðum dædum (with evil deeds), [2468]; lâðan fingrum, [1506]; gen. pl. lâðra manna, spella, [2673], [3030]; lâðra (the enemy), [242]. Compar. nom. sg. lâðra ... beorn, [2433].
[lâð-bite], st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. lâð-bite lîces (the body's hostile bite = the wound), [1123].
[lâð-geteóna], w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., [975]; nom. pl. lâð-geteónan, [559].
[lâð-lîc], adj., loathly, hostile: acc. pl. lâð-lîcu, [1585].
[lâf], st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrêðlan lâf (Beówulf's corselet), [454]; nom. pl. fêla lâfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), [1033]; so, homera lâfe, [2830]; on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, heard and hringmæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), [2037]; acc. sg. sweorda lâfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), [2937].—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., [2629]; acc. sg. lâfe, [796], [1489], [1689], [2192], [2564]; instr. sg. incge lâfe, [2578].—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, weá-, yrfe-, ýð-lâf.
[lâr], st. f., lore, instruction, prescription: dat. sg. be fäder lâre, [1951]; gen. pl. lâra, [1221]; lârena, [269].—Comp. freónd-lâr.
[lâst], st. m., footstep, track: acc. sg. lâst, [132], [972], [2165]; on lâst (on the traces of, behind), [2946]; nom. pl. lâstas, [1403]; acc. pl. lâstas, [842].—Comp.: fêðe-, feorh-, fôt-, wräc-lâst.
[lâger-bed], st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, [1008].
[läs], adj., less, [1947]; þý läs (the less), [487]; conjunct, that not, lest, [1919].
[lässa], adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. lässa, [1283]; acc. sg. m. lässan, [43]; fem, lässan hwîle, [2572]; dat. sg. for lässan (for less, smaller), [952]. Superl. nom. sg. nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôt[a], [2355].
[lät], adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lät, [1530].
[lædan], w. v. w. acc.: to lead, guide, bring: inf. lædan, [239]; pret. pl. læddon, [1160].
for-1ædan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-læddan, [2440] (?).
ge-lædan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-læded, [37].
[læfan], w. v.: 1), to bequeathe, leave: imper. sg. þînum magum læf folc and rîce, [1179]; pret. sg. eaferum læfde ... lond and leódbyrig, [2471].—2) spare, leave behind: âht cwices læfan (to spare aught living), [2316].
[læn-dagas], st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. læn-dagas, [2592]; gen. pl. læn-daga, [2342].
[læne], adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction: nom. sg., [1755], [3179]; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, [3130]; þâs lænan gesceaft (this fleeting life), [1623]; gen. sg. lænan lîfes, [2846].
[læran], w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. þu þe lær be þon (learn this, take this to heart), [1723].
ge-læran, to teach, instruct, give instruction: inf. ic þäs Hrôðgâr mäg ... ræd gelæran (I can give H. good advice about this), [278]; so, [3080]; pret. pl. þâ me þät ge-lærdon leóde mîne (gave me the advice), [415].
[læstan], w. v.: 1) to follow, to sustain, serve: inf. þät him se lîc-homa læstan nolde (that his body would not sustain him), [813].—2) perform: imper. læst eall tela (do all well), [2664].
ge-læstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þät mec ær and oft gelæste, [2501].—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þät ... wilgesîðas, þonne wîg cume, leóde gelæstan (render war service), [24]; inf. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), [1707]; pret. sg. beót ... gelæste (fulfilled his boast), [524]; gelæste swâ (kept his word), [2991]; pres. part. häfde Eást-Denum ... gilp gelæsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), [830].
[lætan], st. v., to let, allow, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. læteð, [1729]; imper. pl. II. lætað, [397]; sg. II. læt, [1489]; pret. sg. lêt, [2390], [2551], [2978], [3151](?); pret. pl. lêton, [48], [865], [3133]; subj. pret. sg. II. lête, [1997]; sg. III. lête, [3083].
â-lætan: 1) to let, allow: subj. pres. sg. II. þät þu ne âlæte ... dôm ge-dreósan, [2666].—2) to leave, lay aside: inf. âlætan læn-dagas (die) [2592]; so, âlætan lîf and leódscipe, [2751].
for-lætan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lêt, [971]; pret. pl. for-lêton, [3168]. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hleó ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlætan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), [793].—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þam wong-stede ... þær he hine ær forlêt (where he had previously left him), [2788].
of-lætan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf þu ær þonne he worold oflætest (leavest the world, diest), [1184]; so pret. sg. oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft, [1623].
on-lætan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fäder on-læteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), [1610].
â-[lecgan], w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-deór hond â-legde ... under geápne hrôf, [835]; þät he on Beówulfes bearm â-legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), [2195]; pret. pl. â-ledon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, [34]; â-legdon þâ tô middes mærne þeóden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), [3142].—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh â-legde (laid down his life, died), [852]; nu se here-wîsa hleahtor â-legde, gamen and gleó-dreám (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), [3021].
[leger], st. n., couch, bed, lair: dat. sg. on legere, [3044].
[lemian], w. v., to lame, hinder, oppress: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tô lange, [906]. MS.
[lenge], adj., extending along or to, near (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen (nor was it yet long), [83].
ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... lîce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), [2733].
[let], st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).
[lettan], w. v., to hinder: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þät syððan nâ ... brim-lîðende lâde ne letton (might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), [569].
â-[lêdon]. See [â-lecgan].
[lêg], st. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna lêg (the lurid flame), [3116]; swôgende lêg, [3146]; dat. sg. for dracan lêge, [2550]. See [lîg].
[lêg-draca], w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon: nom. sg., [3041].
*[leahan, leán], st. v. w. acc. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhð, [1049]; pret. sg. lôg, [1812]; pret. pl. lôgon, [203], [863].
be-leán, to dissuade, prevent: inf. ne inc ænig mon ... beleán mihte sorhfullne sîð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), [511].
[leahtre]. See [or-leahtre].
[leáf], st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pl. leáfum, [97].
[leáfnes-word], st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., [245].
leán. See [leahan].
[leán], st. n., reward, compensation: acc. sg., [114], [952], [1221], [1585], [2392]; dat. sg. leáne, [1022]. Often in the pl.: acc. þâ leán, [2996]; dat. þam leánum, [2146]; gen. leána, [2991].—Comp.: and-, ende-leán.
[leân] (for læn, O.H.G. lêhan), st. n, loan, [1810].
[leánian], w. v., to reward, compensate: pres. sg. I. ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige (repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures), [1381]; pret. sg. me þone wäl-ræs wine Scyldinga fättan golde fela leánode (the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold), [2103].
[leás], adj., false: nom. pl. leáse, [253].
[a]leás], adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreáma leás, [851]; dat. sg. winigea leásum, [1665].—Comp.: dôm-, dreám-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlâford-, sâwol-, sige-, sorh-, tîr-, þeóden-, wine-, wyn-leás.
[leásig], adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-leásig(?).
[leoðo-cräft], st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cräftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), [2770].
[leoðo-syrce], w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), [1506]; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, [1891].
[leornian], w. v., to learn, devise, plan: pret. him þäs gûð-cyning ... wräce leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), [2337].
[leód], st. m., prince: nom. sg., [341], [348], [670], [830], [1433], [1493], [1613], [1654], etc.; acc. leód, [626].
[a]leód], st. f., people: gen. sg. leóde, [597], [600], [697]. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. leóde, [362], [415], [1214], [2126], etc.; gum-cynnes Geáta leóde (people of the race of the Geátas), [260]; acc. pl. leóde, [192], [443], [1337], [1346], etc.; dat. pl. leódum, [389], [521], [619], [698], [906], [1160], etc.; gen. pl. leóda, [205], [635], [794], [1674], [2034], etc.
[leód-bealo], st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., [1723]; gen. pl. leód-bealewa, [1947].
[leód-burh], st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city: acc. pl. -byrig, [2472].
[leód-cyning], st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., [54].
[leód-fruma], w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. leód-fruman, [2131].
[leód-gebyrgea], w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, [269].
[leód-hryre], st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. äfter leód-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frôda, cf. [2051], [2031]; gen. sg. þäs leód-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. [2389], [2392].
[leód-sceaða], w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þam leód-sceaðan, [2094].
[leód-scipe], st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., [2752]; dat. sg. on þam leód-scipe, [2198].
[leóð], st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., [1160].—Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gûð-, sorh-leóð.
[leóf], adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., [31], [54], [203], [511], [521], [1877], [2468]; weak form m., leófa, [1217], [1484], [1855], [2664]; acc. sg. m. leófne, [34], [297], [619], [1944], [2128], [3109], [3143]; gen. sg. leófes (m.), [1995], [2081], [2898]; (neut.), [1062], [2911]; dat. pl. leófum, [1074]; gen. pl. leófra, [1916]. Compar. nom. sg. neut. leófre, [2652]. Superl. nom. sg. m. leófost, [1297]; acc. sg. þone leófestan, [2824].
[leóflîc], dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. leóflîc lind-wîga, [2604]; acc. sg. neut. leóflîc îren, [1810].
[leógan], st. v., to lie, belie, deceive. subj. pres. näfne him his wlite leóge (unless his looks belie him), [250]; pret. sg. he ne leág fela wyrda ne worda, [3030].
â-leógan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. he beót ne â-lêh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), [80].
ge-leógan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him seó wên geleáh (hope deceived him), [2324].
[leóht], st. n., light, brilliance: nom. sg., [569], [728], [1751] (?); acc. sg. sunnan leóht, [649]; godes leóht geceás (chose God's light, died), [2470]; dat. sg. tô leóhte, [95].—Comp.: æfen-, fýr-, morgen-leóht.
[a]leóht], adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. leóhtan sweorde, [2493].
[leóma], w. m.: 1) light, splendor: nom. sg., [311], [2770]; acc. sg. leóman, [1518]; sunnan and mônan leóman (light of sun and moon), [95].—2) (as beadu- and hilde-leóma), the glittering sword: nom. sg. lixte se leóma (the blade-gleam flashed), [1571].
[leósan], st. v., = amitti, in
be-leósan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (heó) wearð beloren leófum bearnum and brôðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), [1074].
for-leósan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þær he dôme for-leás, ellen-mærðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), [1471]; pret. sg. for pl. þâm þe ær his elne for-leás (to him who, before, had lost his valor), [2862]; part. pret. nealles ic þâm leánum for-loren häfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), [2146].
[libban], w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, [3169]; lyfað, [945]; leofað, [975], [1367], [2009]; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, [1225]; pres. part. lifigende, [816], [1954], [1974], [2063]; dat. sg. be þe lifigendum (in thy lifetime), [2666]; pret. sg. lifde, [57], [1258]; lyfde, [2145]; pret. pl. lifdon, [99]. See [unlifigende].
[licgan], st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. nu seó hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), [1344]; nu se wyrm ligeð, [2746], so [2904]; inf. licgan, [3130]; licgean, [967], [3083]; pret. sg. läg, [40], [552], [2078]; syððan Heardrêd läg (after Heardrêd had fallen), [2389]; pret. pl. lâgon, [3049]; lægon, [566].—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. næfre on ôre läg wîd-cûðes wîg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), [1042]; syððan wiðer-gyld läg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), [2052].
â-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield: inf. [2887]; pret. sg. þät his dôm â-läg (that its power failed it), [1529].
ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond geläg, [3147].
[lida], w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ýð-lida.
[lid-man], st. m., seafarer, sailor: gen. pl. lid-manna, [1624].
[lim], st. n., limb, branch: instr. pl. leomum, [97].
[limpan], st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hû lomp eów on lâde (how went it with you on the journey?), [1988].
â-limpan, to come about, offer itself: pret. sg. ôð þät sæl â-lamp (till the opportunity presented itself), [623]; pret. part, þâ him â-lumpen wäs wistfylle wên (since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), [734].
be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him sió sâr belamp, [2469].
ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þät..., [1754]; subj. pres. þisse ansýne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), [930]; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þät..., [76]; swâ him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), [1253]; þäs þe hire se willa gelamp þät ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), [627]; frôfor eft gelamp sârig-môdum, [2942]; subj. pret. gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe, [2638]; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, [825].
[lind], st. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., [2342]; acc. sg. geolwe linde, [2611]; acc. pl. linde, [2366].
[lind-gestealla], w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., [1974].
[lind-häbbend], pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -häbbende, [245]; gen. pl. häbbendra, [1403].
[lind-plega], w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, [1074], [2040].
[lind-wîga], w. m., shield-fighter, warrior: nom. sg., [2604].
[linnan], st. v., to depart, be deprived of: inf. aldre linnan (depart from life), [1479]; ealdres linnan, [2444].
[lis], st. f., favor, affection: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, [2151].
[list], st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cunning: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (cunningly), [782].
[lixan], w. v., to shine, flash: pret. sg. lixte, [311], [485], [1571].
[lîc], st. n.: 1) body, corpse: nom. sg., [967]; acc. sg. lîc, [2081]; þät lîc (the body, corpse), [2128]; dat. sg. lîce, [734], [1504], [2424], [2572], [2733], [2744]; gen. sg. lîces, [451], [1123].— 2) form, figure: in comp. eofor-, swîn-lîc.
ge-[lîc], adj., like, similar: nom. pl. m. ge-lîce, [2165]. Superl. ge-lîcost, [218], [728], [986], [1609].
[lîc-hama, -homa], w. m. (body-home, garment), body: nom. sg. lîc-homa, [813], [1008], [1755]; acc. sg. lîc-haman, [2652]; dat. sg. lîc-haman, [3179].
[lîcian], w. v., to please, like (impers.): pres. sg. III. me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel, [1855]; pret. pl. þam wîfe þâ word wel lîcodon, [640].
[lîcnes]. See [on-lîcnes].
[lîc-sâr], st. n., bodily pain: acc. sg. lîc-sâr, [816].
[lîc-syrce], w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body: nom. sg., [550].
[1îðan], st. v., to move, go: pres. part. nom. pl. þâ lîðende (navigantes, sailors), [221]; þâ wäs sund liden (the water was then traversed), [223].—Comp.: heáðu-, mere-, wæg-lîðend.
[lîðe] (O.H.G. lindi), adj., gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lâra lîðe, [1221]. Superl. nom. sg. lîðost, [3184].
[lið-wæge], st. n., can in which lîð (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained: acc. sg., [1983].
[lîf], st. n., life: acc. sg. lîf, [97], [734], [1537], [2424], [2744], [2752]; dat. sg. lîfe, [2572]; tô lîfe (in one's life, ever) [2433]; gen. sg. lîfes, [197], [791], [807], [2824], [2846]; worolde lîfes (of the earthly life), [1388], [2344].—Comp. edwît-lîf.
[lîf-bysig], adj. (striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death: nom. sg., [967].
[lîf-dagas], st. m. pl., lifetime: acc.-dagas, [794], [1623].
[lîf-freá], w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., [16].
[lîf-gedâl], st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., [842].
[lîf-gesceaft], st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, [1954], [3065].
[lîf-wraðu], st. f., protection for one's life, safety: acc. sg. lîf-wraðe, [2878]; dat. sg. tô lîf-wraðe, [972].
[lîf-wyn], st. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life): gen. pl. lîf-wynna, [2098].
[lîg], st. m. n., flame, fire: nom. sg., [1123]; dat. instr. sg. lîge, [728], [2306], [2322], [2342]; gen. sg. lîges, [83], [782]. See [lêg].
[lîg-draca], w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon; nom. pl., [2334]. See [lêg-draca].
[lîg-egesa], w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror: acc. sg., [2781].
[lîge-torn], st. m., false, pretended insult or injury, fierce anger(?): dat. sg. äfter lîge-torne (on account of a pretended insult? or fierce anger? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), [1944].
[lîg-ýð], st. m., wave of fire: instr. pl. lîg-ýðum, [2673].
[león], st. v., to lend: pret. sg. þät him on þearfe lâh þyle Hrôðgâres (which H.'s spokesman lent him in need), [1457].
on-leóon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þâ he þäs wæpnes on-lâh sêlran sweord-frecan, [1468].
[loca], w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bân-, burh-loca.
[locen]. See lûcan.
[lond, long]. See [land, lang].
[lof], st. m. n., praise, repute: acc. sg. lof, [1537].
[lof-dæd], st. f., deed of praise: instr. pl. lof-dædum, [24].
[lof-georn], adj., eager for praise, ambitious: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, [3184].
[loga], w. m., liar; in comp. treów-loga.
[losian], w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losað, [1393], [2063]; pret. sg. he on weg losade (fled away), [2097].
[lôcian], w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (booty of the sea that thou lookest on), [1655].
ge-[lôme], adv., often, frequently, [559].
[lufe], w. f., love: in comp. heáh-, môd-, wîf-lufe.
[lufa] (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nourishment), w. m., food, subsistence; property, real estate: acc. sg. on lufan (on possessions), [1729].—Comp. eard-lufa.
[lufen], st. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?): nom. sg. lufen (parallel with êðel-wyn), [2887].
[luf-tâcen], st. n., love-token: acc. pl. luf-tâcen, [1864].
[lufian], w. v., to love, serve affectionately: pret. sg. III. lufode þâ leóde (was on affectionate terms with the people), [1983].
[lungre], adv.: 1) hastily, quickly, forthwith, [930], [1631], [2311], [2744].—2) quite, very, fully: feówer mearas lungre gelîce (four horses quite alike), [2165].
[lust], st. m., pleasure, joy: dat. pl. adv. lustum (joyfully), [1654]; so, on lust, [619], cf. [600].
[lûcan], st. v., to twist, wind, lock, interweave: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), [1506], [1891]; gen. pl. locenra beága (rings wrought of gold wire), [2996].
be-lûcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter ýðe be-leác îs-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), [1133].— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wîge beleác manegum mægða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), [1771]. Cf. me wîge belûc wrâðum feóndum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.
ge-lûcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, [2770].
on-lûcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-leác (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), [259].
tô-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., [782].
[lyft], st. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., [1376]; dat. sg. äfter lyfte (along, through, the air), [2833].
[lyft-floga], w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), [2316].
[lyft-geswenced], pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, [1914].
[lyft-wyn], st. f., enjoyment of the air: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, [3044].
[lystan], w. v., to lust after, long for: pret. sg. Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(the Geát [Beówulf] longed sorely to rest), [1794].
[lyt], adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan (few escaped homeward), [2366]; lyt ænig (none at all), [3130]; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, [1928]; lyt ... heáfod-mâga, [2151]; wergendra tô lyt (too few defenders), [2883]; lyt swîgode nîwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), [2898]; dat. sg. lyt manna (too few of men), [2837].
[lytel], adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. tô lytel, [1749]; acc. sg. f. lytle hwîle (a little while), [2031], [2098]; lif-wraðe lytle (little protection for his life), [2878].—Comp. un-lytel.
[lyt-hwôn], adv., little = not at all: lyt-hwôn lôgon, [204].
[lýfe], st. n., leave, permission, (life?): instr. sg. þîne lýfe (life, MS.), [2132].—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.
[lýfan], w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in
â-lýfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. næfre ic ænegum men ær âlýfde ... þryð-ärn Dena (never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), [656]; pret. part. (þâ me wäs) sîð ... âlýfed inn under eorð-weall (the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), [3090].
ge-[lýfan], w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þær gelýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Beówulf and Grendel), [440].—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geóce gelýfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), [609]; þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde fyrena frôfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), [628]; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), [910]; him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde (relied for himself on the help of God), [1273].
â-[lýsan], w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. þâ wäs of þäm hrôran helm and byrne lungre â-lýsed (helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him), [1631].
[maðelian], w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk: pret. sg. maðelode, [286], [348], [360], [371], [405], [456], [499], etc.; maðelade, [2426].
[maga], w. m., son, male descendant, young man: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), [189], [1475], [2144]; maga Ecgþeówes (Beówulf), [2588]: maga (Grendel), [979]; se maga geonga (Wîglâf), [2676]; Grendeles maga (a relative of Grendel), [2007]; acc. sg. þone magan, [944].
[magan], v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mäg, [277], [478], [931], [943], [1485], [1734], etc.; II. meaht þu, [2048]; subj. pres. mæge, [2531], [2750]; þeáh ic eal mæge (even though I could), [681]; subj. pl. we mægen, [2655]; pret. sg. meahte, [542], [755], [1131], [1660], [2465], etc.; mihte, [190], [207], [462], [511], [571], [657], [1509], [2092], [2610]; mehte, [1083], [1497], [1516], [1878]; pl. meahton, [649], [942], [1455], [1912], [2374], [3080]; mihton, [308], [313], [2684], [3164]; subj. pret. sg. meahte, [243], [763], [2521]; pres. sg. mäg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), [1366], [1701], [1838], [2865].
[mago] (Goth. magu-s), st. m., male, son: nom. sg. mago Ecglâfes (Hunferð), [1466]; mago Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), [1868], [2012].
[mago-dryht], st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, [67].
[mago-rinc], st. m., hero, man (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, heáp, [731].
[magu-þegn, mago-þegn], st. m., vassal, war-thane: nom. sg. [408], [2758]; dat. sg. magu-þegne, [2080]; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, [293]; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, [1481]; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sêlestan (the best of vassals), [1406].
[man, mon], st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, [25], [503], [534], [1049], [1354], [1399], [1535], [1877], etc.; mon, [209], [510], [1561], [1646], [2282], etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, [297], [577], [1944], [2128], [2775]; wîd-cûðne man, [1490]; dat. sg. men, [656], [753], [1880]; menn, [2190]; gen. sg. mannes, [1195] (?), [2081], [2534], [2542]; monnes, [1730]; nom. pl. men, [50], [162], [233], [1635], [3167]; acc. pl. men, [69], [337], [1583], [1718]; dat. pl. mannum, [3183]; gen. pl. manna, [155], [201], [380], [702], [713], [736], etc.; monna, [1414], [2888].—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, [1173], [1176]; mon, [2356], [3177].—Comp.: fyrn-, gleó-, gum-, iú-, lid-, sæ-, wæpned-man.
[man-cyn], st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, [110]; gen. sg. man-cynnes, [164], [2182]; mon-cynnes, [196], [1956].
[man-dreám], st. m., human joy, mundi voluptas: acc. sg. man-dreám, [1265]; dat. pl. mon-dreámum, [1716].
[man-dryhten], st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king: nom. sg. man-dryhten, [1979], [2648]; mon-drihten, [436]; mon-dryhten, [2866]; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, [2605]; dat. sg. man-drihtne, [1230]; man-dryhtne, [1250], [2282]; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, [2850]; mon-dryhtnes, [3150].
ge-[mang], st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of the fourteen Geátas that returned from the sea]), [1644].
[manian], w. v., to warn, admonish: pres. sg. III. manað swâ and myndgað ... sârum wordum (so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words), [2058].
[manig, monig], adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, [399]; geong manig (many a young man), [855]; monig snellîc sæ-rinc, [690]; medu-benc monig, [777]; so [839], [909], [919], [1511], [2763], [3023], etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, [1016]; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, [1342], [1420]; dat. sg. f. manigre mægðe, [75]; acc. pl. manige men, [337]; dat. pl. manegum mâðmum, [2104]; monegum mægðum, [5]; gen. pl. manigra mêda, [1179].—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, [1861]; monig, [858]; dat. sg. manegum, [349], [1888]; nom. pl. manige, [1024]; monige, [2983]; acc. pl. monige, [1599]; gen. pl. manigra, [2092].—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mægða, [1772]; monegum fira, [2002]; häleða monegum bold-âgendra, [3112]; acc. pl. rinca manige, [729]; (mâðm)-æhta monige, [1614].
[manig-oft], adv., very often, frequently, [171] [if manig and oft are to be connected].
[man-lîce], adv., man-like, manly, [1047].
[man-þwære], adj., kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-þwærust, [3183].
[mâ], contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., [504], [736], [1056].
[mâðum, mâððum], st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. mâððum, [169], [1053], [2056], [3017]; dat. instr. sg. mâðme, [1529], [1903]; nom. pl. mâðmas, [1861]; acc. pl. mâdmas, [385], [472], [1028], [1483], [1757], [1868], etc.; dat. instr. pl. mâðmum, mâdmum, [1049], [1899], [2104], [2789]; gen. pl. mâðma, [1785], [2144], [2167], etc.; mâdma, [36], [41].—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-mâðum.
[mâðm-æht], st. f., treasure in jewels, costly objects: gen. pl. mâðm-æhta, [1614], [2834].
[mâððum-fät], st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., [2406].
[mâðm-gestreón], st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. mâðm-gestreóna, [1932].
[mâðum-gifu], st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. äfter mâððum-gife, [1302].
[mâðum-sigl], st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. mâððum-sigla, [2758].
[mâðum-sweord], st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., [1024].
[mâðum-wela], w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. äfter-mâððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), [2751].
[mâge], w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles mâgan (mother), [1392].
[mân], st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. mâne, [110], [979]; adv., criminally, [1056].
[mân-for-dædla], w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mân-for-dædlan, [563].
[mân-scaða], w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus: nom. sg. [713], [738], [1340]; mân-sceaða, [2515].
[mâra] (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mâra, [1354], [2556]; neut. mâre, [1561]; acc. sg. m. mâran, [2017]; mund-gripe mâran (a mightier hand-grip), [754]; with following gen. pl. mâran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), [247]; fem. mâran, [533], [1012]; neut. mâre, [518]; with gen. pl. morð-beala mâre (more, greater, deeds of murder), [136]; gen. sg. f. mâran, [1824].
mæst (superl. of micel, mâra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mæst, [78], [193]; fem. mæst, [2329]; acc. sg. fem. fæhðe mæste, [459]; mæste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), [1080]; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mæst mærða, [2646]; hond-wundra mæst, [2769]; bæl-fýra mæst, [3144]; instr. sg. m. mæste cräfte, [2182].
[mägð], st. f., wife, maid, woman: nom. sg., [3017]; gen. pl. mägða hôse (accompanied by her maids of honor), [925]; mägða, [944], [1284].
[mägen], st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mägen, [518], [1707]; instr. sg. mägene, 780(?), [2668]; gen. sg. mägenes, [418], [1271], [1535], [1717], etc.; mägnes, [671], [1762]; mägenes strang, strengest (great in strength), [1845], [196]; mägenes rôf (id.), [2085].—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. swâ he oft (i.e. etan) dyde mägen Hrêðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), [445]; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), [155].—Comp. ofer-mägen.
[mägen-âgend], pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -âgendra, [2838].
[mägen-byrðen], st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mägen-byrðenne, [3092]; dat. (instr.) sg., [1626].
[mägen-cräft], st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., [380].
[mägen-ellen], st. n. (the same), acc. sg., [660].
[mägen-fultum], st. m., material aid: gen. pl. näs þät þonne mætost mägen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), [1456].
[mägen-ræs], st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: acc. sg., [1520].
[mägen-strengo], st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., [2679].
[mägen-wudu], st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., [236].
[mäst], st. m., mast: nom. sg., [1899]; dat. sg. be mäste (beside the mast), [36]; to the mast, [1906].
[mæðum]. See [mâðum, hyge-mæðum].
[mæg], st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mæg, [408], [738], [759], [814], [915], [1531], [1945], etc; (brother), [468], [2605]? acc. sg. mæg (son), [1340]; (brother), [2440], [2485], [2983]; dat. sg. mæge, [1979]; gen. sg. mæges, [2629], [2676], [2699], [2880]; nom. pl. mâgas, [1016]; acc. pl. mâgas, [2816]; dat. pl. mâgum, [1179], [2615], [3066]; (to brothers), [1168]; mægum, [2354]; gen. pl. mâga, [247], [1080], [1854], [2007], [2743].—Comp.: fäderen-, heáfod-, wine-mæg.
[mæg-burh], st. f., borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þære mæg-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Geátas), [2888].
[mægð], st. f., race, people: acc. sg. mægðe, [1012]; dat. sg. mægðe, [75]; dat. pl. mægðum, [5]; gen. pl. mægða, [25], [1772].
[mæg-wine], st. m., blood kinsman, friend, [2480] (nom. pl.).
[mæl], st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. [316]; þâ wäs sæl and mæl (there was [appropriate] chance and time), [1009]; acc. sg. mæl, [2634]; instr. pl. ærran mælum, [908], [2238], [3036]; gen. pl. mæla, [1250]; sæla and mæla, [1612]; mæla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), [2058].—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mæl (the drawn sword), [1617], [1668] (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: græg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mæl.
[mæl-cearu], st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: acc. sg. mæl-ceare, [189].
[mæl-gesceaft], st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bâd mæl-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), [2738].
[mænan], w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) to remember, mention, proclaim: inf. mænan, [1068]; pret. part. þær wäs Beówulfes mærðo mæned, [858].—2) to mention sorrowfully, mourn: inf. [3173]; pret. sg. giohðo mænde (mourned sorrowfully), [2268]; pret. pl. mændon, [1150], [3150].
ge-[mænan] (see [mân]), w. v. with acc., to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pl. ge-mænden, [1102].
ge-[mæne], adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemæne, [2474]; þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne (i.e. in battle), [2138]; sceal ûrum þät sweord and helm bâm gemæne (i.e. wesan), [2661]; nom. pl. gemæne, [1861]; dat. pl. þät þâm folcum sceal ... sib gemænum (attraction for gemæne, i.e. wesan), [1858]; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mâðma gemænra (we two shall share many treasures together), [1785].
[mærðu], st. f.: 1) glory, a heroes fame: nom. sg. [858]; acc. sg. mærðo, [660], [688]; acc. pl. mærða, [2997]; instr. pl. mærðum (gloriously), [2515]: gen. pl. mærða, [504], [1531].—2) deed of glory, heroism: acc. sg. mærðo, [2135]; gen. pl. mærða, [408], [2646].—Comp. ellen-mærðu.
[mære], adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mære, [103], [129], [1716], [1762]; se mæra, [763], [2012], [2588]; also as vocative m. se mæra, [1475]; nom. fem. mæru, [2017]; mære, [1953]; neut. mære, [2406]; acc. sg. m. mærne, [36], [201], [353], [1599], [2385], [2722], [2789], [3099]; neut. mære, [1024]; dat. sg. mærum, [345], [1302], [1993], [2080], [2573]; tô þäm mæran, [270]; gen. sg. mæres, [798]; mæran, [1730]; nom. pl. mære, [3071]; superl. mærost, [899],—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mære.
[mæte], adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. mætost, [1456].
[mecg, mäcg], st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wräc-mäcg.
[medla]. See [on-medla].
[medu], st. m., mead: acc. sg. medu, [2634]; dat. sg. tô medo, [605].
[medo-ärn], st. n., mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-ärn (Heorot), [69].
[medu-benc], st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall: nom. sg. medu-benc, [777]; dat. sg. medu-bence, [1053]; medo-bence, [1068], [2186]; meodu-bence, [1903].
[medu-dreám], st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. [2017].
[medo-ful], st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. [625], [1016].
[medo-heal], st. f., mead-hall: nom. sg., [484]; dat. sg. meodu-healle, [639].
[medu-scenc], st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, [1981].
[medu-seld], st. n., mead-seat, mead-house: acc. sg., [3066].
[medo-setl], st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pl. meodo-setla, [5].
[medo-stîg], st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-stîg, [925].
[medo-wang], st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, [1644].
[meðel], st. n., assembly, council: dat. sg. on meðle, [1877].
[meðel-stede], st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also [425], the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þäm meðel-stede, [1083].
[meðel-word], st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, [236].
[melda], w. m., finder, informer, betrayer: gen. sg. þäs meldan, [2406].
[meltan], st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away: inf., [3012]; pret. sg. mealt, [2327]; pl. multon, [1121].
ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, [898], [1609], [1616]; ne gemealt him se môd-sefa (his courage did not desert him), [2629].
[mene], st. m., neck ornament, necklace, collar: acc. sg., [1200].
[mengan], w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. acc. of thing: inf. se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, [1450].
ge-mengan, to mix with, commingle: pret. part. [849], [1594].
[menigu], st. f., multitude, many: nom. and acc. sg. mâðma menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents), [2144]; so, mänigo, [41].
[mercels], st. m., mark, aim: gen. sg. mercelses, [2440].
[mere], st. m., sea, ocean: nom. sg. se mere, [1363]; acc. sg. on mere, [1131], [1604]; on nicera mere, [846]; dat. sg. fram mere, [856].
[mere-deór], st. n., sea-beast: acc. sg., [558].
[mere-fara], w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, [502].
[mere-fix], st. m., sea-fish: gen. pl. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. [540], [549].
[mere-grund], st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., [2101]; acc. pl. mere-grundas, [1450].
[mere-hrägl], st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrägla sum, [1906].
[mere-lîðend], pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-lîðende, [255].
[mere-stræt], st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-stræta [514].
[mere-strengo], st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., [533].
[mere-wîf], st. n., sea-woman, mer-woman: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), [1520].
[met], st. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsæl meoto, [489] (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).
ge-[met], st. n., an apportioned share; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis þät ... gemet mannes nefne mîn ânes (nobody, myself excepted, can do that), [2534]; acc. sg. ofer mîn gemet (beyond my power), [2880]; dat. sg. mid gemete, [780].
ge-[a]met], adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. swâ him gemet þince (þûhte), (as seemed meet to him), [688], [3058]. See [un-gemete], adv.
[metan], st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pl. fealwe stræte mearum mæton (measured the yellow road with their horses), [918]; so, [514], [1634].
ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stîg gemät.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), [925].
