1866—1867—1868
Mr. Philbrick's sales to the negroes—Persistent discouragement with the negroes—H. W.'s visit to Coffin's Point in 1868—Tribute of the negroes to Mr. Philbrick.
E. S. P. TO W. C. G. [IN EUROPE]
Boston, Jan. 12, 1866. The Freedmen's Aid Societies have all consolidated, and lately have united with the big Orthodox society for helping refugees, the latter class being no longer so needy except that the poor whites need education as much as the blacks, and I have made up my mind that we can't help the blacks much except by helping poor whites at the same time. The combination enlarges the begging field immensely, and by putting white and black schools under the same control will give negro schools a sort of footing which they wouldn't otherwise have, after our troops get scarce. The old feeling has already blossomed out and borne fruit in Louisiana, where all the freedmen's schools have just been extinguished or snuffed out at a single pinch, except in New Orleans city, one lady teacher being shot through the head.
A sweeping order has mustered out over a hundred generals of the Volunteer Army, General Saxton among the rest. I don't know who takes his place in the Freedmen's Bureau. This institution will probably be continued by Congress with enlarged powers, but it is but a drop in the bucket, after all.
C. F. Williams is busy sharing out land. He sells the whole of Fripp Point in small lots to the negroes of both places, and some others from outside. The whole place measures only four hundred and sixty acres, bought for seven hundred and fifty, and the Captain John Fripp place is only four hundred and sixty instead of one thousand for which I bought it! By the way, the old man is dead, leaving his three daughters in poverty, to earn their living as they best may. Julian Coffin has visited Mr. Soule, etc., asking leave to go into his old room, to take some of his father's old books, and left after a few hours, since which none of us have heard anything further of them.
There seems to be less law than ever there. I am about making representations at Washington to see if I can't get some improvement.
I lost about $2800 on the negro cotton ginned in New York, and paid over about $2500 on account of the cotton which they ginned there! I also lost some $2000 on cotton taken from Mr. —— in Beaufort, he turning out a knave. Our crop of 1864 paid our Company a profit of about $19,000. I shall just about pay expenses on the crop of 1865, not much more, I think. The caterpillar and the drought didn't leave much cotton.
T. E. R. TO C. P. W.
Feb. 3, 1866. I am a gentleman of leisure and, like most every one else here, am living on the interest of what I have lost. I am no longer a member of the noted firm of N., R., and W. We dissolved January 1, and N. and W. continue the business at the old stand. I decided that there was not salt enough for three certainly. There is no money here to speak of, and what there is will go to Beaufort where there is liquor sold or given away. I have also given up cotton-planting; it is not a very lucrative business when it brings only sixty-six cents.
I made arrangements with Mr. Pope to still occupy this half of the house free of rent until August, if I wished, and was calculating on having a rich time seeing a native plant cotton with these island negroes, but alas, my hopes are all blighted, for every blessed soul but one man and his wife has moved away and will not work for him; so he has decided not to move here until after we are gone. He has sent one man here who was an old servant and has been with him all the time, and he is very industrious, works from morn until night; it is quite refreshing to see him. Pope was the only one of the natives who bid off places at auction[200] that came to time in paying up; so the places were put up again and bought by Northern men.
The present planters are in a dubious frame of mind these days over the prospect for another year, for it is very hard to bring wages down, and one cannot get his money back at the present price of cotton, so most of them will work on shares;[201] but that is a sure way of running a place all out, for the people will not manure it sufficiently to keep it up. Mr. Eustis is always good-natured, and is about the only man here who is not utterly demoralized on the negro question.
F. H. TO C. P. W.
Coffin's Point, Feb. 16, 1866. Really the people have met with a great change of late, since I have sent away Anthony Bail. They love and respect me hugely, which I hope will last another whole week.
Dr. Oliver and Captain Ward, who have bought "Pine Grove," have taken the usual disgust for the people. They have got it bad; say they would not have bought here had they imagined half of the reality. They have some friends who would have bought Coffin's Point if they could have made a favorable report of the people. But they tell them not to think of buying to use the labor that is now here. I say the same when I say anything about it, though I have no friends who think of buying here.
T. E. R. TO C. P. W.
May 21, 1867. I don't suppose we shall be able to make any new additions to your collection of negro songs.[202] They sing but very little nowadays to what they used to. Do you remember those good old days when the Methodists used to sing up in that cotton-house at Fuller's? Wasn't it good? They never sing any of them at the church, and very few in their praise-meeting.
Crops on the island are looking worse than I ever saw them at this season before.
We are all American citizens now, and there has been an effort to form a Republican party, but it has not succeeded very well yet. They are too suspicious to be led by the whites, and there is not sense enough in themselves to go ahead.
The last extract in the series is from a letter written by H. W. exactly one year later, when she made a trip to Port Royal, staying with Miss Towne and Miss Murray at St. Helena Village. The tardy tribute of the negroes to Mr. Philbrick makes the story complete.
FROM H. W.
Thursday, May 21, 1868. When I inquired at breakfast if I could have Jacob's horse for the day, I found that, as he was in use for the crop, Miss Towne had already had her horse put singly into their rockaway for school, and Miss Murray's into the chaise for my use. So when they started for school, I followed along in company as far as the end of the Village road, where Mr. N. now has a store, and, turning on to the more familiar road, soon found myself crossing the creek over Mr. Philbrick's bridge,—one of the very few in decent repair,—and on my way to Captain John Fripp Homestead. The entire absence of gates, and as a consequence of pigs, or vice versa, made my drive an easy one, and I did not have to get out once. It had seemed hot early, but light clouds and a fresh breeze kept it cool all day. I turned up the familiar avenue to Folsom's, after passing through one field in which the houses are still, though more scattered. The avenue was clean and trim, and the house corresponded,—a new piazza and steps all freshly painted, fresh paint inside, and paper on the walls made everything look uncommonly spruce. The schoolroom is now the parlor, and my sofa and cushion grace it still!
Mr. Alden met me very cordially at the foot of the steps, and I went in to see the other occupants, Mr. and Mrs. Waters and their son. I had a pleasant call and talk, and then, refusing their earnest invitation to spend the day, as Coffin's Point was my one object, I pursued my lonely way. Trees cut down, and houses moved and built in the middle of the field, with the absence of fences, gates, and pigs, were the most noticeable changes, and I drove along, meeting no one, until I came to the pine woods on the right opposite old Frank's ground, just before you turn into the Pine Grove field. The woods were all thinned out, logs lying in every direction. Hoeing the corn planted there were two women I thought I recognized, and, walking the horse, I leaned forward to see who was the man further on. Then I stopped and asked him whose the land was he was working, when he began an account of how "it used to be McTureous and Mr. Thomas Coffin buy 'em,"[203] which I cut short with—"Yes, I know that, but is it your own now? What is your name?" "My name Able, ma'am; dis lan' mine, yes, ma'am"—and then—"Oh! my Lord! Der Miss Hayiut, an' me no know um!" and he dropped his hoe and came scrambling and running to the road. Sarah and Elsie, whom I had just passed, and Martha further on, came out at his call, grinning and pleased, and then he and Martha began directly upon what I had done for Rose,[204] their gratitude, and willingness that I should keep her forever. Then they talked of how hard the last year or two had been, and there were many reiterations of "Ebery word Mass' Charlie and Mr. Philbrick tell we come true." "Tell 'em tousan howdy over for we—long too much for shum. We fin' 'em out now."
A few steps more brought me into the Pine Grove field, and I turned towards the house, followed by half a dozen small children, only one of whom I knew or knew me,—little Abigail. Towards the house whom should I come upon but Flora and her Sarah, a great girl. She was pleased as could be, but told me I should find no one at the Grove. Old Monah was dead, and all the old people had bought land and lived at the Point. They were working for Mr. Ward, glad enough to earn a little ready money for food. I went on to see Mrs. Vaughn, and as she had not come up from school, walked down to the praise-house, seeing no one I knew but old Binah.
School had dispersed, so I walked back to the house, and dined there, and then for Coffin's Point. Once inside the line—for the gate is not—I met the familiar breeze of the Big Pasture, but its altered face. The houses are back as far as the creek on one side and the woods on the other,—two or three quite large and with piazzas,—the praise-house near the corner of the wood. I was a long time passing through it, for they all dropped their hoes and came down to shake hands. I got Uncle George to follow along with hammer and nails to mend the chaise, as the floor was so broken I could not put my feet on it, and the bag of oats had dropped through on the way. I had tied the halter to the dasher and wound it round the bag, so there was no loss. The dilapidation was a pleasing reminiscence of old times, and George was pleased enough to earn a quarter by patching it up. Then I drove on to the house, where are only a Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair left in charge. Mrs. S. was very polite, and asked me up into our old parlor, which did not look as pleasant as in the old time. Garibaldi was out at pasture, so I could not have the ride I coveted while my horse was eating his dinner. As I had never been into the schoolhouse since it was finished, I borrowed the key and walked down to it. As I pulled the rope to hear the sound of the unused bell, Robert came in, quiet as ever, but greatly pleased, and asking many questions about Mass' Charlie and Mr. and Mrs. Soule. I found the people were coming up to be paid, so I went back to the yard and stood there as they came up to the schoolroom door, across which was the old school table, with Primus behind it, and Mr. Sinclair, looking over his list. Then I walked on the beach, and Robert put my horse in and I drove off.
Mike had followed me up the road, loud in his regrets for the "good ole times when Mass' Charlie and de fust gang white people been here." "Mr. Philbrick de fustest man in de worl'. General Bennett[205] couldn't—couldn't—fetch de fust feathers round his heart!" whatever that may be.
