CONTENTS.

Military System and Education in Prussia,[277]
I. Outline of Military System,[281]
1. The Standing Army,[281]
2. The National Militia, or FirstLandwehr,[282]
3. The Last Reserve, or Landsturm,[282]
Origin of the Landwehr System,[283]
II. Historical View of MilitaryEducation,[284]
Basis of the present System is a good GeneralEducation,[284]
Origin of the Military Schools in the Wars of theReformation,[284]
School of Frederick William in 1653,[284]
Military Academy opened in 1765,[286]
Plans of Scharnhorst and Stein in 1807,[288]
Origin and Changes of the Division Schools,[289]
III. Present System of Military Educationand Promotion,[293]
Usual Conditions and Course of obtaining aCommission,[293]
1. A good General Education,[294]
2. Actual Military Service,[294]
3. Professional Knowledge by Military Study,[294]
Central and Local Boards of Examination,[294]
Supreme Officer Board of Control,[295]
Classification and cost of Military Schools,[295]
IV. Examinations—general andProfessional for a Commission,[297]
1. Preliminary or Ensign’s Examination,[297]
Who may be Examined,[298]
Time and Mode of Examination,[298]
Results of Examination, how ascertained,[299]
2. The Second, or Officers’ Examination,[302]
Time and Place,[302]
Preliminary Certificates,[302]
Mode—Oral and Written,[303]
Programme of Studies, on which Examination turns,[304]
V. Military Schools for PreparingOfficers,[310]
1. The Cadet Schools, or Cadet Houses,[310]
Number and Classification,[310]
Junior Cadet House at Berlin,[312]
Senior Cadet House at Berlin,[312]
2. The Division Schools,[320]
Number and Location,[320]
Professors—Studies—Examinations,[321]
3. The United Artillery and Engineers’ School atBerlin,[324]
Admission,[324]
Examinations,[325]
Studies,[326]
VI. the Staff School at Berlin,[329]
Entrance Examination,[330]
Course, Method, and Subjects of Instruction,[331]
Final Examination,[335]
Appointment to the Staff Corps,[336]
VII. Elementary Military Schools for Non-commissioned Officers,[336]
1. Military Orphan-Houses,[336]
A. Military Orphan-House at Potsdam,[337]
B. Military Orphan-House at Annaburg,[342]
2. The School Division, or Non-Commissioned Officers’School,[345]
3. Regimental Schools,[347]
4. The Noble-School at Liegnitz,[348]
VIII. General Remarks on the System of MilitaryEducation in Prussia,[348]
Appendix,[351]
The Artillery and Engineers’ School atBerlin,[351]
Object and Course of Study,[351]
Staff And Authorities,[351]
Superior Authorities, or Curatorium,[352]
Executive Authorities,[352]
Course of Instruction,[357]
A. General Course,[357]
B. Instruction in Detail,[358]
Financial Matters,[365]
Programmes of Principal SubjectsTaught,[367]
1. Artillery,[367]
Preliminary Instruction:—a. Mathematics;b. Physics; c. Chemistry; d. Tactics;e. Fortification; f. Veterinary Art,[367]
A. First Cœtus,[368]
1. Arms,[368]
2. Gunpowder,[368]
3. Cannon,[368]
4. Gun-Carriages,[368]
5. Military Combustibles,[368]
6. Movement of Cannon,[368]
7. Firing,[368]
8. Small and Side-Arms,[368]
B. Second Cœtus,[369]
1. Organization of Artillery,[369]
2. Use in the field,[369]
3. Use in the Siege,[369]
a. For Attack; b. For Defense,[369]
C. Third Cœtus,[369]
1. Organization of Artillery Service,[370]
2. Artillery regarded as an Arm,[370]
3. Artillery in Technical and Administrative point ofview,[370]
4. Progress and Literature of Artillery,[371]
D. General Distribution of Time for eachCœtus,[371]
2. General and Special Engineering in theFirst and Second Cœtus,[373]
A. First Cœtus[373]
a. In Field Fortification; b. inPermanent Fortification,[373]
B. Second Cœtus,[374]
The Applied Arts in Attack and Defense, &c.,[374]
3. Exclusive Engineering in the ThirdCœtus,[375]
1. Application of Rules to Regular Fortresses,[375]