[metod], st. m. (the measuring, arranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., [110], [707], [968], [1058], [2528]; scîr metod, [980]; sôð metod, [1612]; acc. sg. metod, [180]; dat. sg. metode, [169], [1779]; gen. sg. metodes, [671].—Comp. eald-metod.
[metod-sceaft], st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, [1078].—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seón (i.e. die), [1181]; dat. sg. tô metod-sceafte, [2816].
[mêce], st. m., sword: nom. sg., [1939]; acc. sg. mêce, [2048]; brâdne mêce, [2979]; gen. sg. mêces, [1766], [1813], [2615], [2940]; dat. pl. instr. mêcum, [565]; gen. pl. mêca, [2686].—Comp.: beado-, häft-, hilde-mêce.
[mêd], st. f., meed, reward: acc. sg. mêde, [2135]; dat. sg. mêde, [2147]; gen. pl. mêda, [1179].
ge-[mêde], st. n., approval, permission (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mêdu, [247].
[mêðe], adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, sæ-mêðe.
[mêtan], w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with acc., pret. pl. syððan Äscheres ... hafelan mêtton, [1422]; subj. pret. sg. þät he ne mêtte ... on elran man mundgripe mâran (that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), [752].
ge-[mêtan], with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemêtte, [758], [2786]; pl. näs þâ long tô þon, þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton (it was not long after that the warriors again met each other), [2593].
ge-[mêting], st. f., meeting, hostile coming together: nom. sg., [2002].
[meagol], adj., mighty, immense; formal, solemn: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, [1981].
[mearc], st. f., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. tô mearce (the end of life), [2385].—Comp. Weder-mearc, [298].
ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. fôt-, mîl-ge-mearc.
[mearcian], w. v., to mark, stain: pres. ind. sg. mearcað môrhopu (will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), [450].
ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (murder-marked [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), [1265]; swâ wäs on þæm scennum ... gemearcod ... hwâm þät sweord geworht wære (engraved for whom the sword had been wrought), [1696].
[mearc-stapa], w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., [103]; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, [1349].
[mearh], st. m., horse, steed: nom. pl. mearas, [2164]; acc. pl. mearas, [866], [1036]; dat. pl. inst. mearum, [856], [918]; mearum and mâðmum, [1049], [1899]; gen. pl. meara and mâðma, [2167].
[meowle], w. f., maiden: comp. geó-meowle.
[micel], adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., [129], [502]; fem., [67], [146], [170]; neut., [772]; acc. sg. m. micelne, [3099]; fem, micle, [1779], [3092]; neut. micel, [270], [1168]. The comp. mâre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ärn micel ... (mâre) þone yldo beam æfre ge-frunon, [69]; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, [923]; micle (by much, much); micle leófre (far dearer), [2652]; efne swâ micle (lässa), ([less] even by so much), [1284]; oftor micle (much oftener), [1580]; dat. sg, weak form miclan, [2850]; gen. sg. miclan, [979]. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedôn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), [2186]; tô fela micles (far too much, many), [695]; acc. pl. micle, [1349]. Compar., see [mâra].
[mid], I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, [1129]; mid Hrôðgâre, [1593]; mid scip-herge, [243]; mid gesîðum (with his comrades), [1314]; so, [1318], [1964], [2950], etc.; mid his freó-drihtne, [2628]; mid þæm lâcum (with the gifts), [1869]; so, [2789], [125]; mid hæle (with good luck!), [1218]; mid bæle fôr (sped off amid fire), [2309]. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), [41]; with him, [1626]; ne wäs him Fitela mid (was not with him), [890]. b) with, among: mid Geátum (among the Geátas), [195], [2193], [2624]; mid Scyldingum, [274]; mid Eotenum, [903]; mid yldum (eldum), [77], [2612]; mid him (with, among, one another), [2949]. In temporal sense: mid ær-däge (at dawn), [126].—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid âr-stafum (through his grace), [317]; so, [2379]; mid grâpe (with the fist), [438]; so, [1462], [2721]; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), [475]; mid sweorde, [574]; so, [1660], [2877]; mid gemete (through, by, his power), [780]; so, [1220], [2536], [2918]; mid gôde (with benefits), [1185]; mid hearme (with harm, insult), [1893]; mid þære sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), [2469]; mid rihte (by rights), [2057]. With instr.: mid þý wîfe (through [marriage with] the woman), [2029].—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, [357]; so, [634], [663], [1673]; mid hine, [880]; mid mînne gold-gyfan, [2653].
II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, [1643]; at the same time, likewise, [1650].
[middan-geard], st. m., globe, earth: acc. sg., [75], [1772]; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, [2997]; gen. sg. middan-geardes, [504], [752].
[midde], w. f., middle = medius: dat. sg. on middan (through the middle, in two), [2706]; gen. sg. (adv.) tô-middes (in the midst), [3142].
[middel-niht], st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, [2783], [2834].
[miht], st. f., might, power, authority: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), [941]; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, [701].
[mihtig], adj.: 1) physically strong, powerful: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deór, [558]; mere-wîf mihtig, [1520].—2) possessing authority, mighty: nom. sg. mihtig god, [702], [1717], [1726]; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, [1399].—Comp.: äl-, fore-mihtig.
[milde], adj., kind, gracious, generous: nom. sg. môdes milde (kind-hearted), [1230]; instr. pl. mildum wordum (graciously), [1173]. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (a king most liberal to men), [3183].
[milts], st. f., kindness, benevolence: nom. sg., [2922].
[missan], w. v. with gen., to miss, err in: pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), [2440].
[missere], st. n., space of a semester, half a year: gen. pl. hund missera (fifty winters), [2734], [2210]; generally, a long period of time, season, [1499], [1770]; fela missera, [153], [2621].
[mist-hlið], st. n., misty cliff, cloud-capped slope: dat. pl. under mist-hleoðum, [711].
[mistig], adj., misty: acc. pl. mistige môras, [162].
[mîl-gemearc], st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. mîl-gemearces, [1363].
[mîn]: 1) poss. pron., my, mine, [255], [345], etc.; Hygelâc mîn (my lord, or king, H.), [2435].—2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, [2085], [2534], etc.
[molde], w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. gräs-molde.
[morð-bealu], st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, [136].
[morðor], st. n., deed of violence, murder: dat. instr. sg. morðre, [893], [1265], [2783]; gen. sg. morðres, [2056]; morðres scyldig (guilty of murder), [1684].
[morðor-bed], st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wäs þam yldestan ... morðor-bed strêd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), [2437].
[morðor-bealu], st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, [1080], [2743].
[morðor-hete], st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þäs morðor-hetes, [1106].
[morgen, morn, mergen], st. m., morning, forenoon; also morrow: nom. sg. morgen, [1785], [2125]; (morrow), [2104]; acc. sg. on morgen (in the morning), [838]; dat. sg. on morgne, [2485]; on mergenne, [565], [2940]; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (every morning), [2451].
[morgen-ceald], adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gâr morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), [3023].
[morgen-lang], adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne däg (the whole forenoon), [2895].
[morgen-leóht], st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., [605], [918].
[morgen-swêg], st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., [129].
[morgen-tîd], st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tîde, [484], [818](?)
[môd], st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., [50], [731]; wäfre môd (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), [1151]; acc. sg. on môd (into his mind), [67]; dat. instr. sg. môde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), [625]; on môde (in heart, mind), [754], [1845], [2282]? [2528]; on hreóum môde (fierce of spirit), [2582]; gen. sg. modes, [171], [811], [1707]; modes blîðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), [436]; so, môdes milde, [1230]; môdes seóce (depressed in mind), [1604].—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., [1058], [1168]. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., [549].—Comp. form adj.: galg-, geômor-, gläd-, gûð-, hreóh-, irre-, sârig-, stîð-, swîð-, wêrig-môd.
[môd-cearu], st. f., grief of heart: acc. sg. môd-ceare, [1993], [3150].
[môd-gehygd], st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. môd-gehygdum, 233
[môd-ge-þanc], st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. môd-ge-þonc, [1730].
[môd-giômor], adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., [2895].
[môdig], adj., courageous: nom. sg., [605], [1644], [1813], [2758]; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (had the courage for it), [1509]; se môdega, [814]; dat. sg. mid þam môdigan, [3012]; gen. sg. môdges, [502]; môdiges, [2699]; Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), [671]; nom. pl. môdge, [856]; môdige, [1877]; gen. pl. môdigra, [312], [1889].—Comp, fela-môdig.
[môdig-lîc], adj., of bold appearance: compar. acc. pl. môdiglîcran, [337].
[môd-lufe], w. f., hearts affection, love: gen. sg. þînre môd-lufan, [1824].
[môd-sefa], w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage: nom. sg., [349], [1854], [2629]; acc. sg. môd-sefan, [2013]; dat. sg. môd-sefan, [180].
[môd-þracu], st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his môd-þräce, [385].
[môdor], f., mother: nom. sg., [1259], [1277], [1283], [1684], [2119]; acc. sg. môdor, [1539], [2140], [2933].
[môna], w. m., moon: gen. sg. mônan, [94].
[môr], st. m., moor, morass, swamp: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, [1406]; dat. sg. of môre, [711]; acc. pl. môras, [103], [162], [1349].
[môr-hop], st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp: acc. pl. môr-hopu, [450].
ge-[môt], st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-môt.
[môtan], pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. môt, [186], [442], [604]; II. môst, [1672]; pl. môton, [347], [365], [395]; pres. subj. ic môte, [431]; III. se þe môte, [1388]; pret sg. môste, [168], [707], [736], [895], [1488], [1999], [2242], [2505], etc.; pl. môston, [1629], [1876], [2039], [2125], [2248]; pres. subj. sg. II. þät þu hine selfne geseón môste (mightest see), [962].—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. môt, [2887]; pret. sg. môste, [1940]; þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore wealdan môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf, hrêð ät hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. [2681], [2683] seqq.), [2575].
ge-[munan], pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), [265]; ic þe þäs leán geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), [1221]; ic þät eall gemon (I remember all that), [2428]; so, [1702], [2043]; gif he þät eall gemon hwät ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), [1186]; ic þät mæl gemon hwær... (I remember the time when...), [2634]; pret. sg. w. gemunde... æfen-spræce (recalled his evening speech), [759]; so, [871], [1130], [1260], [1271], [1291], [2115], [2432], [2607], [2679]; se þäs leód-hryres leán ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), [2392]; þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), [1142]; so, hond gemunde fæhðo genôge (his hand remembered strife enough), [2490]; ne ge-munde mago Ecglâfes þät ... (remembered not that which ...), [1466]; pret. pl. helle gemundon in môd-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), [179].
on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde ûsic mærða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), [2641].
[mund], st. f., hand: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, [236], [514], [1462], [3023], [3092].
[mund-bora], w. m., protector, guardian, preserver: nom. sg., [1481], [2780].
[mund-gripe], st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, [754]; dat. sg. mund-gripe, [380], [1535]; äfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), [1939].
[murnan], st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, [136]; so, [1538]; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), [1443].—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wäs ... murnende môd, [50]; pres. subj., þonne he fela murne (than that he should mourn much), [1386].
be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., to mourn over: pret. be-mearn, [908], [1078].
[murn-lîce]. See [un-murn-lîce].
[mûð-bana], w. m., mouth-destroyer: dat. sg. tô mûð-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), [2080].
[mûða], w. m., mouth, entrance: acc. sg. recedes mûðan (mouth of the house, door), [725].
ge-[mynd], st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. tô gemyndum, [2805], [3017]. See [weorð-mynd].
[myhdgian], w. v., to call to mind, remember: pres. sg. myndgað, [2058]; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Fresna hwylc ... þäs morðor-hetes myndgiend wære (were to call to mind the bloody feud), [1106].
ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sîð (is reminded of his son's decease), [2451].
ge-[myndig], adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., [614], [869], [1174], [1531], [2083], etc.
[myne], st. m.: 1) mind, wish: nom. sg., [2573].—2) love(?): ne his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), [169].
ge-[mynian], w. v. w. acc., to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mærðo! [660].
[myntan], w. v., to intend, think of, resolve: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant to entrap all(?) [see [sum]], some one of (?), the men), [713]; mynte þät he gedælde ... (thought to sever), [732]; mynte se mæra, þær he meahte swâ, wîdre gewindan (intended to flee), [763].
[myrce], adj., murky, dark: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, [1406].
[myrð], st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. môdes myrðe, 8n.
[naca], w. m., vessel, ship: acc. sg. nacan, [295]; gen. sg. nacan, [214].—Comp.: hring-, ýð-naca.
[nacod], adj., naked: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gûð-bill nacod, [539], [2586]; nacod nîð-draca, [2274].
[nalas, nales, nallas]. See [nealles].
[nama], w. m., name: nom. sg. Beówulf is mîn nama, [343]; wäs þäm häft-mêce Hrunting nama, [1458]; acc. sg. scôp him Heort naman (gave it the name Hart), [78].
[nâ] (from ne-â), strength, negative, never, not all, [445], [567], [1537].
[nâh], from ne-âh. See [âgan].
[nân] (from ne-ân), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, [804]; adjectively, nân ... îren ærgôd, [990].
[nât], from ne-wât: I know not=nescio. See [witan].
[nât-hwylc] (nescio quis, ne-wât-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nât-hwylc, [2234];. gen. sg. nât-hwylces (þâra banena), [2054]; niða nât-hwylces(?), [2216]; nât-hwylces häleða bearna, [2225].—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nât-hwylcum, [1514].
[näbben], from ne-häbben (subj. pres.). See [habban].
[nägel], st. m., nail: gen. pl. nägla (of the finger-nails), [986].
[nägled], part., nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?: acc. sg. neut. nägled (MS. gled) sinc, [2024].
[näs], st. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory: acc. sg. näs, [1440], [1601], [2899]; dat. sg. nässe, [2244], [2418]; acc. pl. windige nässas, [1412]; gen. pl. nässa, [1361].
[a]näs], from ne-wäs (was not). See [wesan].
[a]näs], neg. adv., not, not at all, [562], [2263].
[näs-hlið], st. n., declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea: dat. pl. on näs-hleoðum, [1428].
[næfre], adv., never, [247], [583], [592], [656], [719], [1042], [1049], etc.; also strengthened by ne: næfre ne, [1461].
ge-[nægan], w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press; pret. pl. nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces (in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew), [2207]; pret. part. wearð ... nîða genæged, [1440].
[nænig] (from ne-ænig), pron., not any, none, no: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., [157], [242], [692]; dat. sg. nænegum, [599]; gen. pl. nænigra, [950].—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ôðer nænig, [860]; nænig wäter, [1515]; nænig ... deór, [1934]; acc. sg. nænigne ... hord-mâððum, [1199].
[nære], from ne-wære (were not, would not be). See [wesan].
[ne], simple neg., not, [38], [50], [80], [83], [109], etc.; before imper. ne sorga! [1385]; ne gým! [1761], etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), [245]; so, [863]; ne ic ... wihte ne wêne (nor do I at all in the least expect), [2923]; so, [182]. Strengthened by other neg.: nôðer ... ne, [2125]; swâ he ne mihte nô ... (so that he absolutely could not), [1509].
ne ... ne, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, [154-157], [511], [1083-1085], etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nô ... ne, [575-577], [1026-1028], [1393-1395], etc.; næfre ... ne, [583-584]; nalles ... ne, [3016-3017]. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ær ne siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), [719]; sûð ne norð (south nor north), [859]; âdl ne yldo (neither illness nor old age), [1737]; wordum ne worcum (neither by word nor deed), [1101]; wiston and ne wêndon (knew not and weened not), [1605].
[nefa], w. m., nephew, grandson: nom. sg. nefa (grandson), [1204]; so, [1963]; (nephew), [2171]; acc. sg. nefan (nephew), [2207]; dat. sg. nefan (nephew), [882].
[nefne, näfne, nemne] (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), [1057]; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), [3055]; näfne him his wlite leóge (MS. næfre) (unless his face belie him), [250]; näfne he wäs mâra (except that he was huger), [1354]; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, [1553]; so, [2655].—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-freá (except the husband), [1935]; ic lyt hafo heáfod-mâga nefne Hygelâc þec (have no near kin but thee), [2152]; nis þät eówer (gen. pl.) sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, [2534].—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne feáum ânum, [1082].
[nelle], from ne-wille (I will not). See [willan].
[nemnan], w. v. w. acc.: 1) to name, call: pres. pl. þone yldestan oret-mecgas Beówulf nemnað (the warriors call the most distinguished one Beówulf), [364]; so inf. nemnan, [2024]; pret. pl. nemdon, [1355].—2) to address, as in
be-nemnan, to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... âðum be-nemde þät (asserted, promised under oath that ...), [1098]; pret. pl. swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære (put under a curse), [3070].
[nerian], ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfægne eorl, [573]; pret. part. häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (saved from hostility), [828].
ge-[nesan], st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrôf âna genäs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), [1000].—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. se þâ säcce ge-näs, [1978]; fela ic ... gûð-ræsa ge-näs, [2427]; pret. part. swâ he nîða gehwane genesen häfde, [2398].
[net], st. n., net: in comp. breóst-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.
[nêdla], w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þreá-nêdla.
[nêðan] (G. nanþjan), w. v., to venture, undertake boldly: pres. part. nearo nêðende (encountering peril), [2351]; pret. pl. þær git ... on deóp water aldrum nêðdon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), [510]; so, [538].
ge-nêðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ýða gewin aldre ge-nêðan, [1470]. With depend. clause: nænig þät dorste genêðan þät (none durst undertake to ...), [1934]; pret. sg. he under hârne stân âna genêðde frêcne dæde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), [889]; (ic) wîge under wätere weorc genêðde earfoð-lîce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), [1657]; ic genêðde fela gûða (ventured on, risked, many contests), [2512]; pres. pl. (of majesty) we ... frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), [961].
ge-[neahhe], adv., enough, sufficiently, [784], [3153]; superl. genehost brägd eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe (many an earl of B.'s), [795].
[nealles] (from ne-ealles), adv., omnino non, not at all, by no means: nealles, [2146], [2168], [2180], [2223], [2597], etc.; nallas, [1720], [1750]; nalles, [338], [1019], [1077], [1443], [2504], etc.; nalas, [43], [1494], [1530], [1538]; nales, [1812].
[nearo], st. n., strait, danger, distress: acc. sg. nearo, [2351], [2595].
[a]nearo], adj., narrow: acc. pl. f. nearwe, [1410].
nearwe, adv., narrowly, [977].
[nearo-cräft], st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see [2214] seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cräftum, [2244].
[nearo-fâh], m., foe that causes distress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo-fâges, [2318].
[nearo-þearf], st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, [422].
ge-[nearwian], w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon: pret. part. genearwod, [1439].
[neáh, nêh]: 1) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. neáh, [1744], [2729]. In superl. also = last: instr. sg. nýhstan sîðe (for the last time), [1204]; niéhstan sîðe, [2512].
2) adv., near: feor and (oððe) neáh, [1222], [2871]; 3) prep, sæ-grunde neáh, [564]; so, [1925], [2243]; holm-wylme nêh, [2412]. Compar. neár, [746].
[neán], adv., near by, (from) close at hand, [528]; (neon, MS.), [3105]; feorran and neán, [840]; neán and feorran, [1175], [2318].
ge-[neát], st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. beód-, heorð-geneát.
[neowol], adj., steep, precipitous: acc. pl. neowle, [1412].
[neód], st. f., polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?: acc. sg. nióde, [2117]; inst. (= joy), [2216].
[neód-laðu], st. f., polite invitation; wish: dat. sg. äfter neód-laðu (according to his wishes), [1321].
[neósan, neósian], w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for; to attack: inf. neósan, [125], [1787], [1792], [1807], [2075]; niósan, [2389], [2672]; neósian, [115], [1126]; niósian, [3046]; pret. sg. niósade, [2487].
[neótan], st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. neót, [1218].
be-neótan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-neótan, [681]; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neát (deprived the king of life), [2397].
[nicor], st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, [422], [575]; nicras, [1428]; gen. pl. nicera, [846].
[nicor-hûs], st. n., house or den of sea-monsters: gen. pl. nicor-hûsa, [1412].
[nið] st. m., man, human being: gen. pl. niðða, [1006]; niða? (passage corrupt), [2216].
[niðer, nyðer, neoðor], adv., down, downward: niðer, [1361]; nioðor, [2700]; nyðer, [3045].
[nið-sele], st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele nât-hwylcum, [1514].
[nigen], num., nine: acc. nigene, [575].
[niht], st. f. night: nom. sg., [115], [547]. [650], [1321], [2117]; acc. sg. niht, [135], [737], [2939]; gystran niht (yester-night), [1335]; dat. sg. on niht, [575], [684]; on wanre niht, [703]; gen. sg. nihtes hwîlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), [3045]; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, [422], [2274]; däges and nihtes, [2270]; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), [517]; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, [167]; deorcum nihtum, [275], [221]; gen. pl. nihta, [545], [1366].—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.
[niht-bealu], st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, [193].
[niht-helm], st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., [1790].
[niht-long], adj., lasting through the night: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (space of a night), [528].
[niht-weorc], st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, [828].
[niman], st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc, [747]; pret. pl. we . . . nióde nâman, [2117].—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. se þe hine deáð nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), [441]; so, [447]; nymeð, [1847]; nymeð nýd-bâde, [599]; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, [452], [1482]; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþió îren-byrnan, [2987]; ne nom he ... mâðm-æhta mâ (he took no more of the rich treasures), [1613]; pret. part. þâ wäs ... seó cwên numen (the queen carried off), [1154].
be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. ôð þät hine yldo benam mägenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), [1887].
for-niman, to carry off: pres. sg. þe þâ deáð for-nam (whom death carried off), [488]; so, [557], [696], [1081], [1124], [1206], [1437], etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him îrenna ecge fornâmon, [2829].
ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), [1873].—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þritig þegna, [122]; heó under heolfre genam cûðe folme, [1303]; segn eác genom, [2777]; þâ mec sinca baldor ... ät mînum fäder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), [2430]; pret. part. genumen, [3167].
ge-[nip], st. n., darkness, mist, cloud: acc. pl. under nässa genipu, [1361]; ofer flôda genipu, [2809].
[nis], from ne-is (is not): see [wesan].
[niwe, niówe], adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swêg up â-stâg niwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), [784]; beorh ... niwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), [2244]; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (the new kinship), [950]; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, novâ voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), [2595]; niówan stefne (again), [1790]; gen. pl. niwra spella (new tidings), [2899].
ge-[niwian], w. v., to renew: pret. part. ge-niwod, [1304], [1323]; geniwad, [2288].
[niw-tyrwed], pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, [295].
[nîð], st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., [2318]; acc. sg. nîð, [184], [276]; Wedera nîð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), [423]; dat. sg. wið (ät) nîðe, [828], [2586]; instr. nîðe, [2681]; gen. pl. nîða, [883], [2351], [2398], etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, [846], [1440], [1963], [2171], [2207].—Comp.: bealo-, fær-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wäl-nîð.
[nîð-draca], w. m., battle-dragon: nom. sg., [2274].
[nîð-gast], st. m., hostile alien, fell demon: acc. sg. þone nîð-gäst (the dragon), [2700].
[nîð-geweorc], st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, [684].
[nîð-grim], adj., furious in battle, savage: nom. sg., [193].
[nîð-heard], adj., valiant in war: nom. sg., [2418].
[nîð-hydig], adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pl. nîð-hydige men, [3167].
ge-[nîðla], w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genîðla.
[nîð-wundor], st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., [1366].
[nîpan], st. v., to veil, cover over, obscure; pres. part. nîpende niht, [547], [650].
[nolde], from ne-wolde (would not); see [willan].
[norð], adv., northward, [859].
[norðan], adv., from the north, [547].
[nose], w. f., projection, cliff, cape: dat. sg. of hliðes nosan, [1893]; ät brimes nosan, [2804].
[nô] (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, [136], [244], [587], [755], [842], [969], [1736], etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), [1509]; nô ... nô (neither ... nor), [541-543]; so, nô ... ne, [168]. See [ne].
[nôðer] (from nâ-hwäðer), neg., and not, nor, [2125].
ge-[nôh], adj., sufficient, enough: acc. sg. fæhðo genôge, [2490]; acc. pl. genôge ... beágas, [3105].
[nôn], st. f., [Eng. noon], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screádunga, 24 2: we hâtað ænne däg fram sunnan upgange ôð æfen): nom. sg. nôn, [1601].
[nu], adv.: l) now, at present, [251], [254], [375], [395], [424], [426], [489], etc.: nu gyt (up to now, hitherto), [957]; nu gen (now still, yet), [2860]; (now yet, still), [3169].—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: nu þu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), [2746]; so, [2248]; þät þu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic þus feorran com (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), [430]; so, [1476]; nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu (as I now..., so do ye), [2800]; so, [3021].
[nymðe], conj. w. subj., if not, unless, [782]; nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), [1659].
[nyt], st. f., duty, service, office, employment: acc. sg. þegn nytte beheóld (did his duty), [494]; so, [3119].—Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.
[a]nyt], adj., useful: acc. pl. m. nytte, [795]; comp. un-nyt.
ge-[nyttian], w. v., to make use of, enjoy: pret. part. häfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed, made use of), [3047].
[nýd], st. f., force, necessity, need, pain: acc. sg. þurh deáðes nýd, [2455]; instr. sg. nýde, [1006]. In comp. (like nýd-maga, consanguineus, in Æthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nêd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, tie of blood.—Comp. þreá-nýd.
ge-[nýdan], w. v.: 1) to force, compel: pret. part. nîðe ge-nýded (forced by hostile power), [2681].—2) to force upon: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nýde genýdde ... gearwe stôwe (the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), [1006].
[nýd-bâd], st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force: acc. pl. nýd-bâde, [599].
[nýd-gestealla], w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nýd-gesteallan, [883].
[nýd-gripe], st. m., compelling grip: dat. sg. in nýd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), [977].
[nýd-wracu], st. f., distressful persecution, great distress: nom. sg., [193].
[oððe], conj.: 1) or; otherwise, [283], [437], [636], [638], [694], [1492], [1765], etc.—2) and(?), till(?), [650], [2476], [3007].
[of], prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), [229]; so, [786]; of hefene scîneð (shineth from heaven), [1572]; of hliðes nosan gästas grêtte (from the cliff's projection), [1893]; of þam leóma stôd (from which light streamed), [2770]; þær wäs mâðma fela of feorwegum ... gelæded (from distant lands), [37]; þâ com of môre (from the moor), [711], [922].—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), [56]; so, [265], [855], [2472]; þâ ic of searwum com (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), [419]; þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât ... ût of healle (out of the hall), [664]; so, [2558], [2516]; [1139], [2084], [2744]; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), [3145]; (icge gold) â-häfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), [1109]; lêt þâ of breóstum ... word ût faran (from his breast), [2551]; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), [673]; so, [1130]; sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), [1163]; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flâne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), [2438]; so, [1434]. Prep. postponed: þâ he him of dyde îsern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), [672].
[ofer], prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, [2908]; ofer äðelinge, [1245]; ofer eorðan, [248], [803], [2008]; ofer wer-þeóde (over the earth, among mankind), [900]; ofer ýðum, [1908]; ofer hron-râde (over the sea), [10]; so, [304], [1287], [1290], etc.; ofer ealowæge (over the beer-cup, drinking), [481].—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer ýðe (over the waves), [46], [1910]; ofer swan-râde (over the swan-road, the sea), [200]; ofer wægholm, [217]; ofer geofenes be-gang, [362]; so, [239], [240], [297], [393], [464], [471], etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), [231]; ofer landa fela (over many lands), [311]; so, [1405], [1406]; ofer heáhne hrôf (along upon (under?) the high roof), [984]; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), [860]; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), [2900], [650]; so, [1718];—[606], [900], [1706]; ofer borda gebräc (over, above, the crashing of shields), [2260]; ofer bord-(scild) weall, [2981], [3119]. Temporal: ofer þâ niht (through the night, by night), [737]. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: he ofer benne spräc, [2725]. c) beyond, over: ofer mîn ge-met (beyond my power), [2880];—hence, against, contrary to: he ofer willan gióng (went against his will), [2410]; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), [2331];—also, without: wîg ofer wæpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), [686];—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), [1782].
[ofer-hygd], st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, [1741]; ofer-hyda, [1761].
[ofer-mâðum], st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-mâðmum, [2994].
[ofer-mägen], st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mägene, [2918].
[ofer-þearf], st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], [2227].
[oft], adv., often, [4], [165], [444], [572], [858], [908], [1066], [1239], etc.; oft [nô] seldan, [2030]; oft nalles æne, [3020]; so, [1248], [1888]. Compar. oftor, [1580]. Superl. oftost, [1664].
[om-, on-]. see [am-, an-].
[oncer]. See ancer.
[on], prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on heáh-stede (in the high place), [285]; on mînre êðel-tyrf (in my native place), [410]; on þäm meðel-stede, [1083]; so, [2004]; on þam holmclife, [1422]; so, [1428]; on foldan (on earth), [1197]; so, [1533], [2997]; on þære medu-bence (on the mead-bench), [1053]; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), [857], etc.; on räste (in bed), [1299]; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), [927]; on wealle, [892]; on wage (on the wall), [1663]; on þäm wäl-stenge (on the battle-lance), [1639]; on eaxle (on his shoulder), [817], [1548]; on bearme, [40]; on breóstum, [552]; on hafelan, [1522]; on handa (in his hand), [495], [540]; so, [555], [766]; on him byrne scân (on him shone the corselet), [405]; on ôre (at the front), [1042]; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), [1154]; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), [303]; þät he on heoðe ge-stôd (until he stood in the hall), [404]; on fäder stäle (in a father's place), [1480]; on ýðum (on the waves, in the water), [210], [421], [534], [1438]; on holme, [543]; on êg-streámum, [577]; on segl-râde, [1438], etc.; on flôde, [1367]. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, [2358].—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), [249]; so, [963]; on wîg-geatwum, [368]; (reced) on þäm se rîca bâd (in which the mighty one abode), [310]; on Heorote (in Heorot), [475], [497], [594], [1303]; on beór-sele, [492], [1095]; on healle, [615], [643]; so, [639], [1017], [1026], etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), [53]; on helle, [101]; on sefan mînum (in my mind), [473]; on môde, [754]; so, [755], [949], [1343], [1719], etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), [1435]; on middan (in medio), [2706].—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), [1558]; on gemonge (among the troop), [1644]; on þam leód-scipe (among the people), [2198]; nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), [783];—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), [608]; so, [644], [2015]; wäs on hreón môde, [1308]; on sweofote (in sleep), [1582], [2296]; heó wäs on ôfste (she was in haste), [1293]; so, [1736], [1870]; þâ wäs on blôde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), [848]; (he) wäs on sunde (was a-swimming), [1619]; wäs tô fore-mihtig feónd on fêðe (too powerful in speed), [971]; þær wäs swîgra secg ... on gylpspræce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), [982];—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wästmum (in man's form), [1353].—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hýrde on Beówulfe fäst-rædne ge-þôht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), [610]; þät he ne mêtte ... on elran men mund-gripe mâran, [753];—hence, with verbs of taking: on räste genam (took from his bed), [122]; so, [748], [2987]; hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton (took it before from thee), [2249].—e) with: swâ hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sâre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), [2312].—f) by: mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), [1485].—g) to, after weorðan: þät he on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), [1545].
With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, [35]; on stefn (on wang) stigon, [212], [225]; þâ him mid scoldon on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, [42]; se þe wið Brecan wunne on sîdne sæ (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), [507], cf. [516]; þät ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), [2133]; on feónda geweald sîðian, [809]; þâra þe on swylc starað, [997]; so, [1781]; on lufan læteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), [1729]; him on môd bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), [67]; ræsde on þone rôfan (rushed on the powerful one), [2691]; (cwom) on worðig (came into the palace), [1973]; so, [27], [242], [253], [512], [539], [580], [677], [726], etc.; on weg (away), [764], [845], [1383], [1431], [2097].—b) towards, on: gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine (pl.), [21].—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), [1457]; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, [2850]; wrâðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), [709]; Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), [1841]; betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu (on the pyre ready), [1110]; wîg-heafolan bär freán on fultum (for help), [2663]; wearð on bîd wrecen (forced to wait), [2963].—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (decided it in accordance with right), [1556]; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), [2740]; on spêd (skilfully), [874]; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), [1750]; on sînne selfes dôm (boastingly, at his own will), [2148]; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), [1740].—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: me ic on mâðma hord mîne be-bohte frôde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), [2800].—f) of, as to: ic on Higelâce wât, Geáta dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), [1831]; so, [2651]; þät heó on ænigne eorl ge-lýfde fyrena frôfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), [628]; þâ hie ge-trûwedon on twâ healfa (on both sides, mutually), [1096]; so, [2064]; þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft ... on þâ healfe (from, on this side), [1676].—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: näs ... sinc-mâððum sêlra (= þät wäs sinc-mâðma sêlest) on sweordes hâd (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), [2194]; se wäs Hrôðgâre häleða leófost on ge-sîðes hâd (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), [1298].
II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), [76]; on uhtan (at dawn), [126]; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), [565], [2940]; on niht, [575]; on wanre niht, [703]; on tyn dagum, [3161]; so, [197], [719], [791], [1063], etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), [409], [466]; on geogoð-feore, [537]; so, [1844]; on orlege (in, during, battle), [1327]; hû lomp eów on lâde (on the way), [1988]; on gange (in going, en route), [1885]; on sweofote (in sleep), [1582].—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-mæl (in the morning, about midday), [1429]; on morgen-tîd, [484], [518]; on morgen, [838]; on ende-stäf (toward the end, at last), [1754]; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð (far oftener than once), [1580].