CONCLUSION
When the end of this record is reached, undoubtedly the feeling uppermost in the mind of the reader is one of disappointment. At first blush one is ready to believe that the members of the little colony, in proving the free negro capable of raising cotton to good advantage, had still more completely proved him unfit for freedom. Yet the more one reflects on the story, the more plainly one sees that the discouraging state of things described in the later letters was merely the inevitable result of Emancipation, and would have been the same had any other race been concerned, whatever its characteristics. The ferment of Freedom worked slowly in the negroes, but it worked mightily, and the very sign of its working was, as a matter of course, unreasonableness, insubordination, untrustworthiness. This result might have been foreseen, and probably was foreseen. It was not a pleasant thing to contemplate, nor is it pleasant to read of, but it proved nothing as to the powers and possibilities of the negro people. It is not probable that any of the "missionaries," however discouraged, came to think that the black man was too stupid or too dishonest to become a self-respecting member of society. Nor does it appear that W. C. G. was justified in fearing that their efforts were worse than wasted, inasmuch as the negro might have acquired manhood more rapidly if left to himself from the start. They had established two facts, the very foundation-stones of the new order in the South; that the freedman would work, and that, as an employee, he was less expensive than the slave. Their reward was not in any one's gratitude, but in their own knowledge that they had served their unfortunate fellow-beings as far as, at the moment, was possible. And it must not be forgotten that some stayed on, putting their energies where there was no question, even, of waste or of ingratitude. There is no telling the service done for the Sea Islands by the education that has been given to it these forty years, or indeed by the mere presence of the women who have devoted their lives to this service.
Looking at the letters as a whole, perhaps the reader finds that the chief impression they have made upon him is that of profound respect for the negro wisdom shown by the writers. Keenly as they felt the past suffering and the present helplessness of the freedmen, they had the supreme common-sense to see that these wrongs could not be righted by any method so simple as that of giving. They saw that what was needed was, not special favor, but even-handed justice. Education, indeed, they would give outright; otherwise they would make the negro as rapidly as possible a part of the economic world, a laborer among other laborers. All that has happened since has only gone to prove how right they were.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Later "The New England Freedmen's Aid Society."
[2] The name Port Royal, in ante-bellum days used only of the island on which Beaufort is situated and of the entrance to the Beaufort River, was given by the United States Government to the military post and the harbor at Hilton Head, and to the post-office there. Hence the Sea Island district came to be referred to in the North as "Port Royal."
[3] Collector Barney of the Port of New York.
[4] Edward L. Pierce (see Introduction).
[5] Richard Soule, Jr.
[6] Edward W. Hooper, afterwards for many years Treasurer of Harvard College.
[7] G. is W. C. G. of these letters.
[8] John M. Forbes, who had hired a house at Beaufort for a few months.
[9] Rev. Mansfield French had already spent some weeks at Port Royal.
[10] Thrown up by the island planters after the outbreak of the war.
[11] Thomas A. Coffin's large plantation at the eastern end of St. Helena Island.
[12] F. A. Eustis of Milton, who was part owner of the plantation in question.
[13] Mr. Philbrick had gone down to Hilton Head again to see about his luggage.
[14] See page v.
[15] Pine Grove and Fripp Point.
[16] The drivers, negroes holding a position next below the white overseers, were found by the Northerners still keeping the keys and trying to exert their authority.
[17] For clothing their masters had been in the habit of giving them material for two suits a year; a pair of blankets every few years made up the sum of gratuities.
[18] Mrs. Philbrick.
[19] Miss Laura E. Towne of Philadelphia. She never returned to live in the North. The school she started in 1862 is still in existence, under the name of the Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School.
[20] Known as the Smith Plantation.
[21] The ferry to Ladies Island, across which ran the road to St. Helena Island and Mr. Philbrick's plantations.
[22] The plantation "praise-house," as the negroes' church was called, was often merely "a rather larger and nicer negro hut than the others. Here the master was an exemplary old Baptist Christian, who has left his house full of religious magazines and papers, and built his people quite a nice little house,—the best on this part of the Island."
(Letter of W. C. G., April 22, 1862.)
[23] Pine Grove was in this respect an exception among the Sea Island plantations.
[25] Mrs. Philbrick.
[26] "The true 'shout' takes place on Sundays or on 'praise'-nights through the week, and either in the praise-house or some cabin in which a regular religious meeting has been held. Very likely more than half the population of the plantation is gathered together. Let it be the evening, and a light-wood fire burns red before the door to the house and on the hearth.... The benches are pushed back to the wall when the formal meeting is over, and old and young, men and women, sprucely-dressed young men, grotesquely half-clad field-hands—the women generally with gay handkerchiefs twisted about their heads and with short skirts—boys with tattered shirts and men's trousers, young girls barefooted, all stand up in the middle of the floor, and when the 'sperichil' is struck up, begin first walking and by-and-by shuffling round, one after the other, in a ring. The foot is hardly taken from the floor, and the progression is mainly due to a jerking, hitching motion, which agitates the entire shouter, and soon brings out streams of perspiration. Sometimes they dance silently, sometimes as they shuffle they sing the chorus of the spiritual, and sometimes the song itself is also sung by the dancers. But more frequently a band, composed of some of the best singers and of tired shouters, stand at the side of the room to 'base' the others, singing the body of the song and clapping their hands together or on the knees. Song and dance are alike extremely energetic, and often, when the shout lasts into the middle of the night, the monotonous thud, thud of the feet prevents sleep within half a mile of the praise-house." (New York Nation, May 30, 1867.)
[27] Miss Lucy McKim, in a letter to the Boston Journal of Music, November 8, 1862.
[28] This old woman Mr. Philbrick had found "keeping guard over her late master's household goods—i. e., selling them."
[29] A few weeks earlier than this, one of the drivers told Mr. Philbrick that Washington Fripp had just been shot near Charleston for refusing to enlist.
[30] A "title" was a negro surname of whatever derivation.
[31] The following description of Limus and his subsequent doings is copied from a letter of W. C. G.'s (June 12, 1863), which was printed by the Educational Commission in one of a series of leaflets containing extracts from Port Royal letters:
"He is a black Yankee. Without a drop of white blood in him, he has the energy and 'cuteness and big eye for his own advantage of a born New Englander. He is not very moral or scrupulous, and the church-members will tell you 'not yet,' with a smile, if you ask whether he belongs to them. But he leads them all in enterprise, and his ambition and consequent prosperity make his example a very useful one on the plantation. Half the men on the island fenced in gardens last autumn, behind their houses, in which they now raise vegetables for themselves and the Hilton Head markets. Limus in his half-acre has quite a little farmyard besides. With poultry-houses, pig-pens, and corn-houses, the array is very imposing. He has even a stable, for he made out some title to a horse, which was allowed; and then he begged a pair of wheels and makes a cart for his work; and not to leave the luxuries behind, he next rigs up a kind of sulky and bows to the white men from his carriage. As he keeps his table in corresponding style,—for he buys more sugar ... than any other two families,—of course the establishment is rather expensive. So, to provide the means, he has three permanent irons in the fire—his cotton, his Hilton Head express, and his seine. Before the fishing season commenced, a pack of dogs for deer-hunting took the place of the net. While other families 'carry' from three to six or seven acres of cotton, Limus says he must have fourteen. To help his wife and daughters keep this in good order, he went over to the rendezvous for refugees, and imported a family to the plantation, the men of which he hired at $8 a month.... With a large boat which he owns, he usually makes weekly trips to Hilton Head, twenty miles distant, carrying passengers, produce and fish. These last he takes in an immense seine,—an abandoned chattel,—for the use of which he pays Government by furnishing General Hunter and staff with the finer specimens, and then has ten to twenty bushels for sale. Apparently he is either dissatisfied with this arrangement or means to extend his operations, for he asks me to bring him another seine for which I am to pay $70. I presume his savings since 'the guns fired at Bay Point'—which is the native record of the capture of the island—amount to four or five hundred dollars. He is all ready to buy land, and I expect to see him in ten years a tolerably rich man. Limus has, it is true, but few equals on the islands, and yet there are many who follow not far behind him."
[32] Major-General David Hunter, who on March 31 had taken command of the newly created Department of the South, consisting of the states of South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida.
[33] Dr. Wakefield was physician for that end of St. Helena Island.
[34] On Cockspur Island, Georgia.
[35] As the quarter-acre "task," which was all that the planters had required of their slaves each day, had occupied about four or five hours only, it will be seen that the slaves on the Sea Islands had not been overworked, though they had been underfed. Like the "task," the "private patches" were also an institution retained, at E. L. Pierce's suggestion, from slavery times, with the difference that their size was very much increased—often from a fraction of an acre to ten times that amount.
[36] By the rebels.
[37] He had already had sent down from the North a quantity of articles to sell to the negroes.
[38] Brigadier-General Isaac I. Stevens, then at Beaufort, commanding the Second Division.
[39] The "Brick Church" was a Baptist Church which had always been used by both blacks and whites. Less than a mile away stood the "White Church," Episcopalian,—closed since the flight of the planters.
[40] Issued May 9, and on May 19, nullified by President Lincoln.
[41] South Carolina corn is white flint corn.
[42] The cotton-agent who had been at Coffin's Point.
[43] The Government not only had made no definite promise of payment, but it was of course unable to bring to bear on the negroes any compulsion of any sort. They worked or not, as they liked, and when they liked.
[44] The old system of labor—the system in force in slavery times—had been the "gang system," the laborers working all together, so that no one had continuous responsibility for any one piece of land.
[45] For Coffin's Point.