2. Theory of Constructions, Materials, Modes ofBuilding,[375]
4. Hydraulic Construction in the ThirdCœtus,[377]
1. General Principles of Hydraulic Architecture,[377]
2. Internal Navigation, Harbors, Bridges,&c.,[378]
5. Tactics.Construction of Cannon,[378]
6. Mathematics,[380]
A. First Cœtus—Arithmetic, Algebra, PlaneGeometry, Plane Trigonometry,[381]
B. Second Cœtus—Geometry of Solids, SolidTrigonometry, Projection, Conic Sections,[382]
C. Statics, Geostatics, Hydrostatics,[382]
D. Dynamics and Hydraulics,[382]
7. Practical Artillery Exercises,[384]
1. First Cœtus,[385]
A. Visits—a. Foundry and theBoring-Machine; b. Examination of Ordnance, Carriages, &c.;c. Workshops,[385]
B. Exercises—a. Small-Arms; b.Management of Machines,[386]
2. Second Cœtus,[386]
Tracing Batteries; Placing Ordnance; OrdnanceCarriages and Wagons; Sieges,[387]
3. First and Second Cœtus,[388]
Proof of Powder; Artillery Practice; Laboratory,[389]
4. Third Cœtus,[390]
Visit to and practice in Workshops; Iron Foundry;Boring-Machine,[390]
Ammunition; Cannon; Gun-Carriages; Rules of placingGuns; Sham Siege,[391]
8. Practical Exercises inFortification,[392]
The War Or Staff School at Berlin,[395]
1. Objects and Plan; 2. Instruction; 3. Professors andStudents,[397]
REVISED EDITION—1872.
I. Prussian Staff in 1869,[399]
1. Peace establishment. 2. War establishment,[399]
Staff at head-quarters of each army corps,[399]
General Staff at Berlin—Sectional work,[400]
II. Prussian Military Education in1869,[403]
1. Changes since 1856,[403]
2. General education more and more the basis ofprofessional studies,[404]
3. Theory of military perfection attended to afterpractice,[404]
4. Military examinations made to advance civileducation,[405]
5. Liberal education encouraged in officers,[405]
6. General management of all military education vestedin a single officer,[405]
Assisted by Board of Studies and Board ofExamination,[405]
7. The heads of each school supreme indiscipline,[405]
8. Educational experience valued in the head of aschool,[405]
9. Competition not very extensively recognized,[406]
Its place supplied by personal knowledge of eachindividual,[406]
10. Great care bestowed on the methods ofinstruction,[406]
[III. AUSTRIA.]
Military System and Instruction in Austria,[409]
I. Outline of Military System,[409]
Mode of recruiting—period of service,[409]
Officers—non-commissioned—commissioned,[410]
Training—payment,[410]
II. System of Military Education,[410]
Center of Administration—Fourth Section of WarDepartment,[410]
Annual appropriations in 1856, and 1871,[411],[464]
Imperial Institutions of Military Education,[410]
A. Schools for non-commissioned Officers,[411]
1. Lower Military Houses,[420]
2. Upper Military Houses,[422]
3. School Companies and School Squadrons,[424]
Frontier—Artillery—Engineer—Flotilla,[426]
B. Schools for Officers,[429]
1. Cadet Institutions,[429]
2. Military Academies,[431]
Neustadt Academy for Infantry and Cavalry,[433]
Artillery and Engineering Academy,[434]
3. Marine Academy,[435]
C. Special Military Schools[436]
1. Normal School for Military Teachers[436]
2. United Higher Course for Artillery andEngineers[437]
3. Staff and Adjutant School[439]
Supreme Control of each class of Schools[441]
III. Peculiarities of Austrian MilitaryEducation in 1856[453]
IV. Staff School at Vienna[447]
1. General Staff of Austrian Army[447]
2. Admission—Specimens of questions put[448]
3. Subjects and Course of Instruction[449]
4. Austrian Staff in 1868[462]
V. Reorganization of Military Education in1868[453]
VI. Cavalry Brigade School forOfficers[463]
[IV. BAVARIA, SAXONY, HOLLAND,&c.]
Military System and Schools in Bavaria[465]
I. Military System[467]
II. Military Education[468]
1. Cadet Corps[468]
2. War School[469]
3. Artillery and Engineer School[471]
4. Staff Academy[472]