III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), [2904]; on innan (inside, within), [71], [1741], [1969], [2453], [2716]; þær on innan (in there), [2090], [2215], [2245]. With the relative þe often separated from its case: þe ic her on starie (that I here look on, at), [2797]; þe ge þær on standað (that ye there stand in), [2867].
[on-cýð] (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., pain, suffering: nom. sg., [1421]; acc. sg. or pl. on-cýððe, [831].
[on-drysne], adj., frightful, terrible: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, [1933].
[onettan] (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: pret. pl. onetton, [306], [1804].
[on-lîcnes], st. f., likeness, form, figure: nom. sg., [1352].
[on-mêdla], w. m., pride, arrogance: dat. sg. for on-mêdlan, [2927]. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.
[on-sæge], adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. þâ wäs Hondsció (dat.) hild on-sæge, [2077]; Hæðcynne wearð ... gûð on-sæge, [2484].
[on-weald], st. m., power, authority: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwäðres ... onweald ge-teáh (gave him power over, possession of, both), [1044].
[open], adj., open: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, [2272].
[openian], w. v., to open, w. acc.: inf. openian, [3057].
[orc] (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pl. orcas, [3048]; acc. pl. orcas, [2761].
[orcnê], st. m., sea-monster: nom. pl. orcnêas, [112].
[ord], st. n. point: nom. sg. ôð þät wordes ord breóst-hord þurh-bräc (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance), [2792]; acc. sg. ord (sword-point), [1550]; dat. instr. orde (id.), [556]; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), [2499], [3126].
[ord-fruma], w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., [263].
[oret-mecg], st. m., champion, warrior, military retainer: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, [363], [481]; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, [332].
[oretta], w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., [1533], [2539].
[or-leg], st. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, [1327]; gen. sg. or-leges, [2408].
[or-leg-hwîl], st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwîl, [2003]; gen. sg. orleg-hwîle, [2912]; gen. pl orleg-hwîla, [2428].
[or-leahtre], adj., blameless: nom. sg [1887].
[or-þanc] (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, ibid. [477]; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, [479], st. m., mechanical art, skill: instr. pl. or-þoncum, [2088]; smiðes or-þancum, [406].
[or-wêna], adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen.: aldres or-wêna (hopeless of life), [1003], [1566].
[or-wearde], adj., unguarded, without watch or guard: adv., [3128].
[oruð], st. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., [2558]; dat. oreðe, [2840].
[ôð] (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., to, till, up to, only temporal: ôð þone ânne däg, [2400]; ôð dômes däg, [3070]; ô woruld-ende, [3084].—2) ôð þät, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, until, [9], [56], [66], [100], [145]. [219], [296], [307], etc.
[ôðer] (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ôðer, [2062]; ôðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelâc), [2482]; ôðer ... ôðer (the one ... the other), [1350-1352]. Adj.: ôðer ... mihtig mân-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to [1350], [1339]; se ôðer ... häle, [1816]; fem. niht ôðer, [2118]; neut. ôðer geâr (the next, second, year), [1134]; acc. sg. m. ôðerne, [653], [1861], [2441], [2485]; þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), [2986]; neut. ôðer swylc(another such, an equal number), [1584]; instr. sg. ôðre sîðe (for the second time, again), [2671], [3102]; dat. sg. ôðrum, [815], [1030], [1166], [1229], [1472], [2168], [2172], etc.; gen. sg. m. ôðres dôgores, [219], [606]; neut. ôðres, [1875].—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ôðer, [1756]; ôðer nænig (no other), [860]. Adj.: ænig ôðer man, [503], [534]; so, [1561]; ôðer in (a different house or room), [1301]; acc. sg. ôðer flet, [1087]; gen. sg. ôðres ... yrfe-weardes, [2452]; acc. pl. ealo drincende ôðer sædan (ale drinkers said other things), [1946]; acc. pl. neut. word ôðer, [871].
[ôfer], st. m., shore: dat. sg. on ôfre, [1372].
[ôfost], st. f., haste: nom. sg. ôfost is sêlest tô gecýðanne (haste is best to make known, best to say at once), [256]; so, [3008]; dat. sg. beó þu on ôfeste (ôfoste) (be in haste, hasten), [386], [2748]; on ôfste, [1293]; on ôfoste, [2784], [3091].
[ôfost-lîce], adv., in haste, speedily, [3131].
[ô-hwær], adv., anywhere, [1738], [2871].
[ômig], adj., rusty: nom. sg., [2764]; nom. pl. ômige, [3050].
[ôr], st. n., beginning, origin; front: nom. sg., [1689]; acc. sg., [2408]; dat. sg. on ôre, [1042].
[ô-wiht], anything, aught: instr. sg. ô-wihte (in any way), [1823], [2433].
[pâd], st. f., dress; in comp. here-pâd.
[päð], st. m., path, road, way; in comp. ân-päð.
[plega], w. m., play, emulous contest; lind-plega, [1074].
[raðe], adv., quickly, immediately, [725], Cf. [hrâðe].
[rand, rond], st. m., shield: acc. sg, rand, [683]; rond, [657], [2567], [2610]; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), [2674]; under rande, [1210]; bî ronde, [2539]; acc. pl. randas, [231]; rondas, [326], [2654].—Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sîd-rand.
[rand-häbbend], pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-häbbendra, [862].
[rand-wîga], w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior: nom. sg., [1299]; acc. sg. rand-wîgan, [1794].
[râd], st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-râd.
ge-[râd], adj., clever, skilful, ready: acc. pl. neut. ge-râde, [874].
[râp], st. m., rope, bond, fetter: in comp. wäl-râp.
[râsian], w. v., to find, discover: pret. part. þâ wäs hord râsod, [2284].
[ræcan], w. v., to reach, reach after: pret. sg. ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme (reached out his hand toward the foe), [748].
ge-ræcan, to attain, strike, attack: pret. sg. hyne ... wæpne ge-ræhte (struck him with his sword), [2966]; so, [556].
[ræd], st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. nu is ræd gelong eft ät þe ânum (now is help to be found with thee alone), [1377]; acc. sg. ræd, [172], [278], [3081].—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þät ræd talað (counts that a gain), [2028]; êcne ræd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), [1202]; acc. pl. êce rædas, [1761].—Comp.: folc-ræd, and adj., ân-, fäst-ræd.
[rædan], st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rædend (the ruler of the heavens), [1556]; inf. þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), [2057]; wolde dôm godes dædum rædan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), [2859]. See [sele-rædend].
[ræd-bora], w. m. counsellor, adviser: nom. sg., [1326].
[ræden], st. f., order, arrangement, law: see [Note on 1143]; comp. worold-ræden(?).
â-[ræran], w. v.: 1) to raise, lift up: pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg ... ricone â-rærdon (there were many that lifted up his brother quickly), [2984].—2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate: pret. part. blæd is â-ræred (thy renown is far-spread), [1704].
[ræs], st. m., on-rush, attack, storm: acc. sg. gûðe ræs (the storm of battle, attack), [2627]; instr. pl. gûðe ræsum, [2357].—Comp.: gûð-, hand-, heaðo-, mägen-, wäl-ræs.
(ge-)[ræsan], w. v., to rush (upon): pret. sg. ræsde on þone rôfan, [2691], [2840].
[ræswa], w. m., prince, ruler: dat. sg. weoroda ræswan, [60].
[reccan], w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), [91]; gerund, tô lang is tô reccenne, hû ic ... (too long to tell how I...), [2094]; pret. sg. syllîc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), [2111]; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), [2107].
[reced], st. n., building, house; hall (complete in itself): nom. sg., [412], [771], [1800]; acc. sg., [1238]; dat. sg. recede, [721], [729], [1573]; gen. sg. recedes, [326], [725], [3089]; gen. pl. receda, [310].—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.
[regn-heard], adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, [326].
[regnian, rênian], w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. deáð rên[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), [2169].
ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, [778].
[regn-, rên-weard], st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rên-weardas (of Beówulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), [771].
[rest, räst], st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. räste, [139]; dat. sg. on räste (genam) (from his resting-place), [1299], [1586]; tô räste (to bed), [1238]. Comp.: flet-räst, sele-rest, wäl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. æfen-räst.
ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.
[restan], w. v.: 1) to rest: inf. restan, [1794]; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þâ rûm-heort, [1800].—2) to rest, cease: inf., [1858].
[rêc] (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. rêce, [3157].—Comp.: wäl-, wudu-rêc.
[rêcan] (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., to reck, care about something, be anxious: pres. sg. III. wæpna ne rêceð (recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him), [434].
[rêðe], adj., wroth, furious: nom. sg., [122], [1586]; nom. pl. rêðe, [771]. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres (fierce, penetrating heat), [2524].
[reáf], st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wäl-reáf.
[reáfian], w. v., to plunder, rob, w. acc.: inf. hord reáfian, [2774]; pret. sg. þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne, [2986]; wäl reáfode, [3028]; pret. pl. wäl reáfedon, [1213].
be-reáfian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part. since be-reáfod, [2747]; golde be-reáfod, [3019].
[reord], st. f., speech, language; tone of voice: acc. sg. on-cniów mannes reorde (knew, heard, a human voice), [2556].
[reordian], w. v., to speak, talk: inf. fela reordian (speak much), [3026].
ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þâ wäs eft swâ ær ... flet-sittendum fägere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789
[reót], st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult? (grave?): instr. sg. reóte, [2458]. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. [4], [215], takes reóte as dat. from reót (rest, repose).
[reóc], adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., [122].
be-[reófan], st. v., to rob of, bereave: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, [2932]; instr. sg. reóte berofene, [2458].
[reótan], st. v., to weep: pres. pl. ôð þät ... roderas reótað, [1377].
[reów], adj., excited, fierce, wild: in comp. blôd-, gûð-, wäl-reów. See [hreów].
[ricone], hastily, quickly, immediately, [2984].
[riht], st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), [1556]; sôð and riht (truth and right), [1701]; dat. sg. wið rihte, [144]; äfter rihte (in accordance with right), [1050]; syllîc spell rehte äfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), [2111]; mid rihte, [2057]; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), [2331]; —Comp. in êðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.
[a]riht], adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht.
rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, [1696]. See ät-[rihte].
[rinc], st. m., man, warrior, hero: nom. sg., [399], [2986]; also of Grendel, [721]; acc. sg. rinc, [742], [748]; dat. sg. rince, [953]; of Hrôðgâr, [1678]; gen. pl. rinca, [412], [729].—Comp. in beado-, gûð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sæ-rinc.
ge-[risne], ge-rysne, adj., appropriate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, [2654].
[rîce], st. n.: 1) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., [2200], [2208]; acc. sg. rîce, [913], [1734], [1854], [3005]; gen. sg. rîces, [862], [1391], [1860], [2028], [3081]. Comp. Swió-rîce.—2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers(?): nom. sg. oft gesät rîce tô rûne, [172].
[rîce], adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), [1238]; (of Hygelâc), [1210]; (of Äsc-here), [1299]; weak form, se rîca (Hrôðgâr), [310]; (Beówulf), [399]; (Hygelâc), [1976].—Comp. gimme-rîce.
[rîcsian], rîxian, w. v. intrans., to rule, reign: inf. rîcsian, [2212]; pret. sg. rîxode, [144].
[rîdan], st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, [2446]; pres. part. nom. pl. rîdend, [2458]; inf. wicge rîdan, [234]; mearum rîdan, [856]; pret. sg. sæ-genga ... se þe on ancre râd, [1884]; him tô-geánes râd (rode to meet them), [1894]; pret. pl. ymbe hlæw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), [3171].
ge-rîdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. se þe näs ge-râd (who rode over the promontory), [2899].
[rîm], st. n., series, number: in comp. däg-, un-rîm.
ge-rîm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dôgor-ge-rim.
ge-[rîman], w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerîmed.
â-rîsan, st. v., to arise, rise: imper. sg. â-rîs, [1391]; pret. sg. â-râs þâ se rîca, [399]; so, [652], [1791], [3031]; â-râs þâ bî ronde (arose by his shield), [2539]; hwanan sió fæhð â-râs (whence the feud arose), [2404].
[rodor], st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, [1573]; nom. pl. roderas, [1377]; dat. pl. under roderum, [310]; gen. pl. rodera, [1556].
[rôf], adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., [2539]; also with gen. mägenes rôf (strong in might), [2085]; so, þeáh þe he rôf sîe nîð-geweorca, [683]; acc. sg. rôfne, [1794]; on þone rôfan, [2691].—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rôf.
[rôt], adj., glad, joyous: in comp. un-rôt.
[rôwan], st. v., to row (with the arms), swim: pret. pl. reón (for reówon), [512], [539].
[rûm], st. m., space, room: nom. sg., [2691].
[a]rûm], adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), [2462].—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rûmne sefan, [278].
[rûm-heort], adj., big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., [1800], [2111].
ge-[rûm-lîc], adj., commodious, comfortable: compar. ge-rûm-lîcor, [139].
[rûn], st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sät rîce tô rûne, [172].—Comp. beado-rûn.
[rûn-stäf], st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: acc. pl. þurh rûn-stafas, [1696].
[rûn-wita], w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser: nom. sg., [1326].
ge-[rýman], w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þät hie him ôðer flet eal ge-rýmdon, [1087]; pret. part. þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum ... benc gerýmed, [492]; so, [1976].—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þâ me ge-rýmed wäs (sîð) (as access was permitted me), [3089]; þâ him gerýmed wearð, þät hie wäl-stôwe wealdan môston, [2984].
ge-[saca], w. m., opponent, antagonist, foe: acc. sg. ge-sacan, [1774].
[sacan], st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, [439].
ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sâwl-berendra ... gearwe stôwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), [1005].
[on-sacan]: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), to withdraw, take away, deprive of: pres. subj. þätte freoðuwebbe feores on-säce ... leófne mannan, [1943].—2) to contest, dispute, withstand: inf. þät he sæmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brýde), [2955].
[sacu], st. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., [1858], [2473]; acc. sg. säce, [154]; säcce, [1978], [1990], [2348], [2500], [2563]; dat. sg. ät (tô) säcce, [954], [1619], [1666], [2613], [2660], [2682], [2687]; gen. sg. secce, [601]; gen. pl. säcca, [2030].
ge-sacu, st. f., strife, enmity: nom. sg., [1738].
[sadol], st. m., saddle: nom. sg., [1039].
[sadol-beorht], adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, [2176].
[samne, somne], adv., together, united; in ät-somne, together, united, [307], [402], [491], [544], [2848].
tô-somne (together), [3123]; þâ se wyrm ge-beáh snûde tô-somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together), [2569].
[samod, somod]: I. adv., simultaneously, at the same time: somod, [1212], [1615], [2175], [2988]; samod, [2197]; samod ät-gädere, [387], [730], [1064].—II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with: samod ær-däge (with the break of day), [1312]; somod ær-däge, [2943].
[sand], st. n., sand, sandy shore: dat. sg. on sande, [295], [1897], [3043](?); äfter sande (along the shore), [1965]; wið sande, [213].
[sang], st. m., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sang, [1064]; swutol sang scôpes, [90]; acc. sg. sige-leásne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), [788]; sârigne sang (Hrêðel's dirge for Herebeald), [2448].
[sâl], st. m., rope: dat. sg. sâle, [1907]; on sâle (sole, MS.), [302].
[sâr], st. n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sâr, [976]; sió sâr, [2469]; acc. sg. sâr, [788]; sâre, [2296]; dat. (instr.) sg. sâre, [1252], [2312], [2747].—Comp. lîc-sâr.
[a]sâr], adj., sore, painful: instr. pl. sârum wordum, [2059].
sâre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: se þe him [sâ]re gesceôd (who injured him sorely), [2224].
[sârig], adj., painful, woeful: acc. sg. sârigne sang, [2448].
[sârig-ferð], adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. sârig-ferð (Wîglâf), [2864].
[sârig-môd], adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pl. sârig-môdum, [2943].
[sâr-lîc], adj., painful: nom. sg., [843]; acc. sg. neut., [2110].
[sâwol, sâwl], st. f., soul (the immortal principle as contrasted with lîf, the physical life): nom. sg. sâwol, [2821]; acc. sg. sâwle, [184], [802]; hæðene sâwle, [853]; gen. sg. sâwele, [1743]; sâwle, [2423].
[sâwl-berend], pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. sâwl-berendra, [1005].
[sâwul-dreór], st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. sâwul-drióre, [2694].
[sâwul-leás], adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. sâwol-leásne, [1407]; sâwul-leásne, [3034].
[säce, säcce]. See [sacu].
[säd], adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-säd.
[säl], st. n., habitable space, house, hall: dat. sg. sel, [167]; säl, [307], [2076], [2265].
[säld], st. n., hall, king's hall or palace: acc. sg. geond þät säld (Heorot), [1281].
[sæ], st. m. and f., sea, ocean: nom. sg., [579], [1224]; acc. sg. on sîdne sæ, [507]; ofer sæ, [2381]; ofer sæ sîde, [2395]; dat. sg. tô sæ, [318]; on sæ, [544]; dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, [859], [1298], [1686], [1957].
[sæ-bât], st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., [634], [896].
[sæ-cyning], st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea: gen. pl. sæ-cyninga, [2383].
[sæ-deór], st. n., sea-beast, sea-monster: nom. sg., [1511].
[sæ-draca], w. m., sea-dragon: acc. pl. sæ-dracan, [1427].
ge-[sægan], w. v., to fell, slay: pret. part. häfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sæged (felled with the sword), [885].
[sæ-genga], w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., [1883], [1909].
[sæ-geáp], adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sæ-geáp naca, [1897].
[sæ-grund], st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-bottom: dat. sg. sæ-grunde, [564].
[sæl, sâl, sêl], st. f.: 1) favorable opportunity, good or fit time: nom. sg. sæl, [623], [1666], [2059]; sæl and mæl, [1009]; acc. sg. sêle, [1136]; gen. pl. sæla and mæla, [1612].—2) Fate(?): see [Note on l. 51].—3) happiness, joy: dat. pl. on sâlum, [608]; sælum, [644], [1171], [1323]. See [sêl], adj.
ge-[sælan], w. v., to turn out favorably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-sælde þät ...(he was fortunate enough to, etc.), [891]; so, [574]; efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sælde (at such times as need disposed it for their lord), [1251].
[sælan] (see [sâl]), w. v., to tie, bind: pret. sg. sælde ... sîð-fäðme scip, [1918]; pl. sæ-wudu sældon, [226].
ge-sælan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-beága fela searwum ge-sæled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), [2765].
on-sælan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sæl meoto, sige-hrêð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), [489].
[sæ-lâc], st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. sæ-lâce, [1625]; acc. pl. þâs sæ-lâc, [1653].
[sæ-lâd], st. f., sea-way, sea-journey: dat. sg. sæ-lâde, [1140], [1158].
[sæ-lîðend], pres. part., seafarer: nom. pl. sæ-lîðend, [411], [1819], [2807]; sæ-lîðende, [377].
[sæ-man], m., sea-man, sea-warrior: dat. pl. sæ-mannum, [2955]; gen. pl. sæ-manna, [329] (both times said of the Geátas).
[sæmra], weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. sæmra, [2881]; dat. sg. sæmran, [954].
[sæ-mêðe], adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pl. sæ-mêðe, [325].
[sæ-näs], st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze: acc. pl. sæ-nässas, [223], [571].
[sæne], adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. he on holme wäs sundes þê sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam (was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away), [1437].
[sæ-rinc], st. m., sea-warrior or hero: nom. sg., [691].
[sæ-sîð], st. m., sea-way, path, journey: dat. sg. äfter sæ-sîðe, [1150].
[sæ-wang], st. m., sea-shore or beach: acc. sg. sæ-wong, [1965].
[sæ-weal], st. m., (sea-wall), seashore: dat. sg. sæ-wealle, [1925].
[sæ-wudu], st. m., (sea-wood), vessel, ship: acc. sg. sæ-wudu, [226].
[sæ-wylm], st. m., sea-surf, billow: acc. pl. ofer sæ-wylmas, [393].
[scacan, sceacan], st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mîn sceaceð lîf of lîce, [2743]; inf. þâ com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), [1804]; pret. sg. duguð ellor scôc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), [2255]; þonne stræla storm ... scôc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), [3119]; pret. part. wäs hira blæd scacen (their bravest men had passed away), [1125]; þâ wäs winter scacen (the winter was past), [1137]; so, sceacen, [2307], [2728].
[scadu, sceadu], st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), [708].
[scadu-genga], w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, [704].
[scadu-helm], st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), [651].
[scalu], st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), [1318], [1964].
[scamian], w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, [2851]; nô he þære feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving), [1027].
[scawa] (see [sceáwian]), w. m., observer, visitor: nom. pl. scawan, [1896].
ge-[scâd], st. n., difference, distinction: acc. sg. æg-hwäðres gescâd, worda and worca (difference between, of, both words and deeds), [288].
ge-[scâdan], st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (decided it in accordance with right), [1556].
[scânan]? See [scînan], pret. pl. scionon, [303]; the imaginary scânan having been abandoned.
ge-[scäp-hwîle], st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. tô gescäp-hwîle (at the fated hour), [26].
[sceððan], w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., [1034]; aldre sceððan (hurt her life), [1525]; þät on land Dena lâðra nænig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (injure through robber incursions), [243]; pret. sg. þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede, [1515].
ge-[sceððan], the same: inf. þät him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, [1448].
[scenc], st. m., vessel, can: in comp. medu-scenc.
[scencan], w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte scîr wered, [496] (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).
[scenne], w. f.?, sword-guard?: dat. pl. on þæm scennum scîran goldes, [1695].
[sceran], st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swîn ofer helme andweard scireð (hews off the boar-head on the helm), [1288].
ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scär (often clove the helm in two), [1527]; so, gescer, [2974].
[scerwen], st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (ale-scare or panic?), [770].
[sceaða], w. m.: 1) scather, foe: gen. pl. sceaðena, [4].—2) fighter, warrior: nom. pl. scaðan, [1804].—Comp.: âttor-, dol-, feónd-, gûð-, hearm-, leód-, mân-, sin-, þeód-, uht-sceaða.
[sceaðan], st. v. w. dat., to scathe, injure, crush: pret. sg. se þe oft manegum scôd (which has oft oppressed many), [1888].
ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swâ him ær gescôd hild ät Heorote, [1588]; se þe him sâre ge-sceôd (who injured him sorely), [2224]; nô þý ær in gescôd hâlan lîce, [1503]; bill ær gescôd eald-hlâfordes þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), [2778] (or, sheathed in brass?, if ær and gescôd form compound).
[sceaðen-mæl], st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., [1940].
[sceaft], st. m., shaft, spear, missile: nom. sg. sceft, [3119].—Comp.: here-, wäl-sceaft.
ge-[sceaft], st. f.: 1) creation, earth, earthly existence: acc. sg. þâs lænan ge-sceaft, [1623].—2) fate, destiny: in comp. forð-, lîf-, mæl-gesceaft.
[scealc], st. m., servant, military retainer: nom. sg., [919]; (of Beówulf), [940].—Comp beór-scealc.
ge-[sceap], st. n.: 1) shape, creature: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, [651].—2) fate, providence: acc. sg. heáh ge-sceap (heavy fate), [3085].
[sceapan, sceppan, scyppan], st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), [106]; pret. sg. scôp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), [78]; pres. part. wäs sió wrôht scepen heard wið Hûgas, syððan Hygelâc cwom (the contest with the Hûgas became sharp after H. had come), [2915].
ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. lîf ge-sceôp cynna gehwylcum, [97].
[scear], st. m., massacre: in comp. gûð-, inwit-scear, [2429], etc.
[scearp], adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wîga, [288].—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.
[scearu], st. f., division, body, troop: in comp. folc-scearu; that is decided or determined, in gûð-scearu (overthrow?), [1214].
[sceat], st. m., money; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, [1687]. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. [2196], [2995] (see þûsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.
[sceát], st. m., region, field: acc. pl. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, [96];—top, surface, part: gen. pl. eorðan sceáta, [753].
[sceáwere], st. m., observer, spy: nom. pl. sceáweras, [253].
[sceáwian], w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. sceáwian, [841], [1414], [2403], [2745], [3009], [3033]; sceáwigan, [1392]; pres. sg. II. þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað beágas and brâd gold, [3105]; subj. pres. þät ic ... sceáwige swegle searo-gimmas, [2749]; pret. sg. sceáwode, [1688], [2286], [2794]; sg. for pl., [844]; pret. pl. sceáwedon, [132], [204], [984], [1441].
ge-sceáwian, to see, behold, observe: pret. part. ge-sceáwod, [3076], [3085].
[sceorp], st. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp.
[sceótan], st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles: pres. sg. se þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð, [1745]; pres. part. nom. pl. sceótend (the warriors, bowmen), [704], [1155]; dat. pl. for sceótendum (MS. scotenum), [1027].
ge-sceótan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gesceát (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), [2320].
of-sceótan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mæg of-scêt ... blôdigan gâre (killed his brother with bloody dart), [2440].
[scild, scyld], st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, [2571]; acc. sg. scyld, [437], [2076]; acc. pl. scyldas, [325], [333], [2851].
[scildan, scyldan], w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), [1659].
[scild-freca], w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, [1034].
[scild-weall], st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, [3119].
[scild-wîga], w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wîga, [288].
[scinna], w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pl. scynnum, [940].
[scip], st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg., [302]; acc. sg., [1918]; dat. sg. tô scipe, [1896]; gen. sg. scipes, [35], [897]; dat pl. tô scypum (scypon, MS.), [1155].
[scip-here], st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, [243].
ge-[scîfe] (for ge-scýfe), adj., advancing (of the dragon's movement), [2571]; = G. schief?
[scînan], st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne ... sûðan scîneð, [607]; so, [1572]; inf. geseah blâcne leóman beorhte scînan, [1518]; pret. sg. (gûð-byrne, woruld—candel) scân, [321], [1966]; on him byrne scân, [405]; pret. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, [995]; scionon, [303].
[scîr], adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-îren scîr, [322]; scîr metod, [980]; acc. sg. n. scîr wered, [496]; gen. sg. scîran goldes, [1695].
[scîr-ham], adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pl. scîr-hame, [1896].
ge-[scôd], pret. part., shod (calceatus), covered: in comp. ær-ge-scôd(?). See ge-[sceaðan], and Note.
[scôp], st. m., singer, shaper, poet: nom. sg., [496], [1067]; gen. sg. scôpes, [90].
[scräf], st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eorð-scräf.
[scrîðan], st. v., to stride, go: pres. pl. scrîðað, [163]; inf. scrîðan, [651], [704]; scrîðan tô, [2570].
[scrîfan], st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment): inf. hû him (Grendel) scîr metod scrîfan wille, [980].
for-scrîfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen häfde, [106].
ge-scrîfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (as Weird did not permit him), [2575].
[scrûd], st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrûd.
[scucca], w. m., shadowy sprite, demon: dat. pl. scuccum, [940].
[sculan], aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, [20], [24], [183], [251], [271], [287], [440], [978], [1005], [1173], [1387], [1535], etc.; scel, [455], [2805], [3011]; II. scealt, [589], [2667]; subj. pres. scyle, [2658]; scile, [3178]; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, [10], [806], [820], [966], [1071], [1444], [1450], etc.; sceolde, [2342], [2409], [2443], [2590], [2964]; II. sceoldest, [2057]; pl. scoldon, [41], [833], [1306], [1638]; subj. pret. scolde, [1329], [1478]; sceolde, [2709].—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal beódan (shall offer), [384]; so, [424], [438], [602], [637], [1061], [1707], [1856], [1863], [2070]; sceall, [2499], [2509], etc.; II. scealt, [1708]; pl. wit sculon, [684]; subj. pret. scolde, [280], [692], [911]; sceolde, [3069].—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), [2276]; pret. sg. se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde, [1261]; wäcnan scolde (was to awake), [85]; se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde (was to, should, approach), [2422]; þät se byrn-wîga bûgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), [2919]; pl. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), [2258]; so, [230], [705], [1068].—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mâðma ge-mænra (i.e. wesan). [1784]; so, [2660]; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (i.e. wesan), [2256]; ic him äfter sceal (i.e. gangan), [2817]; subj. þonne þu forð scyle (i.e. gangan), [1180]. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), [455]; gûð-bill ge-swâc swâ hit nô sceolde (i.e. ge-swîcan), [2586].
[scûa], w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. deáð-scûa.
[scûfan], st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þâ wäs morgen-leóht scofen and scynded, [919].—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman ût scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), [215]; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), [3132]. See [wîd-scofen](?)
be-scûfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... sâwle be-scûfan in fýres fäðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), [184].
[scûr], st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. îsern-scûr.
[scûr-heard], adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scûr-heard, [1034].
[scyld, scyldan]. See [scild, scildan].
[scyldig], adj., under obligations or bound for; guilty of, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, [1339], [1684], [2062]; synnum scyldig (guilty of evil deeds), [3072].
[scyndan], w. v., to hasten: inf. scyndan, [2571]; pret. part, scynded, 919
[scyppend]. See [sceapan].
[scyran], w. v., to arrange, decide: inf. þät hit sceaðen-mæl scyran môste (that the sword must decide it), [1940]. O.N. skora, to score, decide.
[scýne], adj., sheen, well-formed, beautiful: nom. sg. mägð scýne, [3017].
[se], pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., [79], [84], [86], [87], [90], [92], [102], etc.; fem, seó, [66], [146], etc.; neut. þät;—relative: se (who), [1611], [2866]; se þe (he who), [2293]; seó þe (she who), [1446]; se þe (for seó þe), [1345], [1888], [2686]; cf. [1261], [1498]; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seó, [2422]; dat. sg. þam (for þam þe), [2780].
[secg], st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., [208], [872], [2228], [2407], etc.; (Beówulf), [249], [948], [1312], [1570], [1760], etc.; (Wulfgâr), [402]; (Hûnferð), [981]; (Wîglâf), [2864]; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. [se]), [1380]; dat. sg. secge, [2020]; nom. pl. secgas, [213], [2531], [3129]; dat. pl. secgum, [490]; gen. pl. secga, [634], [843], [997], [1673].
[a]secg], st. f., sword (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, [685].
[secgan], w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, [1998]; so, [2796]; pres. part. swâ se secg hwata secgende wäs lâðra spella (partitive gen.), [3029]; inf. secgan, [582], [876], [881], [1050]; pret. sg. sägde him þäs leánes þanc, [1810]; pret. sg. II. hwät þu worn fela ... sägdest from his sîðe, [532].—2) without acc inf. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, [273]; pret. sg. sägde, [2633], [2900]—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, [591]; pl. III. secgað, [411]; inf. secgan, [51], [391], [943], [1347], [1701], [1819], [2865], [3027]; gerund. tô secganne, [473], [1725]; pret. sg. sägde, [90], [1176]; pl. sägdon, [377], [2188]; sædan, [1946].
â-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic â-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mîn ærende, [344].
ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, [388]; þät ic his ærest þe eft ge-sägde (that I should, after, tell thee its origin), [2158]; pret. part. gesägd, [141]; gesæd, [1697].
[sefa], w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., [49], [490], [595], [2044], [2181], [2420], [2601], [2633]; acc. sg. sefan, [278], [1727], [1843]; dat. sg. sefan, [473], [1343], [1738].—Comp. môd-sefa.
ge-[segen], st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.
[segl], st. n., sail: nom. sg., [1907].
[segl-râd], st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-râde, [1430].
[segn], st. n., banner, vexillum: nom. sg., [2768], [2959]; acc. sg. segen, [47], [1022]; segn, [2777]; dat. sg. under segne, [1205].—Comp. heáfod-segn.
[sel], st. n., hall, palace. See [säl].
[seld], st. n., dwelling, house: in comp. medu-seld.
ge-[selda], w. m., contubernalis, companion: acc. sg. geseldan, [1985].
[seldan], adv., seldom: oft [nô] seldan, [2030].
[seld-guma], w. m., house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?: nom. sg., [249].
[sele], st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., [81], [411]; acc. sg. sele, [827], [2353]; dat. sg. tô sele, [323], [1641]; in (on, tô) sele þam heán, [714], [920], [1017], [1985]; on sele (in the den of the dragon), [3129].—Comp.: beáh-, beór-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gûð-, heáh-, hring-, hrôf-, nið-, win-sele.
[sele-dreám], st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þâra þe þis lîf ofgeaf, gesâwon sele-dreám (referring to the joy of heaven?), [2253].
[sele-ful], st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., [620].
[sele-gyst], st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, [1546].
[sele-rædend], pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., [51]; acc. leóde mîne sele-rædende, [1347].
[sele-rest], st. f., bed in the hall: acc. sg. sele-reste, [691].
[sele-þegn], st. m., retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain: nom. sg., [1795].
[sele-weard], st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., [668].
[self, sylf], pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, [1314], [1925] (? selfa); þu self, [595]; þu þe self, [954]; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), [921], [1011]; sylf, [1965]; in weak form, selfa, [1469]; he selfa, [29], [1734]; þäm þe him selfa deáh (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), [1840]; seolfa, [3068]; he sylfa, [505]; god sylfa, [3055]; acc. sg. m. selfne, [1606]; hine selfne (himself), [962]; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), [2876]; wið sylfne (beside), [1978]; gen. sg. m. selfes, [701], [896]; his selfes, [1148]; on sînne sylfes dôm (at his own will), [2148]; sylfes, [2224], [2361], [2640], [2711], [2777], [3014]; his sylfes, [2014], [2326]; fem. hire selfre, [1116]; nom. pl. selfe, [419]; Sûð-Dene sylfe, [1997].
ge-[sella], w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.