[46] As a result of Lincoln's proclamation of May 19 (see p. [50] n.), the regiment, all but one company, was disbanded in August.
[47] This burying-place was "an unfenced quarter of an acre of perfectly wild, tangled woodland in the midst of the cotton-field, halfway between here [the 'white house'] and the quarters. Nothing ever marks the graves, but the place is entirely devoted to them."
[From a letter of H. W.'s, June 5, '62.]
[48] Saxton's first general order, announcing his arrival, is dated June 28.
[49] E. L. Pierce had changed his headquarters from "Pope's."
[50] From the first the anti-slavery Northerners at Port Royal had had no hesitation in telling their employees that they were freemen. Indeed, they had no choice but to do so, the tadpoles on these islands, as Mr. Philbrick said, having "virtually shed their tails in course of nature already."
[51] Pierce's second report to Secretary Chase on the Sea Islands, dated June 2, 1862.
[52] "We have to spend more than half our time," writes Mr. Philbrick in September, "getting our limited supplies."
[53] Richard Soule, Jr., was General Superintendent of St. Helena and Ladies Islands, and was living at Edgar Fripp's plantation.
[54] The first of many references to the frequent lack of sympathy shown by army officers.
[55] That is, the account had been taken before he came South.
[57] The term "Hunting Island" was applied to several of the outside islands collectively.
[58] Thomas Astor Coffin, of Coffin's Point.
[59] The chief "hindrance" was, of course, the late date at which work on the cotton crop had been started; the land should have been prepared in February, and the planting begun at the end of March.
[60] The preliminary proclamation of emancipation, dated September 22, 1862.
[61] It will be seen that this excellent idea was not adopted by the authorities.
[62] Edward W. Hooper served on Saxton's staff, with the rank of Captain.
[63] He came with authority to raise negro troops.
[65] As Saxton's agent to collect and ship the cotton crop. See p. [99].
[66] The superintendents of the Second Division of the Sea Islands.
[67] The negroes had broken the cotton-gins by way of putting their slavery more completely behind them.
[68] Again the cotton-agent.
[69] Evidently the offer of a captaincy.
[70] Of Prince Rivers, who became color-sergeant and provost-sergeant in the First South Carolina Volunteers, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, its colonel, writes: "There is not a white officer in this regiment who has more administrative ability, or more absolute authority over the men; they do not love him, but his mere presence has controlling power over them. He writes well enough to prepare for me a daily report of his duties in the camp; if his education reached a higher point, I see no reason why he should not command the Army of the Potomac. He is jet-black, or rather, I should say, wine-black; his complexion, like that of others of my darkest men, having a sort of rich, clear depth, without a trace of sootiness, and to my eye very handsome. His features are tolerably regular, and full of command, and his figure superior to that of any of our white officers, being six feet high, perfectly proportioned, and of apparently inexhaustible strength and activity. His gait is like a panther's; I never saw such a tread. No anti-slavery novel has described a man of such marked ability. He makes Toussaint perfectly intelligible; and if there should ever be a black monarchy in South Carolina, he will be its king." (Army Life in a Black Regiment, pp. 57, 58.)
[71] "These heaps are, lucus a non, called holes." C. P. W.
[72] The First South Carolina Volunteers (colored), Thomas Wentworth Higginson, colonel.
[73] Usually referred to as the "Hunter Regiment."
[74] A town very near the extreme southern point of the Georgia coast.
[75] After Mitchel's death, Brannan again acted as head of the Department, till General Hunter's return in January, 1863.
[76] To the Dr. Jenkins plantation.
[77] Stone or seed-cotton is unginned cotton.
[78] Of course on almost all the plantations no taxes had been paid, so that the Government was at liberty to sell them at auction.
[79] That is, of drawing their own rations.
[80] General Hunter did not actually arrive until January. See note 1 [now Footnote 75], p. [108].
[81] The $200,000 (mentioned on page [110]) received by the Government for the crop of 1861.
[82] Saxton.
[83] This plan of operations was adopted by General Saxton.
[84] Dr. LeBaron Russell, of the Committee on Teachers of the Educational Commission.
[85] Taking the plantations as a whole, the Government lost in 1862 the whole $200,000 which it had cleared from the planters' big cotton crop of 1861.
[86] On Port Royal Island "whole fields of corn, fifty acres in extent, have been stripped of every ear before hard enough to be stored."
[87] Henry W. Halleck, since July 11 General-in-Chief of the Army, with headquarters at Washington.
[88] Another young Harvard graduate, cousin of H. W., come to teach the two Fripp schools.
[89] Mr. Philbrick had changed his residence to the Oaks.
[90] An institution situated in Beaufort, managed by the New York Commission.
[91] Of Corporal Sutton Colonel Higginson says: "If not in all respects the ablest, he was the wisest man in our ranks. As large, as powerful, and as black as our good-looking Color-sergeant, but more heavily built and with less personal beauty, he had a more massive brain and a far more meditative and systematic intellect. Not yet grounded even in the spelling-book, his modes of thought were nevertheless strong, lucid, and accurate; and he yearned and pined for intellectual companionship beyond all ignorant men whom I have ever met. I believe that he would have talked all day and all night, for days together, to any officer who could instruct him, until his companion, at least, fell asleep exhausted. His comprehension of the whole problem of slavery was more thorough and far-reaching than that of any Abolitionist, so far as its social and military aspects went; in that direction I could teach him nothing, and he taught me much. But it was his methods of thought which always impressed me chiefly; superficial brilliancy he left to others, and grasped at the solid truth." (Army Life in a Black Regiment, p. 62.)
[92] Mr. Philbrick describes the feast: "I walked about for a half hour watching the carving, which was done mostly with axes, and the eager pressing of the hungry crowds about the rough board tables, by which each ox was surrounded. The meat didn't look very inviting."
[93] Miss Forten was of partly negro blood. H. W. says of her elsewhere: "She has one of the sweetest voices I ever heard. The negroes all knew the instant they saw her what she was, but she has been treated by them with universal respect. She is an educated lady."
[94] When General Hunter, bent on raising his negro troops, asked the Secretary of War for 50,000 muskets, "with authority to arm such loyal men as I find in the country, whenever, in my opinion, they can be used advantageously against the enemy," he added: "It is important that I should be able to know and distinguish these men at once, and for this purpose I respectfully request that 50,000 pairs of scarlet pantaloons may be sent me; and this is all the clothing I shall require for these people." (Hunter to Stanton, April 3, 1862.) Of the privates of the First S. C. V., when clothed in these trousers, Colonel Higginson writes: "Their coloring suited me, all but the legs, which were clad in a lively scarlet, as intolerable to my eyes as if I had been a turkey." (Army Life in a Black Regiment, p. 7.)
[95] On the Georgia coast.
[97] Mr. Philbrick was staying at Coffin's for a few days.
[98] The agreement made on April 8, between Mr. Philbrick and fourteen gentlemen, all but one of Boston, provided that Mr. Philbrick, in whose name the land should be bought and who should have complete responsibility for managing it, should, after paying the subscribers six per cent. interest, receive one fourth of the net profits. Mr. Philbrick was to be liable for losses and without the right to call for further contribution; on the other hand, no subscription was to be withdrawn unless he ceased to superintend the enterprise. On his closing the business, the net proceeds were to be divided pro rata.
[99] Joe having gone back to his trade of carpenter, the domestic force now included a boy and a girl (daughter of Abel and sister of Hester), marvelously ignorant, even for a Sea Island field-hand. Uncle Sam, Robert's father, was acting as cook.
[100] A boy lately added to the corps of house-servants at Coffin's Point.
[101] From unwillingness to see the land owned by any one but negroes.
[102] A detachment from the Eighteenth Army Corps, under Major-General John G. Foster, had come to help in the operations against Charleston.
[103] The new postmaster for Beaufort.
[104] A cousin in the 24th Massachusetts, which had come to Land's End as part of the "North Carolina army."
[105] For lumber up the St. Mary's River, which separates Georgia from Florida.
[107] The history of the Department had been defined as "a military picnic."
[108] A paper published at Beaufort.
[109] Haunt of the drum-fish.
[110] The War Department ordered the sales to go forward, leaving the restrictions to be arranged by Hunter, Saxton, and the Commissioners in charge. See p. [165].
[111] Brigadier-General Edward E. Potter, Foster's Chief of Staff.
[112] That is, hoed over again and new furrows made for the next crop.
[113] Brigadier-General Thomas G. Stevenson, originally colonel of the Twenty-Fourth Massachusetts, was arrested by General Hunter and soon after released.
[114] The immediate cause of this trouble was a disagreement about the extent of Hunter's authority over Foster and his command while they were in the Department of the South, but the underlying difficulty was that Foster and his officers distrusted Hunter as an anti-slavery zealot.
Finding that the operations against Charleston could not go forward immediately, Foster returned to North Carolina within a few days after his arrival in the Department of the South. His troops remained, so restive under Hunter's command that Foster's whole staff was presently sent back to North Carolina for alleged insubordination.
[115] This report turned out to be a mistake.
[116] That is, the revenue from the cotton on certain plantations was used for these purposes. A plantation thus devoted to the educational needs of the people was called a School Farm.
[117] To capture Jacksonville, on the St. John's River, Florida.
[118] Of the Second South Carolina Volunteers (colored).
[119] The bracket is used for unimportant dates which are out of their chronological place.
[121] Two of the thirteen were merely leased.
[122] H. W., commenting more mildly, says (Mar. 18): "He certainly has not a clear idea of what the superintendents and teachers are doing, and unfortunately classes them as in opposition to himself,—as preferring the agricultural to the military department. This I do not think is the case, but they most of them feel his want of wisdom in dealing with the subject, which has made his own especial object as well as theirs harder to accomplish."