Military Instruction in Saxony[471]
Royal Military Academy at Dresden[471]
Military System and Education in Holland[475]
I. Military System[475]
II. Military Education[476]
1. Military Academy at Breda[477]
2. Naval Academy and Navigation Schools[478]
[V. ITALY.]
Military System and Schools in Italy[479]
I. Military System in Kingdom of Italy[481]
II. Military Education in the Kingdom ofSardinia[483]
General characteristics[483]
1. Military Academy at Turin[486]
2. Artillery and Engineer School[489]
3. Staff School and Staff Corps[492]
4. Regimental Schools[494]
5. School of Artillery at the Arsenal[498]
III. Modifications since theEstablishment of the Kingdom of Italy[499]
[VI. RUSSIA]
Military System and Schools in Russia[501]
I. Military System[503]
II. Military Schools[504]
1. Schools under Board of Military Instruction[504]
2. Schools under Ministry of War[504]
Imperial Staff School at St. Petersburg[505]
[VII. NORWAY, SWEDEN, AND DENMARK.]
Military System and Schools[515]
1. Sweden[517]
2. Norway[519]
3. Denmark[520]
[VIII. GREAT BRITAIN.]
Military System and Education[519-686]
Historical Notice[521]
Organization and Institutions in 1871[535]
I. Council of Military Education[535]
1. Historical Notice[535]
Organization and Duties in 1869[537]
Military Schools and Examinations[539]
Army Schools, Regimental Libraries andReading-rooms[540]
2. Examinations for Commissions and Promotions[541]
(1.) Examination for Direct Commissions[541]
Regulations in 1869[544]
(2.) Public School Education as preparatory forExamination[543]
(3.) Examinations for Promotions[550]
(4.) Results of Examinations[555]
(5.) Expenses of the Council[555]
(6.) List of Examiners employed[555]
3. Military, Orphan, and Soldiers Schools[557]
II. Royal Military College atSandhurst[559]
1. Historical Notice[559]
Junior and Senior Departments[560]
Inquiry and condition in 1855[563]
Junior Department changed to a College[566]
Queen’s Cadetships—Proposed enlargement in1860[566]
Free Commissions opened to Competition[570]
Attendance—Staff—Expense[574]
2. Queen’s and Indian Cadetships[575]
3. Regulations for Admission, etc.[577]
Subjects and Marks—Value of EntranceExaminations[577]
Value of University Examinations[578]
Preliminary Provisions—Payments[579]
Discipline—Termination of Course[580]
Compassionate Allowance[581]
Subjects and their Marks—Value in Finalexamination[581]
4. Subjects and Course of Instruction[582]
5. Results of Competitive Examination[584]
III. Royal Military Academy for theScientific Corps at Woolwich[585]
1. Historical Notice[585]
2. Regulations for Admission[586]
Open Competition to the Artillery and Engineersestablished[588]
Subjects and their Marks—Value in EntranceExaminations[589]
Length of Course—Scale of Payments[590]
3. Course of Study[591]
4. School Preparation for Woolwich Examinations[592]
IV. Royal School of MilitaryEngineering at Chatham[595]
1. Origin and Object of the Institution[595]
2. Organization for Instruction[595]
3. Nature and Length of Practical Courses[596]
(1.) Survey Course—AstronomicalObservations[596]
(2.) Course of Construction and Estimating[598]
(3.) Field-work Course[600]
Modeling in Sand[601]
Siege Works[601]
Works of Defence[601]
Mining[601]
Bridging[601]
Railways[601]
Boring for Water[601]
Drawing Projects of Attack, Construction[602]
(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects[602]
Course of Telegraphy[602]
Chemical Laboratory course[602]
Photography[603]
Lectures on Engineering and Professional Subjects[603]
Demolitions—Submarine Mines[603]
V. Professional Instruction ofOfficers[605]
Historical Notice[605]
1. Survey Class at Aldershot[611]
2. Advanced Class of Artillery Officers atWoolwich[613]
3. School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness[616]