[sellan, syllan], w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on êðle eorðan wynne, [1731]; inf. syllan, [2161], [2730]; pret. sg. sealde, [72], [673], [1272], [1694], [1752], [2025], [2156], [2183], [2491], [2995]; nefne god sylfa sealde þam þe he wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), [3056]; pret. sg. II. sealdest, [1483].—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): ær he feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), [1371]; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), [1750]; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, [623]; pl. byrelas sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum, [1162].
ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, [1030]; pret. sg. ge-sealde, [616], [1053], [1867], [1902], [2143], etc.
[sel-lîc, syl-lîc] (from seld-lîc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glôf ... syllîc, [2087]; acc. sg. n. syllîc spell, [2110]; acc. pl. sellîce sæ-dracan, [1427]. Compar. acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), [3039].
[semninga], adv., straightway, at once [645], [1641], [1768].
[sendan], w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tô frôfre (whom God sent as a comfort to the people), [13]; so, [471], [1843].
for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. he wearð on feónda geweald ... snûde for-sended, [905].
on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, [452], [1484]; pret. sg. on-sende, [382]; pl. þe hine ... forð on-sendon ænne ofer ýðe (who sent him forth alone over the sea), [45]; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, [2267].
[a]sendan] (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sendeð, [601].—Leo.
[serce, syrce], w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, [1112]; nom. pl. syrcan, [226]; acc. pl. græge syrcan, [334].—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, lîc-syrce.
[sess], st. m., seat, place for sitting: dat. sg. sesse, [2718]; þâ he bî sesse geóng (by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), [2757].
[setl], st. n., seat, settle: acc. sg., [2014]; dat. sg. setle, [1233], [1783], [2020]; gen. sg. setles, [1787]; dat. pl. setlum, [1290].—Comp.: heáh-, hilde-, meodu-setl.
[settan], w. v., to set: pret. sg. setton sæ-mêðe sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weall (the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall), [325]; so, [1243].
â-settan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pl. hie him â-setton segen [gyl]-denne heáh ofer heáfod, [47]; pret. part. häfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tô-geánes ... sele-weard â-seted, [668].
be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swîn-lîcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), [1454].
ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. swâ wäs ...þurh rûn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sæd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), [1697].—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mônan leóman tô leóhte land-bûendum, [94].—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þät he mid þý wîfe wäl-fæhða ... dæl ... ge-sette, [2030].
[sêcan], w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fät sôhte (sought the costly cup), [2301]; ne sôhte searo-nîðas, [2739]; so, [3068]. Without acc.: þonne his myne sôhte (than his wish demanded), [2573]; hord-weard sôhte georne äfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), [2294].—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe ... biorgas sêceð, [2273]; subj. þeáh þe hæð-stapa holt-wudu sêce, [1370]; imper. sêc gif þu dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), [1380]; inf. sêcean, [200], [268], [646], [1598], [1870], [1990], [2514](?), [3103], etc.; sêcan, [665], [1451]; drihten sêcean (seek, go to, the Lord), [187]; sêcean wyn-leás wîc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), [822]; so, sêcan deófla gedräg, [757]; sâwle sêcan (seek the life, kill), [802]; so, sêcean sâwle hord, [2423]; gerund. säcce tô sêceanne, [2563]; pret. sg. I., III. sôhte, [139], [208], [376], [417], [2224]; II. sôhtest, [458]; pl. sôhton, [339].—3) to seek, attack: þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde, [3002]; pret. pl. hine wräc-mäcgas ofer sæ sôhtan, [2381].
ge-sêcan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesêcean dear wîg ofer wæpen, [685].—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-sêcean, [693]; gerund, tô ge-sêcanne, [1923]; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, [463], [520], [718], [1952]; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran ge-sôhte þam þe hine selfa deáh, [1840].—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sêceð [2516]; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, [2347]; pl. ge-sôhton, [2927]; ge-sôhtan, [2205].
ofer-sêcan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wäs sió hond tô strong, se þe mêca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sôhte, þonne he tô säcce bär wæpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Beówulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), [2687].
[sêl, sæl], adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sêlra, [861], [2194]; þæm þær sêlra wäs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelâc), [2200]; deáð bið sêlla þonne edwît-lîf, [2891]; neut. sêlre, [1385]; acc. sg. m. sêlran þe (a better than thee), [1851]; sêlran, [1198]; neut. þät sêlre, [1760]; dat. sg. m. sêlran sweord-frecan, [1469]; nom. pl. fem. sêlran, [1840]. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sêlest, [173], [1060]; hûsa sêlest, [146], [285], [936]; ôfost is sêlest, [256]; bolda sêlest, [2327]; acc. sg. neut. hrägla sêlest, [454]; hûsa sêlest, [659]; billa sêlest, [1145];—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sêlesta, [412]; acc. sg. m. þone sêlestan, [1407], [2383]; (þäs, MS.), [1957]; dat. sg. m. þäm sêlestan, [1686]; nom. pl. sêlestan, [416]; acc. pl. þâ sêlestan, [3123].
sêl, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, [1013], [2531]; ne byð him wihte þê sêl (he shall be nought the better for it), [2278]; so, [2688].
[sealma] (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place: acc. sg. on sealman, [2461].
[sealt], adj., salty: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wäter (the sea), [1990].
[searo] (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. sæ-manna searo, [329]; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), [249], [2701]; in (on) searwum, [323], [1558]; [2531], [2569]; instr. pl. searwum, [1814].—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þâ ic of searwum cwom, fâh from feóndum, [419].—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fâh (saddle cunningly ornamented), [1039]; earmbeága fela, searwum ge-sæled (many cunningly-linked armlets), [2765].—Comp. fyrd-, gûð-, inwit-searo.
[searo-bend], st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fäst, [2087].
[searo-fâh], adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sîd and searo-fâh, [1445].
[searo-ge-þräc], st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., [3103].
[searo-gim], st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, [2750]; gen. pl. searo-gimma, [1158].
[searo-grim], adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., [595].
[searo-häbbend], pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-häbbendra, [237].
[searo-net], st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet: nom. sg., [406].
[searo-nîð], st. m.: 1) cunning hostility, plot, wiles: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, [1201], [2739].—2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, [3068]; gen. pl. searo-nîða, [582].
[searo-þanc], st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, [776].
[searo-wundor], st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., [921].
[seax], st. n., shortsword, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, [1546].—Comp. wäl-seax.
[seax-ben], st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pl. siex-bennum, [2905].
[seofon], num., seven, [517]; seofan, [2196]; decl. acc. syfone, [3123].
[seomian], w. v.: 1) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, [2768]; pret. sg. seomode, [302].—2) w. acc., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-[2092], [161].
[seonu], st. f., sinew: nom. pl. seonowe, [818].
[seóc], adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill: nom. sg. feorh-bennum seóc (of Beówulf, sick unto death), [2741]; siex-bennum seóc (of the dead dragon), [2905]; nom. pl. môdes seóce (sick of soul), [1604].—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-seóc.
[seóðan], st. v. w. acc., to seethe, boil; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic þäs môd-ceare sorh-wylmum seáð (I pined in heart-grief for that), [1994]; so, [190].
[seóloð], st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sióleða bi-gong (the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), [2368].
[seón, sýn], st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seón, an-sýn.
[seón], st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder seón, [921]; so, [387], [1181], [1276], [3103]; þær mäg nihta ge-hwæm nîð-wundor seón (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), [1366]; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudreám mâran, [2015].—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþeódige þus manige men môdiglîcran, [336].—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, [2718]; seah on un-leófe, [2864]; pl. folc tô sægon (looked on), [1423].
ge-seón, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe beáh ge-syhð, [2042]; inf. ge-seón, [396], [571], [649], [962], [1079], etc.; pret. sg. geseah, [247], [927], [1558], [1614]; pl. ge-sâwon, [1606], [2253].—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna bûre win-sele wêstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), [2456].—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), [229]; pret. pl. mære mâððum-sweord monige ge-sâwon beforan beorn beran, [1024].—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, [729], [1517], [1586], [1663], [2543], [2605], etc.; pl. ge-sâwon, [221], [1348], [1426]; ge-sêgan, [3039]; ge-sêgon, [3129].—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mäg þonne ... geseón sunu Hrêðles, þät ic (may the son of H. see that I...), [1486]; pret. pl. ge-sâwon, [1592].
geond-seón, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þät eall geond-seh, [3088].
ofer-seón, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-sâwon, [419].
on-seón, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sâwon, [1651].
[seówian], w. v., to sew, put together, link: pret. part. searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum (the corselet woven by the smith's craft), [406].
[sib], st. f., peace, friendship, relationship: nom. sg., [1165], [1858]; sibb, [2601]; acc. sibbe, [950], [2432], [2923]; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace?), [154].—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.
[sib-äðeling], st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -äðelingas, [2709].
[sibbe-gedryht], st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), [387]; (the Geátas), [730].
[siððan, syððan]: 1) adv.: a) since, after, from now on, further, [142], [149], [283], [567], [1903], [2052], [2065], [2176], [2703], [2807], [2921]; seoððan, [1876].—b) then, thereupon, after, [470], [686], [1454], [1557], [1690], [2208]; seoððan, [1938]; ær ne siððan (neither before nor after), [719].
2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, [413], [605], [1785], [2889], [2912].—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, [835], [851], [1205], [1207], [1421], [1590], [2357], [2961], [2971], [3128]; seoððan, [1776];—since, [649], [657], [983], [1199], [1254], [1309], [2202];—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen häfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), [106]; so, [1473]; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becom (after night had come on), [115]; so, [6], [132], [723], [887], [902], [1078], [1149], [1236], [1262], [1282], [1979], [2013], [2125]; or pret. and pluperf. together, [2104-2105].
[sige-dryhten], st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, [391].
[sige-eádig], adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-eádig bil, [1558].
[sige-folc], st. n., victorious people, troop: gen. pl. sige-folca, [645].
[sige-hrêð], st. f., confidence of victory(?): acc. sg., [490]. See [Note].
[sige-hrêðig], adj., victorious: nom. sg., [94], [1598], [2757].
[sige-hwîl], st. f., hour or day of victory: gen. sg. sige-hwîle, [2711].
[sige-leás], adj., devoid of victory, defeated: acc. sg. sige-leásne sang, [788].
[sige-rôf], adj., victorious: nom. sg., [620].
[sige-þeód], st. f., victorious warrior troop: dat. sg. on sige-þeóde, [2205].
[sige-wæpen], st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wæpnum, [805].
[sigl], st. n.: 1) sun: nom. sg. sigel, [1967].—2) sun-shaped ornament: acc. pl. siglu, [3165]; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), [1201]; gen. pl. sigla, [1158].—Comp. mâððum-sigl.
[sigor], st. m., victory: gen. sg. sigores, [1022]; gen. pl. sigora, [2876], [3056].—Comp.: hrêð-, wîg-sigor.
[sigor-eádig], adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-eádig secg (of Beówulf), [1312], [2353].
[sinc], st. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., [2765]; acc. sg. sinc, [81], [1205], [1486], [2384], [2432]; instr. sg. since, [1039], [1451], [1616], [1883], [2218], [2747]; gen. sg. sinces, [608], [1171], [1923], [2072]; gen. pl. sinca, [2429].
[sinc-fâh], adj., treasure-decked: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fâge sel, [167].
[sinc-fät], st. n., costly vessel: acc. sg., [2232], [2301];—a costly object: acc. sg., [1201] (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, [623].
[sinc-ge-streón], st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestreónum, [1093]; gen. pl. -gestreóna, [1227].
[sinc-gifa], w. m., jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, [1013]; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Beówulf), [2312]; (of Äschere), [1343].
[sinc-mâððum], st. m., treasure: nom. sg., [2194].
[sinc-þego], f., acceptance, taking, of jewels: nom. sg., [2885].
[sin-dolh], st. n., perpetual, i.e. incurable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, [818].
[sin-freá], w. m., wedded lord, husband: nom. sg., [1935].
[sin-gal], adj., continual, lasting: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale säce, [154].
sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., continually, ever, [1778]; syngales, [1136].
singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, [190].
[singan], st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-îren scîr song in searwum (the ringed iron rang in the armor), [323]; horn stundum song fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song), [1424]; scôp hwîlum sang (the singer sang at whiles), [496].
â-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. leóð wäs â-sungen, [1160].
[sin-here], st. m., (army without end?), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, [2937].
[sin-niht], st. f., perpetual night, night after night: acc. pl. sin-nihte (night after night), [161].
[sin-sceaða], w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, [708]; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, [802].
[sin-snæd], st. f., (continuous biting) bite after bite: dat. pl. syn-snædum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), [744].
[sittan], st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, [2907]; imper. sg. site nu tô symle, [489]; inf. þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), [493]; eode ... tô hire freán sittan (went to sit by her lord), [642]; pret. sg. on wicge sät (sat on the horse), [286]; ät fôtum sät (sat at the feet), [500], [1167]; þær Hrôðgâr sät (where H. sat), [356]; so, [1191], [2895]; he gewêrgad sät ... freán eaxlum neáh, [2854]; pret. pl. sæton, [1165]; gistas sêtan (MS. sêcan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), [1603].—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mære þeóden ... unblîðe sät, [130].—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.
be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besät þâ sin-herge sweorda lâfe wundum wêrge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), [2937].
for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. eágena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), [1768].
ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sät rîce to rûne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see [rîce]), [171]; wið earm ge-sät (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), [750]; fêða eal ge-sät (the whole troop sat down), [1425]; ge-sät þâ wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelâc), [1978];
ge-sät þâ on nässe, [2418]; so, [2718]; pret. part. (syððan) ... we tô symble ge-seten häfdon, [2105].—2) w. acc., to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. þâ ic ... sæ-bât ge-sät, [634].
of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sät þâ þone sele-gyst, [1546].
ofer-sittan, w. acc., to dispense with, refrain from (cf. [ofer], 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, [2529]; inf. secge ofer-sittan, [685].
on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þâ fæhðe, atole ecg-þräce eówer leóde sîwðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, [598].
ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þät hie) ... symbel ymb-sæton (sat round the feast), [564]. See [ymb-sittend].
[sîd], adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glôf) sîd, [1445], [2087]; acc. sg. m. sîdne scyld, [437]; on sîdne sæ, [507]; fem. byrnan sîde (of a corselet extending over the legs), [1292]; ofer sæ sîde, [2395]; neut. sîde rîce, [1734], [2200]; instr. sg. sîdan herge, [2348]; acc. pl. sîde sæ-nässas, [223]; sîde scyldas, [325]; gen. pl. sîdra sorga (of great sorrows), [149].—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sîdne sefan, [1727].
side, adv., far and wide, afar, [1224].
[sîd-fäðme], adj., broad-bosomed: acc. sg. sîd-fäðme scip, [1918].
[sîd-fäðmed], quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sîd-fäðmed scip, [302].
[sîd-rand], st. m., broad shield: nom. sg., [1290].
[sîð] (G. seþu-s), adj., late: superl. nom. sg. sîðast sige-hwîle (the last hour, day, of victory), [2711]; dat. sg. ät sîðestan (in the end, at last), [3014].
sîð, adv. compar., later: ær and sîð (sooner and later, early and late), [2501].
[a]sîð] (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., [501], [3059], [3090]; näs þät êðe sîð (that was no easy road, task), [2587]; so, þät wäs geócor sîð, [766]; acc. sg. sîð, [353], [512], [909], [1279], [1430], [1967]; instr. dat. sîðe, [532], [1952], [1994]; gen. sg. sîðes, [579], [1476], [1795], [1909]. Also, return: nom. sg., [1972].—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þät eówer sîð, [2533]; ne bið swylc earges sîð (such is no coward's enterprise), [2542]; acc. sg. sîð, [873]. In pl.= adventures: nom. sîðas, [1987]; acc. sîðas, [878]; gen. sîða, [318].—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. näs þät forma sîð (that was not the first time), [717], [1464]; so, [1528], [2626]; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, [1580]; instr. sg. (forman, ôðre, þriddan) sîðe, [741], [1204], [2050], [2287], [2512], [2518], [2671], [2689], [3102].—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sæ-, wil-, wræc-sîð.
ge-sîð, st. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-sîðes, [1298]; nom. pl. ge-sîðas, [29]; acc. pl. ge-sîðas, [2041], [2519]; dat. pl. ge-sîðum, [1314], [1925], [2633]; gen. pl. ge-sîða, [1935].—Comp.: eald-, wil-gesîð.
[sîð-fät], st. m., way, journey: acc. sg. þone sîð-fät, [202]; dat. sg. sîð-fate, [2640].
[sîð-fram, -from], adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sîð-frome, [1814].
[sîðian], w. v., to journey, march: inf., [721], [809]; pret. sg. sîðode, [2120].
for-sîðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), [1551].
[sîgan], st. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pl. sigon ät-somne (descended together), [307]; sigon þâ tô slæpe (they sank to sleep), [1252].
ge-sîgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sîgan ät säcce (fall in battle), [2660].
[sîn], poss. pron., his: acc. sg. m. sînne, [1961], [1985], [2284], [2790]; dat. sg. sînum, [1508].
[slæp], st. m., sleep: nom. sg., [1743]; dat. sg. tô slæpe, [1252].
[slæpan], st. v., to sleep: pres. part. nom. sg. slæpende, [2220]; acc. sg. he gefêng ... slæpendne rinc (seized a sleeping warrior], [742]; acc. pl. slæpende frät folces Denigea fîftyne men (devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes), [1582].
[sleac], adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., [2188].
[sleahan, sleán]: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þät he me ongeán sleá (that he should strike at me), [682]; pret. sg. yrringa slôh (struck angrily), [1566]; so, slôh hilde-bille, [2680]. b) trans.: pret. sg. þät he þone nîð-gäst nioðor hwêne slôh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), [2700].—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þäs þe he Abel slôg (because he slew A.), [108]; so, slôg, [421], [2180]; slôh, [1582], [2356]; pl. slôgon, [2051]; pret. part. þâ wäs Fin slägen, [1153].
ge-sleán, w. acc.: 1) to fight a battle: pret. sg. ge-slôh þîn fäder fæhðe mæste, [459].—2) to gain by fighting: syððan hie þâ mærða ge-slôgon, [2997].
of-sleán, to ofslay, kill, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slôh, [574], [1666], [3061].
[slîðe] (G. sleiþ-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous: acc. sg. þurh slîðne nîð, [184]; gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, [2399].
[slîðen], adj., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. sweord-bealo slîðen, [1148].
[slîtan], st. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. acc.: pret. sg. slât (slæpendne rinc), [742].
[slyht], st. m., blow: in comp. and-slyht.
ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, [2399].
[smið], st. m., smith, armorer: nom. sg. wæpna smið, [1453]; gen. sg. smiðes, [406].—Comp. wundor-smið.
be-[smiðian], w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) þäs fäste wäs innan and ûtan îren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), [776].
[snell], adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper: nom. sg. se snella, [2972].
[snellîc], adj., the same: nom. sg., [691].
[snotor, snottor], adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, [190], [827], [909], [1385]; in weak form, (se) snottra, [1314], [1476], [1787]; snotra, [2157], [3121]; nom. pl. snotere, [202], [416]; snottre, [1592].—Comp. fore-snotor.
[snotor-lîce], adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-lîcor, [1483].
[snûde], adv., hastily, quickly, soon, [905], [1870], [1972], [2326], [2569], [2753].
be-[snyðian], w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. þätte Ongenþió ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, [2925].
[snyrian], w. v., to hasten, hurry: pret. pl. snyredon ät-somne (hurried forward together), [402].
[snyttru], f., intelligence, wisdom: acc. sg. snyttru, [1727]; dat. pl. mid môdes snyttrum, [1707]; þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), [943]. Adv., wisely, [873].
[sorgian], w. v.: 1) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! [1385].—2) to care for, trouble one's self about: inf. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian (thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance), [451].
[sorh], st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., [1323]; sorh is me tô secganne (pains me to say), [473]; acc. sg. sorge, [119], [2464]; dat. instr. sg. mid þære sorge, [2469]; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), [1150]; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, [2005]; dat. pl. sorgum, [2601]; gen. pl. sorga, [149].—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.
[sorh-cearig], adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., [2456].
[sorh-ful], adj., sorrowful, troublesome, difficult: nom. sg., [2120]; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sîð, [512], [1279], [1430].
[sorh-leás], adj., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., [1673].
[sorh-leoð], st. n., dirge, song of sorrow: acc. sg., [2461].
[sorh-wylm], st. m., wave of sorrow nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, [905].
[sôcn], st. f., persecution, hostile pursuit or attack (see sêcan): dat, (instr.) þære sôcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), [1778].
[sôð], st. n., sooth, truth:: acc. sg. sôð, [532], [701], [1050], [1701], [2865]; dat. sg. tô sôðe (in truth), [51], [591], [2326].
[a]sôð], adj., true, genuine: nom. sg, þät is sôð metod, [1612]; acc. sg. n. gyd âwräc sôð and sâr-lîc, [2110].
[sôðe], adv., truly, correctly, accurately, [524]; sôðe gebunden (of alliterative verse: accurately put together), [872].
[sôð-cyning], st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sôð-cyning (God), [3056].
[sôð-fäst], adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sôð-fästra dôm (glory, realm, of the saints), [2821].
[sôð-lîce], adv., in truth, truly, truthfully, [141], [273], [2900].
[sôfte], adv., gently, softly: compar. þý sêft (the more easily), [2750].—Comp. un-sôfte.
[sôna], adv., soon, immediately, [121], [722], [744], [751], [1281], [1498], [1592], [1619], [1763], etc.
on-[spannan], st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on-speón (loosed his helm), [2724].
[spel], st. n., narrative, speech: acc. sg. spell, [2110]; acc. pl. spel, [874]; gen. pl. spella, [2899], [3030].—Comp. weá-spel.
[spêd], st. f.: 1) luck, success: in comp. here-, wîg-spêd.—2) skill, facility: acc. sg. on spêd (skilfully), [874].
[spîwan], st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. glêdum spîwan (spit fire), 2313
[spor], st. n., spur: in comp. hand-spor.
[spôwan], st. v., to speed well, help, avail: pret. sg. him wiht ne speów (availed him naught), [2855]; hû him ät æte speów (how he sped in the eating), [3027].
[spræc], st. f., speech, language: instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (through bold, challenging, discourse), [1105].—Comp.: æfen-, gylp-spræc.
[sprecan], st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), [2070]; w. acc. se þe wyle sôð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), [2865]; imper. tô Geátum sprec (spræc, MS.), [1172]; pret. sg. III. spräc, [1169], [1699], [2511], [2725]; word äfter spräc, [341]; nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc, [2619]; II. hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), [531]; pl. hwät wit geó spræcon (what we two spoke of before), [1477]; gomele ymb gôdne on-geador spræcon, þät big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), [1596]; swâ wit furðum spræcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), [1708]; pret. part. þâ wäs ... þryð-word sprecen, [644].
ge-sprecan, w. acc., to speak: pret. sg. ge-spräc, [676], [1399], [1467], [3095].
[spreót], st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-spreót.
[springan], st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hrâ wîde sprong (the body bounded far), [1589]; swât ædrum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), [2967]; pl. wîde sprungon hilde-leóman (flashed afar), [2583]. Also figuratively: blæd wîde sprang (his repute spread afar), [18].
ge-springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. swâ þät blôd ge-sprang (as the blood burst forth), [1668]. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong äfter deáð-däge dôm un-lytel, [885].
on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bânlocan [818].
[standan], st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. eóred-geatwe þe ge þær on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), [2867]; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), [2761]; pret. sg. ät hýðe stôd hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), [32]; stôd on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), [927]; so, [1914], [2546]; þät him on aldre stôd here-stræl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), [1435]; so, [2680]; pl. gâras stôdon ... samod ät-gädere (the spears stood together), [328]; him big stôdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), [3048]. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þät feor heonon ... þät se mere standeð, [1363].—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þät þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum îdel and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), [411]; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaða opene standan, [2272]; pret. sg. ôð þät îdel stôd hûsa sêlest, [145]; so, [936]; wäter under stôd dreórig and ge-drêfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stôd atelîc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), [784]; þâra ânum stôd sadol searwum fâh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), [1038]; byrne-leóma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), [2314]; leóht inne stôd (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), [1571]; him of eágum stôd ... leóht unfäger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), [727]; so, þät [fram] þam gyste [gryre-] brôga stôd, [2229].
â-standan, to stand up, arise: pret. sg. â-stôd, [760], [1557], [2093].
ät-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þät hit (i.e. þät swurd) on wealle ät-stôd, [892].
for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (breóst-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stôd (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), [1550]; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stôde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), [1057].—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þät he ... mihte heáðo-lîðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brýde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), [2956].
ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-stôd, [358], [404], [2567]; pl. nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestôdon (not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him), [2597].
[stapa], w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hæð-, mearc-stapa.
[stapan], st. v., to step, stride, go forward: pret. sg. eorl furður stôp, [762]; gum-fêða stop lind-häbbendra (the troop of shield-warriors strode on), [1402].
ät-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð neár ät-stôp (strode up nearer), [746].
ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. he to forð gestôp dyrnan cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), [2290].
[stapol], st. m., (= βάσις), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, column: dat. sg. stôd on stapole (stood by or near the wooden middle column of Heorot), [927]; instr. pl. þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste (the arches of stone upheld by pillars), [2719]. See [Note].
[starian], w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þät ic on þone hafelan ... eágum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), [1782]; þâra frätwa ... þe ic her on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), [2797]; III. þonne he on þät sine starað, [1486]; sg. for pl. þâra þe on swylc starað, [997]; pret. sg. þät (sin-freá) hire an däges eágum starede, [1936]; pl. on mere staredon, [1604].
[stân], st. m., 1) stone: in comp. eorclan-stân.—2) rock: acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, [888], [1416], [2554], [2745]; dat. sg. stâne, [2289], [2558].
[stân-beorh], st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stân-beorh steápne, [2214].
[stân-boga], w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock: dat. sg. stân-bogan, [2546]; nom. pl. stân-bogan, [2719].
[stân-clif], st. n., rocky cliff: acc. pl. stân-cleofu, [2541].
[stân-fâh], adj., stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors: nom. sg. stræt wäs stân-fâh (the street was of different colored stones), [320].
[stân-hlið], st. n., rocky slope: acc. pl. stân-hliðo, [1410].
[stäf], st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. rûn-staf.—2) elementum: in comp. âr-, ende-, fâcen-stäf.
[stäl], st. m., place, stead: dat. sg. þät þu me â wære forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle (that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me), [1480].
[stælan], w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. þâ ic on morgne ge-frägn mæg ôðerne billes ecgum on bonan stælan (then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge; or, one avenged the other on the murderer?, cf. [2962] seqq.), [2486].
ge-stælan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. ge feor hafað fæhðe ge-stæled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), [1341].
[stede], st. m., place, -stead: in comp. bæl-, burh-, folc-, heáh-, meðel-, wang-, wîc-stede.
[stefn], st. f., voice: nom. sg., [2553]; instr. sg. niwan (niówan) stefne (properly novâ voce) = denuo, anew, again, [2595], [1790].
[a]stefn], st. m., prow of a ship: acc. sg., [213]; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.
[on-stellan], w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. se þäs or-leges ôr on-stealde, [2408].
[steng], st. m., pole, pike: in comp wäl-steng.
ge-[steppan], w. v., to stride, go: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhtheres (O.'s son, i.e. Eádgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), [2394].
[a]stede] (O.H.G. stâti, M.H.G. stæte), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. wäs stêde nägla ge-hwylc stýle ge-lîcost (each nail-place was firm as steel), [986].
[stêpan], w. v. w. acc., to exalt, honor: pret. sg. þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, [1718].
ge-[steald], st. n., possessions, property: in comp. in-gesteald, [1156].
ge-[stealla], w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nýd-ge-stealla.
[stearc-heort], adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), [2289]; (of Beówulf), [2553].
[steáp], adj., steep, projecting, towering: acc. sg. steápne hrôf, [927]; stân-beorh steápne, [2214]; wið steápne rond, [2567]; acc. pl. m. beorgas steápe, [222]; neut. steáp stân-hliðo, [1410].—Comp. heaðo-steáp.
[stille], adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wîd-floga wundum stille, [2831].
stille, adv., quietly, [301].
[stincan], st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stonc þâ äfter stâne (snuffed along the stone), [2289].
[stîð], adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wunden-mæl (swurd) ... stîð and stýlecg, [1534].
[stîð-môd], adj., stout-hearted, unflinching: nom. sg., [2567].
[stîg], st. m., way, path: nom. sg., [320], [2214]; acc. pl. stîge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stîg.
[stîgan], st. v., to go, ascend: pret. sg. þâ he tô holme [st]âg (when he plunged forward into the sea), [2363]; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, [212]; Wedera leóde on wang stigon, [225]; subj. pret. ær he on bed stige, [677].
â-stîgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon ýð-geblond up â-stîgeð won tô wolcnum, [1374]; gûð-rinc â-stâh (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rêc] ascended?), [1119]; gamen eft â-stâh (joy again went up, resounded), [1161]; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of swioðole, [3145]; swêg up â-stâg, [783].
ge-stîgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þâ ic on holm ge-stâh, [633].
[storm], st. m., storm: nom. sg. stræla storm (storm of missiles), [3118]; instr. sg. holm storme weól (the sea billowed stormily), [1132].
[stôl], st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, êðel-, gif-, gum-stôl.
[stôw], st. f., place, -stow: nom. sg. nis þät heóru stôw (a haunted spot), [1373]; acc. sg. frêcne stôwe, [1379]; grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe (the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see [gesacan] and [ge-nýdan]), [1007]: comp. wäl-stow.
[strang, strong], adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô strang (that sorrow was too great), [133]; þu eart mägenes strang (strong of body), [1845]; wäs sió hond tô strong (the hand was too powerful), [2685]; superl. wîgena strengest (strongest of warriors), [1544]; mägenes strengest (strongest in might), [196]; mägene strengest, [790].
[strâdan]? (cf. stræde = passus, gressus), to tread, (be)-stride, stride over (Grein): subj. pres. se þone wong strâde, [3074]. See [Note].
[stræl], st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran stræle, [1747]; gen. pl. stræla storm, [3118].
[stræt], st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., [320]; acc. sg. stræte, [1635]; fealwe stræte, [917].—Comp.: lagu-, mere-stræt.
[strengel], st. m., (endowed with strength), ruler, chief: acc. sg. wîgena strengel, [3116].
[strengo], st. f., strength, power, violence: acc. sg. mägenes strenge, [1271]; dat. sg. strenge, [1534]; strengo, [2541];—dat. pl. strengum = violently, powerfully [loosed from the strings?], [3118]: in comp. hilde-, mägen-, mere-strengo.
[strêgan] (O.S. strôwian), w. v., to strew, spread: pret. part, wäs þäm yldestan ... morðorbed strêd (the death-bed was spread for the eldest one), [2437].
[streám], st. m., stream, flood, sea: acc. sg. streám, [2546]; nom. pl. streámas, [212]; acc. pl. streámas, [1262]: comp. brim-, eágor-, firgen-, lagu-streám.
ge-[streón] (cf. streón = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-streón (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), [2038]; acc. pl. äðelinga, eorla ge-streón, [1921], [3168].—Comp.: ær-, eald-, eorl-, heáh-, hord-, long-, mâðm-, sinc-, þeód-ge-streón.
[strûdan], st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. näs þâ on hlytme hwâ þät hord strude, [3127].
ge-[strýnan], w. v. w. acc., to acquire, gain: inf. þäs þe (because) ic môste mînum leódum ... swylc ge-strýnan, [2799].
[stund], st. f., time, space of time, while: adv. dat. pl. stundum (at times), [1424].
[styrian], w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), [873].—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lâð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), [1375].—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þät he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), [2841].
[styrman], w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, [2553].
[stýle], st. n., steel: dat. sg. stýle, [986].
[stýl-ecg], adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., [1534].
be-[stýman], w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part. (wæron) eal benc-þelu blôde be-stýmed, [486].
[suhtor-ge-fäderan] (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., [1165].
[sum], pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, [1252]; hilde-rinc sum, [3125]; neut. ne sceal þær dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), [271]; acc. sg. m. sumne, [1433]; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), [2157]; nom. pl. sume, [400], [1114]; acc. pl. sume, [2941]. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), [1500], [2302]; mere-hrägla sum, [1906]; þät wäs wundra sum, [1608]; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, [676]. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fîftena sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), [207]; so, eahta sum, [3124]; feára sum (one of few, with a few), [1413]; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), [2092]; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), [714]; feára sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), [3062].—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. eówer sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Beówulf), [248]; gûð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrôðgâr's palace), [314]; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Beówulf), [1313]; acc. sg. hord-ärna sum (a certain hoard-hall), [2280].
[sund], st. m.: 1) swimming: acc. sg. ymb sund, [507]; dat. sg. ät sunde (in swimming), [517]; on sunde (a-swimming), [1619]; gen. sg. sundes, [1437].—2) sea, ocean, sound: nom. sg., [223]; acc. sg. sund, [213], [512], [539], [1427], [1445].
ge-[sund], adj., sound, healthy, unimpaired: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, [1629], [1999]; nom. pl. ge-sunde, [2076]; acc. pl. w. gen. fäder alwalda ... eówic ge-healde sîða ge-sunde (the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!), [318].—Comp. an-sund.