[123] A short-lived newspaper published in the Department.
[124] H. W. describes another service that was broken up by this fear of the draft: "[May 2.] At church yesterday a squad of soldiers with their officer came from Land's End to the service, when a general stampede took place among the men, and women too, jumping from the windows and one man even from the gallery into the midst of the congregation."
[125] The boy.
[126] Captain J. E. Bryant, of the Eighth Maine.
[127] The Second South Carolina Volunteers (colored).
[128] Of the Kingfisher, the blockader.
[129] To be examined, adjudged not "able-bodied," and given exemption-papers.
[130] Second South Carolina Volunteers.
[131] A noticeable thing about the children of slaves was that they had no games.
[132] In the words of the order the command of the Department was taken from Hunter and given to Gillmore "temporarily."
[133] Rhodes' History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850, vol. iv, p. 332.
[134] Colonel Higginson had been sent up the South Edisto River, to cut the railroad at Jacksonboro.
[135] Whither the wounded had been brought.
[136] Edward N. Hallowell and Garth Wilkinson James, Major and Adjutant of the Fifty-Fourth.
[137] For the North.
[138] A few weeks later (July 15) General Saxton authorized the general superintendents to appoint plantation commissions, or courts for the administration of justice. The people eligible for these commissions were Government plantation superintendents and Mr. Philbrick's six plantation superintendents, and they were instructed "that in cases where immediate arrest is in their opinion necessary, the plantation superintendents, and the persons above named, are hereby authorized themselves to make arrests of civilians upon the plantations. But they must exercise this power with great discretion, and will be held responsible for any abuse of it."
[139] Colonel W. W. H. Davis was in command of the post at Beaufort during Saxton's temporary absence.
[140] R. Soule, Jr., now one of Mr. Philbrick's superintendents, who, upon the departure of the Philbricks, had come to live at Coffin's Point.
[141] The rebel masters had told their slaves that the Yankees intended to sell them "South,"—that is, to Cuba or the Gulf.
[143] On board the Kingfisher.
[144] A Pennsylvanian, General Superintendent for St. Helena and Ladies Islands, since Richard Soule had resigned that position.
[145] That is, gathered.
[146] Admiral Dupont's flag-ship.
[147] The Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers (colored), which was in camp at Port Royal.
[148] Meaning, of course, plantations belonging to the Government.
[149] The "Mary Jenkins" place.
[150] Two hundred and sixty-five thousand pounds was "about as much as there was raised in the whole Department" in 1862.
[152] A letter dated December 28, 1863, inclosing $100 for the relief of families of freedmen. The letter gives figures that prove the success of the free labor experiment on Mr. Philbrick's plantations, and concludes as follows: "I mention these things to show how easy it is to render the negroes a self-supporting and wealth-producing class with proper management; and I, at the same time, fully appreciate the duty imposed upon us as a nation to extend the arm of charity where the unsettled state of the country renders industry impossible until time is given to recognize and force to protect it. We are more fortunately situated than the people of the Mississippi valley, and have got the start of them."
[153] A letter dated January 25, 1864, and printed in the Providence Journal on February 6.
[154] Land on the Sea Islands is now worth $15 an acre,—$20 if it is near a road.
[155] F. J. W. was in Boston at the time.
[156] William Birney, Brigadier-General and Commander of the Post at Beaufort during one of Saxton's absences, had, on March 30, issued an order to the effect that in all cases the negroes were to be left in possession of the land they claimed as theirs.
[157] An ambulance.
[158] Cf. E. S. P.'s letter of February 22, p. [251].
[159] Early in April the steamer City of New York, carrying sixty-one bales of Mr. Philbrick's cotton, was wrecked in Queenstown harbor. The cotton was insured for $1.50 a pound, but would have brought more in the market.
[160] See p. [219]. The idea was by no means new. Frederick Law Olmstead had devoted a great deal of space to proving the truth of it, and indeed had quoted many planters who admitted that, as a system of labor, slavery was expensive.
[161] (Dated April 26, in the Independent.) On St. Helena to-day it is always possible to hire men for common work at fifty cents per day.
[162] Dated May 2.
[163] The National Union Convention which met on June 7.
[164] The hero of the Planter episode; see p. [46].
[166] One of many minor raids, very likely up the Combahee River.
[167] As General commanding the Department of the South.
[168] Husband of Fanny Kemble.
[169] Compare J. A. S. on p. [265].
[170] Evidently G.'s suggestion was practically for the plan Mr. Philbrick did in fact adopt finally, that of selling some of his land to negroes and some to white men. The price at which he sold to the negroes was determined by the ideas here expressed.
[171] A mulatto, educated in the North, who had gone to help at Port Royal.
[172] Colonel Milton S. Littlefield, Twenty-First United States Colored Troops.
[173] Foster's order was dated August 16.
[174] "The First South," as the First South Carolina Volunteers was always called by the negroes, had in the spring been enrolled among the United States Colored Troops as the Thirty-Third Regiment.
[176] Both in the Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts Volunteers (colored).
[177] The battle of Honey Hill (near Grahamville), fought November 30.
[178] Of the Fifty-Fifth Massachusetts.
[179] F. H. was to take charge of Coffin's Point on C. P. W.'s leaving permanently for home a few weeks later. In connection with Mr. Philbrick's words about him and in preparation for his own letters, it is worth while to record something he had written in the autumn:
Oct. 7. St. Helena. I am slowly recovering from my three weeks' sickness,—more buoyant and hopeful than ever before. I seem to have a new birth, with new aspirations, and new views—particularly in regard to life and its duties and prospects among the freed people of South Carolina.
If God is not in it, then I am laboring under hallucination.
[180] The crop of 1864 had cost Mr. Philbrick about $1.00 a pound, and he thought it quite possible that the crop of 1865 might not fetch more than that in the market. It will be seen that his fears were more than justified.
[181] General Oliver O. Howard.
[182] The only thoroughfare by land from Beaufort to Charleston. At Port Royal Ferry it crosses the Coosaw.
[183] F. H.
[184] "Yellow cotton" was cotton which for any reason had been stained in the pod.
[185] Concerning this horse-buying fever Mr. Philbrick has elsewhere an amusing anecdote:
[Jan. 8.] The latest case of destitution I have heard of was the case of old Robert at the Oaks, cow-minder,—you remember him. He and old Scylla applied to Mr. Tomlinson for rations, pleading utter poverty. It turned out next day that Robert and Scylla's husband were in treaty for Mr. Fairfield's horse, at the rate of $350! They didn't allege inability to pay the price, but thought they would look around and see if they couldn't get one cheaper. I daresay it will end by their buying it.
[186] Fuller, of Fuller Place, who had succeeded in keeping with him on a plantation elsewhere the negroes he had induced to accompany him when the war broke out.
[187] In Europe.
[188] By President Johnson's instructions.
[189] The original owners of the Sea Island plantations were subsequently reimbursed by Congress for their loss (minors receiving again their actual land); but inasmuch as the sums paid them did not include the value of their slaves, they considered the payment inadequate.
[190] New York Nation, November 30, 1865.
[191] The cotton when ginned should have weighed between one third and one quarter as much as it weighed before ginning. See p. [236].
[192] In one of his letters to the Nation (December 14), Dennett quotes Richard Soule as saying that he thought the past four years had encouraged and confirmed the faults of the negro. "Demoralized on the negro question," therefore, seems to mean, not that Richard Soule and F. H. were finding the negro worse than they had thought him, but that they considered that present conditions were rapidly making him worse.
[193] General Saxton was Assistant Commissioner for South Carolina under the Freedmen's Bureau.
[194] Reuben Tomlinson had been made State Superintendent of Education.
[195] The Union Store was finished, stocked, and operated, but its life was brief. From the first, its vitality was sapped by the claim of the stockholders to unlimited credit; then a dishonest treasurer struck the death-blow.
[197] This was Grant's famous "car-window" report, in which he stated his belief that "the mass of thieving men at the South accept the situation in good faith."
[198] Mr. Waters bought Cherry Hill and lived there for a short time.
[199] "Corner" was the Captain John Fripp place.
[200] At the auction referred to, the Government offered for sale the plantations which had been reserved for the support of schools.
[201] A negro who worked a plantation "on shares" was independent of the owner, merely paying a rent in cotton.
[202] Afterwards used as the nucleus of Slave Songs of the United States.
[203] Before the war.
[204] Rose had been living with H. W. in the North, and was now at Port Royal with her, also on a visit.
[205] General Bennett was managing Coffin's for the owner, who had bought it of Mr. Philbrick.
INDEX
Aaron, [235].
Abel, [65], [66], [141] n., [145], [212], [218], [239], [330].
Abigail, [331].
Abolitionists, hostility to.
See [Army Officers]; [Hunter]; [Saxton].
Advertiser, Boston, [62], [219], [324].
Africa, [203], [225].
Alden, William, [286], [313], [321], [330].
Alex, [86], [87], [95].
Alick, [31], [239].
Allen, William, [232].
Amaritta, [88], [144], [187], [212], [222], [225], [233], [304].
Andrew, [103].
Anti-slavery people, hostility to.
See [Army Officers]; [Hunter]; [Saxton].
Antony, [95].
Ariel, The, [225].
Army Corps,
[17]th, [305];
[18]th, [150] n.
Army Officers, hostility of, to anti-slavery people, [108], [115], [122], [308].
See also [Negroes, hostility of army officers to]; [Hunter]; [Saxton].
Army Life in a Black Regiment, [104] n., [131] n., [133] n.