VI. Staff College and StaffAppointments[619]
Historical Notice[619]
1. Staff College at Sandhurst[620]
Admissions—Course of Instruction[620]
2. Examinations for Staff Appointments[623]
VII. Schools of Musketry and RifleCorps[625]
1. School of Musketry[625]
2. Rifle Corps—Volunteer Force and Practice[626]
3. Corps Manœuvering[626]
VIII. Naval and Navigation Schools[627]
1. Naval Schools for Officers[627]
(1.) Old System of Training Officers[627]
(2.) Royal Naval Academy[628]
(3.) Training Ship Britannia[629]
(4.) Gunnery Instruction[629]
(5.) Steam and Steam Engine[629]
(6.) Naval Cadets and Midshipmen[630]
2. Marine Artillery[632]
3. Schools for Warrant Officers and Seamen[634]
(1.) Seamen’s Schoolmasters[634]
(2.) Schools on board of Ships in Harbor[635]
(3.) Royal Marine Schools[636]
(4.) Dockyard Schools[637]
(5.) Greenwich Hospital Schools[639]
4. Schools for Mercantile Marine[639]
(1.) Historical Notice of Navigation Schools[639]
(2.) London Navigation School[640]
(3.) Number of Seamen required in the BritishService[643]
(4.) Subjects of Instruction[644]
(5.) Teachers and their Assistants[646]
(6.) Instruction and Government Aid[647]
5. College of Naval Architecture in London[650]
6. Present Condition of Naval Education[651]
IX. Appendix.—French and German Naval Schools[653]
I. French Naval and NavigationSchools[657]
1. Nautical School for Orphans of Sailors[659]
2. School Ships for Practical Instruction[662]
3. Naval Apprentice Schools[662]
4. Schools for Boatswains[664]
5. School for Naval Engineers[667]
6. Naval Drawing Schools[668]
7. Schools of Navigation[669]
8. Naval School at Brest—The School ShipBorda—Jean Bart[672]
9. School of Naval Architecture[676]
10. Schools of Marine Artillery[678]
II. German Naval and NavigationSchools[679]
1. Prussia[681]
2. German Empire[683]
3. Austria[685]
[IX. SWITZERLAND.]
Military System and Military Instruction,[687-713]
I. Outline of Military System,[689]
Area—Population—Military Service,[689]
Federal Militia—Elite, Reserve, Levy enmasse,[690]
Federal Army—Various Corps,[691]
II. Cadet System,[693]
Helvetic Military Association—VolunteerCorps,[693]
Cantonal Organizations—Juvenile MilitaryFestivals,[694]
Swiss Cadet Feast in 1856,[695]
Sham Fight in 1860, and Zurich Cantonal Festival,[696]
III. Target Shooting of Sharp-Shooters in1859,[701]
Number of Candidates—Prizes—Public andReligious Services,[705]
IV. Federal Instruction ofOfficers—Scientific Culture,[710]
[X.UNITED STATES.]
Military System and Military Education,[713-940]
Regular Army—State Militia—VolunteerForce,[715]
Officers—How Trained and Appointed,[717]
A. Military Education for Land Service,[719]
National, State, Individual, and CorporateInstitutions,[720]
I. United States Military Academy atWest Point,[721]
1. Historical Development,[721]
2. Summary of Instructional Progress,[751]
Condition in 1870-71,[753]
(1.) Government and Organization,[753]
Military Staff—Staff of Instruction,[753]
Professors—Assistant and Acting Assistants,[754]
Academic Board,[755]
(2.) Mode and Conditions of Admission,[755]
(3.) Subjects and Marks—Value of EachStudy,[758]
Practical Instruction and Exercises,[757]
(4.) Classification of Cadets forInstruction,[757]
(5.) Methods ofInstruction—Recitation—Independent Study,[758]
(6.) Routine of Daily Work,[759]
(7.) System of Estimating Daily Proficiency,[760]
Weekly Class Report—Monthly Record,[760]
(8.) Periodical Examinations—Oral,[760]
Annual Examinations—Board of Visitors,[761]
Classification by Results—mainly from the DailyRecord,[762]
Dismissal for want of Proficiency in Studies,[763]
(9.) Graduation—Penalties Attached toIdleness,[763]
Choice of Service determined by standing on theRoll,[764]
Honorable Mention in the Army List,[765]
(10.)Discipline—Punishments—Demerits,[765]