[sund-ge-bland], st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., [1451].
[sund-nyt], st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimming: acc. sg. sund-nytte dreáh (swam through the sea), [2361].
[sundur, sundor], adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedælan (to separate, sunder), [2423].
[sundor-nyt], st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, [668].
[sund-wudu], st. m., (sea-wood), ship: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, [208], [1907].
[sunne], w. f., sun: nom. sg., [607]; gen. sg. sunnan, [94], [649].
[sunu], st. m., son: nom. sg., [524], [591], [646], [981], [1090], [1486], etc.; acc. sg. sunu, [268], [948], [1116], [1176], [1809], [2014], [2120]; dat. sg. suna, [344], [1227], [2026], [2161], [2730]; gen. sg. suna, [2456], [2613], ([1279]); nom. pl. suna, [2381].
[sûð], adv., south, southward, [859].
[sûðan], adv., from the south, [607]; sigel sûðan fûs (the sun inclined from the south), [1967].
[swaðrian], w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm: brimu swaðredon (the waves became calm), [570]. See [sweðrian].
[swaðu], st. f., trace, track, pathway: acc. sg. swaðe, [2099].—Comp.: swât-, wald-swaðu.
[swaðul], st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaðule, [783]. See [sweoðol].
[swancor], adj., slender, trim: acc. pl. þrió wicg swancor, [2176].
[swan-râd], st. f., swan-road, sea: acc. sg. ofer swan-râde, [200].
and-[swarian], w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, [258]; so, [340].
[swâ]: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: swâ sceal man dôn, [1173], [1535]; swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon, [99]; þät ge-äfndon swâ (that we thus accomplished), [538]; þær hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), [798]; so, [20], [144], [189], [559], [763], [1104], [1472], [1770], [2058], [2145], [2178], [2991]; swâ manlîce (so like a man), [1047]; swâ fela (so many), [164], [592]; swâ deórlîce dæd (so valiant a deed), [585]; hine swâ gôdne (him so good), [347]; on swâ geongum feore (in so youthful age), [1844]; ge-dêð him swâ ge-wealdene worolde dælas þät ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), [1733]. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), [1855]. As an asseverative = so: swâ me Higelâc sîe ... môdes blîðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), [435]; swâ þeáh (nevertheless, however), [973], [1930], [2879]; swâ þêh, [2968]; hwäðre swâ þeáh (yet however), [2443].—2): a) conj., as, so as: ôð þät his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swâ his ærfäder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), [2623]; eft swâ ær (again as before), [643];—with indic.: swâ he selfa bäd (as he himself requested), [29]; swâ he oft dyde (as he often did), [444]; gæð â Wyrd swâ hió sceal, [455]; swâ guman gefrungon, [667]; so, [273], [352], [401], [561], [1049], [1056], [1059], [1135], [1232], [1235], [1239], [1253], [1382], etc.;—with subj.: swâ þîn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), [490]. b) as, as then, how, [1143]; swâ hie â wæron ... nýd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), [882]; swâ hit diópe ... be-nemdon þeódnas mære (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), [3070]; swâ he manna wäs wîgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), [3099]. c) just as, the moment when: swâ þät blôd gesprang, [1668]. d) so that: swâ he ne mihte nô (so that he might not...), [1509]; so, [2185], [2007].—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swâ wäter bebûgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), [93].—4) swâ ... swâ = so ... as, [595], [687-8], [3170]; efne swâ ... swâ (even so ... as), [1093-4], [1224], [1284]; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), [944]; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ (even so to each man as), [3058].
for-[swâfan], st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-sweóf mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte, [2815].
for-[swâpan], st. v., to sweep off, force: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, [477].
[swât], st. m., (sweat), wound-blood: nom. sg., [2694], [2967]; instr. sg. swâte, [1287].—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swât.
[swât-fâh], adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., [1112].
[swâtig], adj., gory: nom. sg., [1570].
[swât-swaðu], st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., [2947].
be-[swælan], w. v., to scorch: pret. part. wäs se lêg-draca ... glêdum beswæled, [3042].
[swæs], adj., intimate, special, dear: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, [520]; nom. pl. swæse ge-sîðas, [29]; acc. pl. leóde swæse, [1869]; swæse ge-sîðas, [2041]; gen. pl. swæsra ge-sîða, [1935].
[swæs-lîce], adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, [3090].
[swebban], w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, [680]; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, [601].
â-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum â-swefede, [567].
[sweðrian], w. v., to lessen, diminish: inf. þät þät fyr ongan sweðrian, [2703]; pret. siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode, [902].
[swefan], st. v.: 1) to sleep: pres. sg. III. swefeð, [1742]; inf. swefan, [119], [730], [1673]; pret. sg. swäf, [1801]; pl. swæfon, [704]; swæfun, [1281].—2) to sleep the death-sleep, die: pres. sg. III. swefeð, [1009], [2061], [2747]; pl. swefað, [2257], [2458].
[swegel], st. n., ether, clear sky: dat. sg. under swegle, [1079], [1198]; gen. sg. under swegles begong, [861], [1774].
[swegle], adj., bright, etherlike, clear: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, [2750].
[swegel-wered], quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, [607].
[swelgan], st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snædum swealh (swallowed in great bites), [744]; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule, [783].
for-swelgan, w. acc., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, [1123], [2081].
[swellan], st. v., to swell: inf. þâ sió wund on-gan ... swêlan and swellan, [2714].
[sweltan], st. v., to die, perish: pret. sg. swealt, [1618], [2475]; draca morðre swealt (died a violent death), [893], [2783]; wundor-deáðe swealt, [3038]; hioro-dryncum swealt, [2359].
[swencan], w. v., to swink, oppress, strike: pret. sg. hine wundra þäs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, [1511].
ge-swencan, to oppress, strike, injure: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... flâne geswencte, [2439]; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, [976]; hæðstapa hundum ge-swenced, [1369].—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.
[sweng], st. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. swenge, [1521], [2967]; swenge (with its stroke), [2687]; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, [2387].—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.
[swerian], st. v., to swear: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (swore no false oaths), [2739]; he me âðas swôr, [472].
for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulæ?): pret. part. he sige-wæpnum for-sworen häfde, [805].
[swêg], st. m., sound, noise, uproar: nom. sg. swêg, [783]; hearpan swêg, [89], [2459], [3024]; sige-folca swêg, [645]; sang and swêg, [1064]; dat. sg. swêge, [1215].—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swêg.
[swêlan], w. v., to burn (here of wounds): inf. swêlan, [2714]. See [swælan].
[sweart], adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-rêc sweart, [3146]; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, [167].
[sweoðol] (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), [3146]. See [swaðul].
[sweofot], st. m., sleep: dat. sg. on sweofote, [1582], [2296].
[sweoloð], st. m., heat, fire, flame: dat. sg. sweoloðe, [1116]. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.
[sweorcan], st. v., to trouble, darken. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (darkens his soul), [1738].
for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. eágena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, [1768].
ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, [1790].
[sweord, swurd, swyrd], st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, [1287], [1290], [1570], [1606], [1616], [1697]; swurd, [891]; acc. sg. sweord, [437], [673], [1559], [1664], [1809], [2253], [2500], etc.; swurd, [539], [1902]; swyrd, [2611], [2988]; instr. sg. sweorde, [561], [574], [680], [2493], [2881]; gen. sg. sweordes, [1107], [2194], [2387]; acc. pl. sweord, [2639]; nom. pl., [3049]; instr. pl. sweordum, [567], [586], [885]; gen. pl. sweorda, [1041], [2937], [2962].—Comp.: gûð-, mâððum-, wæg-sweord.
[sweord], st. f., oath: in comp. âð-sweord (sword-oath?), [2065].
[sweord-bealo], st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., [1148].
[sweord-freca], w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, [1469].
[sweord-gifu], st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, [2885].
[sweotol, swutol], adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scôpes, [90].—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, [818]; tâcen sweotol, [834]; instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, [141].
[sweóf, sweóp]. See [swâfan, swâpan].
[swið], st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þryð-swið(?).
[swift], adj., swift: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, [2265].
[swimman, swymman], st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, [1625].
ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), [2368].
[swincan], st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pl. git on wäteres æht seofon niht swuncon, [517].
ge-[swing], st. n., surge, eddy: nom. sg. atol ýða geswing, [849].
[swingan], st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. ne gôd hafoc geond säl swingeð, [2265].
[swîcan], st. v.: 1) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon: pret. sg. næfre hit (the sword) ät hilde ne swâc manna ængum, [1461].—2) to escape: subj. pret. bûtan his lîc swice, [967].
ge-[swîcan], to deceive, leave in the lurch: pret. sg. gûð-bill ge-swâc nacod ät nîðe, [2585], [2682]; w. dat. seó ecg ge-swâc þeódne ät þearfe (the sword failed the prince in need), [1525].
[swîð, swýð] (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô swýð, [191].—Comp. nom. sg. sió swîðre hand (the right hand), [2099]; harsh, [3086].
swîðe, adv., strongly, very, much, [598], [998], [1093], [1744], [1927]; swýðe, [2171], [2188]. Compar. swîðor, more, rather, more strongly, [961], [1140], [1875], [2199]—Comp. un-swîðe.
[ofer-swîðian], w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswýðeð, [279], [1769].
[swîð-ferhð], adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swýð-ferhð, [827]; gen. sg. swîð-ferhðes, [909]; nom. pl. swîð-ferhðe, [493]; dat. pl. swîð-ferhðum, [173].
[swîð-hycgend], pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swîð-hycgende, [920]; nom. pl. swîð-hycgende, [1017].
[swîð-môd], adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., [1625].
[on-swîfan], st. v. w. acc., to swing, turn, at or against, elevate: pret. sg. biorn (Beówulf) bord-rand on-swâf wið þam gryre-gieste, [2560].
[swîgian], w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lyt swîgode niwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), [2898]; pl. swîgedon ealle, [1700].
[swîgor], adj., silent, taciturn: nom, sg. weak, þâ wäs swîgra secg ... on gylp-spræce gûð-ge-weorca, [981].
[swîn, swýn], st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swýn, [1112]; acc. sg. swîn, [1287].
[swîn-lîc], st. n., swine-image or body: instr. pl. swîn-lîcum, [1454].
[swôgan], st. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. swôgende lêg, [3146].
[swylc, swilc] (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, [178], [1941], [2542], [2709]; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, [1329]; acc. sg. swylc, [2799]; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), [72]; ôðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), [1584]; on swylc (on such things), [997]; dat. sg. gûð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Beówulf), [299]; gen. sg. swylces hwät (some such), [881]; acc. pl. swylce, [2870]; call swylce ... swylce, [3166]; swylce twegen (two such), [1348]; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), [1798]; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), [1157]; efne swylce mæla swylce (at just such times as), [1250]; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nîða, [582]; swylcra fela ... ær-gestreóna, [2232].
[swylce], adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, [113], [293], [758], [831], [855], [908], [921], [1147], [1166], [1428], [1483], [2460], [2825]; ge swylce (and likewise), [2259]; swilce, [1153].
[swylt], st. m., death: nom. sg., [1256], [1437].
[swylt-däg], st. m., death-day: dat. sg. ær swylt-däge, [2799].
[swynsian], w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, [612].
[syððan] (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (then the edge of the sword should avenge it), [1107].
[a]syððan]. See [siððan].
[syfan-wintre], adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., [2429].
[syl] (O.H.G. swella), st. f., sill, bench-support: dat. sg. fram sylle, [776].
[symbol, syml], st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, [620], [1011]; geaf me sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), [2432]; þät hie ... symbel ymbsæton (that they might sit round their banquet), [564]; dat. sg. symle, [81], [489], [1009]; symble, [119], [2105]; gen. pl. symbla, [1233].
[symble, symle], adv., continually, ever: symble, [2451]; symle, [2498]; symle wäs þý sæmra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), [2881].
[symbel-wyn], st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dreóh, [1783].
[syn], st. f., sin, crime: nom. synn and sacu, [2473]; dat. instr. pl. synnum, [976], [1256], [3072].
[syn-bysig], adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guilt? (Rieger), guilt-haunted?: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, [2228].
ge-[syngian], w. v., to sin, commit a crime: pret. part. þät wäs feohleás ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, [2442].
[synnig], adj., sin-laden, sinful: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, [1380].—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.
ge-[synto], f., health: dat. pl. on gesyntum, [1870].
[syrwan], w. v. w. acc., to entrap, catch unawares: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, [161].
be-[syrwan]: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dæd þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), [943].—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mânscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see [sum]) of the men), [714].
[sýn], f., seeing, sight, scene: comp, an-sýn.
ge-[sýne], adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. [1256], [1404], [2948], [3059], [3160].—Comp.: êð-ge-sýne, ýð-ge-sêne.
[taligean], w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. nô ic me ... hnâgran gûð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), [678]; wên ic talige ...þät (I count on the hope ... that), [1846]; telge, [2068]; sg. III. þät ræd talað þät (counts it gain that), [2028].—2) to tell, relate: sôð ic talige (I tell facts), [532]; swâ þu self talast (as thou thyself sayst), [595].
[tâcen], st. n., token, sign, evidence: nom. sg. tâcen sweotol, [834]; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, [141]; tîres tô tâcne, [1655].—Comp. luf-tâcen.
[tân], st. m., twig: in comp. âter-tân. [emended to âter-teárum in text--KTH]
ge-[tæcan], w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þâ hilde-deór hof môdigra torht ge-tæhte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), [313]. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sôna me se mæra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte (assigned me a seat by his own son), [2014].
[tæle], adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tæle.
ge-[tæse], adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him wære ... niht ge-tæse (whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), [1321].
[tela], adv., fittingly, well, [949], [1219], [1226], [1821], [2209], [2738].
[telge]. See talian.
[tellan], w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. ne his lîf-dagas leóda ænigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), [795]; þät ic me ænigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), [1774]; cwäð he þone gûð-wine gôdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), [1811]; he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), [2642]; pl. swâ (so that) hine Geáta beam gôdne ne tealdon, [2185].—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þryðo) him wälbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, [1937].
ge-[tenge], adj., attached to, lying on: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, [2759].
[teár], st. m., tear: nom. pl. teáras, [1873].
[teoh], st. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, [2939].
(ge?)-[teohhian], w. v., to fix, determine, assign: pret. sg. ic for lässan leán teohhode ... hnâhran rince, [952]; pres. part. wäs ôðer in ær geteohhod (assigned)... mærum Geáte, [1301].
[teón], st. v., to draw, lead: inf. hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón (bade eight horses be led into the hall), [1037]; pret. sg. me tô grunde teáh fâh feónd-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), [553]; eft-sîðas teáh (withdrew, returned), [1333]; sg. for pl. æg-hwylcum ...þâra þe mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) [1052]; pret. part. þâ wäs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), [1289]; wearð ... on näs togen (was drawn to the promontory), [1440].
â-teón, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. tô Heorute â-teáh (drew to Heorot), [767].
ge-[teón]: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teáh, [2611]; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-teáh, brad brûn-ecg, [1546].—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. nô þu him wearne geteóh þînra gegn-cwida glädnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), [366]; pret. sg. and þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teáh (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), [1045]; so, he him êst geteáh (gave possession of), [2166].
of-teón, to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scêfing ... monegum mægðum meodo-setla of-teáh, [5]; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teáh, [2490]; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-teáh, [1521].
þurh-teón, to effect: inf. gif he torn-gemôt þurh-teón mihte, [1141].
[a]teón] (cf. teóh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., to make, work: pret. sg. teóde, [1453];—to furnish out, deck: pret. pl. nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan (provided him with no less gifts), [43].
ge-teón, to provide, do, bring on: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð, [2527]; pret. sg. þe him ... sâre ge-teóde (who had done him this harm), [2296].
ge-[teóna], w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lâð-ge-teóna.
[til], adj., good, apt, fit: nom. sg. m. Hâlga til, [61]; þegn ungemete till (of Wîglâf), [2722]; fem. wäs seó þeód tilu, [1251]; neut. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til, [1305].
[tilian], w. v. w. gen., to gain, win: inf. gif ic ... ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian (if I ... gain), [1824].
[timbrian], w. v., to build: pret. part. acc. sg. säl timbred (the well-built hall), [307].
be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rôfes bêcn, [3161].
[tîd], st. f., -tide, time: acc. sg. twelf wintra tîd, [147]; lange tîd, [1916]; in þâ tîde, [2228].—Comp.: ân-, morgen-tîd.
ge-[tîðian] (from tigðian), w. v., to grant: pret. part. impers. wäs ... bêne (gen.) ge-tîðad feásceaftum men, [2285].
[tîr], st. m., glory, repute in war. gen. sg. tîres, [1655].
[tîr-eádig], adj., glorious, famous: dat. sg. tîr-eádigum menn (of Beówulf), [2190].
[tîr-fäst], adj., famous, rich in glory. nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), [923].
[tîr-leás], adj., without glory, infamous: gen. sg. (of Grendel), [844].
[toga], w. m., leader: in comp. folc-toga.
[torht], adj., bright, brilliant: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, [313].—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (loud in battle).
[torn], st. n.: 1) wrath, insult, distress: acc. sg. torn, [147], [834]; gen. pl. torna, [2190].—2) anger: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, [2402].—Comp. lîge-torn.
[a]torn], adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg, hreówa tornost, [2130].
[torn-ge-môt], st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., [1141].
[tô], I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: com tô recede (to the hall), [721]; eode tô sele, [920]; eode tô hire freán sittan, [642]; gæð eft ... tô medo (goeth again to mead), [605]; wand tô wolcnum (wound to the welkin), [1120]; sigon tô slæpe (sank to sleep), [1252]; [28], [158], [234], [438], [553], [926], [1010], [1014], [1155], [1159], [1233], etc.; lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), [1984]; ôð þät niht becom ôðer tô yldum, [2118]; him tô bearme cwom mâððum-fät mære (came to his hands, into his possession), [2405]; sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), [1918]; þat se harm-scaða tô Heorute â-teáh (went forth to Heorot), [767]. After verb sittan: site nu tô symble (sit now to the meal), [489]; siððan ... we tô symble geseten häfdon, [2105]; tô ham (home, at home), [124], [374], [2993]. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tô his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), [360]; tô Geátum sprec, [1172]; so, hêht þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), [2893].—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under [on], I., d): hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), [1311]; siððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brôsinga mene (since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city), [1200]; weán âhsode. fæhðo to Frysum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), [1208].—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce tô frôfre (for, as, a help to the folk), [14]; gesette ... sunnan and mônan leóman to leóhte (as a light), [95]; ge-sät ... tô rune (sat in counsel), [172]; wearð he Heaðo-lâfe tô hand-bonan, [460]; bringe ... tô helpe (bring to, for, help), [1831]; Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor ... hyldo tô wedde (as a pledge of his favor), [2999]; so, 508(?), [666], [907], [972], [1022], [1187], [1263], [1331], [1708], [1712], [2080], etc.; secgan tô sôðe (to say in sooth), [51]; so, [591], [2326]. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: he tô gyrn-wräce swîðor þôhte þonne tô sæ-lâde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), [1139]; säcce ne wêneð tô Gâr-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), [602]; þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), [525]; ne ic to Sweóþeóde sibbe oððe treówe wihte ne wêne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), [2923]; wiste þäm ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), [648]; wel bið þäm þe mot tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), [188]; þâra þe he ge-worhte tô West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), [1579].—4) with the gerund, inf.: tô gefremmanne (to do), [174]; tô ge-cýðanne (to make known), [257]; tô secganne (to say), [473]; to befleónne (to avoid, escape), [1004]; so, [1420], [1725], [1732], [1806], [1852], [1923], [1942], etc. With inf.: tô fêran, [316]; tô friclan, [2557].—5) temporal: gewât him tô gescäp-hwîle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), [26]; tô wîdan feore (ever, in their lives), [934]; âwa tô aldre (for life, forever), [956]; so, tô aldre, [2006], [2499]; tô life (during life, ever), [2433].—6) with particles: wôd under wolcnum tô þäs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), [715]; so, elne ge-eodon tô þäs þe, [1968]; so, [2411]; he him þäs leán for-geald ... tô þäs þe he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), [1586]; wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât (the blood was hot to that degree), [1617]; näs þâ long tô þon þät ('twas not long till), [2592], [2846]; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät (the man was dear to him to that degree), [1877]; tô hwan siððan wearð hond-ræs häleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), [2072]; tô middes (in the midst), [3142].
II. Adverbial modifier, quasi preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) to, towards, up to, at: geóng sôna tô, [1786]; so, [2649]; fêhð ôðer tô, [1756]; sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (upon which thou here lookest), [1655]; folc tô sægon (the folk looked on), [1423]; þät hî him tô mihton gegnum gangan (might proceed thereto), [313]; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (who believed in help out of evils from him, i.e. Beówulf), [910]; him tô anwaldan âre ge-lyfde (trusted for himself to the Almighty's help), [1273]; þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde (that the Swedes will come against us), [3002].—2) before adj. and adv., too: tô strang (too mighty), [133]; tô fäst, [137]; tô swýð, [191]; so, [789], [970], [1337], [1743], [1749], etc.; tô fela micles (far too much), [695]; he tô forð ge-stôp (he had gone too far), [2290].
[tôð] (G. tunþu-s), st. m., tooth: in comp. blôdig-tôð (adj.).
[tredan], st. v. w. acc., to tread: inf. sæ-wong tredan, [1965]; el-land tredan, [3020]; pret. sg. wräc-lâstas träd, [1353]; medo-wongas träd, [1644]; gräs-moldan träd, [1882].
[treddian, tryddian] (see trod), w. v., to stride, tread, go: pret. sg. treddode, [726]; tryddode getrume micle (strode about with a strong troop), [923].
[trem], st. n., piece, part: acc. sg. ne ... fôtes trem (not a foot's breadth), [2526].
[treów], st. f., fidelity, good faith: acc. sg. treówe, [1073]; sibbe oððe treówe, [2923].
[a]treów], st. n., tree: in comp. galg-treów.
[treówian]. See [trûwian].
[treów-loga], w. m., troth-breaker, pledge-breaker: nom. pl. treów-logan, [2848].
[trodu], st. f., track, step: acc. sg. or pl. trode, [844].
ge-[trum], st. n., troop, band: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, [923].
[trum], adj., strong, endowed with: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, [1370].
ge-[trûwan], w. v. w. acc., to confirm, pledge solemnly: pret. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfe fäste frioðu-wære, [1096].
[trûwian, treówan], w. v., to trust in, rely on, believe in: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sîðe ne trûwode leófes mannes (I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise), [1994]; bearne ne trûwode þät he ... (she trusted not the child that ...), [2371]; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde þät he ... (each trusted his heart that ...), [1167].—2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, [670]; wiðres ne trûwode, [2954].
ge-trûwian, to rely on, trust in, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-trûwode, mund-gripe mägenes, [1534];—w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-trûwode, wîges and wealles, [2323]; strenge ge-trûwode ânes mannes, [2541].
[tryddian]. See [treddian].
[trýwe], adj., true, faithful: nom. sg. þâ gyt wäs ... æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, [1166].
ge-trýwe, adj., faithful: nom. sg. her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum ge-trýwe, [1229].
[turf], st. f., sod, soil, seat: in comp. êðel-turf.
[tux], st. m., tooth, tusk: in comp. hilde-tux.
ge-[twæfan], w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder: pres. sg. III. þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twæfeð (robs of strength), [1764]; inf. god eáðe mäg þone dol-scaðan dæda ge-twæfan (God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds), [479]; pret. sg. sumne Geáta leód ... feores getwæfde (cut him off from life), [1434]; nô þær wæg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes ge-twæfde (the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water), [1909]; pret. part. ät rihte wäs gûð ge-twæfed (almost had the struggle been ended), [1659].
ge-[twæman], w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, to hinder, render incapable of, restrain: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwæman, [969].
[twegen], m. f. n. twâ, num., twain, two: nom. m. twegen, [1164]; acc. m. twegen, [1348]; dat. twæm, [1192] gen. twega, [2533]; acc. f. twâ, [1096], [1195].
[twelf], num., twelve, gen. twelfa, [3172].
[tweone] (Frisian twine), num. = bini, two: dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, [859], [1298]; [1686].
[twidig], adj., in comp. lang-twidig (long-assured), [1709].
[tyder], st. m., race, descendant: in comp. un-tyder, [111].
[tydre] (Frisian teddre), adj., weak, unwarlike, cowardly: nom. pl. tydre, [2848].
[tyn], num., ten: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, [3161]; inflect. nom. tyne, [2848].
[tyrwian], w. v., to tar: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed.
on-[tyhtan], w. v., to urge on, incite, entice: pret. sg. on-tyhte, [3087].
[þafian], w. v. w. acc., to submit to, endure: inf. þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ânne dôm, [2964].
[þanc], st. m.: 1) thought: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).—2) thanks (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., [929], [1779]; acc. sg. þanc, [1998], [2795].—3) content, favor, pleasure: dat. sg. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance (those that tribute for the Geâtas carried thither for favor). [379].
ge-þanc, st. m., thought: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, [2333].—Comp. môd-ge-þanc.
[þanc-hycgende], pres. part., thoughtful, [2236].
[þancian], w. v., to thank: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þäs þe hire se willa ge-lamp (thanked God that her wish was granted), [626]; so, [1398]; pl. þancedon, 627(?).
[þanon, þonon, þonan], adv., thence: 1) local: þanon eft gewât (he went thence back), [123]; þanon up ... stigon (went up thence), [224]; so, þanon, [463], [692], [764], [845], [854], [1293]; þanan, [1881]; þonon, [520], [1374], [2409]; þonan, [820], [2360], [2957].—2) personal: þanon untydras ealle on-wôcon (from him, i.e. Cain, etc.), [111]; so, þanan, [1266]; þonon, [1961]; unsôfte þonon feorh ôð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), [2141].
[þâ], adv.: l) there, then, [3], [26], [28], [34], [47], [53], etc. With þær: þâ þær, [331]. With nu: nu þâ (now then), [658].—2) conjunction, when, as, since, w. indic., [461], [539], [633], etc.;—because, whilst, during, since, [402], [465], [724], [2551], etc.
[þät], I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þät (that), [735], [766], etc.; instr. sg. þý, [1798], [2029]; þät ic þý wæpne ge-bräd (that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?), [1665]; þý weorðra (the more honored), [1903]; þý sêft (the more easily), [2750]; þý läs hym ýðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away), [1919]; nô þý ær (not sooner), [755], [1503], [2082], [2374], [2467]; nô þý leng (no longer, none the longer), [975]. þý =adv., therefore, hence, [1274], [2068]; þê ... þê = on this account; for this reason ... that, because, [2639-2642]; wiste þê geornor (knew but too well), [822]; he ... wäs sundes þê sænra þe hine swylt fornam (he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off), [1437]; näs him wihte þê sêl (it was none the better for him), [2688]; so, [2278]. Gen. sg. þäs = adv., for this reason, therefore, [7], [16], [114], [350], [589], [901], [1993], [2027], [2033], etc. þäs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = because, [108], [228], [627], [1780], [2798];—also = secundum quod: þäs þe hie gewislîcost ge-witan meahton, [1351];—therefore, accordingly, [1342], [3001]; tô þäs (to that point; to that degree), [715], [1586], [1617], [1968], [2411]; þäs georne (so firmly), [969]; ac he þäs fäste wäs ... besmiðod (it was too firmly set), [774]; nô þäs frôd leofað gumena bearna þät þone grund wite (none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom), [1368]; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (had the courage for it), [1509].
II. conj. (relative), that, so that, [15], [62], [84], [221], [347], [358], [392], [571], etc.; ôð þät (up to that, until); see [ôð].
þätte (from þät þe, see [þe]), that, [151], [859], [1257], [2925], etc.; þät þe (that), [1847].
[þær]: 1) demons. adv., there (where), [32], [36], [89], [400], [757], etc.; morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne (the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy), [1080]. With þâ: þâ þær, [331]; þær on innan (therein), [71]. Almost like Eng. expletive there, [271], [550], [978], etc.;—then, at that time, [440];—thither: þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (thither went the bold ones to sit, i.e. to the bench), [493], etc.—2) relative, where, [356], [420], [508], [513], [522], [694], [867], etc.; eode ... þær se snottra bâd (went where the wise one tarried), [1314]; so, [1816];—if, [763], [798], [1836], [2731], etc.;—whither: gâ þær he wille, [1395].
[þe], I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seó, þät: Hunferð maðelode, þe ät fôtum sät (H., who sat at his feet, spake), [500]; so, [138], etc.; wäs þät gewin tô swýð þe on þâ leóde be-com (the misery that had come on the people was too great), [192], etc.; ic wille ... þe þâ and-sware ädre ge-cýðan þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give), [355]; ôð þone ânne däg þe he ... (till that very day that he ...), [2401]; heó þâ fæhðe wräc þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest (the fight in which thou slewest G.), [1335]; mid þære sorge þe him sió sâr belamp (with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him), [2469]; pl. þonne þâ dydon þe ... (than they did that ...), [45]; so, [378], [1136]; þâ mâðmas þe he me sealde (the treasures that he gave me), [2491]; so, ginfästan gife þe him god sealde (the great gifts that God had given him), [2183]. After þâra þe (of those that), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sióna fela secga ge-hwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað (to each of those that look on such), [997]; so, [844], [1462], [2384], [2736]. Strengthened by se, seó, þät: sägde se þe cûðe (said he that knew), [90]; wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, se þe môras heóld (the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors), [103]; here-byrne ... seó þe bân-cofan beorgan cûðe (the corselet that could protect the body), [1446], etc.; þær ge-lýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off), [441]; so, [1437], [1292] (cf. Heliand I., 1308).
for þam þe. See for-[þam].
[þý, þê], the, by that, instr. of se: âhte ic holdra þý läs ... þe deáð for-nam (I had the less friends whom death snatched away), [488]; so, [1437].
[þeccan], w. v., to cover (thatch), cover over: inf. þâ sceal brond fretan, äled þeccean (fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures), [3016]; pret. pl. þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton (in swimming), [513].
[þegn], st. m., thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight: nom. sg., [235], [494], [868], [2060], [2710]; (Beówulf), [194]; (Wîglâf), [2722]; acc. sg. þegen (Beówulf, MS. þegn), [1872]; dat. sg. þegne, [1342], [1420]; (Hengest), [1086]; (Wîglâf), [2811]; gen. sg. þegnes, [1798]; nom. pl. þegnas, [1231]; acc. pl. þegnas, [1082], [3122]; dat. pl. þegnum, [2870]; gen. pl. þegna, [123], [400], [1628], [1674], [1830], [2034], etc.—Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn.
[þegnian, þênian], w. v., to serve, do liege service: pret. sg. ic him þênode deóran sweorde (I served them with my good sword, i.e. slew them with it), [560].
[þegn-sorh], st. f., thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman: acc. sg. þegn-sorge, [131].
[þegu], st. f., taking: in comp.: beáh-, beór-, sinc-þegu.
[þel], st. n., deal-board, board for benches: in comp. benc-þel, [486], [1240].
[þencan], w. v.: 1) to think: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se þe wel þenceð, [289]; so, [2602]. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nænig heora þôhte þät he ... (none of them thought that he), [692].—2) w. inf., to intend: pres. sg. III. þâ and-sware ... þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (the answer that the good one intendeth to give me), [355]; (blôdig wäl) byrgean þenceð, [448]; þonne he ... gegân þenceð longsumne lof (if he will win eternal fame), [1536]; pret. sg. ne þät aglæca yldan þôhte (the monster did not mean to delay that), [740]; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þôhton, [541]; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heáwan þôhton, [801].
â-þencan, to intend, think out: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc âna â-þôhte tô ge-fremmanne, [2644].
ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) to think of: þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende ge-þencean (so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit), [1735].—2) to be mindful: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... hwät wit geó spræcon, [1475].
[þenden]: 1) adv., at this time, then, whilst: nalles fâcen-stafas Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds), [1020] (referring to [1165]; cf. Wîdsîð, 45 seqq.); þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne (whilst one warrior robbed another, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), [2986].—2) conj., so long as, whilst, [30], [57], [284], [1860], [2039], [2500], [3028];—whilst, [2419]. With subj., whilst, as long as: þenden þu môte, [1178]; þenden þu lifige, [1255]; þenden hyt sý (whilst the heat lasts), [2650].
[þengel], st. m., prince, lord, ruler: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Beówulf), [1508].
[þes] (m.), þeós (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., this: nom. sg. [411], [432], [1703]; f., [484]; nom. acc. neut., [2156], [2252], [2644]; þys, [1396]; acc. sg. m. þisne, [75]; f. þâs, [1682]; dat. sg. neut. þissum, [1170]; þyssum, [2640]; f. þisse, [639]; gen. m. þisses, [1217]; f. þisse, [929]; neut. þysses, [791], [807]; nom. pl. and acc. þâs, [1623], [1653], [2636], [2641]; dat. þyssum, [1063], [1220].
[þearf], st. f., need: nom. sg. þearf, [1251], [2494], [2638]; þâ him wäs manna þearf (as he was in need of men), [201]; acc. sg. þearfe, [1457], [2580], [2850]; fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe (do ye now what is needful for the folk), [2802]; dat. sg. ät þearfe, [1478], [1526], [2695], [2710]; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs), [1798] (cf. sele-þegn, [1795].—Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf.