"Arnie," Miss, [127].
Atkinson, Edward, [53], [62], [101].
Atlanta, Georgia, [290], [297].
Atlantic, The, [2], [9].
B——, Mr., [247].
Bacchus, [64], [65], [121], [123], [126].
Bacchus, foreman of Morgan Island, [203], [204].
Bail, Anthony, [328].
Baldwin, Mr., [235].
Baltimore Convention, 1864, [267].
Baptisms, [145], [146], [249], [268].
Barkis, [228], [229].
Barnard, James M., [162], [163].
Barney, Hiram, [2].
Barstow, Major, [163], [164].
Bay Point, [13], [29], [35], [37] n., [41], [73], [79].
Beaufort, N. C., [82].
Beaufort, S. C., [6], [9], [16], [31], [39], [45], [46], [47], [53], [54], [61], [71], [72], [82], [83], [92], [93], [98], [100], [104], [106], [108], [117], [122], [127], [128], [129] n., [134], [141], [150], [155] n., [167], [170], [175], [186], [187], [196], [197], [202], [207], [211], [221], [235], [240], [255], [257] n., [258], [265], [267], [282], [283], [289], [290], [295], [297], [301], [302], [305], [314], [320], [326], [327].
Beaufort River, [6], [71], [116], [117].
Beaufort Sound, [203].
Beauregard, Fort, [5], [37], [61].
Becca, [126].
Ben, [95].
Bennett, General, [332].
Betsey, [185].
Betty, [61], [252], [253], [272].
Betty, [144].
"Biffert," [49], [82].
Binah, [27], [44], [45], [157].
Bingham, Quartermaster-General, [132].
Birney, William, Brig.-Gen., [257], [271].
Black Draft. See [Draft, Black].
Boston, [117], [118], [141], [168], [190], [205], [220], [225], [226], [250], [256], [257] n., [264], [266], [272], [307], [310], [315], [316], [325].
Boston syndicate, [140], [172], [208], [258], [275], [316].
Boutelle, Captain, [205], [206].
Brannan, John M., Brig.-Gen., [86], [94], [108], [122].
Brisbane, Dr., [129], [164], [244], [312].
Brown, Peter, [323].
Bryant, Captain J. E., [185], [187], [240].
Bryant, Lieutenant O. E., [188].
Bryant, Mr., plantation superintendent, [108], [116], [122].
Bryant, Mrs., [115], [321].
Bundy, Dr. Francis, [142], [143], [188], [196], [197].
Bundy, Mrs. Francis, [141], [142].
Burying-place, [65] n., [66].
Butler, Pierce, [271], [272].
Butler, Mrs. Pierce. See [Kemble, Fanny].
Cæsar, [184], [239].
Caroline (1), [16], [17].
Caroline (2), [87].
Caroline (3), [235].
Cat Island, [6].
Cato, [86], [87], [95].
Celia, [300].
Chaplin, Benjarola, [206], [311].
Charleston, S. C., [31] n., [36], [45], [46], [61], [62], [63], [92], [115], [164], [165], [195], [198], [206], [213], [232], [297], [307], [316], [319];
siege of, [150] n., [163] n., [194]-[199].
Chase, Salmon P., [70] n., [247].
Chattel sales, [255], [256].
Cherry Hill, [79], [80], [135], [160], [172], [301], [324].
Chester, [120].
Child, Professor F. J., [257].
Christmas,
1863, [237];
1864, [292], [293].
Church, Brick (Baptist), [49], [243], [306].
Church, White (Episcopal), [49] n., [68], [101], [117].
Cicero, [192], [271].
City of New York, The, [264] n.
Clarke, Mrs., [141].
Climate of Sea Islands, [10], [68], [73], [105], [106], [110], [118], [140], [145], [152], [243], [323].
Coast Survey, [60], [139].
Cockloft, overseer, [127], [165], [169].
Cockspur Island, [43] n.
Coffin, Eben, [205].
Coffin family, [236].
Coffin, Sir Isaac, Bart., [150].
Coffin, Julian, [209], [326].
Coffin, Thomas Astor, [79], [139], [164], [165], [204], [206], [232], [330].
Coffin, Mrs. T. A., [206].
Coffin trademark, [237].
"Coffin's Battery," [187], [285].
Coffin's Point, [8], [10], [11], [13], [16], [22], [29], [40], [42], [45], [46], [51], [53], [54], [58] n., [62], [68], [71], [79], [88], [94], [119], [122], [135], [139] n., [145], [180], [182], [183], [188], [190], [191], [203], [229], [239], [240], [255], [281], [285], [291] n., [299], [309], [310], [311], [312], [322], [323], [324], [328], [330], [331], [332] n.
Comba, [303].
Combahee River, [271] n.
"Concern."
See [Boston Syndicate].
Contracts with negroes, [262], [263].
Cooley, Judge, [259].
Coosaw, Fort, [240].
Coosaw River, [233], [297] n.
Corn Crop of 1862, [12], [13], [54], [94], [101].
"Corner," [324] n.
Cosmopolitan, The, [6], [199].
Cotton-agents, [12], [14], [18], [22], [98].
See also [Mr. S].
Cotton crop,
1861, [11], [110], [118] n., [127];
1862, [13], [54], [57], [83] n., [92], [99], [101], [109], [117], [125], [237] n., [264] n.;
1863, [151], [171], [208], [209], [211], [212], [234], [235], [236], [237];
1864, [295] n., [297], [310], [326];
1865, [313], [314], [320], [322], [326].
Cotton Fund, [115], [152].
Cotton-gins broken by the negroes, [102] n., [109], [181].
"Court."
See [Plantation Commission].
Crane, Captain W. D., [288], [289], [290].
Crystal Palace, [168].
Cuffy, [20], [26], [27], [61].
Cutchery, Indian, [140].
Cuthbert's Point, [116], [117].
Dan, [185], [239].
Darien, [204].
Dathaw, [322].
David, [46], [47], [239].
Davis, Col. W. W. H., [202] n.
De Golyer, Mr., [313].
De la Croix, Mr., [141], [142], [143].
Deborah, [160].
Demus, [145], [212], [243], [304].
Demus, elder, [173].
Dennett, Mr., [319], [320].
Department of the South, [86], [114], [154], [163], [173] n., [193], [196], [197], [227], [237], [249], [254], [260], [261], [268], [271], [278], [289].
Doll, [25], [212], [235].
Draft, Black, [37]-[42], [43], [44], [50], [51], [54], [77], [96], [99], [167], [172]-[175], [176], [177], [182], [183], [184], [185]-[190], [211], [213], [236], [239], [240], [249], [281]-[284].
Drivers, [8], [12], [31] n., [40], [41], [78], [80], [124].
Duhurst, Lieut., [132].
Dupont, Commodore S. F., [5], [225], [289], [319].
Dutch, Captain,
[185], [233].
Eddings Point, [171], [192], [247], [270].
Edisto, [318].
Edisto refugees, [72], [150], [151], [294], [306], [307].
Educational Commission for Freedmen
(Boston), [1], [4], [12], [33], [37] n., [117] n., [257], [311];
(New York), [4], [12], [129] n.;
(Philadelphia), [171], [305].
Eggs, donations of, [21], [22], [35], [44], [59], [75], [121], [139], [196], [250].
Egypt, [5], [11], [15], [28].
Ellen, [138].
Ellwell, Col., [245].
Elsie, [203], [204].
Elsie, at Coffin's Point, [218], [330].
Emancipation celebration, [124], [125], [126], [127]-[134].
Emancipation, Preliminary Proclamation of, [97].
Emancipation, Proclamation of, [92].
Eustis, F. A., [8], [19], [32], [44], [171], [196], [238], [240], [246], [292], [327].
Eustis Place, [252].
Evacuation of Sea Islands, [84], [86], [98].
Fanny, [195].
Fairfield, Mr., [302] n.
Ferry, from Port Royal Island to Ladies Island, [19] n., [128], [173];
to mainland, [297], [302].
Festina Lente, [63].
Finnie, [86].
First South, see [S. C. Vols., 1st Regt.]
Flora, [21], [23], [25], [31], [35], [36], [40], [41], [43], [45], [46], [52], [58], [59], [123], [141], [152], [331].
Flora, The, [182].
Florida, [50], [136], [153] n., [167].
Folsom, Dr. Charles F., [70], [184], [232], [262], [265], [298], [301], [304], [307].
Folsom's Place, [280], [329].
Forbes, John M., [3], [16], [17], [18], [140], [147], [196].
Fort Coosaw, [240].
Fort on Smith Plantation, [132].
Forts Walker and Beauregard, [5], [37], [61].
Forten, Charlotte, [133].
Fortress Monroe, [290].
Fortune, [239].
Foster, John G., Maj.-Gen., [150] n., [154], [160], [162], [163], [271], [280], [281], [282], [285], [290], [299], [305].
Fourth of July, [68]-[70].
Fowler, Rev. Mr., [102], [129].
Frank, [136], [229], [330].
Free South, The, [155], [187].
Freedmen at Port Royal, The, [312].
Freedmen's Aid Societies, [325].
Freedmen's Bureau, [321], [325].
French, Rev. Mansfield, [4], [49], [50], [130], [230], [243], [254].
Fripp, Alvirah, plantation of, [81].
Fripp, Dr. Clarence, [31], [59], [207], [319], [320].
Fripp, Eddings, [207].
Fripp, Eden, [31].
Fripp, Edgar, plantation of, [68], [74] n.
Fripp, Hamilton, [270];
plantation of, [230], [271];
sons of, [296].