Credit Allowed to Conduct on Final Examination,[767]
(11.) Athletic Sports—Recreation,[767]
(12.) Assimilation of Duties to those of aRegiment,[768]
Officer of the Day—Officer inCharge—Guard—Sentries,[769]
(13.) Academy Buildings,[770]
(14.) Annual Expense—Aggregate—to eachCadet,[771]
4. Staff of Government and Instruction, Jan. 1,1872,[772]
5. Subjects and Synopsis of Course ofInstruction,[773]
6. Regulations for Admission,[777]
Official Exposition of the Aim and Mode ofExamination,[779]
7. Board of Visitors—Annual Report,[781]
Report on Competitive Examinations in 1862,[784]
8. Discussion of the Subject in Senate,[809]
II. Special Schools of Application[819]
Artillery School at Fortress Monroe[821]
III. Military Element in StateSchools[825]
1. State Military Schools[825]
2. Military Tactics in State Science Colleges[827]
IV. Individual and Corporate MilitarySchools[831]
Capt. Alden Partridge[833]
Memorial adverse to Exclusive Government Schools[857]
Literary and Scientific Institute at Middletown andNorwich[857]
V. Military Exercises in PublicSchools[865]
B. United States Naval and MaritimeEducation[885]
1. United States Navy and Naval Affairs[885]
Growth and Condition in Ships, Officers, and Men[887]
2. Steam and Science in their Applications toNavigation[895]
I. United States Naval School atAnnapolis[897]
Historical Development[897]
Secretary Bancroft’s Letter, Aug. 7, 1815[899]
1. Exposition of itsCondition and Needs in 1864[901]
Organization for Administration and Instruction[902]
Buildings and Material Equipment[903]
Pupils—Entrance Examination[905]
DailyRoutine—Study—Recitation—Recreation[907]
Course of Instruction, Examinations, and MeritRoll[908]
Physical Training—Expansion of Chest—VocalOrgans[915]
Domestic and Sanitary Arrangements[916]
Religious Observances and Instruction[916]
Discipline—Offenses—Demerits—Punishments[918]
Financial Affairs-Cost per Pupil[919]
Graduating Class of 1864—Summer Cruise[920]
2. Recommendations by Board of Visitors[921]
(1.) Change of Relation and Name from Midshipmen toCadets[922]
(2.) Change in Mode and Condition of Appointment andAdmission[922]
(3.) Practical Test of Aptitude and ConstitutionalQualities[925]
(4.) Reorganization of Studies on the Basis of SpecialSchools, Courses optional after Second Year, and open to Outsiders[926]
(5.) Temporary and Special Courses for Officers onFurlough[927]
(6.) Navigation Schools for Seamen, Mates, andMasters[927]
Not Government Schools, but inspected by NationalOfficers[928]
Evening Classes, Junior and Senior Departments[928]
Local and National, Commercial and Militarycooperation[929]
Experience of England and France in NavigationSchools[929]
(7.) Appointment of Council of Naval Education[930]
Constitution of such a Council—in Attainment,Experience[931]
Duties—Useless Character of Existing Board ofVisitors[932]
(8.) Inspector of Studies needed[932]
(9.) Appointment of Professors and Assistants[933]
(10.) Greater Publicity given to the AnnualReports[934]
3. Condition in1872[935]
II. School of Naval Construction[937]
III. School of Steam Engineering[938]
IV. Naval Apprentices[939]
V. Instruction in Navigation, andExaminations for Commands[940]
VI. Nautical Reformatory Ships[940]
General Review of Military Systems andEducation[941]
Contents of Volume[947]

Errata for Index:

I. OUTLINE OF MILITARY SYSTEM, ... 281
221

Ordnance Carriages and Wagons; Sieges, ... 387
378

III. PECULIARITIES OF AUSTRIAN MILITARY EDUCATION IN 1856
AUSRTIAN

2. War School ... 469
461

III. MODIFICATIONS SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KINGDOM
II.

(4.) Miscellaneous Subjects ... 602
number “6” missing or invisible

I. FRENCH NAVAL AND NAVIGATION SCHOOLS
NAVAGATION

Practical Instruction and Exercises, ... 757
357