[a]þearf]. See [þurfan].
ge-[þearfian], w. v., = necessitatem imponere: pret. part. þâ him swâ ge-þearfod wäs (since so they found it necessary), [1104].
[þearle], adv., very, exceedingly, [560].
[þeáh, þêh], conj., though, even though or if: 1) with subj. þeáh, [203], [526], [588], [590], [1168], [1661], [2032], [2162]. Strengthened by þe: þeáh þe, [683], [1369], [1832], [1928], [1942], [2345], [2620]; þeáh ... eal (although), [681].—2) with indic.: þeáh, [1103]; þêh, [1614].—3) doubtful: þeáh he ûðe wel, [2856]; swâ þeáh (nevertheless), [2879]; nô ... swâ þeáh (not then however), [973]; näs þe forht swâ þêh (he was not, though, afraid), [2968]; hwäðre swâ þeáh (yet however), [2443].
[þeáw], st. m., custom, usage: nom. sg., [178], [1247]; acc. sg. þeáw, [359]; instr. pl. þeáwum (in accordance with custom), [2145].
[þeód], st. f.: 1) war-troop, retainers: nom. sg., [644], [1231], [1251].—2) nation, folk: nom. sg., [1692]; gen. pl. þeóda, [1706].—Comp.: sige-, wer-þeód.
[þeód-cyning], st. m., (=folc-cyning), warrior-king, king of the people: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), [2145]; (Ongenþeów), [2964], [2971]; þiód-cyning (Beówulf), [2580]; acc. sg. þeód-cyning (Beówulf), [3009]; gen. sg. þeód-cyninges (Beówulf), [2695]; gen. pl. þeód-cyninga, [2].
[þeóden], st. m., lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler: nom. sg., [129], [365], [417], [1047], [1210], [1676], etc.; þióden, [2337], [2811]; acc. sg. þeóden, [34], [201], [353], [1599], [2385], [2722], [2884], [3080]; þióden, [2789]; dat. sg. þeódne, [345], [1526], [1993], [2573], [2710], etc.; þeóden, [2033]; gen. sg. þeódnes [798], [911], [1086], [1628], [1838], [2175]; þiódnes, [2657]; nom. pl. þeódnas, [3071].
[þeóden-leás], adj., without chief or king: nom. pl. þeóden-leáse, [1104].
[þeód-gestreón], st. n., people's-jewel, precious treasure: instr. pl. þeód-ge-streónum, [44]; gen. pl. þeód-ge-streóna, [1219].
[þeódig], adj., appertaining to a þeód: in comp. el-þeódig.
[þeód-scaða], w. m., foe of the people, general foe: nom. sg. þeód-sceaða (the dragon), [2279], [2689].
[þeód-þreá], st. f. m., popular misery, general distress: dat. pl. wið þeód-þreáum, [178].
[þeóf], st. m., thief: gen. sg. þeófes cräfte, [2221].
[þeón], st. v.: 1) to grow, ripen, thrive: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þâh (grew in glory), [8].—2) to thrive in, succeed: pret. sg. hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh (that throve to few), [2837]. See [Note, l. 901].
ge-þeón, to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence: imper. ge-þeóh tela, [1219]; inf. lof-dædum sceal ... man geþeón, [25]; þät þät þeódnes bearn ge-þeón scolde, [911].
on-þeón? to begin, undertake, w. gen.: pret. he þäs ær onþâh, [901]. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See [Note, l. 901].
[þeon] (for þeówan), w. v., to oppress, restrain: inf. näs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ænig þâra þe mec ... dorste egesan þeón (that durst oppress me with terror), [2737].
[þeóstor], adj., dark, gloomy: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, [2333].
[þicgan], st. v. w. acc., to seize, attain, eat, appropriate: inf. þät he (Grendel) mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þâ niht, [737]; symbel þicgan (take the meal, enjoy the feast), [1011]; pret. pl. þät hie me þêgon, [563]; þær we medu þêgun, [2634].
ge-þicgan, w. acc., to grasp, take: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-þeah, [619], [629]; Beówulf ge-þah ful on flette, [1025]; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-þægon, [1015].
[þider, þyder], adv., thither: þyder, [3087], [379], [2971].
[þihtig, þyhtig], adj., doughty, vigorous, firm: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þyhtig, [1559].—Comp. hyge-þihtig.
[þing], st. n.: 1) thing: gen. pl. ænige þinga (ullo modo), [792], [2375], [2906].—2) affair, contest, controversy: nom. sg. me wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cûð (Grendel's doings became known to me), [409].—3) judgment, issue, judicial assembly(?): acc. sg. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant: see [hegan]), [426].
ge-þing, st. n.: 1) terms, covenant: acc. pl. ge-þingo, [1086].—2) fate, providence, issue: gen. sg. ge-þinges, [398], [710]; (ge-þingea, MS.), [525].
ge-[þingan], st. v., to grow, mature, thrive (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwên môde ge-þungen (mature-minded, high-spirited, queen), [625]. See [wel-þungen].
ge-[þingan] (see ge-[þing]), w. v.: 1) to conclude a treaty: w. refl. dat, enter into a treaty: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta ge-þingeð (if H. enters into a treaty (seeks aid at?) with the court of the Geátas, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), [1838]. Leo.—2) to prepare, appoint: pret. part. wiste [ät] þäm ahlæcan ... hilde ge-þinged, [648]; hraðe wäs ... mêce ge-þinged, [1939].
[þingian], w. v.: 1) to speak in an assembly, make an address: inf. ne hýrde ic snotor-lîcor on swâ geongum feore guman þingian (I never heard a man so young speak so wisely), [1844].—2) to compound, settle, lay aside: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feó þingian (would not compound the life-bale for money), [156]; so, pret. sg. þâ fæhðe feó þingode, [470].
[þin], possess, pron., thy, thine, [267], [346], [353], [367], [459], etc.
ge-[þôht], st. m., thought, plan: acc. sg. ân-fealdne ge-þôht, [256]; fäst-rædne ge-þôht, [611].
[þolian], w. v. w. acc.: 1) to endure, bear: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, [833]; pres. sg. III. þreá-nýd þolað, [284]; pret. sg. þolode þryðswyð, [131].—2) to hold out, stand, survive: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (as long as this sword holds out), [2500]; pret. sg. (seó ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, [1526].
ge-þolian: 1) to suffer, bear, endure: gerund. tô ge-þolianne, [1420]; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þät he ... dreám gehýrde (bore ill that he heard the sound of joy), [87]; torn ge-þolode (bore the misery), [147].—2) to have patience, wait: inf. þær he longe sceal on þäs waldendes wære ge-þolian, [3110].
[þon] (Goth, þan) = tum, then, now, [504]; äfter þon (after that), [725]; ær þon däg cwôme (ere day came), [732]; nô þon lange (it was not long till then), [2424]; näs þâ long tô þon (it was not long till then), [2592], [2846]; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät ... (the man was to that degree dear to him that ...), [1877].
[þonne:] 1) adv., there, then, now, [377], [435], [525], [1105], [1456], [1485], [1672], [1823], [3052], [3098](?).—2) conj., if, when, while: a) w. indic., [573], [881], [935], [1034], [1041], [1043], [1144], [1286], [1327], [1328], [1375], etc.; þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde beága bryttan, breác þonne môste (that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could), [1488]. b) w. subj., [23], [1180], [3065]; þonne ...þonne (then ... when), [484-85], [2447-48]; gif þonne ...þonne (if then ... then), [1105-1107]. c) than after comparatives, [44], [248], [469], [505], [534], [679], [1140], [1183], etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. [70], before þone: þät he ... hâtan wolde medo-ärn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn æfre ge-frunon (a great mead-house (greater) than men had ever known).
[þracu], st. f., strength, boldness: in comp. môd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu.
[þrag], st. f., period of time, time: nom. sg. þâ hine sió þrag be-cwom (when the [battle]-hour befell him), [2884]; acc. sg. þrage (for a time), [87]; longe (lange) þrage, [54], [114].—Comp. earfoð-þrag.
ge-[þräc], st. n., multitude, crowd: in comp. searo-ge-þräc.
[þrec-wudu], st. m., (might-wood), spear (cf. mägen-wudu): acc. sg., [1247].
[þreá], st. m. f., misery, distress: in comp. þeód-þreá, þreá-nêdla, -nýd.
[þreá-nêdla], w. m., crushing distress, misery: dat. sg. for þreá-nêdlan, [2225].
[þrea-nýd], st. f., oppression, distress: acc. sg. þreá-nýd, [284]; dat. pl. þreá-nýdum, [833].
[þreát], st. m., troop, band: dat. sg. on þam þreáte, [2407]; dat. pl. sceaðena þreátum, [4].—Comp. îren-þreát.
[þreátian], w. v. w. acc., to press, oppress: pret. pl. mec ...þreátedon, [560].
[þreot-teoða], num. adj. w. m., thirteenth: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, [2407].
[þreó], num. (neut.), three: acc. þrió wicg, [2175]; þreó hund wintra, [2279].
[þridda], num. adj. w. m., third: instr. þriddan sîðe, [2689].
ge-[þring], st. n., eddy, whirlpool, crush: acc. on holma ge-þring, [2133].
[þringan], st. v., to press: pret. sg. wergendra tô lyt þrong ymbe þeóden (too few defenders pressed round the prince), [2884]; pret. pl. syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon (after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge), [2961].
for-þringan, to press out; rescue, protect: inf. þät he ne mehte ...þâ weá-lâfe wîge for-þringan þeódnes þegne (that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war), [1085].
ge-þringan, to press: pret. sg. ceól up geþrang (the ship shot up), i.e. on the shore in landing), [1913].
[þritig], num., thirty (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þritig þegna, [123]; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, [379].
[þrîst-hydig], adj., bold-minded, valorous: nom. sg. þióden þrîst-hydig (Beówulf), [2811].
[þrowian], w. v. w. acc., to suffer, endure: inf. (hât, gnorn) þrowian, [2606], [2659]; pret. sg. þrowade, [1590], [1722]; þrowode, [2595].
[þryð], st. f., abundance, multitude, excellence, power: instr. pl. þryðum (excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?), [494].
[þryð-ärn], st. n., excellent house, royal hall: acc. sg. (of Heorot), [658].
[þryðlîc], adj., excellent, chosen: nom. sg. þryð-lîc þegna heáp, [400], [1628]; superl. acc. pl. þryð-lîcost, [2870].
[þrýð-swýð], st. n.?, great pain (?): acc., [131], [737] [? adj., very powerful, exceeding strong].
[þryð-word], st. n., bold speech, choice discourse: nom. sg., [644]. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rîgsmâl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.)
[þrym], st. m.: 1) power, might, force: nom. sg. ýða þrym, [1919]; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (powerfully), [235].—2) glory, renown: acc. sg. þrym, [2].—Comp. hyge-þrym.
[þrym-lîc], adj., powerful, mighty: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-lîc (the mighty spear), [1247].
[þu], pron., thou, [366], [407], [445], etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), [948], [2152], etc.; þe, [417], [426], [517], etc.; after compar. sêlran þe (a better one than thee), [1851]. See [ge].
[þunca], w. m. See äf-[þunca].
ge-[þungen]. See ge-[þingan], st. v.
[þurfan], pret.-pres. v., to need: pres. sg. II. nô þu ne þearft ... sorgian (needest not care), [450]; so, [445], [1675]; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (need not fear), [596]; so, [2007], [2742]; pres. subj. þät he ... sêcean þurfe, [2496]; pret. sg. þorfte, [157], [1027], [1072], [2875], [2996]; pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges (needed not boast of their foot-fight), [2365].
[þurh], prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, through, throughout: wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc (went then through the battle-reek), [2662].—II. causal: l) on account of, for the sake of, owing to: þurh slîðne nîð (through fierce hostility, heathenism), [184]; þurh holdne hige (from friendliness), [267]; so, þurh rûmne sefan, [278]; þurh sîdne sefan, [1727]; eóweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð (shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes), [276]; so, [1102], [1336], [2046]. 2) by means of, through: heaðo-ræs for-nam mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand, [558]; þurh ânes cräft, [700]; so, [941], [1694], [1696], [1980], [2406], [3069].
[þus], adv., so, thus, [238], [337], [430].
[þunian], w. v., to din, sound forth: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, [1907].
[þûsend], num., thousand: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, [1830].—2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þûsendo, [2196]; gen. hund-þûsenda landes and locenra beága (100,000 sceattas' worth of land and rings), [2995].—3) uninflected: acc. þûsend wintra, [3051].
[þwære], adj., affable, mild: in comp. man-þwære.
ge-þwære, adj., gentle, mild: nom. pl. ge-þwære, [1231].
ge-[þweran], st. v., to forge, strike: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (hammer-forged sword), [1286].
ge-[þyld] (see [þolian]), st. f.: 1) patience, endurance: acc. sg. ge-þyld, [1396].—2) steadfastness: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (steadfastly, patiently), [1706].
[þyle], st. m., spokesman, leader of the conversation at court: nom. sg., [1166], [1457].
[þyncan, þincean], w. v. w. dat. of pers., to seem, appear: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tô lytel (it seems to him too little), [1749]; ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we (it seemeth to me not fit that we ...), [2654]; pres. pl. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (they seem worthy contenders with (?) earls; or, worthy warriors), [368]; pres. subj. swâ him ge-met þince, [688]; inf. þincean, [1342]; pret. sg. þûhte, [2462], [3058]; nô his lîf-gedâl sâr-lîc þûhte secga ænigum (his death seemed painful to none of men), [843]; pret. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, [867].
of-þincan, to displease, offend: inf. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, [2033].
[þyrs], st. m., giant: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), [426].
[þys-lîc], adj., such, of such a nature: nom. sg. fem. þys-lîcu þearf, [2638].
[a]þý]. See [þät].
[þýwan] (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., to crush, oppress: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þýwað (if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread), [1828].
[þýstru], st. f., darkness: dat. pl. in þýstrum, [87].
ge-[þýwe], adj., customary, usual: nom. sg. swâ him ge-þýwe ne wäs (as was not his custom), [2333].
[ufan], adv., from above, [1501]; above, [330].
[ufera] (prop. higher), adj., later: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, [2201], [2393].
[uhte], w. f., twilight or dawn: dat. or acc. on uhtan, [126].
[uht-floga], w. m., twilight-flier, dawn-flier (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, [2761].
[uht-hlem], st. m., twilight-cry, dawn-cry: acc. sg., [2008].
[uht-sceaða], w. m., twilight- or dawn-foe: nom. sg., [2272].
[umbor], st. n., child, infant: acc. sg., [46]; dat. sg., [1188].
[un-blîðe], adv.(?), unblithely, sorrowfully, [130], [2269]; (adj., nom. pl.?), [3032].
[un-byrnende], pres. part., unburning, without burning, [2549].
[unc], dat. and acc. of the dual wit, us two, to us two, [1784], [2138], [2527]; gen. hwäðer ... uncer twega (which of us two), [2533]; uncer Grendles (of us two, G. and me), [2003].
uncer, poss. pron., of us two: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, [1186].
[un-cûð], adj.: 1) unknown: nom. sg. stîg ... eldum uncûð, [2215]; acc. sg. neut. uncûð ge-lâd (unknown ways), [1411].—2) unheard-of, barbarous, evil: acc. sg. un-cûðne nîð, [276]; gen. sg. un-cûðes (of the foe, Grendel), [961].
[under], I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = under (of rest), contrasted with over: bât (wäs) under beorge, [211]; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge (W. walked forth under a golden circlet, i.e. decked with), [1164]; siððan he under segne sine ealgode (under his banner), [1205]; he under rande ge-cranc (sank under his shield), [1210]; under wolcnum, [8], [1632]; under heofenum, [52], [505]; under roderum, [310]; under helme, [342], [404]; under here-grîman, [396], [2050], [2606]; so, [711], [1198], [1303], [1929], [2204], [2416], [3061], [3104].—2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = under (of motion): þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf, [403]; siððan æfen-leóht under heofenes hâdor be-holen weorðeð, [414]; under sceadu bregdan, [708]; fleón under fen-hleoðu, [821]; hond âlegde ... under geápne hrôf, [837]; teón in under eoderas, [1038]; so, [1361], [1746], [2129], [2541], [2554], [2676], [2745]; so, häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund, [1552] (for-sîðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under hârne stân ...âna ge-nêðde frêcne dæde, [888]; ne dorste under ýða ge-win aldre ge-nêðan, [1470]. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (as far as the sky extends), [861], [1774]; under heofenes hwealf (as far as heaven's vault reaches), [2016].
II. Adv., beneath, below: stîg under läg (a path lay beneath, i.e. the rock), [2214].
[undern-mæl], st. n., midday: acc. sg., [1429].
[un-dyrne, un-derne], adj., without concealment, plain, clear: nom. sg., [127], [2001]; un-derne, [2912].
un-dyrne, adv., plainly, evidently; un-dyrne cûð, [150], [410].
[un-fäger], adj., unlovely, hideous: nom. sg. leóht un-fäger, [728].
[un-fæcne], adj., without malice, sincere: nom. sg., [2069].
[un-fæge], adj., not death-doomed or "fey": nom. sg., [2292]; acc. sg. un-fægne eorl, [573].
[un-flitme], adv., solemnly, incontestably: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme âðum benemde (F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths) [if an adj., elne un-f. = unconquerable in valor], [1098].
[un-forht], adj., fearless, bold: nom. sg., [287]; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), [444]. See [Note].
[un-from], adj., unfit, unwarlike: nom. sg., [2189].
[un-frôd], adj., not aged, young: dat sg. guman un-frôdum, [2822].
[un-gedêfelîce], adv., unjustly, contrary to right and custom, [2436].
[un-gemete], adv., immeasurably, exceedingly, [2421], [2722], [2729].
un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, [1793].
[un-geâra], adv., (not old), recently, lately, [933]; soon, [603].
[un-gifeðe], adj., not to be granted; refused: nom. sg., [2922].
[un-gleáw], adj., regardless, reckless: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleáw (of a sharp-edged sword), [2565].
[un-hâr], adj., very gray: nom. sg., [357]; (bald?).
[un-hælo], st. f., mischief, destruction: gen. sg. wiht un-hælo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), [120].
[un-heóre, un-hýre], adj., monstrous, horrible: nom. sg. m., weard un-hióre (the dragon), [2414]; neut. wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), [2121]; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheóru (of Grendel's claws), [988].
[un-hlytme, un-hlitme], adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = lot; O.N. hluti = part division), undivided, unseparated, united, [1130] [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See [Note].
[un-leóf], adj., hated: acc. pl. seah on un-leófe, [2864].
[un-lifigende], pres. part., unliving, lifeless: nom. sg. un-lifigende, [468]; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, [1309]; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, [1390]; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, [745].
[un-lytel], adj., not little, very large: nom. sg. duguð un-lytel (a great band of warriors? or great joy?), [498]; dôm un-lytel (no little glory), [886]; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (very great shame, misery), [834].
[un-murnlîce], adv., unpityingly, without sorrowing, [449], [1757].
[unnan], pret.-pres. v., to grant, give; wish, will: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þe an tela sinc-gestreóna, [1226]; weak pret. sg. I. ûðe ic swîðor þät þu hine selfne ge-seón môste, [961]; III. he ne ûðe þät ...(he granted not that ...), [503]; him god ûðe þät ... he hyne sylfne ge-wräc (God granted to him that he avenged himself), [2875]; þeáh he ûðe wel (though he well would), [2856].
ge-unnan, to grant, permit: inf. gif he ûs ge-unnan wile þät we hine ... grêtan môton, [346]; me ge-ûðe ylda waldend, þät ic ... ge-seah hangian (the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ...), [1662].
[un-nyt], adj., useless: nom. sg., [413], [3170].
[un-riht], st. n., unright, injustice, wrong: acc. sg. unriht, [1255], [2740]; instr. sg. un-rihte (unjustly, wrongly), [3060].
[un-rîm], st. n., immense number: nom. sg., [1239], [3136]; acc. sg., [2625].
[un-rîme], adj., countless, measureless: nom. sg. gold un-rîme, [3013].
[un-rôt], adj., sorrowing: nom. pl. un-rôte, [3149].
[un-snyttru], st. f., lack of wisdom: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (for his unwisdom), [1735].
[un-softe], adv., unsoftly, with violence (hardly?), [2141]; scarcely, [1656].
[un-swýðe], adv., not strongly or powerfully: compar. (ecg) bât unswîðor þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde (the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed), [2579]; fýr unswîðor weóll, [2882].
[un-synnig], adj., guiltless, sinless: acc. sg. un-synnigne, [2090].
[un-synnum], adv. instr. pl., guiltlessly, [1073].
[un-tæle], adj., blameless: acc. pl. un-tæle, [1866].
[un-tyder], st. m., evil race, monster: nom. pl. un-tydras, [111]. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.]
[un-wâclîc], adj., that cannot be shaken; firm, strong: acc. sg. âd ... un-wâclîcne, [3139].
[un-wearnum], adv. instr. pl., unawares, suddenly; (unresistingly?), [742].
[un-wrecen], pret. part., unavenged, [2444].
[up], adv., up, upward, [224], [519], [1374], [1620], [1913], [1921], [2894]; (of the voice), þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, [128]; so, [783].
[up-lang], adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., [760].
[uppe] (adj., ûfe, ûffe), adv., above, [566].
[up-riht], adj., upright, erect: nom. sg., [2093].
[ûð-genge], adj., transitory, evanescent, ready to depart, (fled?): þær wäs Äsc-here ... feorh ûð-genge, [2124].
[ûs], pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see [we]), us, to us, [1822], [2636], [2643], [2921], [3002], [3079]; acc. (poetic), ûsic, [2639], [2641], [2642];—gen. ûre: ûre æg-hwylc (each of us), [1387]; ûser, [2075].
[ûser], possess, pron.: nom. sg. ûre man-drihten, [2648]; dat. sg. ûssum hlâforde, [2635]; gen. sg. neut. ûsses cynnes, [2814]; dat. pl. ûrum ... bâm (to us both, two) (for unc bâm), [2660].
[ût], adv., out, [215], [537], [664], [1293], [1584], [2082], [2558], [3131].
[ûtan], adv., from without, without, [775], [1032], [1504], [2335].
[ût-fûs], adj., ready to go: nom. sg. hringed-stefna îsig and ût-fûs, [33].
[ût-weard], adj., outward, outside, free: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wäs ût-weard, [762].
ûtan-weard, adj., without, outward, from without: acc. sg. hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, [2298].
*[wacan], st. v., to awake, arise, originate: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) wôc fela geó-sceaft-gâsta, [1266]; so, [1961]; pl. þâm feówer bearn ... in worold wôcun, [60].
*on-wacan: 1) to awake (intrans.): pret. sg. þâ se wyrm on-wôc (when the drake awoke), [2288].—2) to be born: pret. sg. him on-wôc heáh Healfdene, [56]; pl. on-wôcon, [111].
[wacian], w. v., to watch: imper. sg. waca wið wrâðum! [661].
[wadan], st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) to traverse; stride, go: pret. sg. wôd þurh þone wäl-rêc, [2662]; wôd under wolcnum (stalked beneath the clouds), [715].
ge-wadan, to attain by moving, come to, reach: pret. part. ôð þät ... wunden-stefna ge-waden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land ge-sâwon (till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land), [220].
on-wadan, w. acc., to invade, befall: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wôd(?), [916].
þurh-wadan, to penetrate, pierce: pret. sg. þät swurd þurh-wôd wrät-lîcne wyrm, [891]; so, [1568].
[wag], st. m., wall: dat. sg. on wage, [1663]; dat. pl. äfter wagum (along the walls), [996].
[wala], w. m., boss: nom. pl. walan, [1032] (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.).
[walda], w. m., wielder, ruler: in comp. an-, eal-walda.
[wald-swaðu], st. f., forest-path: dat. pl. äfter wald-swaðum (along the wood-paths), [1404].
[wam, wom], st. m., spot, blot, sin: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (cannot protect himself from evil or from the evil strange orders, etc.; wom = wogum? = crooked?), [1748]; instr. pl. wommum, [3074].
[wan, won], adj., wan, lurid, dark: nom. sg, ýð-geblond ... won (the dark waves), [1375]; se wonna hrefn (the black raven), [3025]; wonna lêg (lurid flame), [3116]; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, [703]; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, [652].
[wang], st. m., mead, field; place: acc. sg. wang, [93], [225]; wong, [1414], [2410], [3074]; dat. sg. wange, [2004]; wonge, [2243], [3040]; acc. pl. wongas, [2463].—Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sæ-wang.
[wang-stede], st. m., (locus campestris), spot, place: dat. sg. wong-stede, [2787].
[wan-hýd] (for hygd), st. f., heedlessness, recklessness: dat. pl. for his won-hýdum, [434].
[wanian], w. v.: 1) intrans., to decrease, wane: inf. þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, [1608].—2) w. acc., to cause to wane or lessen: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mîne wanode, [1338].
ge-wanian, to decrease, diminish: pret. part. is mîn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, [477].
[wan-sælig], adj., unhappy, wretched: nom. sg. won-sælig wer (Grendel), [105].
[wan-sceaft], st. f., misery, want: acc. sg. won-sceaft, [120].
[warian], w. v. w. acc., to occupy, guard, possess: pres. sg. III. þær he hæðen gold warað (where he guards heathen gold), [2278]; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dýgel land warigeað, [1359]; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, [1254]; (Cain) wêsten warode, [1266].
[waroð], st. m., shore: dat. sg. tô waroðe, [234]; acc. pl. wide waroðas, [1966].
[waru], st. f., inhabitants, (collective) population: in comp. land-waru.
[wâ], interj., woe! wâ bið þäm þe... (woe to him that...), [183].
[wâðu], st. f., way, journey: in comp. gamen-wâðu.
[wânian], w. v., to weep, whine, howl, w. acc.: inf. gehýrdon ... sâr wânigean helle häftan (they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain), [788]; pret. sg. [wânode], 3152(?).
[wât]. See witan.
[wäcean], w. v., to watch: pret. part wäccende, [709], [2842]; acc. sg. m. wäccendne wer, [1269]. See [wacian].
[wäcnan], w. v., to be awake, come forth: inf., [85].
[wäd], st. n., (the moving) sea, ocean: nom. wado weallende, [546]; wadu weallendu, [581]; gen. pl. wada [508].
[wäfre], adj., wavering (like flame), ghostlike, without distinct bodily form: nom. sg. wäl-gæst wäfre (of Grendel's mother), [1332];—flickering, expiring: nom. sg. wäfre môd, [1151]; him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, [2421].
be-[wägnan], w. v., to offer: pret part, him wäs ... freónd-laðu wordum be-wägned, [1194].
[wäl], st. n., battle, slaughter, the slain in battle: acc. sg. wäl, [1213], [3028], blôdig wäl, [448]; oððe on wäl crunge (or in battle, among the slain, fall), [636]; dat. sg. sume on wäle crungon (some fell in the slaughter), [1114]; dat. sg. in Fr...es wäle (proper name in MS. destroyed), [1071]; nom. pl. walu, [1043].
[wäl-bed], st. n., slaughter-bed, deathbed: dat. sg. on wäl-bedde, [965].
[wäl-bend], st. f., death-bond: acc. sg. or pl. wäl-bende ... hand-gewriðene, [1937].
[wäl-bleát], adj., deadly, mortal, cruel: acc. sg. wunde wäl-bleáte, [2726].
[wäl-deáð], st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., [696].
[wäl-dreór], st. m., battle-gore: instr. sg. wäl-dreóre, [1632].
[wäl-fâh], adj., slaughter-stained, blood-stained: acc. sg. wäl-fâgne winter, [1129].
[wäl-fähð], st. f., deadly feud: gen. pl. wäl-fæhða, [2029].
[wäl-feall], st. m., (fall of the slain), death, destruction: dat. sg. tô wäl-fealle, [1712].
[wäl-fûs], adj., ready for death, foreboding death: nom. sg., [2421].
[wäl-fyllo], st. f., fill of slaughter: dat. sg. mid þære wäl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), [125]; wäl-fylla? [3155].
[wäl-fýr], st. n.: 1) deadly fire: instr. sg. wäl-fýre (of the fire-spewing dragon), [2583].—2) corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre: gen. pl. wäl-fýra mæst, [1120].
[wäl-gæst], st. m., deadly sprite (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wäl-gæst, [1332]; acc. sg. þone wäl-gæst, [1996].
[wäl-hlem], st. m., death-stroke: acc. sg. wäl-hlem þone, [1996].
[wälm], st. m., flood, whelming water: nom. sg. þære burnan wälm, [2547]; gen. sg. þäs wälmes (of the surf), [2136].—Comp. cear-wälm.
[wäl-nîð], st. m., deadly hostility: nom. sg., [3001]; dat. sg. äfter wäl-nîðe, [85]; nom. pl. wäl-nîðas, [2066].
[wäl-râp], st. m., flood-fetter, i.e. ice: acc. pl. wäl-râpas, [1611]; (cf. wäll, wel, wyll = well, flood: leax sceal on wäle mid sceóte scrîðan, Gnom. Cott. 39).
[wäl-ræs], st. m., deadly onslaught: nom. sg., [2948]; dat. sg. wäl-ræse, [825], [2532].
[wäl-rest], st. f., death-bed, acc. sg. wäl-reste, [2903].
[wäl-rêc], st. m., deadly reek or smoke: acc. sg. wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, [2662].
[wäl-reáf], st, n., booty of the slain, battle-plunder: acc. sg., [1206].
[wäl-reów], adj., bold in battle: nom. sg., [630].
[wäl-sceaft], st. m., deadly shaft, spear: acc. pl. wäl-sceaftas, [398].
[wäl-seax], st. n., deadly knife, war-knife: instr. sg. wäll-seaxe, [2704].
[wäl-stenge], st. m., battle-spear: dat. sg. on þam wäl-stenge, [1639].
[wäl-stôw], st. f., battle-field: dat. sg. wäl-stôwe, [2052], [2985].
[wästm], st. m., growth, form, figure: dat. sg. on weres wästmum (in man's form), [1353].
[wäter], st. n., water: nom. sg., [93], [1417], [1515], [1632]; acc. sg. wäter, [1365], [1620]; deóp wäter (the deep), [509], [1905]; ofer wîd wäter (over the high sea], [2474]; dat. sg. äfter wätere (along the Grendel-sea), [1426]; under wätere (at the bottom of the sea), [1657]; instr. wätere, [2723]; wätre, [2855]; gen. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (over the surface of the sea), [471]; on wäteres æht, [516]; þurh wäteres wylm (through the sea-wave), [1694]; gen. = instr. wäteres weorpan (to sprinkle with water), [2792].
[wäter-egesa], st. m., water-terror, i.e. the fearful sea: acc. sg., 1261
[wäter-ýð], st. f., water-wave, billow: dat. pl. wäter-ýðum, [2243].
[wæd], st. f., (weeds), garment: in comp. here-, hilde-wæd.
ge-wæde, st. n., clothing, especially battle-equipments: acc. pl. gewædu, [292].—Comp. eorl-gewæde.
[wæg], st. m., wave: acc. sg. wæg, [3133].
[wæg-bora], w. m., wave-bearer, swimmer (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlîc wæg-bora (of a sea-monster), [1441].
[wæg-flota], w. m., sea-sailer, ship: acc. sg. wêg-flotan, [1908].
[wæg-holm], st. m., the wave-filled sea: acc. sg. ofer wæg-holm, [217].
[wæge], st. n., cup, can: acc. sg. fäted wæge, [2254], [2283].—Comp.: ealo-, lîð-wæge.
[wæg-lîðend], pres. part., sea-farer: dat. pl. wæg-lîðendum (et lîðendum, MS.), [3160].
[wæg-sweord], st. n., heavy sword: acc. sg., [1490].
[wæn], st. m., wain, wagon: acc. sg. on wæn, [3135].
[wæpen], st. n., weapon; sword: nom. sg., [1661]; acc. sg. wæpen, [686], [1574], [2520], [2688]; instr. wæpne, [1665], [2966]; gen. wæpnes, [1468]; acc. pl. wæpen, [292]; dat. pl. wæpnum, [250], [331], [2039], [2396]. —Comp.: hilde-, sige-wæpen.
[wæpned-man], st. m., warrior, man: dat. sg. wæpned-men, [1285].
[wær], st. f., covenant, treaty: acc. sg. wære, [1101];—protection, care: dat. sg. on freán (on þäs waldendes) wære (into God's protection), [27], [3110].—Comp.: frioðo-wær.
[wæsma], w. m., fierce strength, war-strength: in comp. here-wæsma, [678].
[we], pers. pron., we, [942], [959], [1327], [1653], [1819], [1820], etc.
[web], st. n., woven work, tapestry:, nom. pl. web, [996].
[webbe], w. f., webster, female weaver: in comp. freoðu-webbe.
[weccan, weccean], w. v. w. acc., to wake, rouse; recall: inf. wîg-bealu weccan (to stir up strife), [2047]; nalles hearpan swêg (sceal) wîgend weccean (the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors), [3025]; ongunnon þâ ... bæl-fýra mæst wîgend weccan (the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres), [3145]; pret. sg. wehte hine wätre (roused him with water, i.e. Wîglâf recalled Beówulf to consciousness), [2855].
tô-weccan, to stir up, rouse: pret, pl. hû þâ folc mid him (with one another), fæhðe tô-wehton, [2949].