Fripp, Harriet, [22], [31].
Fripp house in Beaufort, [196].
Fripp, Captain John, [316], [326];
daughters of, [316], [326];
plantation of, [135], [172], [249], [324] n., [326], [329].
Fripp, Juliana, [34].
Fripp, Lynch, [34].
Fripp, Captain Oliver, plantation of, [68], [137], [184].
Fripp Point, [12], [30], [41], [43], [88], [92], [119], [123], [126], [127] n., [139], [172], [183], [184], [185], [186], [187], [188], [191], [199], [200], [224], [239], [255], [258], [259], [263], [299], [301], [306], [324], [326], [331].
Fripp, Sam, [34].
Fripp, T. B., plantation of, [135], [171], [230], [321].
Fripp, T. J., [204].
Fripp, Washington, [31].
Fripp, William, [12], [31], [59];
sons of, [12], [31].
Fripp, Willie, [34].
Frogmore, [205], [206], [300].
Fuller, Rev. Robert, [314], [315].
Fuller Place, [295], [324], [328].
Fulton, The, [197].
Funeral, negro child's, [65], [66], [67].
K. G., [33].
W. C. G., [3], [8], [20], [21], [24], [26], [27], [32], [34], [40], [41], [61], [64], [65], [66], [88], [105], [116], [122], [125], [147], [161], [172], [186], [187], [189], [197], [204], [211]-[213], [224], [232], [238], [240], [246], [255], [259], [260], [265], [266], [268], [299], [300], [304], [305], [312], [333];
letters from, [11], [14], [20] n., [22], [32], [37] n., [43], [57], [84], [107], [115], [137], [154], [165], [167], [177], [183], [191], [197], [210], [222], [231], [241], [248], [254], [263], [267], [277] n., [283], [286], [288], [307], [308], [309].
W. C. G., article by, in North American Review, [312].
W. C. G., poem by, [66].
Gage, Mrs., [132].
Gang system, [58] n., [94], [108], [109], [112].
George, [235], [331], [332].
Georgia, [50], [136] n., [144], [153], [297], [301], [308].
Georgia refugees, [293], [294], [295], [306], [307], [314].
Gettysburg, battle of, [195].
Gib, [315].
Gillmore, Q. A., Brig.-Gen., [193], [194], [228], [233], [249], [321].
Gordon, Captain, [290].
Gordon, slave pirate, [225].
Government, U. S., [1], [9], [10], [14], [17], [37] n., [53], [56] n., [57], [72], [78], [81], [86], [97], [98], [99], [102], [112], [113], [115], [117], [118], [137], [148], [149], [150], [151], [171], [174], [175], [177], [182], [185], [191], [208], [229], [231] n., [244], [245], [260], [266], [277], [282], [296], [308], [309], [311], [327] n.
Grace, [126], [222], [225], [250], [303].
Grahamville, S. C., [289].
Grant, U. S., Lieut.-Gen., [324].
Green, Jonas, [322].
Green, Dr. S. A., [163].
"Gun fire at Bay Point," [37] n., [79], [126], [209].
H——, Col., [280], [281].
F. H., [291], [298], [306], [309], [321], [324];
letters from, [291] n., [311], [313], [323], [328].
Habersham, Mr., [308].
Hacklis, [262], [263].
Halleck, Henry W., Maj.-Gen., [122].
Hall, Wm., [127], [150], [183], [184], [186], [196], [197], [201], [205], [216], [237], [252].
Hallowell, Col. E. N., [196].
Hallowell, Col. N. P., [168].
Hamlet, [185].
Hammond, Mr., [119], [156], [193].
Hardy, Alpheus, [248].
Harriet, [34].
Harrison, Mr., [262].
Harry, [16], [162].
Hartwell, Col. A. S., [290].
Hayti, [84].
Hazard, Mr., [271].
Henry, [127], [206], [207], [226].
Herald, Boston, [124].
Hester, [140], [141], [142], [214], [217], [251].
Higginson, Col. T. W., [104] n., [106] n., [124], [129], [130], [131], [133] n., [134], [153], [164], [167], [168], [195], [225], [240].
Hilton Head, [5], [6], [9], [13], [37] n., [40], [41], [42], [44], [46], [48], [50], [53], [57], [71], [73], [77], [79], [83], [84], [86], [87], [92], [94], [97], [98], [107], [114], [118], [125], [126], [150], [175], [182], [194], [195], [229], [235], [261], [279], [280], [281], [319].
Honey Hill, S. C., [289] n.
Hooper, Captain E. W., [3], [9], [16], [19], [49], [50], [93], [105], [111], [124], [175], [187], [188], [197], [198], [306].
Hope Place, [81], [82], [171].
Horace, The, [297].
Horse-buying, [301], [302].
Howard, O. O., Maj.-Gen., [297], [298], [299],
[305], [317], [318].
Hoyt, Capt., [186], [189].
Hull, Mr., [116], [117], [172].
Hunn, Mr. J., [171], [244], [251].
Hunter, David, Maj.-Gen., [37] n., [38], [39], [40], [42], [48], [50], [62], [63], [86], [89], [100], [103], [104], [108] n., [115], [133] n., [154], [155], [156], [159] n., [162], [163] n., [165], [167], [172], [173], [175], [182], [187], [188], [190].
Hunter Regiment, [62], [96], [104], [106].
Hunting Island, [78], [238], [279].
Hunting, Dr., [239].
Hurd, Augustus, [3].
Indemnity, for slave-owners, [319] n.
Independent, The, [265].
Irish, compared with negroes, [11], [15], [18], [22], [56], [75].
Isaac, [82], [239].
Jack, [125], [126], [299].
Jackson, Mr., [301].
Jacksonboro', [196].
Jacksonville, Fla., [167].
James, Capt., [106].
James, G. W., Adjt., [196].
January, [153], [181], [239], [315].
Jenkins, Dr., plantation of, [108] n., [116].
Jenkins, Mary, plantation of, [233], [247], [296].
Jim, [78], [79], [90], [239].
Jimmy, [239].
Joe, [20], [23], [39], [40], [41], [46], [52], [60], [61], [100], [106], [122], [123], [141] n.
John, [87], [257], [258].
John, Major, [260], [299], [300], [319].
Johnson, Andrew, [317], [318].
Jonas, [239].
Joseph, [255].
Josh, [188].
Journal of Music, The Boston, [30].
Journal, Providence, [248] n.
Judd, Mr., Gen. Supt. of Port Royal Island, [94], [129], [132].
Judy, [141], [154], [243], [272].
Juliana, [233].
July, [95].
June, [136], [195].
Katrine, [145].
Katy, [212], [299].
Katy, at Frogmore, [206].
Keller, Lewis, [279].
Kelley, The, [279].
Kellum, Capt, [322].
Kemble, Fanny, [271], [272].
Kingfisher, The, [176], [185] n., [204], [212] n.
L——, John, [152], [162].
Ladies Island, [8], [9], [19] n., [54], [72], [109], [116], [117], [118], [172], [223] n., [240], [311].
Land-sales, [109] n., [111], [117], [120], [135], [137], [140], [141], [147], [148], [151], [152], [154], [155], [159], [165], [170], [171], [172], [177], [229], [230], [231], [243], [244], [245], [246], [247], [248], [254], [265], [266], [277], [312], [315], [320], [327].
Land's End, [119], [135], [153] n., [155], [161], [162], [174] n., [182], [194].
Lee, Mr., paymaster, U. S., [100], [110].
Lee, R. E., Gen., [310].
Lester, [65].
Lewis, [192].
Lewis, Dio, [160].
Lieutenant, of 104th Pa. Vols., [200], [201], [202].
Limus, [37], [77], [221], [226], [228].
Lincoln, Abraham, [48], [50] n., [62], [63], [86], [91], [92], [96], [97], [98], [129], [230], [243], [245], [258], [263], [310].
Littlefield, Milton S., Col., [282].
London News, The, [168].
Louisa, [35], [138], [144], [146], [299].
L'Ouverture, Toussaint, [104] n.
McClellan, George B., Maj.-Gen., [168].
McKee's plantation, [46].
McKim, Lucy, [30] n.
McTureous Plantation, [76], [77], [78], [79], [171], [229], [230], [312], [323], [330].
Mack, David, [3].
Maria, nurse, [126], [209].
Maria, seamster, [271].
Market for manufactures, A new, [219].
Marriage of negroes, [95], [103], [104], [125], [126], [144].
Martha, [88], [330].
Mary, [61], [216].
Mary Ann, [95].
Massachusetts Vols.,
24th Regt., [153], [154], [156], [162];
54th Regt., [168], [194], [196], [198];
55th Regt., [226], [288], [289], [290] n.
May, [303].
Mayflower, The, [71].
Melville, The, [306], [307].
Methodism, [124], [163], [221].
Mike, [185], [255], [256], [311], [332].
Miller, [212], [239].
Mily, nurse, [26], [59], [136].
Minda, [127], [146], [243].
Mission House, [129].
Mitchel, Ormsby M., Maj.-Gen., [86], [94], [105], [108] n.
Mohegan, The, [225].
Moll, [201], [299].
Monah, [331].
Monday, "Useless," [262].
Monroe, Fortress, [290].
Montgomery, Col., [167], [185], [189].
Morgan Island, [203], [233], [270], [295], [296], [306].
Morris Island, [195], [196], [289].
Mulberry Hill, [80], [81], [135], [172], [322], [324].
Murray, Ellen, [329].
N. R. & W., Firm of, [324], [326], [329].
Nancy, [138], [212].
Nancy, old, [222], [234].
Nat, [77], [95], [139].