[wed], st. n., (cf. wed-ding), pledge: dat. sg. hyldo tô wedde (as a pledge of his favor), [2999].
[weder], st. n., weather: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, [1137]; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, [546].
ge-[wef], st. n., woof, weaving: acc. pl. wîg-spêda ge-wiofu (the woof of war-speed: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), [698].
[weg], st. m., way: acc. sg. on weg (away, off), [264], [764], [845], [1431], [2097]; gyf þu on weg cymest (if thou comest off safe, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), [1383].—Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wîd-weg.
[wegan], st. v. w. acc., to bear, wear, bring, possess: subj. pres. nâh hwâ sweord wege (I have none that may bear the sword), [2253]; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mâððum tô ge-myndum (no earl shall wear a memorial jewel), [3016]; pret. ind. he þâ frätwe wäg ... ofer ýða ful (bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves), [1208]; wäl-seaxe ... þät he on byrnan wäg, [2705]; heortan sorge wäg (bore heart's sorrow); so, [152], [1778], [1932], [2781].
ät-wegan = auferre, to carry off: syððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar), [1199].
ge-[wegan] (O.N. wega), to fight: inf. þe he wið þam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, [2401].
[wel], adv.: 1) well: wel bið þäm þe ... (well for him that ...!), [186]; se þe wel þenceð (he that well thinketh, judgeth), [289]; so, [640], [1046], [1822], [1834], [1952], [2602]; well, [2163], [2813].—2) very, very much: Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (the Geat longed sorely to rest), [1793].—3) indeed, to be sure, [2571], [2856].
[wela], w. m., wealth, goods, possessions: in comp. ær-, burg-, hord-, mâððum-wela.
[wel-hwylc], indef. pron., = quivis, any you please, any (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, [1345]; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, [266];—substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, [875].
[welig], adj., wealthy, rich: acc. sg. wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga, [2608].
[wel-þungen], pres. part., well-thriven (in mind), mature, high-minded: nom. sg. Hygd (wäs) swîðe geong, wîs, wel-þungen, [1928].
[wenian], w. v., to accustom, attract, honor: subj. pret. þät ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heáp hringum wenede (sh. honor), [1092].
be-(bi-)wenian, entertain, care for, attend: pret. sg. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne he mid fæmnan on flet gæð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights, cf. [494] seqq.; or, a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?), [2036]; pret. part. nom. pl. wæron her tela willum be-wenede, [1822].
[wendan], w. v., to turn: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan (all the world turns at his will), [1740].
ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) to turn, turn round: pret. sg. wicg gewende (turned his horse), [315].—2) to turn (intrans.), change: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... frôfre ne wênan, wihte ge-wendan (woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all), [186].
on-wendan, to avert, set aside: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor häleð weán on-wendan, [191].—2) intrans.: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht on-wendan þam þe wel þenceð (in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside), [2602].
[wer], st. m., man, hero: nom. sg. (Grendel), [105]; acc. sg. wer (Beówulf), [1269], [3174]; gen. sg. on weres wästmum (in man's form), [1353]; nom. pl. weras, [216], [1223], [1234], [1441], [1651]; dat. pl. werum, [1257]; gen. pl. wera, [120], [994], [1732], [3001]; (MS. weora), [2948].
[wered], st. n., (as adj. = sweet), a sort of beer (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scîr wered, [496].
[were-feohte], f., defensive fight, fight in self-defence: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), [457].
[werhðo], st. f., curse, outlawry, condemnation: acc. sg. þu in helle scealt werhðo dreógan, [590].
[werian], to defend, protect: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrûda ... þät mîne breóst wereð, [453]; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þôhton, [541]; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tô lyt (too few defenders), [2883]; pret. ind. wäl-reáf werede (guarded the battle-spoil), [1206]; se hwîta helm hafelan werede (the shining helm protected his head), [1449]; pl. hafelan weredon, [1328]; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (ye ... corselet-clad), [238], [2530].
be-[werian], to protect, defend: pret. pl. þät hie ... leóda land-geweorc lâðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend), 939
[werig], adj., accursed, outlawed: gen. sg. wergan gâstes (Grendel), [133]; (of the devil), [1748].
[werod, weorod], st. n., band of men, warrior-troop: nom. sg. werod, [652]; weorod, [290], [2015], [3031]; acc. sg. werod, [319]; dat. instr. sg. weorode, [1012], [2347]; werede, [1216]; gen. sg. werodes, [259]; gen. pl. wereda, [2187]; weoroda, [60].—Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod.
[wer-þeód], st. f., people, humanity: dat. sg. ofer wer-þeóde, [900].
[wesan], v., to be: pres. sg. I. ic eom, [335], [407]; II. þu eart, [352], [506]; III. is, [256], [272], [316], [343], [375], [473], etc.; nu is þînes mägenes blæd âne hwîle (the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while), [1762]; ys, [2911], [3000], [3085]; pl. I. we synt, [260], [342]; II. syndon, [237], [393]; III. syndon, [257], [361], [1231]; synt, [364]; sint, [388]; subj. pres. sîe, [435], [683], etc.; sý, [1832], etc.; sig, [1779], etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, [269] (cf. wassail, wes hæl), [407], [1171], [1220], [1225], etc.; inf. wesan, [272], [1329], [1860], [2709], etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges, [2364]; so, [2498], [2660], [618], [1858]; pres. part. wesende, [46]; dat. sg. wesendum, [1188]; pret. sg. I., III. wäs, [11], [12], [18], [36], [49], [53], etc.; wäs on sunde (was a-swimming), [1619]; so, [848], [850](?), [970], [981], [1293]; progressive, wäs secgende (for sæde), [3029]; II. wære, [1479], etc.; pl. wæron, [233], [536], [544], etc.; wæran (w. reflex, him), [2476]; pret. subj. wære, [173], [203], [594], [946], etc.; progressive, myndgiend wære (for myndgie), [1106].—Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, [249], [1373], etc.; näs = ne + wäs, [134], [1300], [1922], [2193], etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wäs, [890], [1472]); næron = ne + wæron, [2658]; nære = ne + wære, [861], [1168]. See [cniht-wesende].
[wên], st. f., expectation, hope: nom. sg., [735], [1874], [2324]; nu is leódum wên orleg-hwîle (gen.) (now the people have weening of a time of strife), [2911]; acc. sg. þäs ic wên häbbe (as I hope, expect), [383]; so, þäs þe ic [wên] hafo, [3001]; wên ic talige, [1846]; dat. pl. bega on wênum (in expectation of both, i.e. the death and the return of Beówulf), [2896]. See [or-wêna].
[wênan], w. v., to ween, expect, hope: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þäs ic wêne (as I hope), [272]; swâ ic þe wêne tô (as I hope thou wilt: Beówulf hopes Hrôðgâr will now suffer no more pain), [1397].—2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan ge-þinges, [525]; ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, [2523]; III. secce ne wêneð to Gâr Denum (weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes), [601]; inf. (beorhtre bôte) wênan (to expect, count on, a brilliant [? a lighter penalty] atonement), [157]; pret. pl. þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga þät ... the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that...), [779]; þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon þät he ... sêcean côme (that they looked not for the atheling again that he ... would come to seek ...), [1598].—3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wênde, [934].—4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wêne ic þät..., [1185]; wên' ic þät..., [338], [442]; pret. sg. wênde, [2330]; pl. wêndon, [938], [1605].
[wêpan], st. v., to weep: pret. sg. [weóp], [3152] (?).
[wêrig], adj., weary, exhausted, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wêrig (weary from the journey, way-weary), [579]; dat. sg. siðes wêrgum, [1795];—w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wêrge (wound-weary), [2938].—Comp.: deáð-, fyl-, gûð-wêrig.
ge-[werigean], w. v., to weary, exhaust: pret. part. ge-wêrgad, [2853].
[wêrig-môd], adj., weary-minded (animo defessus): nom. sg., [845], [1544].
[wêste], adj., waste, uninhabited: acc. sg. win-sele wêstne, [2457].
[wêsten], st. n., waste, wilderness: acc. sg. wêsten, [1266].
[a]wêsten], st. f., waste, wilderness: dat. sg. on þære wêstenne, [2299].
[weal], st. m.: 1 wall, rampart: dat. instr. sg. wealle, [786], [892], [3163]; gen. sg. wealles, [2308].—2) elevated sea-shore: dat. sg. of wealle, [229]; acc. pl. windige weallas, [572], [1225].—3) wall of a building: acc, sg. wið þäs recedes weal, [326]; dat. sg. be wealle, [1574]; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., [2308], [2527], [2717], [2760], [3061], [3104]; gen. sg. wealles, [2324].—Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sæ-, scyld-weal.
ge-[wealc], st. n., rolling: acc. sg. ofer ýða ge-wealc, [464].
ge-[weald], st. n., power, might: acc. sg. on feónda ge-weald (into the power of his foes), [809], [904]; so, [1685]; geweald âgan, häbban, â-beódan (w. gen. of object = to present) = to have power over, [79], [655], [765], [951], [1088], [1611], [1728]. See on-[weald].
[wealdan], st. v., to wield, govern, rule over, prevail: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan môt (if he may prevail), [442]; þær he ... wealdan môste swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him), [2575]; pres. part. waldend (God), [1694]; dat. wealdende, [2330]; gen. waldendes, [2293], [2858], [3110].—2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þâm wæpnum wealdan (to wield, prevail with, the weapons), [2039]; Geátum wealdan (to rule the Geátas), [2391]; þeáh-hordum wealdan (to rule over, control, the treasure of rings), [2828]; wäl-stôwe wealdan (to hold the field of battle), [2985]; pret. sg. weóld, [465], [1058], [2380], [2596]; þenden wordum weóld wine Scyldinga (while the friend of the S. ruled the G.), [30]; pl. weóldon, [2052].—3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wîdan rîces, [1860]; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), [17], [183], [1753]; weard, [2514]; the 'dragon is called ylda waldend, [1662]; waldend fira, [2742]; sigora waldend, [2876] (designations of God); pret. sg. weóld, [703], [1771].
ge-wealdan, to wield, have power over, arrange: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. hâlig god ge-weóld wîg-sigor, [1555].—2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weóld his ge-witte (the king possessed his senses), [2704].—3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte nô ... wæpna ge-wealdan, [1510].
ge-wealden, pret. part., subject, subjected: acc. pl. gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, [1733].
[weallan], st. v.: 1) to toss, be agitated (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), [546], [581]; nom. sg. brim weallende, [848]; pret. ind. weól, [515], [850], [1132]; weóll, [2139].—2) figuratively (of emotions), to be agitated: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wäl-nîðas (deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld), [2066]; pres. part. weallende, [2465]; pret. sg. hreðer inne weóll (his heart was moved within him), [2114]; hreðer æðme weóll (his breast [the dragon's] swelled from breathing, snorting), [2594]; breóst innan weóll þeóstrum ge-þoncum, [2332]; so, weóll, [2600], [2715], [2883].
[weall-clif], st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, [3133].
[weallian], w. v., to wander, rove about: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, [2782].
[weard], st. m., warden, guardian; owner: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (the Scyldings' warden of the march), [229]; weard, [286], [2240]; se weard, sâwele hyrde, [1742]; the king is called beáh-horda weard, [922]; rîces weard, [1391]; folces weard, [2514]; the dragon is called weard, [3061]; weard un-hióre, [2414]; beorges weard, [2581]; acc. sg, weard, [669]; (dragon), [2842]; beorges weard (dragon), [2525], [3067].—Comp.: bât-, êðel-, gold-, heáfod-, hord-, hýð-, land-, rên-, sele-, yrfe-weard.
[a]weard], st. m., possession (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eorð-weard, [2335].
[a]weard], st. f., watch, ward: acc. sg. wearde healdan, [319]; wearde heóld, [305].—Comp. æg-weard.
[a]weard], adj., -ward: in comp. and-, innan-, ût-weard, [1288], etc.
[weardian], w. v. w. acc.: 1) to watch, guard, keep: inf. he his folme forlêt tô lîf-wraðe, lâst weardian (Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track [Kemble]), [972]; pret. sg. him sió swîðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (his right hand kept guard for him in H., i.e. showed that he had been there), [2099]; sg. for pl. hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas lungre gelîce last weardode (I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor), [2165].—2) to hold, possess, inhabit: pret. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends), [105]; reced weardode un-rîm eorla (an immense number of earls held the hall), [1238]; pl. þær we gesunde säl weardodon, [2076].
[wearh], st. m., the accursed one; wolf: in comp. heoro-wearg, [1268].
[wearn], st. f.: 1) resistance, refusal, [366].—2) warning?, resistance? See [un-wearnum], [742].
[weaxan], st. v., to wax, grow: pres. sg. III. ôð þät him on innan ofer-hygda dæl weaxeð (till within him pride waxeth), [1742]; inf. weaxan, [3116]; pret. sg. weôx, [8].
ge-weaxan, to grow up: pret. sg. oft þät seó geogoð ge-weôx, [66].
ge-weaxan to, to grow to or for something: pret. sg. ne ge-weôx he him to willan (grew not for their benefit), [1712].
[weá], w. m., woe, evil, misfortune: nom. sg., [937]; acc. sg. wean, [191], [423], [1207], [1992], [2293], [2938]; gen. pl. weána, [148], [934], [1151], [1397].
[weá-lâf], st. f., wretched remnant: acc. pl. þâ weá-lâfe (the wretched remnant, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), [1085], [1099].
[weá-spel], st. n., woe-spell, evil tidings: dat. sg. weá-spelle, [1316].
[weorc], st. n.: 1) work, labor, deed: acc. sg., [74]; (war-deed), [1657]; instr. sg. weorce, [1570]; dat. pl. weorcum, [2097]; wordum ne (and) worcum, [1101], [1834]; gen. pl. worda and worca, [289].—2) work, trouble, suffering: acc. sg. þäs gewinnes weorc (misery on account of this strife), [1722]; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (with labor), [1639].—Comp.: bædo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc.
ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) work, deed, labor: nom. acc. sg., [455], [1563], [1682], [2718], [2775]; gen. sg. ge-weorces, [2712]. Comp.: ær-, fyrn-, gûð-, hond-, nîð-ge-weorc.—2) fortification, rampart: in comp. land-geweorc, [939].
[weorce], adj., painful, bitter: nom. sg., [1419].
[weorð], st. n., precious object, valuable: dat. sg. weorðe, [2497].
[weorð], adj., dear, precious: nom. sg. weorð Denum äðeling (the atheling dear to the Danes, Beówulf), [1815]; compar. nom. sg. þät he syððan wäs ... mâðme þý weorðra (more honored from the jewel), [1903]; cf. [wyrðe].
[weorðan], st. v.: 1) to become: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (is concealed), [414]; underne weorðeð (becomes known), [2914]; so, pl. III. weorðað, [2067]; wurðað, [282]; inf. weorðan, [3179]; wurðan, [808]; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, [6], [77], [149], [409], [555], [754], [768], [819], [824], etc.; pl. wurdon, [228]; subj. pret. wurde, [2732].—2) inf. to frôfre weorðan (to become a help), [1708]; pret. sg. wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan, [460]; so, wearð, [906], [1262]; ne wearð Heremôd swâ (i.e. to frôfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, [1710]; pl. wurdon, [2204]; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, [588].—3) pret. sg. þät he on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), [1545].—4) to happen, befall: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð (it shall befall us two as Fate decrees), [2527]; þurh hwät his worulde gedâl weorðan sceolde, [3069]; pret. sg. þâ þær sôna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (there was soon a renewal to the earls, i.e. of the former perils), [1281].
ge-weorðan: 1) to become: pret. sg. ge-wearð, [3062]; pret. part. cearu wäs geniwod ge-worden (care was renewed), [1305]; swâ us ge-worden is, [3079].—2) to finish; complete?: inf. þät þu ... lête Sûð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gûðe wið Grendel (that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel), [1997].—3) impersonally with acc., to agree, decide: pret. sg. þâ þäs monige ge-wearð þät ... (since many agreed that ...), [1599]; pret. part. hafað þäs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rîces hyrde, and þät ræd talað þät he ... (therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that ...), [2027].
[weorð-ful], adj., glorious, full of worth: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, [3100].
[weorðian], w. v., to honor, adorn: pret. sg. þær ic ... þîne leóde weorðode weorcum (there honored I thy people by my deeds), [2097]; subj. pret. (þät he) ät feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving), [1091].
ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, to deck, ornament: pret. part. hire syððan wäs äfter beáh-þege breóst ge-weorðod, [2177]; wæpnum ge-weorðad, [250]; since ge-weorðad, [1451]; so, ge-wurðad, [331], [1039], [1646]; wide ge-weorðad (known, honored, afar), [1960].
[weorð-lîce], adv., worthily, nobly: superl. weorð-lîcost, [3163].
[weorð-mynd], st. f. n., dignity, honor, glory: nom. sg., [65]; acc. sg. geseah þâ eald sweord ..., wîgena weorðmynd (saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors), [1560]; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, [8]; tô worð-myndum, [1187]; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dæl, [1753].
[weorðung], st. f., ornament: in comp. breóst-, hâm-, heorft-, hring-, wîg-weorðung.
[weorpan], st. v.: 1) to throw, cast away, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden yrre oretta, þät hit on eorðan läg (the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth), [1532].—2) to throw around or about, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wäl-fýre (threw death-fire around), [2583].—3) to throw upon: inf. he hine eft ongan wäteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (began to cast water upon him again), [2792].
for-weorpan, w. acc., to cast away, squander: subj. pret. þät he genunga gûð-gewædu wrâðe for-wurpe (that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), [2873].
ofer-weorpan, to stumble: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þâ ... wîgena strongest, [1544].
[weotian], w. v., to provide with, adjust(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wäl-bende weotode, [1937].
be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., to regard, observe, care for: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, [1136]; pret. sg. þegn ... se þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (who would attend to all the needs of a thane), [1797]; draca se þe ... hord be-weotode (the drake that guarded a treasure), [2213];—to carry out, undertake: pres. pl. III. þâ ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde, [1429].
[wicg], st. n., steed, riding-horse: nom. sg., [1401]; acc. sg. wicg, [315]; dat. instr. sg. wicge, [234]; on wicge, [286]; acc. pl. wicg, [2175]; gen. pl. wicga, [1046].
ge-[widor], st. n., storm, tempest: acc. pl. lâð ge-widru (loathly weather), [1376].
[wið] prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., against, with (in hostile sense), from: þâ wið gode wunnon, [113]; âna (wan) wið eallum, [145]; ymb feorh sacan, lâð wið lâðum, [440]; so, [426], [439], [550], [2372], [2521], [2522], [2561], [2840], [3005]; þät him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, [2342]; hwät ... sêlest wære wið fær-gryrum tô ge-fremmanne, [174]; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, [178]; wið rihte wan (strove against right), [144]; häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (had saved H.'s hall from strife), [828]; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blôde (the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Beówulf), [1881]; sundur ge-dælan lîf wið lîce (to sunder soul from body), [2424]; streámas wundon sund wið sande (the currents rolled the sea against the sand), [213]; lîg-ýðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim), [2674]; holm storme weól, won wið winde (the sea surged, wrestled with the wind), [1133]; so, hiora in ânum weóll sefa wið sorgum (in one of them surged the soul with sorrow [against?, Heyne]), [2601]; þät hire wið healse heard grâpode (that the sharp sword bit against her neck), [1567].—2) w. acc.: a) against, towards: wan wið Hrôðgâr (fought against H.), [152]; wið feónda gehwone, [294]; wið wrâð werod, [319]; so, [540], [1998], [2535]; hine hâlig god ûs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, [384]; þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier), [2529]; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men; or, withdraw life-bale from, etc.? or, peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw?, Kemble), [155]; ic þâ leóde wât ge wið feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte (towards foe and friend), [1865]; heóld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego (cherished high love towards the prince of heroes), [1955]; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd (prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge), [1550]. b) against, on, upon, in: setton sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weal (against the wall of the hall), [326]; wið eorðan fäðm (eardodon) (in the bosom of the earth), [3050]; wið earm ge-sät (sat on, against, his arm), [750]; so, stîð-môd ge-stôd wið steápne rond, [2567]; [wið duru healle eode] (went to the door of the hall), [389]; wið Hrefna-wudu (over against, near, H.), [2926]; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tæhte (showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son), [2014]. c) towards, with (of contracting parties): þät hie healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn âgan môston (that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess), [1089]; þenden he wið wulf wäl reáfode (whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain), [3028].—3) Alternately with dat. and acc., against: nu wið Grendel sceal, wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan þing wið þyrse, [424-426];—with, beside: ge-sät þâ wið sylfne..., mæg wið mæge, [1978-79].
[wiðer-gyld], st. n., compensation: nom. sg., [2052], [proper name?].
[wiðer-rähtes], adv., opposite, in front of, [3040].
[wiðre], st. n., resistance: gen. sg. wiðres ne trûwode, [2954].
[wig-weorðung], st. f., idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols: acc. pl. -weorðunga, [176].
[wiht], st. f.: 1) wight, creature, demon: nom. sg. wiht unhælo (the demon of destruction, Grendel), [120]; acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), [3039].—2) thing, something, aught: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dweleð (nor does aught check him), [1736]; him wiht ne speów (it helped him naught), [2855]; acc. sg. ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde (nor did he count the worm's warring for aught), [2349]; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan (I could not do aught ...), [1661];—w. partitive gen.: nô ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, [581];—the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. nicht: ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon (did not blame their friendly lord aught), [863]; so, ne wiht = naught, in no wise, [1084], [2602], [2858]; nô wiht, [541]; instr. sg. wihte (in aught, in any way), [1992]; ne ... wihte (by no means), [186], [2278], [2688]; wihte ne, [1515], [1996], [2465], [2924].—Comp.: â-wiht (âht = aught), äl-wiht, ô-wiht.
[wil-cuma], w. m., one welcome (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea leódum (welcome to the people of the Danes), [388]; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, [394]; wil-cuman Wedera leódum (welcome to the Geátas), [1895].
ge-[wild], st. f., free-will? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (sponte, voluntarily, Bugge), [2223].
[wil-deór] (for wild-deór), st. n., wild beast: acc. pl. wil-deór, [1431].
[wil-gesîð], st. m., chosen or willing companion: nom. pl. -ge-sîðas, [23].
[wil-geofa], w. m., ready giver (= voti largitor: princely designation), joy-giver?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leóda, [2901].
[willa], w. m.: 1) will, wish, desire, sake: nom. sg. [627], [825]; acc. sg. willan, [636], [1740], [2308], [2410]; instr. sg. ânes willan (for the sake of one), [3078]; so, [2590]; dat. sg. tô willan, [1187], [1712]; instr. pl. willum (according to wish), [1822]; sylfes willum, [2224], [2640]; gen. pl. wilna, [1345].—2) desirable thing, valuable: gen. pl. wilna, [661], [951].
[willan], aux. v., will: in pres. also shall (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic â-secgan (I will set forth, tell out), [344]; so, [351], [427]; ic tô sæ wille (I will to sea), [318]; wylle, [948], [2149], [2513]; sg. II. þu wylt, [1853]; sg. III. he wile, [346], [446], [1050], [1182], [1833]; wyle, [2865]; wille, [442], [1004], [1185], [1395]; ær he in wille (ere he will in, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), [1372]; wylle, [2767]; pl. I. we ... wyllað, [1819]; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, [68], [154], [200], [646], [665], [739], [756], [797], [881], etc.; nô ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleótan), [543]; so, swâ he hira mâ wolde (i.e. â-cwellan), [1056]; pret. pl. woldon, [482], [2637], [3173]; subj. pret., [2730].—Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, I will not, nolo), [680], [2525](?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), [792], [804], [813], [1524]; w. omitted inf. þâ metod nolde, [707], [968]; pret. subj. nolde, [2519].
[wilnian], w. v., to long for, beseech: inf. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms), [188].
[wil-sîð], st. m., chosen journey: acc. sg. wil-sîð, [216].
ge-[win], st. n.: 1) strife, struggle, enmity, conflict: acc. sg., [878]; þâ hie ge-win drugon (endured strife), [799]; under ýða ge-win (under the tumult of the waves), [1470]; gen. sg. þäs ge-winnes weorc (misery for this strife), [1722].—2) suffering, oppression: nom. sg., [133], [191]; acc. sg. eald ge-win, [1782].—Comp.: fyrn-, ýð-ge-win.
[wîn-ärn], st. n., hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall: gen. sg. wîn-ärnes, [655].
[wind], st. m., wind, storm: nom. sg., [547], [1375], [1908]; dat. instr. sg. winde, [217]; wið winde, [1133].
[windan], st. v.: 1) intrans., to wind, whirl: pret. sg. wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst, [1120].—2) w. acc., to twist, wind, curl: pret. pl. streámas wundon sund wið sande, [212]; pret. part. wunden gold (twisted, spirally-twined, gold), [1194], [3135]; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, [1383].
ät-windan, to wrest one's self from, escape: pret. sg. se þäm feónde ät-wand, [143].
be-windan, to wind with or round, clasp, surround, envelop (involvere): pret. sg. þe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, [1462]; pret. part. wîrum be-wunden (wound with wires) [1032]; feorh ... flæsce be-wunden (flesh-enclosed), [2425]; gâr ... mundum be-wunden (a spear grasped with the hands), [3023]; iû-manna gold galdre be-wunden (spell-encircled gold), [3053]; (âstâh ...) lêg wôpe be-wunden (uprose the flame mingled with a lament), [3147].
ge-windan, to writhe, get loose, escape: inf. wîdre ge-windan (to flee further), [764]; pret. sg. on fleám ge-wand, [1002].
on-windan, to unwind, loosen: pres. sg. (þonne fäder) on-windeð wäl-râpas, [1611].
[win-däg], st. m., day of struggle or suffering: dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (in these days of sorrow, i.e. of earthly existence), [1063].
[wind-bland (blond)], st. n., wind-roar: nom. sg., [3147].
[wind-gereste], f., resting-place of the winds: acc. sg., [2457].
[windig], adj., windy: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nässas), [572], [1359]; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), [1225].
[wine], st. m., friend, protector, especially the beloved ruler: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leóf land-fruma (Scyld), [30]; wine Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), [148], [1184]. As vocative: mîn wine, [2048]; wine mîn, Beówulf (Hunferð), [457], [530], [1705]; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrôðgâr), [376]; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, [350], [2027]; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, [170]; gen. sg. wines (Beówulf), [3097]; acc. pl. wine, [21]; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, [1419]; gen. pl. winigea leásum, [1665]; winia bealdor, [2568].—Comp.: freá-, freó-, gold-, gûð-, mæg-wine.
[wine-dryhten], st. m., (dominus amicus), friendly lord, lord and friend: acc. sg. wine-drihten, [863], [1605]; wine-dryhten, [2723], [3177]; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, [360].
[wine-geômor], adj., friend-mourning: nom. sg., [2240].
[wine-leás], adj., friendless: dat. sg. wine-leásum, [2614].
[wine-mæg], st. m., dear kinsman: nom. pl. wine-mâgas, [65].
ge-[winna], w. m., striver, struggler, foe: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna.
[winnan], st. v., to struggle, fight: pret. sg. III. wan âna wið eallum, [144]; Grendel wan ... wið Hrôðgâr, [151]; holm ... won wið winde (the sea fought with the wind: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), [1133]; II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne, [506]; pl. wið gode wunnon, [113]; þær þâ graman wunnon (where the foes fought), [778].
[wîn-reced], st. n., wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests: acc. sg., [715], [994].
[wîn-sele], st. m., the same, wine-hall: nom. sg., [772]; dat. sg. wîn-sele, [696] (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]).
[winter], st. m. n.: 1) winter: nom. sg., [1133], [1137]; acc. sg. winter, [1129]; gen. sg. wintres, [516].—2) year (counted by winters): acc. pl. fîftig wintru (neut.), [2210]; instr. pl. wintrum, [1725], [2115], [2278]; gen. pl. wintra, [147], [264], [1928], [2279], [2734], [3051].
[wintre], adj., so many winters (old): in comp. syfan-wintre.
ge-[wislîce], adv., certainly, undoubtedly: superl. gewislîcost, [1351].
[wist], st. f., fundamental meaning = existentia, hence: 1) good condition, happiness, abundance: dat. sg. wunað he on wiste, [1736].—2) food, subsistence, booty: dat. sg. þâ wäs äfter wiste wôp up â-hafen (a cry was then uplifted after the meal, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), [128].
[wist-fyllo], st. f., fulness or fill of food, rich meal: gen. sg. wist-fylle, [735].
[wit], st. n., (wit), understanding: nom. sg., [590].—Comp.: fyr-, in-wit.
ge-wit, st. n.: 1) consciousness. dat. sg. ge-weóld his ge-witte, [2704].—2) heart, breast: dat. sg. fýr unswîðor weóll (the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast), [2883].
[a]wit], pers. pron. dual of we, we two, [535], [537], [539], [540], [544], [1187], etc. See [unc, uncer].
[wita, weota], w. m., counsellor, royal adviser; pl., the king's council of nobles: nom. pl. witan, [779]: gen. pl. witena, [157], [266], [937] weotena, [1099].—Comp.: fyrn-, rûn-wita.
[witan], pret.-pres. v., to wot, know. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wât, [1332], [2657]; ic on Higelâce wât þät he ... (I know as to H., that he ...), [1831]; so, god wât on mec þät ...(God knows of me, that ...), [2651]; sg. II. þu wâst, [272]; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, [822]; wisse, [2340], [2726]; pl. wiston, [799], [1605]; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, [2520].—2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wât, [1864].—3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tô þäs he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fättum fâhne, [716]; so, [1310]; wiste þäm ahlæcan hilde ge-binged, [647].—4) w. acc., to know: inf. witan, [252], [288]; pret. sg. wisse, [169]; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grâpum, [765]; pl. II. wisson, [246]; wiston, [181].
nât = ne + wât, I know not: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = some or other: sceaða ic nât hwylc.—2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá, [682].
ge-witan, to know, perceive: inf. þäs þe hie gewis-lîcost ge-witan meahton, [1351].
be-[witian]. See be-[weotian].
[witig], adj., wise, sagacious: nom. sg. witig god, [686], [1057]; witig drihten (God), [1555]; wittig drihten, [1842].
ge-wittig, adj., conscious: nom. sg. [3095].
ge-[witnian], w. v., to chastise, punish: wommum gewitnad (punished with plagues), [3074].
[wîc], st. n., dwelling, house: acc. sg. wîc, [822], [2590];—often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wîcum, [1305], [1613], [3084]; gen. wîca, [125], [1126].
ge-[wîcan], st. v., to soften, give way, yield (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wâc, [2578], [2630].
[wîc-stede], st. m., dwelling-place: nom. sg. [2463]; acc. sg. wîc-stede, [2608].
[wîd], adj., wide, extended: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wîd wäter, [2474]; gen. sg. wîdan rîces, [1860]; acc. pl. wîde sîðas, waroðas, [878], [1966].—2) temporal: acc. sg. wîdan feorh (acc. of time), [2015]; dat. sg. tô wîdan feore, [934].
[wîde], adv., widely, afar, [18], [74], [79], [266], [1404], [1589], [1960], etc.; wîde cûð (widely, universally, known), [2136], [2924]; so, underne wîde, [2914]; wîde geond eorðan (over the whole earth, widely), [3100];—modifier of superl.: wreccena wîde mærost (the most famous of wanderers, exiles), [899].—Compar. wîdre, [764].
[wîd-cûð], adj., widely known, very celebrated: nom. sg. neut., [1257]; acc. sg. m. wîd-cûðne man (Beówulf), [1490]; wîd-cûðne weán, [1992]; wîd-cûðes (Hrôðgâr), [1043].
[wîde-ferhð], st. m. n., (long life), great length of time: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wîde-ferhð (down to distant times, always), [703], [938]; ealne wîde-ferhð, [1223].
[wîd-floga], w. m., wide-flier (of the dragon): nom. sg., [2831]; acc. sg. wîd-flogan, [2347].
[wîd-scofen], pret. part., wide-spread? causing fear far and wide? [937].
[wîd-weg], st. m., wide way, long journey: acc. pl. wîd-wegas, [841], [1705].
[wîf], st. n., woman, lady, wife: nom. sg. freó-lîc wîf (Queen Wealhþeów), [616]; wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), [2121]; acc. sg. drihtlîce wîf (Finn's wife), [1159]; instr. sg. mid þý wîfe (Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáwaru), [2029]; dat. sg. þam wîfe (Wealhþeów), [640]; gen. sg. wîfes (as opposed to man), [1285]; gen. pl. wera and wîfa, [994].—Comp.: aglæc-, mere-wîf.
[wîf-lufe], w. f., wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love: nom. pl. wîf-lufan, [2066].
[wîg], st. m.: 1) war, battle: nom. sg., [23], [1081], [2317], [2873]; acc. sg., [686], [1084], [1248]; dat. sg. wîge, [1338], [2630]; as instr., [1085]; (wigge, MS.), [1657], [1771]; gen. sg. wîges, [65], [887], [1269].—2) valor, warlike prowess: nom. sg. wäs his môd-sefa manegum ge-cýðed, wîg and wîsdôm, [350]; wîg, [1043]; wîg ... eafoð and ellen, [2349]; gen. sg. wîges, [2324].—Comp. fêðe-wîg.
[wîga], w. m., warrior, fighter: nom. sg., [630]; dat. pl. wîgum, [2396]; gen. pl. wîgena, [1544], [1560], [3116].—Comp.: äsc-, byrn-, gâr-, gûð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wîga.