Nation, The New York, [26] n., [319]-[321].
National Union Convention, [261] n.
Negro Burying Ground, The, [66].
Negroes of Sea Islands,
characteristics of, [11], [15], [21], [22], [23], [25], [75], [76], [81], [99], [109], [116], [122], [138], [144], [171], [177], [214], [215], [241], [315], [328];
compared with Irish, [11], [15], [18], [22], [56], [75];
compared with negroes elsewhere, [11], [15], [89], [97], [288];
condition of, in 1862, [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [51], [70], [181], [307];
contracts with, [262], [263];
cotton-gins destroyed by, [102] n., [109], [181];
dishonesty of, [126], [136], [227], [241], [242], [256], [269], [287], [310], [311], [313], [320], [322], [323], [324], [328];
food of, [53], [62], [73], [93], [120];
future of, [317], [318], [334];
gratuities to, [14], [33], [34], [44], [47], [51], [52], [53], [58], [80], [88], [94], [148], [150], [165], [166], [179], [191], [208], [246], [276], [277], [302] n., [309], [334];
health of, [15], [105], [213];
hostility of army officers to, [74], [85], [101], [164];
industry of, [11], [37] n., [48], [55], [111], [156], [175], [181], [182], [208], [209], [212], [222];
independence of, [208], [260], [275];
intelligence of, [21], [60], [63], [74], [76], [90], [93], [97], [112], [166], [168], [169], [174], [241];
intemperance of, [15], [225], [229], [327];
as land-owners (see also [Land-sales]), [272], [276], [312], [315], [323], [326];
language of, [21], [25], [26], [27], [28], [35], [36], [90], [123], [157], [160], [218];
marriage of, [95], [103], [104], [125], [126], [144];
names of, [36], [52], [209];
petition of, [258]-[261], [263], [264];
religion of, [15], [20], [21], [26], [27], [36], [44], [61], [65], [66], [67], [145], [146], [193], [235], [268];
singing of, [19], [28], [29], [30], [134], [253], [292], [293], [328];
as soldiers, [42], [43], [63], [89], [91], [93], [96], [97], [100], [102], [103], [104], [108], [136], [153], [164], [168], [184];
treatment of, by masters, [31], [32], [36], [206], [207];
wages of, [45], [56], [57], [75], [85], [91], [92], [99], [100], [110], [111], [112], [139], [147], [148], [222], [234], [244], [245], [246], [250], [251], [258], [260], [264], [265], [266] n., [267], [294], [295], [300], [301], [303], [304].
Nero, [236].
New Orleans, [62], [325].
New South, The, [173].
New York Vols.,
19th Regt., [13];
48th, [197];
79th, [39].
Nile, songs on the, [28].
Noble, [271].
North American Review, The, [312].
North Carolina Army, [150], [153] n., [161].
Nubia, [11], [15].
Oakland, [171].
Oaks, The, [69], [83], [93], [127] n., [150], [171], [320].
Ogeechee River, [309].
Oliver, Dr., [328].
Olmstead, Frederick Law, [265] n.
Otter Island, [47], [159].
Paige, Mr., [235], [236].
Palmer, Mr., [79], [81], [82].
Paris, [81], [82].
Parker, Rev. Mr., [268], [269].
Paxton, Capt., [197].
Peg, [212].
Peggy, Old, [43], [44].
Penn Normal, Industrial, and Agricultural School, [16] n., [298], [329], [334].
Pennsylvania Volunteers,
Roundhead Regt., [51];
104th Regt., [200].
Peter, Uncle, [26], [36], [46], [120], [185].
Peter, on Frogmore, [206].
Petition of negroes, [258]-[261], [263], [264].
Petra, [304].
Philadelphia, [47], [51], [53], [104].
Philbrick, Edward S., [14], [16], [19], [22], [24], [28], [31] n., [36], [37], [39], [40], [41], [42], [44], [45], [46], [58], [59], [61], [62], [64], [65], [69], [75], [76], [83], [85], [97], [99], [105], [120], [121], [125], [127] n., [135], [137], [139], [146], [150], [152], [158], [160], [165], [170], [171], [172], [176], [177], [180], [184], [186], [187], [189], [190], [191], [201] n., [203] n., [205], [212], [216], [218], [219], [220], [229], [240], [249], [250], [251], [254], [255], [256], [258], [259], [260], [261], [264] n., [265], [284], [291] n., [312], [324], [329], [331], [332].
Letters from, [1], [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [9], [10], [15], [53], [62], [86], [88], [91], [92], [93], [94], [100], [101], [105], [107], [116], [122], [124], [132] n., [135], [140], [180], [185], [187], [205], [218], [219], [220], [221], [224], [229], [231], [232], [234], [235], [236], [237], [239], [240], [243], [247], [248] n., [249], [250], [256], [257], [264], [265], [266], [272], [280], [290], [291], [294], [299], [301], [302] n., [304], [306], [310], [315], [316], [317], [325].
Philbrick, Mrs. E. S., [3], [4], [10], [11], [16], [19], [20], [23], [25], [33], [41], [44], [46], [51], [58], [59], [61], [65], [73], [82], [150], [154], [161], [170], [183], [191], [216].
Phillips, Rev. Mr., [103], [115], [244], [269].
Phillis, [95], [186], [212].
Phœbe, [103].
Pierce, E. L., [3], [4], [7], [8], [16], [19], [37], [38], [42], [45] n., [49], [50], [54], [64], [68], [69], [70].
Pine Grove Plantation, [12], [15], [16], [21], [22], [23], [26], [31], [51], [59], [60], [75], [88], [95], [102], [103], [109], [120], [123], [126], [127] n., [136], [141], [152], [172], [173], [183], [184], [185], [186], [191], [210], [231], [234], [262], [270], [271], [301], [328], [330], [331].
Plantation Commission, [201] n., [210], [228], [269], [270], [286], [313], [323].
"Plantation Bitters," [310].
Planter, The, [45], [46], [47], [51], [63], [268] n.
Pocotaligo, [290], [302], [305].
Pompey, [207], [239], [250], [251], [257], [258], [260], [261], [266], [299], [300].
"Poor Rosy," [30].
Pope, Mr., [327].
Pope's plantation, [19], [50], [195].
Port Royal, [1], [4] n., [28], [70], [119], [190], [191], [225], [226] n., [229], [278], [280], [285], [290], [299], [329], [331] n.
Port Royal Bar, [5].
Port Royal Experiment, [92], [98], [118], [119], [170], [172], [180], [218], [219], [240], [241].
Port Royal Ferry, [297], [302], [304].
Port Royal Island, [6], [69], [97], [118], [119] n., [128], [194], [304].
Post, The N. Y. Evening, [248], [265], [277].
Potter, Edward E., Brig.-Gen., [158], [159], [160].
Preëmption system, [229], [230], [244], [245], [248], [254], [266], [318].
Prices, war-time, [47].
Primus, [183], [186], [188], [189], [190], [301], [302], [332].
Prisoners, exchange of, [198], [199].
Pritchard, [78], [79], [171], [311].
Pritchard's Island, [171].
Pulaski, Fort, [43], [87].
T. E. R., [122], [125], [135], [141], [145], [172], [186], [193], [229], [233], [243], [244], [246], [284], [313];
letters from, [285], [310], [314], [320], [326], [328].
"R.'s," [128], [228], [232], [280], [289], [298], [300], [322].
R., Miss, [141], [145], [232].
Rand, Capt., [198].
Ranty, [58], [103], [135], [136].
Raphael, [160].
Rations to negroes, [34], [80], [94], [150], [246], [302] n., [309];
to whites, [10], [20], [23], [32], [72], [114], [146].
Readville, [161].
Rebel raids, [233], [270], [279], [296], [306].
Red tape, [72], [75], [85], [86], [190], [191], [285].
Reed, Joe, superintendent, [116].
Refugees.
See [Edisto Refugees] and [Georgia Refugees].
Republican party, [328].
Rhodes, J. F., History of the United States, [194].
Rice, Lt.-Col., [282], [283].
Richard, [211].
Richmond, [199], [310].
Ripley, Fort, [47].
Rivers, Sergeant Prince, [104], [130], [131].
Road, [209].
Robert, [76], [141], [142], [158], [168], [207], [214], [225], [232], [252], [253], [259], [286], [332].
Robert, old, [269], [302] n.
Rodwell, [286].
Rose, Alex's daughter, [86], [87], [95].
Rose, [141], [142], [145], [152], [156], [159], [160], [161], [168], [213], [214], [215], [216], [217], [218], [226], [243], [250], [251], [252], [259], [271], [278], [285], [287], [292], [331].
Rosetta, [88].
Russel, Cabot, [199].
Russell, Dr. LeBaron, [117], [118], [153].
S——, Col., [258].
S——, Mr., cotton-agent, [12], [14], [33], [42], [44], [55], [102].
S——, postmaster at Beaufort, [152].
St. Croix, [132].
St. Helena Island, [6], [10], [16], [19] n., [36], [74] n., [78], [79], [91], [94], [96], [109], [115], [118], [119], [127], [135], [182], [187], [188], [199], [205], [223] n., [266] n., [279], [285], [288], [294], [310], [314], [319], [320].
St. Helena Sound, [10].
St. Helena Village, [30], [68], [72], [201], [329].
St. John's River, [167].
St. Mary's, [107].
St. Mary's River,
[153].
St. Simon's Island, [136], [144], [271].
Sally, Aunt, [192].
Sam (Uncle), [34], [61], [65], [66], [95], [106], [141], [145], [146], [158], [159], [205], [235], [252], [253].
Sammy, [119], [120].
Samson, [144].
Sancho, [188].
Sanitary Fair, N. Y., [247].
Sarah, of C. Pt., [125], [126].
Sarah, [330].
Sarah, Flora's, [331].
Savannah, [289], [290], [296], [302], [308], [309], [310].
"Saxby," Gen., [130], [150].
Saxton, J. A., [265], [276].
Saxton, Maj.-Gen. Rufus, [48], [57], [69], [83], [84], [86], [92], [93] n., [94], [96], [97], [98], [100], [101], [102], [103], [107], [108], [109], [110], [111], [115], [116], [117], [118], [122], [124], [125], [129], [130], [132], [139], [150], [151], [152], [156], [159] n., [165], [167], [168], [171], [172], [173], [175], [187], [188], [190], [193], [194], [198], [201], [202], [211], [213], [229], [230], [231], [239], [240], [243], [244], [245], [254], [257] n., [262], [285], [298], [299], [305], [306], [307], [308], [312], [319], [321], [324], [325].
Schools, [16] n., [20], [21], [24], [32], [43], [59], [60], [149], [152], [159], [180], [208], [273], [298], [321], [334].
School Farm, [165] n.
Scylla, [302] n.
Sea Islands, [42], [45] n., [70] n., [71], [89], [90], [128], [221], [254] n., [257], [299], [307], [319], [321], [334].
Sea Side Road, [76], [171].
"Secesh," [43], [44], [51], [61], [72], [97], [113], [185], [252], [260], [264], [270], [305], [311], [314].
"Secesh children," [271].
Seed-cotton, [109] n., [236], [320].
"Shares," [327].
Sharper, [183].
Shaw, Col. R. G., [194], [196], [197], [199].
Shell Road, [297].
Sherman, W. T., Maj.-Gen., [289], [290], [293], [298], [301], [304], [307], [308].
Shop, [24], [33], [46], [57], [92], [142], [157], [158], [159], [185], [190], [219], [220], [233], [264], [273], [279], [280], [281], [321].
Shout, [26], [27], [34], [292], [293].
Siah, [34], [119], [199], [221], [222], [224], [260], [266].
Sickles, D. E., Maj.-Gen., [321].
Sim, [36].
Simon, [185].
Sinclair, Mr., [332].
Sinclair, Mrs., [332].
Sinnet, [222].
Slave Songs of the United States, [28], [328] n.
Slip-potato crop. See [Sweet potato crop].
Small, Robert, [268].
Small-pox, [251]-[253].
Smallwood, Mr., [313], [314].
Smith, Judge, tax-commissioner, [230], [245].
Smith, Judge, Special Agent, [258], [259], [260].
Smith Plantation, [17], [128].
Soldiers, [38], [39], [92], [94], [118], [119], [155], [199]-[202].
Soule, Capt. C. C., [89], [289].
Soule, Richard, Jr., [3], [37], [74], [78], [79], [105], [150], [169], [200], [203], [205], [211], [213], [223], [225], [258], [259], [261], [263], [269], [280], [283], [289], [290], [321], [323], [326], [332];
letters from, [309], [312], [315], [322], [324].
Soule, Mrs. R., [289], [332].
South Carolina, [50], [53] n., [91], [267], [290], [291], [311], [321].
South Carolina Vols.,
1st, [102], [104] n., [106], [107], [115], [124], [128], [129], [130], [133], [134], [136], [153], [154], [167], [225], [236], [268], [282];
officers of, [106], [124], [129], [132], [133], [240], [268];
2d, [167], [185];
officers of, [188], [189].
Stanton, E. M., Secretary of War, [48], [133] n., [298], [299], [305].
Stevens, Hazard, [38], [39].
Stevens, Brig.-Gen. Isaac I., [47].
Stevenson, Thomas G., Brig.-Gen., [162], [163], [164].
Stickney, Judge, [132].
Stone-cotton, [109], [236].
Store.
See [Shop].
Strappan, [217].
Strong, Lt.-Col., [282].
Sumner, Arthur, [68], [156], [161], [163].
Sumter, Fort, [46], [47], [51].
Superintendence, system of, [101], [117], [137], [147], [167], [228], [272].
Superintendent, typical day of, [76]-[82].
Superintendents, duties of, [86];
meetings of, [101], [108], [117], [197].
Susan, [23], [43], [141].
Sutton, Corp. Robert, [131].
Sweet potato crop, [105], [106], [111].
Tamah, [163].
Task, [45] n.
Tax-commissioners, [109], [117], [129] n., [165], [231], [248], [254], [255], [258], [259], [320].
Thanksgiving Day,
1863, [232];
1864, [288], [289]
Thomas, [224].
Thompson, Capt. Thomas, [186], [188], [189].
Thorpe, Mr., [143], [217].
Tilly, [304].
Tim, [139], [208], [222].
Times, The New York, [69].
Tira, [36].
"Titles," [36], [52].
Titus, [252].
"Tobey," Captain, [97].
Toby, [87], [95].
Tom, [30], [31], [59], [61].
"Tom, Uncle," [61].
Tomlinson, Reuben, [222], [224], [251], [258], [259], [261], [262], [263], [302] n., [305], [306], [307], [319], [321];
letters from, [223], [228], [250].
Tony, driver, [79], [80], [82], [120], [199], [239], [301].
Towne, Laura E., founder of Penn School, [16], [49], [293], [294], [298], [319], [329].
Towne, Mr., [323].
Treasury Department, [1], [280], [281].
Treasury, Secretary of, [70] n., [247], [281].
Tribune, The New York, [62], [235], [236], [265].
Union Store, [312], [314], [322].
United States Colored Troops,
21st Reg't., [282] n.;
33d Reg't. See [S. C. Vols., 1st Reg't.]
Vaughn, Mrs., [288].
Venus, [304].
Vicksburg, [195].
C. P. W., [70], [121], [122], [123], [124], [125], [138], [139], [141], [143], [144], [146], [152], [153], [157], [159], [160], [167], [168], [171], [172], [176], [177], [180], [182], [183], [184], [189], [190], [193], [194], [195], [196], [199], [200], [201], [202], [203], [205], [208], [210], [211], [213], [214], [216], [220], [222], [225], [228], [230], [234], [239], [250], [255], [256], [259], [262], [263], [267], [268], [279], [285], [286], [289], [291] n., [292], [293], [303], [309], [331], [332];
letters from, [71], [72], [73], [75], [76], [84], [86], [90], [93], [94], [96], [105] n., [106], [111], [114], [115], [120], [146], [152], [154], [170], [171], [172], [190], [209], [226], [279], [282], [286], [293], [297].
H. W., [10], [16], [22], [34], [75], [120], [184], [278], [279], [286], [309], [331] n.;
letters from, [16], [21], [22], [25], [30], [34], [35], [36], [43], [44], [45], [46], [49], [51], [52], [58], [59], [60], [61], [62], [64], [65], [119], [121], [122], [124], [125], [127], [128], [133] n., [138], [139], [140], [141], [144], [149], [150], [152], [153], [154], [155], [157], [158], [160], [161], [167], [168], [169], [170], [171], [173] n., [174] n., [176], [180], [182], [184], [185], [186], [189], [191], [193], [194], [195], [196], [197], [199], [204], [205], [206], [207], [208], [210], [211], [213], [215], [216], [217], [218], [222], [224], [226], [229], [230], [232], [234], [237],
240, [250], [251], [252], [253], [258], [259], [262], [263], [268], [269], [270], [271], [272], [285], [287], [288], [289], [292], [293], [298], [329].
W——, Miss, [49].
Wabash, [225].
Wagner, Fort, assault on, [196].
Wakefield, Dr., [41], [45], [51], [196].
War Department, [159] n.
War, Secretary of, [48], [133] n., [298], [299], [305].
Ward, Captain, [328], [331].
Walker, Fort, [5], [37], [61].
Washington, [122] n., [151], [165], [240], [243], [254], [260], [280], [281], [326].
Waters, Mr., [301], [324], [330].
Waters, Mrs., [330].
Wells, George, [172], [197], [203], [204], [232], [233], [236], [247], [270], [295], [296], [306].
Wells, Mrs. Geo., [270].
Westcott, Dr., [213].
White, William, [323].
White Place, [236].
Whitredge, Alonso, [195].
Whitredge, John, [195].
Whittier, J. G., [133].
"Widow Bedotte," [192].
Will, [235].
Wil'by, [41], [43], [61], [123].
Williams, C. F., [134], [141], [193], [306], [310], [315], [322], [324], [325].
Williams, Mrs., [141], [143].
Williams, F. J., [251], [257].
Williams, Capt., [311].
Williamsburg, battle of, [62].
Wolcott, Mrs. J. Huntington, [168].
York, Mr., [299], [300], [306], [310], [322].
York, Polite, [13], [36], [37], [58], [123], [141], [152].
Zachos, Mr., [130].
Transcriber's Notes
Inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, and grammar are due to the dialects and preferences of the various letter writers.
The Sea Islands of South Carolina [map] originally spanned two pages and had some text and lines cut off in the map's center. Therefore, the exact position of No. 17, the shape of the contour lines, and "brick yard" from the partial "bri— yar—" were best-guessed.
Page [61]: Charleson changed to Charleston (cents in Charleston).
Page [64]: sufficent changed to sufficient (sufficient intelligence).
Page [76]: The illustrated symbol was originally on the line of text following the words: rude portal.
Page [79]: assisttant changed to assistant (Mr. Soule's assistant).
Page [158]: itle changed to title (The title had an immense effect).
Page [237]: The illustrated symbol was originally on the line of text following the words: Coffin trademark.