[wîgan], st. v., to fight: pres. sg. III. wîgeð, [600]; inf., [2510].
wîgend, pres. part., fighter, warrior: nom. sg., [3100]; nom. pl. wîgend, [1126], [1815], [3145]; acc. pl. wîgend, [3025]; gen. pl. wîgendra, [429], [900], [1973], [2338].—Comp. gârwîgend.
[wîg-bealu], st. n., war-bale, evil contest: acc. sg., [2047].
[wîg-bil], st. n., war-bill, battle-sword: nom. sg., [1608].
[wîg-bord], st. n., war-board or shield: acc. sg., [2340].
[wîg-cräft], st. m., war-power: acc. sg., [2954].
[wîg-cräftig], adj., vigorous in fight, strong in war: acc. sg. wîg-cräftigne (of the sword Hrunting), [1812].
[wîg-freca], w. m., war-wolf, war-hero: acc. sg. wîg-frecan, [2497]; nom. pl. wîg-frecan, [1213].
[wîg-fruma], w. m., war-chief or king: nom. sg., [665]; acc. sg. wîg-fruman, [2262].
[wîg-geatwe], st. f. pl., war-ornaments, war-gear: dat. pl. on wîg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), [368].
[wîg-ge-weorðad], pret. part., war-honored, distinguished in war, 1784? See [Note].
[wîg-gryre], st. m., war-horror or terror: nom. sg., [1285].
[wîg-hete], st. m., war-hate, hostility: nom. sg., [2121].
[wîg-heafola], w. m., war head-piece, helmet: acc. sg. wîg-heafolan, [2662].—Leo.
[wîg-heáp], st. m., war-band: nom sg., [447].
[wîg-hryre], st. m., war-ruin, slaughter, carnage: acc. sg., [1620].
[wîg-sigor], st. m., war-victory: acc. sg., [1555].
[wîg-sped], st. f.?, war-speed, success in war: gen. pl. wîg-spêda, [698].
[wîn], st. n., wine: acc. sg., [1163], [1234]; instr. wîne, [1468].
[wîr], st. n., wire, spiral ornament of wire: instr. pl. wîrum, [1032]; gen. pl. wîra, [2414].
[wîs], adj., wise, experienced, discreet: nom. sg. m. wîs (in his mind, conscious), [3095]; f. wîs, [1928]; in w. form, se wîsa, [1401], [1699], [2330]; acc. sg. þone wîsan, [1319]; gen. pl. wîsra, [1414]; w. gen. nom. sg. wîs wordcwida (wise of speech), [1846].
[wîsa], w. m., guide, leader: nom. sg. werodes wîsa, [259].—Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wîsa.
[wîs-dôm], st. m., wisdom, experience: nom. sg., [350]; instr. sg. wîs-dôme, [1960].
[wîse], w. f., fashion, wise, custom: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wîsan (after ancient custom), [1866].
[wîs-fäst], adj., wise, sagacious (sapientiâ firmus): nom. sg. f., [627].
[wîs-hycgende], pres. part. wise-thinking, wise, [2717].
[wîsian], w. v., to guide or lead to, direct, point out: 1) w. acc.: inf. heán wong wîsian, [2410]; pret. sg. secg wîsade land-gemyrcu, [208].—2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eów wîsige (I shall guide you), [292], [3104]; pret. sg. se þæm heaðo-rincum hider wîsade, [370]; sôna him sele-þegn ... forð wîsade (the hall-thane led him thither forthwith, i.e. to his couch), [1796]; stîg wîsode gumum ät-gädere, [320]; so, [1664].—3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf (when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof, [but under H.'s hrôf depends rather on snyredon ätsomne]), [402].
[wîtan], st. v., properly to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira morðor-bealo mâga, [2742].
ät-wîtan, to blame, censure (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. ät-witon weána dæl, [1151].
ge-wîtan, properly spectare aliquo; to go (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wât ... tô hâm faran, [123]; so, [2570]; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mearum rîdan, [854]. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þâ Scyld ge-wât ... fêran on freán wære, [26]; gewât him ... rîdan, [234]; so, [1964]; pl. ge-witon, [301].—2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, [291]; pret. sg. ge-wât þâ neósian heán hûses, [115]; he þâ fâg ge-wât ... man-dreám fleón, [1264]; nyðer eft gewât dennes niósian, [3045]; so, [1275], [2402], [2820]. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewât ... hâmes niósan, [2388]; so, [2950]; pl. ge-witon, [1126].—3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þær firgen-streám under nässa genipu niðer ge-wîteð, [1361]; ge-wîteð on sealman, [2461]; inf. on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, [42]; pret. sg. ge-wât, [217]; him ge-wât, [1237], [1904]; of lîfe, ealdre ge-wât (died), [2472], [2625]; fyrst forð ge-wât (time went on), [210]; him ge-wât ût of healle, [663]; ge-wât him hâm, [1602]; pret. part. dat. sg. me forð-ge-witenum (me defuncto, I dead), [1480].
ôð-wîtan, to blame, censure, reproach: inf. ne þorfte him þâ leán ôð-wîtan mon on middan-gearde, [2997].
[wlanc, wlonc], adj., proud, exulting: nom. sg. wlanc, [341]; w. instr. æse wlanc (proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal), [1333]; wlonc, [331]; w. gen. mâðm-æhta wlonc (proud of the treasures), [2834]; gen. sg. wlonces, [2954].—Comp. gold-wlanc.
[wlâtian], w. v., to look or gaze out, forth: pret. sg. se þe ær ... feor wlâtode, [1917].
[wlenco], st. f., pride, heroism: dat. sg. wlenco, [338], [1207]; wlence, [508].
[wlite], st. m. form, noble form, look, beauty: nom. sg., [250].
[wlite-beorht], adj., beauteous, brilliant in aspect: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, [93].
[wlite-seón], st. n. f., sight, spectacle: acc. sg., [1651].
[wlitig], adj., beautiful, glorious, fair in form: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), [1663].
[wlîtan], st. v., to see, look, gaze: pret. sg. he äfter recede wlât (looked along the hall), [1573]; pret. pl. on holm wliton (looked on the sea), [1593]; wlitan on Wîglâf, [2853].
[geond-wlîtan], w. acc., to examine, look through, scan: inf. wräte giond-wlîtan, [2772].
[woh-bogen], pret. part., (bent crooked), crooked, twisted: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, [2828].
[wolcen], st. n. m., cloud (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (under the clouds, on earth), [8], [652], [715], [1771]; tô wolcnum, [1120], [1375].
[wollen-teár], adj., tear-flowing, with flowing tears: nom. pl. wollen-teáre, [3033].
[word], st. n.: 1) word, speech: nom. sg., [2818]; acc. sg. þät word, [655], [2047]; word, [315], [341], [390], [871], [2552]; instr. sg. worde, [2157]; gen. sg. wordes, [2792]; nom. pl. þâ word, [640]; word, [613]; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), [871]; instr. pl, wordum, [176], [366], [627], [875], [1101], [1173], [1194], [1319], [1812], etc.; ge-saga him wordum (tell them in words, expressly), [388]. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wägnan, secgan, hêrgan, to emphasize the verb, [176], [627], [1194], [2796], [3177]; gen. pl. worda, [289], [398], [2247], [2263](?), [3031].—2) command, order: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (to rule, reign), [79]; so, instr. pl. wordum weóld, [30].—Comp.: beót-, gylp-, meðel-, þryð-word.
[word-cwide], st. m., (word-utterance), speech: acc. pl. word-cwydas, [1842]; dat. pl. word-cwydum, [2754]; gen. pl. word-cwida, [1846].
[word-gid], st. m, speech, saying: acc. sg. word-gyd, [3174].
[word-hord], st. n., word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth: acc. sg. word-hord on-leác (unlocked his word-hoard, opened his mouth, spoke), [259].
[word-riht], st. n., right speech, suitable word: gen. pl. Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela, [2632].
[worð-mynd]. See [weorð-mynd].
[worðig] (for weorðig), st. m., palace, estate, court: acc. sg. on worðig (into the palace), [1973].
[worn], st. n., multitude, number: acc. sg. worn eall (very many), [3095]; wintra worn (many years), [264]; þonne he wintrum frôd worn ge-munde (when he old in years thought of their number), [2115]. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, [1784]; hwät þu worn fela ... spræce (how very much thou hast spoken!), [530]; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, [871]; gen. pl. worna fela, [2004], [2543].
[woruld, worold], st. f., humanity, world, earth: nom. sg. eal worold, [1739]; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (to be born, come into the world), [60]; worold oflætan, of-gifan (die), [1184], [1682]; gen. sg. worolde, [951], [1081], [1388], [1733]; worulde, [2344]; his worulde ge-dâl (his separation from the world, death), [3069]; worolde brûcan (to enjoy life, live), [1063]; worlde, [2712].
[worold-âr], st. f., worldly honor or dignity: acc. sg. worold-âre, [17].
[woruld-candel], st. f., world-candle, sun: nom. sg., [1966].
[worold-cyning], st. m., world king, mighty king: nom. sg., [3182]; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, [1685].
[woruld-ende], st. m., world's end: acc. sg., [3084].
[worold-ræden], st. f., usual course, fate of the world, customary fate: dat. sg. worold-rædenne, 1143?
[wôp], st. m., (whoop), cry of grief, lament: nom. sg., [128]; acc. sg. wôp, [786]; instr. sg. wôpe, [3147].
[wracu], st. f., persecution, vengeance, revenge: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), [2614]; acc. sg. wräce, [2337].—Comp.: gyrn-, nýd-wracu.
[wraðu], st. f., protection, safety: in comp. lîf-wraðu.
[wrâð], adj., wroth, furious, hostile: acc. sg. neut. wrâð, [319]; dat. sg. wrâðum, [661], [709]; gen. pl. wrâðra, [1620].
[wrâðe], adv., contemptibly, disgracefully, [2873].
[wrâð-lîce], adv., wrathfully, hostilely (in battle), [3063].
[wrâsn], st. f., circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown: in comp. freá-wrâsn.
[wräc-lâst], st. m., exile-step, exile, banishment: acc. sg. wräc-lâstas träd (trod exile-steps, wandered in exile), [1353].
[wräc-mäcg], st. m., exile, outcast: nom. pl. wräc-mäcgas, [2380].
[wräc-sîð], st. m., exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution: acc. sg., [2293]; dat. sg. -sîðum, [338].
[wrät], st. f., ornament, jewel: acc. pl. wräte (wræce, MS.), [2772], [3061]; instr. pl. wrättum, [1532]; gen. pl. wrätta, [2414].
[wrät-lîc], adj.: 1) artistic, ornamental; valuable: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wundur-mâððum, [2174]; wrät-lîc wæg-sweord, [1490]; wîg-bord wrät-lîc, [2340].—2) wondrous, strange: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], [892]; wlite-seón wrät-lîc, [1651].
[wræc], st. f., persecution; hence, wretchedness, misery: nom. sg., [170]; acc. sg. wræc, [3079].
[wrecan], st. v. w. acc.: 1) to press, force: pret. part. þær wäs Ongenþeó ... on bîd wrecen, [2963].—2) to drive out, expel: pret. sg. ferh ellen wräc, [2707].—3) to wreak or utter: gid, spel wrecan (to utter words or songs); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, [2447]; inf. wrecan spel ge-râde, [874]; word-gyd wrecan, [3174]; pret. sg. gyd äfter wräc, [2155]; pres. part. þær wäs ... gid wrecen, [1066].—4) to avenge, punish: subj. pres. þät he his freónd wrece, [1386]; inf. wolde hire mæg wrecan, [1340]; so, [1279], [1547]; pres. part. wrecend (an avenger), [1257]; pret. sg. wräc Wedera nîð, [423]; so, [1334], [1670].
â-wrecan, to tell, recount: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þe â-wräc (I have told this tale for thee), [1725]; so, [2109].
for-wrecan, w. acc., to drive away, expel; carry away: inf. þý läs him ýða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship), [1920]; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wräc ... man-cynne fram, [109].
ge-wrecan, w. acc., to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish: pret. sg. ge-wräc, [107], [2006]; he ge-wräc (i.e. hit, this) cealdum cear-sîðum, [2396]; he hine sylfne ge-wräc (avenged himself), [2876]; pl. ge-wræcan, [2480]; pret. part. ge-wrecen, [3063].
[wrecca], w. m., (wretch), exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), [1138]; gen. pl. wreccena wîde mærost (Sigemund), [899].
[wreoðen-hilt], adj., wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt: nom. sg., [1699].
[wridian], w. v., to flourish, spring up: pret. sg. III. wridað, [1742].
[wriða], w. m., band: in comp. beág-wriða (bracelet), [2019].
[wrixl], st. n., exchange, change: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (in a worse way, with a worse exchange), [2970].
ge-wrixle, st. n., exchange, arrangement, bargain: nom. sg. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til (it was not a good arrangement, trade), [1305].
[wrixlan], w. v., to exchange: inf. wordum wrixlan (to exchange words, converse), [366]; [875] (tell).
[wrîðan], st. v. w. acc.: 1) to bind, fasten, wreathe together: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte, [965].—2) to bind up (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg wriðon, [2983]. See [hand-gewriðen].
[wrîtan], st. v., to incise, engrave: pret. part. on þäm (hilte) wäs ôr writen fyrn-gewinnes (on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle), [1689].
for-wrîtan, to cut to pieces or in two: pret. sg. for-wrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan, [2706].
[wrôht], st. m. f., blame, accusation, crime; here strife, contest, hostility: nom. sg., [2288], [2474], [2914].
[wudu], st. m., wood: 1) material, timber: nom. pl. wudu, [1365]; hence, the wooden spear: acc. pl. wudu, [398].—2) forest, wood: acc. sg. wudu, [1417].—3) wooden ship: nom. sg. [298]; acc. sg. wudu, [216], [1920].—Comp.: bæl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mägen-, sæ-, sund-, þrec-wudu.
[wudu-rêc], st. m., wood-reek or smoke: nom. sg., [3145].
[wuldor], st. n., glory: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (God), [666]; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, [17], [183], [1753]; wuldres hyrde, [932], (designations of God).
[wuldor-cyning], st. m., king of glory, God. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796
[wuldor-torht], adj., glory-bright, brilliant, clear: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, [1137].
[wulf], st. m., wolf: acc. sg., [3028].
[wulf-hlið], st. n., wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, [1359].
[wund], st. f., wound: nom. sg., [2712], [2977]; acc. sg. wunde, [2532], [2907]; acc. sg. wunde, [2726]; instr. pl. wundum, [1114], [2831], [2938].—Comp. feorh-wund.
[a]wund], adj., wounded, sore: nom. sg., [2747]; dat. sg. wundum, [2754]; nom. pl. wunde, [565], [1076].
[wunden-feax], adj., curly-haired (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., [1401].
[wunden-heals], adj., with twisted or curved neck or prow: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (the ship), [298].
[wunden-heorde]?, curly-haired?: nom. sg. f., [3153].
[wunden-mæl], adj., damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments(?): nom. sg. neut., [1532] (of a sword).
[wunden-stefna], w. m. curved prow, ship: nom. sg., [220].
[wundor], st. n.: 1) wonder, wonderwork: nom. sg., [772], [1725]; wundur, [3063]; acc. sg. wundor, [841]; wunder, [932]; wundur, [2760], [3033], [3104]; dat. sg. wundre, [932]; instr. pl. wundrum (wondrously), [1453], [2688]; gen. pl. wundra, [1608].—2) portent, monster: gen. pl. wundra, [1510].—Comp.: hand-, nîð-, searo-wundor.
[wundor-bebod], st. n., wondrous command, strange order: instr. pl. -bebodum, [1748].
[wundor-deáð], st. m., wonder-death, strange death: instr. sg. wundor deáðe, [3038].
[wundor-fät], st. n., wonder-vat, strange vessel: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (from wondrous vessels), [1163].
[wundor-lîc], adj., wonder like, remarkable: nom. sg., [1441].
[wundor-mâððum], st. m., wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure: acc. sg., [2174].
[wundor-smið], st. m., wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), [1682].
[wundor-seón], st. f., wondrous sight: gen. pl. wunder-sióna, [996].
[wunian], w. v.: 1) to stand, exist, remain: pres. sg. III. þenden þær wunað on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest (as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place), [284]; wunað he on wiste (lives in plenty), [1736]; inf. on sele wunian (to remain in the hall), [3129]; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (remained with F.), [1129].—2) w. acc. or dat., to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess: pres. sg. III. wunað wäl-reste (holds his death-bed), [2903]; inf. wäter-egesan wunian scolde..., streámas, [1261]; wîcum wunian, [3084]; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelâc þær ät hâm wunað, [1924].
ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) to inhabit: inf. ge-[wunian], [2276].—2) to remain with, stand by: subj. pres. þät hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sîðas, [22].
[wuton], v. from wîtan, used as interj., let us go! up! w. inf.: wutun gangan tô (let us go to him!), [2649]; uton hraðe fêran! [1391]; uton nu êfstan, [3102].
[wylf], st. f., she-wolf: in comp. brim-wylf.
[wylm], st. m., surge, surf, billow: num. sg. flôdes wylm, [1765]; dat. wintres wylme (with winter's flood), [516]; acc. sg. þurh wäteres wylm, [1694]; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, [2508].—Comp.: breóst-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fýr-, heaðo-, holm-, sæ-, sorh-wylm. See [wälm].
[wyn], st. f., pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment: acc. sg. mæste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly joy), [1081]; eorðan wynne (earth-joy, the delightful earth), [1731]; heofenes wynne (heaven's joy, the rising sun), [1802]; hearpan wynne (harp-joy, the pleasant harp), [2108]; þät he ... ge-drogen häfde eorðan wynne (that he had had his earthly joy), [2728]; dat. sg. weorod wäs on wynne, [2015]; instr. pl. mägenes wynnum (in joy of strength), [1717]; so, [1888].—Comp.: êðel-, hord-, lîf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn.
[wyn-leás], adj., joyless: acc. sg. wyn-leásne wudu, [1417]; wyn-leás wîc, [822].
[wyn-sum], adj., winsome, pleasant: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (the ship), [1920]; nom. pl. word wæron wyn-sume, [613].
[wyrcan], v. irreg.: 1) to do, effect, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, [931].—2) to make, create, w. acc.: pret. sg. þät se äl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], [92]; swâ hine (the helmet) worhte wæpna smið, [1453].—3) to gain, win, acquire, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se þe môte, dômes ær deáðe, [1388].
be-wyrcan, to gird, surround: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, [3163].
ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., to act, behave: inf. swâ sceal geong guma gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine þät ... (a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that ...), [20].—2) w. acc., to do, make, effect, perform: inf. ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, [1661]; sweorde ne meahte on þam aglæcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, [2907]; pret. sg. ge-worhte, [636], [1579], [2713]; pret. part. acc. ic þâ leóde wât ... fäste ge-worhte. [1865].—3) to make, construct: inf. (medo-ärn) ge-wyrcean, [69]; (wîg-bord) ge-wyrcean, [2338]; (hlæw) ge-wyrcean, [2803]; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, [3097]; III. ge-worhton, [3158]; pret. part. ge-worht, [1697].—4) to win, acquire: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dôm ge-wyrce, [1492].
[Wyrd], st. f., Weird (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = fate, providence): nom. sg., [455], [477], [572], [735], [1206], [2421], [2527], [2575], [2815]; acc. sg. wyrd, [1057], [1234]; gen. pl. wyrda, [3031]. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.)
[wyrdan], w. v., to ruin, kill, destroy: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mine wanode and wyrde, [1338].
â-wyrdan, w. v., to destroy, kill: pret. part.: äðeling monig wundum â-wyrded, [1114].
[wyrðe], adj., noble; worthy, honored, valued: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dôn) (to esteem worthy), [2186]; nom. pl. wyrðe, [368]; compar. nom. sg. rîces wyrðra (worthier of rule), [862].—Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See [weorð].
[wyrgen], st, f., throttler [cf. sphinx], she-wolf; in comp. grund-wyrgen.
ge-[wyrht], st. n., work; desert; in comp. eald-gewyrht, [2658].
[wyrm], st. m., worm, dragon, drake: nom. sg., [898], [2288], [2344], [2568], [2630], [2670], [2746], [2828]; acc. sg. wyrm, [887], [892], [2706], [3040], [3133]; dat. sg. wyrme, [2308], [2520]; gen. wyrmes, [2317], [2349], [2760], [2772], [2903]; acc. pl. wyrmas, [1431].
[wyrm-cyn], st. m., worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, [1426].
[wyrm-fâh], adj., dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh, [1699].
[wyrm-hord], st. n., dragon-hoard: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, [2223].
for-[wyrnan], w. v., to refuse, reject: subj. pres. II. þät þu me nô for-wyrne, þät... (that thou refuse me not that...), [429]; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rædenne, [1143].
ge-[wyrpan], w. v. reflex., to refresh one's self, recover: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, [2977].
[wyrpe], st. m., change: acc. sg. äfter weá-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things), [1316].
[wyrsa], compar. adj., worse: acc. sg. neut. þät wyrse, [1740]; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, [2970]; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, [525]; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wîg-frecan, [1213], [2497].
[wyrt], st. f., [-wort], root: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fäst, [1365].
[wýscan], w. v., to wish, desire: pret. sg. wîscte (rihde, MS.) þäs yldan (wished to delay that or for this reason, [2440], [1605](?). See [Note].
[yfel], st n., evil: gen. pl. yfla, [2095].
[yldan], w. v., to delay, put off: inf. ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte, [740]; weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna brûcan môste, [2240].
[ylde], st. m. pl., men: dat. pl. yldum, [77], [706], [2118]; gen. pl. ylda, [150], [606], [1662]. See [elde].
[yldo], st. f., age (senectus), old age: nom. sg., [1737], [1887]; atol yldo, [1767]; dat. sg. on ylde, [22].—2) age (ætas), time, era: gen. sg. yldo bearn, [70]. See [eldo].
[ylf], st. f., elf (incubus, alp): nom. pl. ylfe, [112].
[ymb], prep. w. acc.: 1) local, around, about, at, upon: ymb hine (around, with, him), [399]. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, [690]; ymb brontne ford (around the seas, on the high sea), [568]; ymb þâ gif-healle (around the gift-hall, throne-hall), [839]; ymb þäs helmes hrôf (around the helm's roof, crown), [1031].—2) temporal, about, after: ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores (about the same time the next day), [219]; ymb âne niht (after a night), [135].—3) causal, about, on account of, for, owing to: (frînan) ymb þînne sîð (on account of, concerning?, thy journey), [353]; hwät þu ... ymb Brecan spræce (hast spoken about B.), [531]; so, [1596], [3174]; nâ ymb his lîf cearað (careth not for his life), [1537]; so, [450]; ymb feorh sacan, [439]; sundor-nytte beheóld ymb aldor Dena, [669]; ymb sund (about the swimming, the prize for swimming), [507].
ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, [2884], [3171]; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), [2297]. 2) causal, [2071], [2619].—II. adv., around: him ... ymbe, [2598].
[ymb-sittend], pres. part., neighbor gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, [9].
ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, [1828]; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, [2735].
[yppe], w. f., high seat, dais, throne: dat. sg. eode ... tô yppan, [1816].
[yrfe], st. n., bequest, legacy: nom. sg., [3052].
[yrfe-lâf], st. f., sword left as a bequest: acc. sg. yrfe-lâfe, [1054]; instr. sg. yrfe-lâfe, [1904].
[yrfe-weard], st. m., heir, son: nom. sg., [2732]; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, [2454]. (-as, MS.)
[yrmðo], st. f., misery, shame, wretchedness: acc. sg. yrmðe, [1260], [2006].
[yrre], st. n., anger, ire, excitement: acc. sg. godes yrre, [712]; dat. sg, on yrre, [2093].
[a]yrre], adj., angry, irate, furious: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beówulf), [1533]; þegn yrre (the same), [1576]; gäst yrre (Grendel), [2074]; nom. pl. yrre, [770]. See [eorre].
[yrringa], adv., angrily, fiercely, [1566], [2965].
[yrre-môd], adj., wrathful-minded, wild: nom. sg., [727].
[ýð] (O.H.G. unda), st. f., wave; sea: nom. pl. ýða, [548]; acc. pl. ýðe, [46], [1133], [1910]; dat. pl. ýðum, [210], [421], [534], [1438], [1908]; ýðum weallan (to surge with waves), [515], [2694]; gen. pl. ýða, [464], [849], [1209], [1470], [1919].—Comp: flôd-, lîg-, wäter-ýð.
[ýðan], w. v., to ravage, devastate, destroy: pret. sg. ýðde eotena cyn, [421] (cf. îðende = depopulating, Bosworth, from Ælfric's Glossary; pret. ýðde, Wanderer, 85).
[ýðe-lîce], adv., easily: ýðe-lîce he eft â-stôd (he easily arose afterwards), [1557].
[ýð-gebland], st. n., mingling or surging waters, water-tumult: nom. sg. -geblond, [1374], [1594]; nom. pl. -gebland, [1621].
[ýð-gewin], st. n., strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water: dat. sg. ýð-gewinne, [2413]; gen. sg. -gewinnes, [1435].
[ýð-lâd], st. f., water-journey, sea-voyage: nom. pl. ýð-lâde, [228].
[ýð-lâf], st. f., water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore: dat. sg. be ýð-lâfe, [566].
[ýð-lida], w. m., wave-traverser, ship: acc. sg. ýð-lidan, [198].
[ýð-naca], w. m., sea-boat: acc. sg. [ýð-]nacan, [1904].
[ýð-gesêne]. See [êð-gesýne].
[ýwan], w. v. w. acc., to show: pret. sg. an-sýn ýwde (showed itself, appeared), [2835]. See [eáwan, eówan].
ge-ýwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to lay before, offer: inf., [2150].
GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH.
[âbrecan], st. v., to shatter: part. his byrne âbrocen wære (his byrnie was shattered).
[ânyman], st. v., to take, take away.
[bân-helm], st. m., bone-helmet; skull, [shield, Bosw.].
[buruh-þelu], st. f., castle-floor.
[cêlod], part, (adj.?), keeled, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow.
[dagian], w. v., to dawn: ne þis ne dagiað eástan (this is not dawning from the east).
[deór-môd], adj., brave in mood: deór-môd häleð.
[driht-gesîð], st m., companion, associate.
[a]eástan], adv., from the east.
[eorð-bûend], st. m., earth-dweller, man.
[fêr], st. m. fear, terror.
[fýren], adj., flaming, afire: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære (as if all Finnsburh were afire).
[gehlyn], st. n., noise, tumult.
[gellan], st. v., to sing (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð græg-hama (the gray garment [byrnie] rings); (the gray wolf yelleth?).
[a]genesan], st. v., to survive, recover from: pret. pl. þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson (the warriors were recovering from their wounds).
[gold-hladen], adj., laden with gold (wearing heavy gold ornaments).
[græg-hama], w. m., gray garment, mail-coat; (wolf?—Brooke).
[gûð-wudu], st. m., war-wood, spear.
[a]häg-steald], st. m., one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl.
[heaðo-geong], adj., young in war.
[here-sceorp], st. n., war-dress, coat of mail.
[hleoðrian], w. v., to speak, exclaim: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (the prince exclaimed).
[hræw], st. n., corpse.
[a]hrôr], adj., strong: here-sceorpum hrôr (strong [though it was] as armor, Bosw.).
[lac] (lað?)? for flacor, fluttering?
[oncweðan], st. v., to answer: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (the shield answers the spear).
[onwacnian], w. v., to awake, arouse one's self: imper. pl. onwacnigeað ..., wîgend mine (awake, my warriors!).
[sceft] (sceaft), st. m., spear, shaft.
[sealo-brûn], adj., dusky-brown.
[sige-beorn], st. m., victorious hero, valiant warrior.
[swäðer] (swâ hwäðer), pron., which of two, which.
[swân], st. m., swain, youth; warrior.
[a]sweart], adj., swart, black.
[swêt], adj., sweet: acc. m. swêtne medo ... forgyldan (requite the sweet mead, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief).
[swurd-leóma], w. m., sword-flame, flashing of swords.
[þyrl], adj., pierced, cloven.
[undearninga], adv., without concealment, openly.
[wandrian], w. v., to fly about, hover: pret. sg. hräfn wandrode (the raven hovered).
[waðol], st. m., the full moon [Grein]; [adj., wandering, Bosw.].
[wäl-sliht] (-sleaht), st. m., combat, deadly struggle: gen. pl. wäl-slihta gehlyn (the din of combats)
[weâ-dæd], st. f., deed of woe: nom. pl. ârisað weâ-dæda.
[witian] (weotian), w. v., to appoint, determine: part. þe is ... witod.
[wurðlîce] (weorðlîce), adv., worthily, gallantly: compar. wurð-lîcor.
[wäg, weg], st. m., way.
CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT:
ARGUMENT, recals = recalls ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrýð-swýð l. 256 ôfest = ôfost l. 303 sciónon = scionon l. 706 buton = bûton l. 1115 ât = ät l. 1133 wîð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-sträl = here-stræl l. 1642 feôwer- = feówer l. 1747 sträle = stræle l. 1828 þywað = þýwað l. 1926 betlic = betlîc l. 2224 gesceód = gesceôd ll. 2288, 3036 wâs = wäs l. 2453 to = tô l. 2503 Huga = Hûga (marked long, correctly, in the list of names, but not elsewhere) l. 2586 niðe = nîðe l. 2587 sið = sîð l. 2684 irenna = îrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hûgas l. 2956 heáðo-liðendum = heaðo-lîðendum (heáðu- in glossary) l. 3000 Þât = Þät; feônd- = feónd- l. 3056 sóð = sôð l. 3137 Hrônes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenîgge = Scedenigge Eádgils, Ohthere = Ôhthere Freáwaru, Freawaru = Freáwaru Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-gâre = Hrôðgâre Hygelac, Hæreð = Häreð notes, for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wôð- = wæg- l. 1916, leôfra = leófra glossary, under: äðele, Beowulf's = Beówulf's ân, gehwilces = gehwylces æg-hwâ, ægh-wäs = æghwäs ät-beran, beadolâce = beadulâce beadu-lâc, beado- = beadu- (twice) beág, beages = beáges beorh, heáford- = heáfod beódan, leodum = leódum beón, cwênlic = cwênlîc biddan, bliðne = blîðne bitter, sträle = stræle ge-bîdan, therefor = therefore on-bîdan, earfôðlîce = earfoðlîce brecan, lêtdse = lêt se burne, of of = of bûtan, swîce = swice cempa, Huga = Hûga ge-ceósan, usic = ûsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þä = þâ cûð, wîð- = wîd- cunnan, þeáwe = þeáw dôgor, gehwam = gehwâm dôn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þýwað drîfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, freáh- = freá- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dýgan, wräcsið = wräcsîð eal, oncyððe = oncýððe ealdor, heresträl = herestræl eácen-cräftig, iúmanna = iúmonna eofor-spreót, hocyhtum = hôcyhtum eorlîc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlîc fâh, wâldreóre = wäldreóre ôð-ferian, panon = þonan fela, maððum- = mâððum fêran, wäre = wære feónd, feonda = feónda fleón, fenhôpu = fenhopu floga, wîð- = wîd- folc-toga, Hrôðgar = Hrôðgâr for, wonhydum = wonhýdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fôt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeódcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frätwum ge-fýsan, to sêcanne = tô sêceanne gân, swa = swâ; [or] giong = gióng; flore = flôre; sîttan = sittan ge-gan, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gâr-wîga, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gäst, fêde- = fêðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þînra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ýðlidan geóc, gást = gâst geômore-lîc, [bið] geômorlic = geômorlîc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gûðrinc grêtan, walgæst = wälgæst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wînsele hatan, sæliðend = sælîðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gûð-sceaða hâr, heâre = heáre here-stræl, -sträl = stræl heard, -sträl = -stræl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-dreór, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreóre hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hôp, hôp = hop hreow, þât = þät hrôf, geseáh = geseah hwîl, seo = seó hýran, æghwilc = æghwylc inne, abeád = âbeád îren, drihtlîc = dryhtlîc lâð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-leán, beleân = beleán mêtan, Aescheres = Äscheres mearcian, môrhôpu = môrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwâm morðor-bed, stred = strêd môd, stið- = stîð nænig, horð-mâðum = hord-mâððum on, heáðe = heoðe; willen = willan ræd, fæst- = fäst reccan, hu = hû rîdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = leásne sceapan, Hugas = Hûgas (twice) scânan, sciónon = scionon scînan, scînon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sêcan, -cyððe = cýððe ge-sîgan, ätsäcce = ät säcce ge-sleán, ge-slôgan = ge-slôgon standan, sträl = stræl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ôhteres stincan, þä = þâ styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = mâððum ge-swîcan, þeodne = þeódne teón (w. v.), naläs = nalas; teodan = teódan tô, hälum = hælum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trûwan, -wäre = wære ge-twæfan, ôððe = oððe þær, snotera = snottra þe, gimfästan = ginfästan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwâm ge-þolian, þât = þät þu, sælran = selran þûsend, seófon = seofan un-heóre, -speru = -sporu ûs, æg-hwilc = æg-hwylc wacan, wôcon = wôcun werian, beaduscrûd = beaduscrûda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wên, orlêg = orleg; ôr-wena = or-wêna weorðian, leôde = leóde willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fäðer = fäder nât, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wîtan, wäre = wære